Article(id=1322164582257373572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734624000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158201039, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158201039, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158201039, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158201039, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164546295410919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158192465, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158905697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167537857573862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167537861768167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322164546295410919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=10, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164582735524229, articleId=1322164582257373572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Spatial Structure of Overlying Rock and Evolution Characteristics of Abutment Pressure in Superimposed Affected Area of Deep Goaf, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Revealing the distribution of abutment pressure in the superimposed affected area of goaf is the basis for carrying out the prevention and control of rock burst during excavation in this area. Taking the excavation of the 71330 track roadway in Tianchen Coal Mine as the engineering background, the spatial structure of overlying rock and the evolution characteristics of abutment pressure in the superimposed affected area of goaf were studied through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Corresponding countermeasures for prevention and control of rock burst were proposed, and these countermeasures were verified through on-site monitoring data. The results show that a single goaf forms an U-shaped spatial structure of overlying rock, with a relatively low degree of vertical stress concentration. When there are multiple goafs, a S-shaped spatial structure of overlying rock is formed on one side, and the degree of vertical stress concentration in its superimposed affected area is relatively high. During the excavation in the superimposed affected area of goaf, the degree of vertical stress concentration increases further. Adopting the “release-cutoff-reduction-impact resistance” countermeasures has achieved effective prevention and control of rock burst during excavation in the superimposed affected area of goaf. Microseismic events show the characteristic of “high frequency and low energy”. The load of anchor bolt (cable) to support roadway surrounding rock is lower than its fracture limit, and the observation value of the roadway side stress tends to be stable 30 days after point layout. The research results can provide a reference for the prevention and control of rock burst under similar conditions.

, authors=Jinhai LIU1, Guifeng ZHANG2, Yanlin ZHAO3, Xiaolong ZHANG2, authorsList=Jinhai LIU, Guifeng ZHANG, Yanlin ZHAO, Xiaolong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164591094772135, articleId=1322164582257373572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=深部采空区叠加影响区覆岩空间结构及支承压力演化特征研究, columnId=1226462294582936453, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

揭示采空区叠加影响区支承压力分布是在该区域掘进期间开展冲击地压防治的基础。以田陈煤矿71330轨道巷掘进为工程背景,通过理论分析、数值模拟,对采空区叠加影响区覆岩空间结构与支承压力演化特征进行了研究,提出了相应冲击地压防治对策,并通过现场监测数据进行了验证。结果表明,单一采空区形成“U”形覆岩空间结构,垂直应力集中程度相对较低;存在多个采空区时,在一侧形成“S”形覆岩空间结构,其叠加影响区垂直应力集中程度较高。在采空区叠加影响区掘进时,垂直应力集中程度进一步增大。采用“释—断—降—抗”对策实现了在采空区叠加影响区掘进期间冲击地压的有效防治。微震事件呈现“高频低能”特征,巷道围岩支护锚杆(索)的载荷低于其破断极限,巷帮应力观测值在布点30 d后趋于稳定。研究结果可为类似条件下的冲击地压防治提供借鉴。

, authors=刘金海1, 张桂峰2, 赵延林3, 张小龙2, authorsList=刘金海, 张桂峰, 赵延林, 张小龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘金海(1982—),男,河南扶沟人,博士,教授,主要从事煤矿冲击地压防治方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:

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刘金海(1982—),男,河南扶沟人,博士,教授,主要从事煤矿冲击地压防治方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:

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刘金海(1982—),男,河南扶沟人,博士,教授,主要从事煤矿冲击地压防治方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:

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label=Fig.15, caption=Observation curves of stress measuring point in track roadway, figureFileSmall=ACUcODP+NdiJZpvBsfyDKA==, figureFileBig=l96j7mwYdpPUna7I887cNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164600951386608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164582257373572, language=CN, label=图15, caption=轨道巷应力测点观测曲线, figureFileSmall=ACUcODP+NdiJZpvBsfyDKA==, figureFileBig=l96j7mwYdpPUna7I887cNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322164601047855601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164582257373572, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical mechanics parameters of coal and rock mass

