Article(id=1322162137405960976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157618142, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157618142, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157618142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157618142, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=287, endPage=302, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322162139154985745, articleId=1322162137405960976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Analysis of Global Trends in Exploration and Development of Dry Hot Rocks, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Research on the exploration and development of hot dry rock is significant for promoting the global energy transition, achieving sustainable utilization of clean energy, and supporting carbon neutrality goals. To comprehensively and macroscopically understand the latest research progress and technological trends in the field of hot dry rock exploration and development, a bibliometric analysis and thematic exploration of relevant papers and patents were conducted. The trend of publication, the trend of patent application, the distribution of major countries and institutions, research topics and research hotspots were analyzed. The results indicate that the global research in the field of hot dry rock is in a period of rapid development, and China has occupied a dominant position in basic research and technology research and development, but there is still room for improvement in research quality and internationalization process. The research hotspots focus on five key areas, including geothermal energy extraction and utilization, genesis and resource exploration of hot dry rock, reservoir mechanical properties and heat storage construction, reservoir monitoring and evaluation, and seismic prediction and control. Among them, the coupling mechanism of high temperature environment and stress, low temperature fracturing technology and the application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology are important research fields in recent years. Although the development and utilization of hot dry rock is gradually entering the engineering demonstration stage, the commercialization still faces challenges such as technical bottlenecks, environmental risks, and insufficient economic viability. Future efforts should focus on advancing geophysical exploration technologies, enhancing heat reservoir modification techniques, optimizing hydraulic fracturing and drilling processes, investigating the dynamic evolution of fracture networks and long-term stability of heat reservoirs, and improving heat extraction and heat exchange efficiency. Additionally, strengthening the integration of fundamental research and applied technologies is critical to overcome technical challenges, reduce development costs, and promote the sustainable utilization of hot dry rock resources.

, authors=Wanyu ZHAO, Ping JIA, authorsList=Wanyu ZHAO, Ping JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ping JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322162140669129502, articleId=1322162137405960976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=全球干热岩勘探开发研究态势分析, columnId=1321866349543014439, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿业前沿交叉与综合, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

干热岩勘探开发研究对推动全球能源结构转型、实现清洁能源可持续利用以及助力碳中和目标具有重要意义。为全面宏观地了解干热岩勘探开发领域最新研究进展和技术发展态势,对干热岩领域相关论文和专利进行了计量分析和主题挖掘,分析了发文趋势、专利申请趋势、主要国家与机构分布、研究主题及研究热点等。分析表明,全球范围内干热岩领域研究处于快速发展时期,中国在基础研究和技术研发方面已占据主导地位,但研究质量和国际化进程仍有提升空间;研究热点集中在地热能提取与利用、干热岩成因机制与资源勘探、储层力学特性与热储建造、储层监测与评价、地震预测与控制等5个方面,其中高温环境与应力耦合作用机制、低温压裂技术、核磁共振技术的应用等是近年来的重要研究领域。尽管干热岩的开发利用正逐步进入工程示范阶段,但商业化开发仍面临技术瓶颈、环境风险和经济性不足等挑战,未来应进一步加强地球物理勘探技术的研发和应用,提升热储改造技术,优化水力压裂和钻井工艺,深入探索裂缝网络的动态演化、热储层的长期稳定性,优化热储层的热能提取过程,提高热提取和换热效率;同时持续深化基础研究与应用技术的协同发展,突破技术瓶颈,降低开发成本,推动干热岩资源的可持续开发利用。

, authors=赵婉雨, 贾苹, authorsList=赵婉雨, 贾苹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=贾苹, authorNote=

赵婉雨(1989—),女,陕西西安人,硕士,馆员,主要从事地球环境领域学科情报分析工作。E-mail:

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贾苹(1964—),女,北京人,研究馆员,主要从事区域产业情报研究工作。E-mail:
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赵婉雨(1989—),女,陕西西安人,硕士,馆员,主要从事地球环境领域学科情报分析工作。E-mail:

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赵婉雨(1989—),女,陕西西安人,硕士,馆员,主要从事地球环境领域学科情报分析工作。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=wGRskiuWkN+Put2abTRqmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162309917692061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=CN, label=图1, caption=干热岩领域研究年度发文量的变化, figureFileSmall=MXfttEozcaZctuyAaQijFA==, figureFileBig=wGRskiuWkN+Put2abTRqmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162310257430686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of key disciplines in hot dry rock research, figureFileSmall=2m3+JecsfaEUaIitD/LpNQ==, figureFileBig=Dekl0m7cdUQ3XeRPNO8/gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162310328733855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=CN, label=图2, caption=干热岩研究的重点学科分布, figureFileSmall=2m3+JecsfaEUaIitD/LpNQ==, figureFileBig=Dekl0m7cdUQ3XeRPNO8/gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162310672666784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Comparison of policies and technology research and development initiatives for the development of hot dry rock in China, the United States and Europe

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
美国欧洲中国
重要政策支持美国能源部启动FORGE计划和EGS Collab项目欧洲深层地热技术与创新平台项目地热能开发利用“十三五”规划和“十四五”可再生能源发展规划
主要研发目标解决钻探、压裂、监测技术难点,形成可降低工业开发风险和促进干热岩产业化开发的严谨、可复制的方法。降低深部地热发电成本,推动其商业应用,实现2050年深层地热能覆盖欧洲50%的电力需求和80%的供热需求的愿景。推进干热岩资源勘查与选区评价,突破热储改造与高效取热技术,实现试验性发电先进技术示范。
资金投入FORGE等计划累计投入超5亿美元,持续滚动支持。欧洲“地平线”计划,2020-2030年总预算超18亿欧元。中央财政与地方配套资金,重点支持示范项目。
技术研发重点储层刺激改造,裂缝网络优化,高温硬岩钻井,微震监测,诱发地震风险控制。地热资源预测与评估,资源获取与开发,热电联产与系统集成,地热能技术开发政策研究,数据共享平台建设。地热资源评价技术,高效换热技术,中高温热泵技术,高温钻井工艺技术,干热岩发电试验项目可行性论证。
主要科研力量桑迪亚、爱达荷、劳伦斯伯克利等9家国家实验室;犹他大学、加州大学等多个高校。德国亥姆霍兹联合会,法国国家科学研究中心,苏黎世联邦理工学院,冰岛地质调查局等科研机构。中国科学院,中国地质调查局,吉林大学,中国石油大学(北京),中石化集团,中石油集团等。
国际合作美欧等国联合开展多项地热研发项目与工程法德英三国共同实施苏尔茨EGS工程国内产学研合作为主
关键成果芬顿山项目首次证实干热岩发电可行性;犹他州干热岩开发示范项目循环换热测试达产业化规模。苏尔茨EGS项目成为兆瓦级发电工程;法国冰岛IDDP-2井实现超临界地热流体开采。初步建成青海共和干热岩勘查试采示范基地,实现试验性发电与并网。
), ArticleFig(id=1322162313671594155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中美欧干热岩开发政策与技术研发举措对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
美国欧洲中国
重要政策支持美国能源部启动FORGE计划和EGS Collab项目欧洲深层地热技术与创新平台项目地热能开发利用“十三五”规划和“十四五”可再生能源发展规划
主要研发目标解决钻探、压裂、监测技术难点,形成可降低工业开发风险和促进干热岩产业化开发的严谨、可复制的方法。降低深部地热发电成本,推动其商业应用,实现2050年深层地热能覆盖欧洲50%的电力需求和80%的供热需求的愿景。推进干热岩资源勘查与选区评价,突破热储改造与高效取热技术,实现试验性发电先进技术示范。
资金投入FORGE等计划累计投入超5亿美元,持续滚动支持。欧洲“地平线”计划,2020-2030年总预算超18亿欧元。中央财政与地方配套资金,重点支持示范项目。
技术研发重点储层刺激改造,裂缝网络优化,高温硬岩钻井,微震监测,诱发地震风险控制。地热资源预测与评估,资源获取与开发,热电联产与系统集成,地热能技术开发政策研究,数据共享平台建设。地热资源评价技术,高效换热技术,中高温热泵技术,高温钻井工艺技术,干热岩发电试验项目可行性论证。
主要科研力量桑迪亚、爱达荷、劳伦斯伯克利等9家国家实验室;犹他大学、加州大学等多个高校。德国亥姆霍兹联合会,法国国家科学研究中心,苏黎世联邦理工学院,冰岛地质调查局等科研机构。中国科学院,中国地质调查局,吉林大学,中国石油大学(北京),中石化集团,中石油集团等。
国际合作美欧等国联合开展多项地热研发项目与工程法德英三国共同实施苏尔茨EGS工程国内产学研合作为主
关键成果芬顿山项目首次证实干热岩发电可行性;犹他州干热岩开发示范项目循环换热测试达产业化规模。苏尔茨EGS项目成为兆瓦级发电工程;法国冰岛IDDP-2井实现超临界地热流体开采。初步建成青海共和干热岩勘查试采示范基地,实现试验性发电与并网。
), ArticleFig(id=1322162314028109996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of top 10 journals

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序号期刊名称发文量/篇影响因子(2023年)JCR分区
1Geothermics3363.5Q1
2Renewable Energy1179.0Q1
3Energy1089.0Q1
4Applied Thermal Engineering936.1Q1
5Energies793.0Q3
6Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering595.5Q1
7Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth553.9Q1
8International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences517.0Q1
9Geophysical Journal International402.8Q2
10Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo Energy and Geo Resources363.9Q1
), ArticleFig(id=1322162314111996078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

发文量排名前十位的期刊分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号期刊名称发文量/篇影响因子(2023年)JCR分区
1Geothermics3363.5Q1
2Renewable Energy1179.0Q1
3Energy1089.0Q1
4Applied Thermal Engineering936.1Q1
5Energies793.0Q3
6Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering595.5Q1
7Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth553.9Q1
8International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences517.0Q1
9Geophysical Journal International402.8Q2
10Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo Energy and Geo Resources363.9Q1
), ArticleFig(id=1322162314447540400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Top 10 countries in terms of published papers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排名国家发文量/篇篇均被引频次/次h指数近三年发文占比/%主要合作国家/篇
1中国1 03419.796954.35美国(74)
澳大利亚(51)
德国(27)
2美国47932.936325.47中国(74)
瑞士(30)
德国(28)
3德国21835.504821.56瑞士(40)
美国(28)
中国(27)
4法国15635.654416.03德国(22)
瑞士(19)
中国(18)
5瑞士13348.714418.05德国(40)
美国(30)
法国(19)
6澳大利亚12536.423819.20中国(51)
美国(16)
法国(8)
7日本10927.402821.10美国(18)
英国(14)
法国(13)
8英国10046.893418.00德国(19)
中国(16)
美国(16)
9加拿大6722.282235.82中国(13)
德国(12)
美国(10)
10韩国6338.462425.40美国(16)
中国(13)
德国(8)
), ArticleFig(id=1322162314514649265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

发文量排名前十位的国家

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排名国家发文量/篇篇均被引频次/次h指数近三年发文占比/%主要合作国家/篇
1中国1 03419.796954.35美国(74)
澳大利亚(51)
德国(27)
2美国47932.936325.47中国(74)
瑞士(30)
德国(28)
3德国21835.504821.56瑞士(40)
美国(28)
中国(27)
4法国15635.654416.03德国(22)
瑞士(19)
中国(18)
5瑞士13348.714418.05德国(40)
美国(30)
法国(19)
6澳大利亚12536.423819.20中国(51)
美国(16)
法国(8)
7日本10927.402821.10美国(18)
英国(14)
法国(13)
8英国10046.893418.00德国(19)
中国(16)
美国(16)
9加拿大6722.282235.82中国(13)
德国(12)
美国(10)
10韩国6338.462425.40美国(16)
中国(13)
德国(8)
), ArticleFig(id=1322162314598535346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Distribution of the top 20 research institutions in terms of published papers