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岩性密度/(kg/m3)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
砂质泥岩2 4506.682.720.8529
中砂岩2 57014.605.981.7532
泥岩2 4506.902.570.6523
煤1 4004.881.941.0131
), ArticleFig(id=1322164601127547378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322164582257373572, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤岩体物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/(kg/m3)体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
砂质泥岩2 4506.682.720.8529
中砂岩2 57014.605.981.7532
泥岩2 4506.902.570.6523
煤1 4004.881.941.0131
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深部采空区叠加影响区覆岩空间结构及支承压力演化特征研究
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刘金海 1 , 张桂峰 2 , 赵延林 3 , 张小龙 2
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(11): 10-20
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矿业研究与开发 |深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025 , 45 (11) : 10 -20
深部采空区叠加影响区覆岩空间结构及支承压力演化特征研究
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刘金海(1982—),男,河南扶沟人,博士,教授,主要从事煤矿冲击地压防治方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:

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刘金海(1982—),男,河南扶沟人,博士,教授,主要从事煤矿冲击地压防治方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:

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刘金海1 , 张桂峰2, 赵延林3, 张小龙2
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2.枣庄矿业(集团)有限责任公司田陈煤矿,山东 枣庄市 277500
  • 3.湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭市 411201
作者简介:

刘金海(1982—),男,河南扶沟人,博士,教授,主要从事煤矿冲击地压防治方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail:

Study on Spatial Structure of Overlying Rock and Evolution Characteristics of Abutment Pressure in Superimposed Affected Area of Deep Goaf
Jinhai LIU1 , Guifeng ZHANG2, Yanlin ZHAO3, Xiaolong ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2.Tianchen Coal Mine, Zaozhuang Mining (Group) Co., Ltd., Zaozhuang, Shandong 277500, China
  • 3.School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25
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揭示采空区叠加影响区支承压力分布是在该区域掘进期间开展冲击地压防治的基础。以田陈煤矿71330轨道巷掘进为工程背景,通过理论分析、数值模拟,对采空区叠加影响区覆岩空间结构与支承压力演化特征进行了研究,提出了相应冲击地压防治对策,并通过现场监测数据进行了验证。结果表明,单一采空区形成“U”形覆岩空间结构,垂直应力集中程度相对较低;存在多个采空区时,在一侧形成“S”形覆岩空间结构,其叠加影响区垂直应力集中程度较高。在采空区叠加影响区掘进时,垂直应力集中程度进一步增大。采用“释—断—降—抗”对策实现了在采空区叠加影响区掘进期间冲击地压的有效防治。微震事件呈现“高频低能”特征,巷道围岩支护锚杆(索)的载荷低于其破断极限,巷帮应力观测值在布点30 d后趋于稳定。研究结果可为类似条件下的冲击地压防治提供借鉴。

深部采空区  /  叠加影响区  /  冲击地压  /  覆岩空间结构  /  支承压力  /  防治对策

Revealing the distribution of abutment pressure in the superimposed affected area of goaf is the basis for carrying out the prevention and control of rock burst during excavation in this area. Taking the excavation of the 71330 track roadway in Tianchen Coal Mine as the engineering background, the spatial structure of overlying rock and the evolution characteristics of abutment pressure in the superimposed affected area of goaf were studied through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Corresponding countermeasures for prevention and control of rock burst were proposed, and these countermeasures were verified through on-site monitoring data. The results show that a single goaf forms an U-shaped spatial structure of overlying rock, with a relatively low degree of vertical stress concentration. When there are multiple goafs, a S-shaped spatial structure of overlying rock is formed on one side, and the degree of vertical stress concentration in its superimposed affected area is relatively high. During the excavation in the superimposed affected area of goaf, the degree of vertical stress concentration increases further. Adopting the “release-cutoff-reduction-impact resistance” countermeasures has achieved effective prevention and control of rock burst during excavation in the superimposed affected area of goaf. Microseismic events show the characteristic of “high frequency and low energy”. The load of anchor bolt (cable) to support roadway surrounding rock is lower than its fracture limit, and the observation value of the roadway side stress tends to be stable 30 days after point layout. The research results can provide a reference for the prevention and control of rock burst under similar conditions.

Deep goaf  /  Superimposed affected area  /  Rock burst  /  Spatial structure of overlying rock  /  Abutment pressure  /  Countermeasures for prevention and control
刘金海, 张桂峰, 赵延林, 张小龙. 深部采空区叠加影响区覆岩空间结构及支承压力演化特征研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (11) : 10 -20 .
Jinhai LIU, Guifeng ZHANG, Yanlin ZHAO, Xiaolong ZHANG. Study on Spatial Structure of Overlying Rock and Evolution Characteristics of Abutment Pressure in Superimposed Affected Area of Deep Goaf[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (11) : 10 -20 .
近年来,随着我国浅部煤炭资源逐渐枯竭,深部煤炭资源开采成为我国能源安全的战略保障[1-3]。然而,深部开采面临高应力、复杂地质条件带来的巷道围岩变形失稳、冲击地压等工程灾害[4-7]。沿空掘巷作为一种重要的巷道布置方式,可以提高煤炭资源回收率和有效降低掘巷期间冲击地压发生的可能性[8-10]。但受现场开采条件限制,沿空巷道附近可能会留设不规则煤柱,受周围采空区影响,在不规则煤柱区掘进时仍然存在较高的冲击风险[11-15]。
目前,许多学者针对不规则煤柱区冲击地压发生机理及防治技术开展了研究。彭小沾等[16]提出了不规则煤柱有效宽度的概念,建立了不规则煤柱稳定性评价方法。刘洋等[17]认为相邻矿井采空区侧向压力是煤柱破坏的主导因素。窦林名等[18]研究指出,不规则煤柱区应力集中程度受采动影响较高,煤柱内高静载严重影响工作面冲击危险性。田文辉等[19]对锯齿状煤柱群不同区域的应力分布特征进行了分析。吕鹏飞等[20]研究了连续尖角煤柱影响区域的应力场演化特征,认为连续尖角煤柱具有应力累积效应。李佃平等[21]研究得出了三侧采空的孤岛型边角煤柱工作面具有“T”形与“г”形结构组成的反弧形覆岩结构,并指出这种特殊结构导致的动静载叠加是诱发冲击的主要原因。张修峰等[22]研究了锯齿形断层煤柱对工作面应力集中的影响范围和工作面过煤柱期间的微震活动规律。韩亮等[23]、潘立友等[24]研究了不规则断层煤柱的应力分布及防冲对策。薛成春等[25]揭示了深部不规则孤岛煤柱区域煤体失稳冲击机理,并提出了不规则煤柱区域强度弱化减冲方案。董文卓等[26]提出了以弱结构为主的不规则煤柱冲击地压防治技术。
尽管多位学者对不规则煤柱冲击地压发生机理及防治技术进行了研究,但考虑到现场条件的特殊性和不规则煤柱的差异性,仍有必要对特定条件下的不规则煤柱冲击地压发生机理及防治技术进行研究。如田陈煤矿为实现71330工作面等长开采,结合周围工作面停采线位置,将轨道巷布置成不规则巷道,轨道巷与相邻采空区之间形成不规则煤柱,在采空区侧向支承压力叠加影响下,轨道巷掘进期间易发生冲击地压。在采空区叠加影响区掘进巷道往往意味着巷道与采空区之间留设不规则煤柱,由此导致掘进巷道冲击危险性受到多个采空区影响。《防治煤矿冲击地压细则》第十九条规定,冲击地压防治应当坚持“区域先行、局部跟进、分区管理、分类防治”的原则。在采空区之间留设不规则煤柱违反了“区域先行”的原则。但是鉴于历史遗留问题,后续工作面设计时又难免留设不规则煤柱,如周围工作面停采线不平齐,又要尽量保证工作面等长开采等。这种不得不留设不规则煤柱却又存在冲击风险的矛盾,在71330轨道巷掘进过程中表现得十分突出。为此,本文以71330轨道巷掘进期间冲击地压防治为工程背景,分析采空区叠加影响区支承压力分布和覆岩空间结构演化特征,提出掘进期间冲击地压防治对策,并结合现场监测数据进行验证,以期为类似条件下的冲击地压防治提供借鉴。