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排名机构名称发文量/篇所属国家篇均被引频次/次h指数近三年发文占比/%
1中国科学院143中国24.813140.56
2中国石油大学(北京)106中国29.203048.11
3亥姆霍兹联合会103德国42.193820.39
3吉林大学103中国16.702350.49
4苏黎世联邦理工学院99瑞士50.573817.17
5中国矿业大学91中国15.202062.64
6中国地质调查局77中国19.682046.75
7法国国家科学研究中心71法国32.272823.94
8洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家实验室66美国23.822316.67
9中南大学64中国13.451670.31
10劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室59美国63.952918.64
11Tohoku University56日本31.071917.86
12中国石油大学(华东)50中国31.141836.00
13天津大学47中国30.111836.17
14斯特拉斯堡大学43法国36.93246.98
15法国地质调查局40法国46.202010.00
15中国地质科学院40中国11.281355.00
15斯坦福大学40美国38.231842.50
15犹他大学40美国21.581530.00
16宾夕法尼亚州立大学38美国24.841650.00
17四川大学37中国18.081470.27
17西南石油大学37中国21.221059.46
17中国地质大学(武汉)37中国13.921464.86
18中国石油天然气集团有限公司36中国8.83877.78
19中国石油化工股份有限公司35中国33.801745.71
20首尔国立大学34韩国45.151820.59
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发文量前20位的机构分布

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排名机构名称发文量/篇所属国家篇均被引频次/次h指数近三年发文占比/%
1中国科学院143中国24.813140.56
2中国石油大学(北京)106中国29.203048.11
3亥姆霍兹联合会103德国42.193820.39
3吉林大学103中国16.702350.49
4苏黎世联邦理工学院99瑞士50.573817.17
5中国矿业大学91中国15.202062.64
6中国地质调查局77中国19.682046.75
7法国国家科学研究中心71法国32.272823.94
8洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家实验室66美国23.822316.67
9中南大学64中国13.451670.31
10劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室59美国63.952918.64
11Tohoku University56日本31.071917.86
12中国石油大学(华东)50中国31.141836.00
13天津大学47中国30.111836.17
14斯特拉斯堡大学43法国36.93246.98
15法国地质调查局40法国46.202010.00
15中国地质科学院40中国11.281355.00
15斯坦福大学40美国38.231842.50
15犹他大学40美国21.581530.00
16宾夕法尼亚州立大学38美国24.841650.00
17四川大学37中国18.081470.27
17西南石油大学37中国21.221059.46
17中国地质大学(武汉)37中国13.921464.86
18中国石油天然气集团有限公司36中国8.83877.78
19中国石油化工股份有限公司35中国33.801745.71
20首尔国立大学34韩国45.151820.59
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Top 15 ESI research papers in terms of citation frequency

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排名题名发表年份发文期刊被引频次/次第一作者机构
1Maximum magnitude earthquakes induced by fluid injection2014Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth475美国地质调查局
2The November 2017 Mw 5.5 Pohang earthquake: A possible case of induced seismicity in South Korea2018Science349苏黎世联邦理工学院
3Assessing whether the 2017 Mw 5.4 Pohang earthquake in South Korea was an induced event2018Science327釜山大学
4Numerical simulation of the heat extraction in EGS with thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling method based on discrete fractures model2017Energy284中国石油大学(华东)
5Numerical simulation of heat extraction performance in enhanced geothermal system with multilateral wells2018Applied Energy280中国石油大学(北京)
6An investigation of stimulation mechanisms in Enhanced Geothermal Systems2014International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences262得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校
7A fractal analysis of permeability for fractured rocks2015International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer250华中科技大学
8Hydraulic fracturing under high temperature and pressure conditions with micro CT applications: Geothermal energy from hot dry rocks2018Fuel224蒙纳士大学
9Laboratory investigation on physical and mechanical properties of granite after heating and water-cooling treatment2018Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering200中国科学院武汉岩土所
10Triggering of the Pohang, Korea, Earthquake (Mw 5.5) by enhanced geothermal system stimulation2019Seismological Research Letters196斯坦福大学
11Numerical simulation of the heat extraction in 3D-EGS with thermal hydraulic-mechanical coupling method based on discrete fractures model2018Geothermics184中国石油大学(华东)
12Controlling fluid-induced seismicity during a 6.1-km-deep geothermal stimulation in Finland2019Science Advances153德国亥姆霍兹地球科学研究中心
13Experimental study on damage and fracture characteristics of beishan granite subjected to high-temperature treatment with DIC and AE techniques2021Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering124中国科学院武汉岩土所
14Effect of water-cooling shock on fracture initiation and morphology of high-temperature granite: Application of hydraulic fracturing to enhanced geothermal systems2023Applied Energy95西安理工大学
15A FDEM-based 2D coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical model for multiphysical simulation of rock fracturing2022International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences84中国地质大学(武汉)
), ArticleFig(id=1322162315022160053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