田陈煤矿71330工作面位于七一西翼采区,埋深约700 m,为该采区最后一个工作面,西侧为七一西翼皮带上山回斜,东侧为七一西翼皮带上山和轨道上山,北侧为71318、71316和71312采空区,南侧为七一采区边界,田陈煤矿71330工作面平面图如图1所示。为便于辅助运输,将71330工作面布置成不规则工作面,轨道巷呈锯齿状,总长504.7 m,可分为5段,其中第①段长82.15 m,与71312采空区之间留设宽度为6.0 m隔离煤柱;第②段长142.7 m,与71312采空区之间留设宽度为6~54.4 m的不规则煤柱;第③段长76.5 m,与71316采空区之间留设宽度为4 m的隔离煤柱;第④段长89.75 m,与71316采空区之间留设4 m的隔离煤柱;第⑤段长113.6 m,与71316采空区之间留设宽度为4~47.5 m的煤柱。
71330轨道巷沿3煤层顶板布置。3煤层厚2.3 m,倾角为6°,具有弱冲击倾向性。3煤层上方100 m范围内存在两层厚硬岩层:一是位于煤层上方0 m、厚29 m的中砂岩;二是位于煤层上方30.1 m、厚30.3 m的中砂岩,见图2。
回采煤层上方存在厚硬岩层时,随着开采范围的增大,采空区上方厚硬岩层将形成覆岩空间结构,厚硬岩层及其上方岩层的载荷通过覆岩空间结构向采空区周围传递。覆岩空间结构的平面投影分为外边界和内边界,外边界代表采空区上方厚硬岩层断裂位置,内边界代表采空区上方厚硬岩层断裂块体回转触矸位置,覆岩空间结构平面投影覆盖区域煤层的垂直应力较高。根据工作面回采顺序和采空区分布可得到覆岩空间结构演化特征,如图3所示。
(1)71312工作面周围不存在采空区,其回采后形成平面投影类似字母“U”的覆岩空间结构(简称“U”形覆岩空间结构),如图3(a)所示。
(2)71316工作面回采前周围已经存在71312采空区,其回采后也会形成“U”形覆岩空间结构,且靠近71312采空区侧的覆岩空间结构与71312工作面回采形成的覆岩空间结构叠加,形成平面投影类似字母“S”的覆岩空间结构(简称“S”形覆岩空间结构),如图3(b)所示。
(3)71318工作面回采前一侧已经存在71312采空区和71316采空区,其回采后也会形成“U”形覆岩空间结构,但靠近71316采空区侧的覆岩空间结构与71318工作面回采形成的覆岩空间结构叠加,形成“S”形覆岩空间结构,如图3(c)所示。
可以看出,“S”形覆岩空间结构是两个“U”形覆岩空间结构的叠加结果,其覆盖区域煤层的垂直应力更高。
为揭示采空区叠加影响区的垂直应力分布特征,结合田陈煤矿71330工作面的地质条件与开采条件,采用FLAC3D软件建立三维数值计算模型,如图4所示。由图4可知,模型的长×宽×高=760 m×380 m×82.2 m,固定四周和底部,顶部沿竖直方向施加13.69 MPa的均布载荷,取侧压系数为1.2,采用摩尔-库伦本构模型进行计算,煤岩体物理力学参数见表1。
为分析采空区叠加影响区支承压力影响范围和峰值应力集中程度,在71330轨道巷对应的宽煤柱区布置了两条侧线(见图4),分别为测线1和测线2,两条测线均平行于采空区走向,其中测线1距离71316采空区35 m,测线2距离71318采空区35 m。
图5为周围工作面回采期间的垂直应力分布云图。从图5可以看出,71312工作面回采后,在采空区周围形成应力集中,最大垂直应力约为23 MPa,应力峰值距71312采空区的距离约为30 m;71316工作面回采后,在71312、71316采空区形成的拐角处产生应力集中,最大垂直应力约为37 MPa,应力峰值距71312采空区的距离约为44 m;71318工作面回采后,在采空区外侧形成不规则的应力集中区,71312、71316采空区形成的拐角处最大垂直应力为37.8 MPa,71316、71318采空区形成的拐角处最大垂直应力为36.4 MPa,71318采空区外侧最大垂直应力为21.7 MPa,应力峰值距71318采空区的距离约为30 m。
图6为测线1的支承压力曲线。从图6可以看出,71312工作面回采后,沿测线1形成支承压力,影响范围约为90 m,支承压力峰值出现在距采空区约25 m处,大小约为22 MPa;71316工作面回采后,测线1各点的垂直应力均有所变化,沿测线1支承压力影响范围超过140 m,支承压力峰值出现在距采空区约40 m处,大小约为38 MPa;71318工作面回采后,测线1各点的垂直应力值虽有所变化,但变化幅度不大。由此可见,71316工作面采空区与71312工作面采空区的影响沿测线1叠加,而由于测线1距离71318工作面较远,71318工作面采空区未对其产生影响。
图7为测线2的支承压力曲线。从图7可以看出,71312工作面回采后,沿测线2未形成支承压力,说明71312工作面采空区对测线2各点的垂直应力没有影响;71316工作面回采后,沿测线2形成支承压力,影响范围约为90 m,支承压力峰值出现在距采空区约20 m处,大小约22 MPa;71318工作面回采后,测线2各点的垂直应力值均有所变化,沿测线2支承压力影响范围超过100 m,支承压力峰值出现在距采空区约40 m处,大小约为38 MPa。由此可见,71316工作面采空区与71318工作面采空区的影响沿测线2叠加,而由于测线2距离71312工作面较远,71312工作面采空区未对其产生影响。
另外,从图5(c)可以看出,71312、71316、71318工作面回采后,采空区周围出现明显的应力集中,具体为:受71312采空区和71316采空区叠加影响,71312工作面停采线外侧产生应力集中,煤层最大垂直应力为37.8 MPa,计算得出垂直应力集中系数为2.52;受71318采空区和71316采空区叠加影响,71316工作面停采线外侧产生应力集中,煤层最大垂直应力为36.4 MPa,计算得出垂直应力集中系数为2.43;受71318采空区影响,71318工作面停采线外侧产生应力集中,煤层最大垂直应力为21.7 MPa,计算得出垂直应力集中系数为1.45。
综合上述分析可以得出,单一采空区影响下,煤体垂直应力集中程度相对较低,而受采空区叠加影响时,煤体垂直应力集中程度明显变大,约为单一采空区影响时的1.7倍。因此,基于冲击地压与垂直应力的关系[7]可知,在采空区叠加影响区施工巷道时发生冲击地压的可能性更大。
图8为轨道巷掘进期间垂直应力分布云图。在采空区叠加影响区掘进巷道时,尤其是留设不规则煤柱时,掘进扰动应力与采空区外侧支承压力进一步叠加,垂直应力集中程度更大。如71330轨道巷第①段仅受71312采空区影响,超前最大垂直应力约为21 MPa,非煤柱侧最大垂直应力约为28.4 MPa(见图8(a)),计算得出应力集中系数分别为1.4,1.89;71330轨道巷第②段受71312采空区和71316采空区叠加影响,不规则煤柱侧的最大垂直应力为43.5 MPa,非煤柱侧的最大垂直应力为35.8 MPa(见图8(b)),计算得出应力集中系数分别为2.9,2.39;71330轨道巷第③段仅受71316采空区影响,非煤柱侧垂直应力为20.8 MPa,迎头超前垂直应力为21.8 MPa(见图8(c)),计算得出应力集中系数分别为1.39和1.45;71330轨道巷第④段仅受71316采空区影响,非煤柱侧最大垂直应力为28.7 MPa,迎头超前最大垂直应力为24.2 MPa,计算得出应力集中系数分别为1.91和1.61;71330轨道巷第⑤段受71316采空区和71318采空区叠加影响,煤柱侧最大垂直应力43.6 MPa(见图8(e)),计算得出应力集中系数为2.83。