被引频次排名前15位的ESI研究论文

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排名题名发表年份发文期刊被引频次/次第一作者机构
1Maximum magnitude earthquakes induced by fluid injection2014Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth475美国地质调查局
2The November 2017 Mw 5.5 Pohang earthquake: A possible case of induced seismicity in South Korea2018Science349苏黎世联邦理工学院
3Assessing whether the 2017 Mw 5.4 Pohang earthquake in South Korea was an induced event2018Science327釜山大学
4Numerical simulation of the heat extraction in EGS with thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling method based on discrete fractures model2017Energy284中国石油大学(华东)
5Numerical simulation of heat extraction performance in enhanced geothermal system with multilateral wells2018Applied Energy280中国石油大学(北京)
6An investigation of stimulation mechanisms in Enhanced Geothermal Systems2014International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences262得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校
7A fractal analysis of permeability for fractured rocks2015International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer250华中科技大学
8Hydraulic fracturing under high temperature and pressure conditions with micro CT applications: Geothermal energy from hot dry rocks2018Fuel224蒙纳士大学
9Laboratory investigation on physical and mechanical properties of granite after heating and water-cooling treatment2018Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering200中国科学院武汉岩土所
10Triggering of the Pohang, Korea, Earthquake (Mw 5.5) by enhanced geothermal system stimulation2019Seismological Research Letters196斯坦福大学
11Numerical simulation of the heat extraction in 3D-EGS with thermal hydraulic-mechanical coupling method based on discrete fractures model2018Geothermics184中国石油大学(华东)
12Controlling fluid-induced seismicity during a 6.1-km-deep geothermal stimulation in Finland2019Science Advances153德国亥姆霍兹地球科学研究中心
13Experimental study on damage and fracture characteristics of beishan granite subjected to high-temperature treatment with DIC and AE techniques2021Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering124中国科学院武汉岩土所
14Effect of water-cooling shock on fracture initiation and morphology of high-temperature granite: Application of hydraulic fracturing to enhanced geothermal systems2023Applied Energy95西安理工大学
15A FDEM-based 2D coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical model for multiphysical simulation of rock fracturing2022International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences84中国地质大学(武汉)
), ArticleFig(id=1322162315269623990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Top 10 patent applicants in terms of application quantity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号申请人专利数量/件所属国家近三年专利申请占比/%
1中国地质调查局93中国46.24
2中国石油化工股份有限公司65中国20.00
3吉林大学50中国26.00
4中国石油大学(华东)47中国19.15
5中国矿业大学34中国73.53
6埃沃尔技术股份有限公司29加拿大13.79
7西南石油大学27中国37.04
8中国石油天然气股份有限公司24中国66.67
9太原理工大学23中国47.83
10中国石油大学(北京)17中国11.76
), ArticleFig(id=1322162315353510071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

申请量前 10 位的专利申请人

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号申请人专利数量/件所属国家近三年专利申请占比/%
1中国地质调查局93中国46.24
2中国石油化工股份有限公司65中国20.00
3吉林大学50中国26.00
4中国石油大学(华东)47中国19.15
5中国矿业大学34中国73.53
6埃沃尔技术股份有限公司29加拿大13.79
7西南石油大学27中国37.04
8中国石油天然气股份有限公司24中国66.67
9太原理工大学23中国47.83
10中国石油大学(北京)17中国11.76
), ArticleFig(id=1322162315697443001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Hotspot technology theme layout of patent applications

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号技术主题涉及的IPC分类号专利数量/件近三年的占比/%
1资源勘探G01V1、G01V114765.96
2钻井工艺E21B7、C09K8、E21B47、E21B33、E21B49、E21B21、E21B41、E21B1738726.61
3储层改造E21B43、G06F30、G01N3、G06F119、G01N15、G06F111、G06F11353735.38
4热能提取F24T10、F24J3、F24T5051023.73
5地热能利用F03G4、F03G7、F01K25、F22B125813.57
), ArticleFig(id=1322162315772940474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162137405960976, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