对比71330轨道巷施工前后同一位置的最大垂直应力可知,在采空区叠加影响区掘进时,最大垂直应力明显增大,如在71312采空区和71316采空区叠加影响区施工时,最大垂直应力由施工前的37.8 MPa增加到施工后的43.5 MPa,在71316采空区和71318采空区叠加影响区施工时,最大垂直应力由施工前的36.4 MPa增加到施工后的43.6 MPa,增幅分别为15.08%和19.78%。因此,叠加掘进扰动后,在采空区叠加影响区施工时更易发生冲击地压。
由采空区覆岩空间结构演化特征和71330轨道巷所处的应力环境可知,采空区、厚硬顶板、掘进扰动是诱发71330轨道巷掘进期间发生冲击地压的主要因素。采空区覆岩载荷通过厚硬顶板转移至采空区周围,形成支承压力,叠加掘进扰动后,垂直应力进一步增大,易达到冲击地压发生的临界应力水平。为此,从降低垂直应力水平和提高抗冲击能力等方面提出采空区叠加影响区掘巷期间冲击地压防治对策(见图9),核心理念为“释—断—降—抗”,具体为:
(1)通过实施煤层钻孔主动释放煤体应力,从而降低巷道周围垂直应力集中程度;
(2)通过实施爆破断顶,切断采空区覆岩载荷转移路径,进而弱化采空区影响;
(3)通过控制掘进速度,进而降低巷道掘进扰动影响;
(4)通过加强支护,从而提高巷道支护系统的抗冲击能力。
在采空区叠加影响区掘进期间,对71330轨道巷掘进迎头及帮部施工煤层卸压钻孔。迎头卸压钻孔深度为25 m,采用“三花”布置方式,间距为0.8~1.2 m。帮部卸压钻孔施工滞后迎头距离不超过10 m,非煤柱侧卸压钻孔深度为20 m,煤柱侧卸压钻孔深度根据煤柱宽度确定。当煤柱宽度小于6 m时,不施工卸压钻孔;当煤柱宽度为6~22.5 m时,施工卸压钻孔深度为煤柱宽度减去2.5 m;当煤柱宽度大于22.5 m时,施工卸压钻孔深度为20 m,采用“一”字布置方式,间距为1 m。所有卸压钻孔垂直煤壁施工,直径为150 mm,孔口距巷道底板0.5~1.5 m。
在71330轨道巷内靠近煤柱侧施工顶板爆破钻孔,并实施爆破。顶板爆破钻孔距离煤柱侧巷帮0.5~1.5 m,平行于巷道走向,与水平面的夹角为66°,间距为10 m,钻孔直径为75 mm,垂深为25 m,顶板爆破钻孔布置如图10所示。顶板爆破钻孔装药长度为16 m,采用连续装药方式,装药线密度为3.5 kg/m,装药量为56 kg,采用煤矿水胶炸药,药包规格为Φ63 mm×1 000 mm,封孔长度不小于孔长的三分之一。
在采用锚网索进行主动支护的同时,实施被动支护,形成二级支护模式。被动支护采用可缩式29U型钢棚,棚与棚连成一个整体,并进行腰帮背实,棚距为1.2 m。架棚滞后掘进迎头距离不大于40 m。71330轨道巷现场支护效果如图11所示。
巷道掘进期间冲击地压发生风险与掘进速度密切相关,掘进速度越大,冲击地压发生的风险越大。为有效降低71330轨道巷在采空区叠加影响区掘进期间发生冲击地压的风险,严格控制掘进速度不超过6 m/d,且保持匀速掘进。
微震测点、应力测站及锚杆(索)载荷测站布置如图12所示。矿井装备了微震监测系统,并在71330轨道巷周围布置了微震传感器,可实时监测掘进期间发生的微震事件。另外,在71330轨道巷按照间距50 m布置了锚杆(索)载荷测站,每个测站布置3个测点,分别监测顶板锚杆、顶板锚索和帮部锚杆的受力情况;在轨道巷帮部按照间距15~25 m安装了应力测站,每个测站布置2个测点,应力计安装深度分别为8 m和14 m,设定初始压力为4~5 MPa。
71330轨道巷掘进期间微震事件分布如图13所示。从图13可以看出,微震事件分布具有明显的分区性,即主要集中在两个区域:一是轨道巷第②段;二是轨道巷第⑤段。这两个区域处于采空区叠加影响区,且轨道巷与采空区之间留设不规则煤柱。由此可见,微震事件分布特征与数值模拟得到的垂直应力分布特征一致。另外,根据统计,71330轨道巷掘进期间共监测到146次微震事件,其中能量为1×102~1×103 J的微震事件有71次,能量为1×103~1×104 J的微震事件有75次,占比分别为48.63%、51.37%,未发生能量超过1×104 J的大能量微震事件,整体呈现“高频低能”特征,现场也未发生冲击地压显现。
图14为71330轨道巷2#测站锚杆(索)载荷的变化曲线。从图14可以看出,顶板锚杆、顶板锚索、帮部锚杆的初始载荷分别为60 kN、203 kN、68 kN,在监测的180 d内,顶板锚杆、帮部锚杆的载荷一直稳定在初始载荷,顶板锚索载荷在安装130 d后开始上升,7 d内由203 kN上升到260 kN,此后稳定在260 kN,未超过其破断载荷(582 kN)。2#测站锚杆(索)载荷变化结果表明,巷道帮部及顶板浅部处于稳定状态,顶板深部产生离层或错动,这种变化符合沿空巷道围岩变形特征,表明巷道支护体系整体稳定。
图15为71330轨道巷应力测点观测曲线。从图15可以看出,巷道帮部应力测点布置后,垂直应力均有所波动,特别是30 d内垂直应力波动明显,30 d后垂直应力趋于稳定,说明掘进扰动对不规则煤柱区应力产生影响。另外,所有应力测点的垂直应力均未超过10 MPa(设定的预警值),说明采取的措施是有效的。
由上述微震、应力、锚杆(索)载荷监测数据分析结果可以看出,针对采空区叠加影响区掘进期间采取的冲击地压防治对策是有效的,有效防止了不规则煤柱区冲击地压的发生。
本文针对深部采空区叠加影响区覆岩空间结构及支承压力演化特征进行了研究,得出的主要结论如下。
(1)单一采空区形成“U”形覆岩空间结构,多个采空区时在一侧形成“S”形覆岩空间结构,采空区叠加影响区垂直应力集中程度较高,叠加掘进扰动影响后,垂直应力集中系数进一步增大,增加了巷道掘进期间的冲击地压风险。
(2)本文提出了采空区叠加影响区掘巷期间“释—断—降—抗”冲击地压防治对策,通过实施煤层钻孔卸压、顶板预裂爆破、控制掘进速度、加强巷道支护等措施,达到释放煤体应力、切断采空区覆岩载荷转移、降低掘进扰动和提高巷道支护体系抗冲击能力的目的。
(3)在采空区叠加影响区掘进期间,微震事件呈现“高频低能”特征,巷道围岩锚杆(索)载荷低于其破断载荷,巷道帮部应力观测值在布点30 d后趋于稳定,且未达到预警值,从而验证了采空区叠加影响区掘巷期间冲击地压防治对策的实用性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004604)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51874133; 52374076)
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2025年第45卷第11期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004604)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51874133; 52374076)
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    1.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院,北京 100083
    2.枣庄矿业(集团)有限责任公司田陈煤矿,山东 枣庄市 277500
    3.湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭市 411201
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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