专利技术热点主题布局

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号技术主题涉及的IPC分类号专利数量/件近三年的占比/%
1资源勘探G01V1、G01V114765.96
2钻井工艺E21B7、C09K8、E21B47、E21B33、E21B49、E21B21、E21B41、E21B1738726.61
3储层改造E21B43、G06F30、G01N3、G06F119、G01N15、G06F111、G06F11353735.38
4热能提取F24T10、F24J3、F24T5051023.73
5地热能利用F03G4、F03G7、F01K25、F22B125813.57
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全球干热岩勘探开发研究态势分析
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赵婉雨(1989—),女,陕西西安人,硕士,馆员,主要从事地球环境领域学科情报分析工作。E-mail:

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赵婉雨(1989—),女,陕西西安人,硕士,馆员,主要从事地球环境领域学科情报分析工作。E-mail:

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赵婉雨 , 贾苹
作者信息
  • 中国科学院文献情报中心,北京 100190
通讯作者:
贾苹(1964—),女,北京人,研究馆员,主要从事区域产业情报研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

赵婉雨(1989—),女,陕西西安人,硕士,馆员,主要从事地球环境领域学科情报分析工作。E-mail:

Analysis of Global Trends in Exploration and Development of Dry Hot Rocks
Wanyu ZHAO , Ping JIA
Affiliations
  • National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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干热岩勘探开发研究对推动全球能源结构转型、实现清洁能源可持续利用以及助力碳中和目标具有重要意义。为全面宏观地了解干热岩勘探开发领域最新研究进展和技术发展态势,对干热岩领域相关论文和专利进行了计量分析和主题挖掘,分析了发文趋势、专利申请趋势、主要国家与机构分布、研究主题及研究热点等。分析表明,全球范围内干热岩领域研究处于快速发展时期,中国在基础研究和技术研发方面已占据主导地位,但研究质量和国际化进程仍有提升空间;研究热点集中在地热能提取与利用、干热岩成因机制与资源勘探、储层力学特性与热储建造、储层监测与评价、地震预测与控制等5个方面,其中高温环境与应力耦合作用机制、低温压裂技术、核磁共振技术的应用等是近年来的重要研究领域。尽管干热岩的开发利用正逐步进入工程示范阶段,但商业化开发仍面临技术瓶颈、环境风险和经济性不足等挑战,未来应进一步加强地球物理勘探技术的研发和应用,提升热储改造技术,优化水力压裂和钻井工艺,深入探索裂缝网络的动态演化、热储层的长期稳定性,优化热储层的热能提取过程,提高热提取和换热效率;同时持续深化基础研究与应用技术的协同发展,突破技术瓶颈,降低开发成本,推动干热岩资源的可持续开发利用。

干热岩  /  增强型地热系统  /  勘探开发  /  文献计量  /  主题聚类

Research on the exploration and development of hot dry rock is significant for promoting the global energy transition, achieving sustainable utilization of clean energy, and supporting carbon neutrality goals. To comprehensively and macroscopically understand the latest research progress and technological trends in the field of hot dry rock exploration and development, a bibliometric analysis and thematic exploration of relevant papers and patents were conducted. The trend of publication, the trend of patent application, the distribution of major countries and institutions, research topics and research hotspots were analyzed. The results indicate that the global research in the field of hot dry rock is in a period of rapid development, and China has occupied a dominant position in basic research and technology research and development, but there is still room for improvement in research quality and internationalization process. The research hotspots focus on five key areas, including geothermal energy extraction and utilization, genesis and resource exploration of hot dry rock, reservoir mechanical properties and heat storage construction, reservoir monitoring and evaluation, and seismic prediction and control. Among them, the coupling mechanism of high temperature environment and stress, low temperature fracturing technology and the application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology are important research fields in recent years. Although the development and utilization of hot dry rock is gradually entering the engineering demonstration stage, the commercialization still faces challenges such as technical bottlenecks, environmental risks, and insufficient economic viability. Future efforts should focus on advancing geophysical exploration technologies, enhancing heat reservoir modification techniques, optimizing hydraulic fracturing and drilling processes, investigating the dynamic evolution of fracture networks and long-term stability of heat reservoirs, and improving heat extraction and heat exchange efficiency. Additionally, strengthening the integration of fundamental research and applied technologies is critical to overcome technical challenges, reduce development costs, and promote the sustainable utilization of hot dry rock resources.

Hot dry rock  /  Enhanced geothermal system  /  Exploration and development  /  Bibliometric analysis  /  Topic clustering
赵婉雨, 贾苹. 全球干热岩勘探开发研究态势分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 287 -302 .
Wanyu ZHAO, Ping JIA. Analysis of Global Trends in Exploration and Development of Dry Hot Rocks[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 287 -302 .
地热能作为一种清洁的可再生能源,具有稳定可靠、清洁环保、分布广等特点,其开发利用受到各国政府和学界的重视。地热资源可分为水热型和干热岩型,其中干热岩型地热储量远高于水热型地热储量[1]。干热岩是指埋藏于距地表以下3~10 km,不含或含微量流体,温度高于180 ℃的岩体,因其具有热能潜力巨大、地理分布广泛、绿色无污染等特性,是未来地热能源开发利用的重点[2-4]。据统计,全球可开采利用的干热岩资源量是地球上所有石化资源总量的30倍[5]。我国自2012年以来,先后在青海、西藏、四川、福建、广东、山东、海南、黑龙江等重点高热流区域开展干热岩资源勘探[6],确定了一批干热岩有利靶区。根据中国地质科学研究院对我国大陆地区3~10 km的干热岩储量估算,其资源基数为2.5×1025 J,相当于8.56×106 万 t标准煤,按照2%的可采资源量计算[7],相当于2023年我国能源消耗总量的2 990倍。
增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal System, EGS)是开发干热岩地热的关键技术,通过水力压裂等工程手段在干热岩体中形成高渗透性的人工地热储层,并采出大量热能加以利用[1]。自20世纪70年代以来,美国、英国、德国、法国、澳大利亚、日本、中国等国家均开展了EGS研究,并建立了一批研究试验基地。全球多个国家和地区先后发布了地热能开发的相关政策,并启动EGS项目资助,如美国的地热能研究前沿瞭望台计划(FORGE)和增强型地热系统联合实验室(EGS Collab)项目,其目标是攻克干热岩资源开发过程中遇到的钻探、压裂和持续开采等技术难题[8];欧洲的深层地热技术与创新平台(ETIP Geothermal)项目[9]旨在提高深层地热资源的开发效率,降低成本并拓展资源开发的深度,同时在欧洲“地平线”计划框架下,持续为多个地热能专项提供资金支持;我国2016年发布的《地热能开发利用“十三五”规划》明确了干热岩资源调查与勘探的目标和关键技术研发方向,2022年出台的《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》进一步支持干热岩开发技术与高温地热发电技术的研究与应用。美国和欧洲更强调以技术突破为核心,注重干热岩商业化开发和产业化应用,而我国则更加聚焦资源勘探和关键技术研发,这反映了中美欧在干热岩开发阶段和技术需求上的不同(见表1)。我国近年来围绕干热岩资源调查与勘探、开采机理、能量获取及利用等关键问题布局了多个项目,有望在干热岩地热资源的高效开发利用领域实现新的技术突破。
为科学客观地把握干热岩领域的发展脉络,并从多维度剖析该领域的研究态势,本文以文献计量学方法为核心,重点分析学术论文的年度发文量变化、重点发文国家与机构分布、研究主题演进与热点趋势,系统揭示干热岩基础研究的全球格局与动态。在此基础上,结合专利技术分析作为补充视角,进一步探讨该领域的应用技术发展现状与创新方向,以期对我国干热岩地热勘探开发的未来研究提供参考和借鉴。
本文分析的论文数据来源于科睿唯安下的Web of Science平台核心合集SCIE数据库(SCI-Expanded)。对干热岩和增强型地热系统的不同表达进行梳理,并利用相关关键词设计检索策略为(“hot dry rock *” or “heat dry rock *” or “dry heat rock *” or “dry hot rock *” or “dry and hot rock *” or “hot and dry rock *” or “enhanced geothermal system *” or “dry rock geothermal system *” or “dry heat geothermal rock *” or “HDR Resource *” or “Deep Geothermal stimulation” or “FORGE EGS Site” or “Geothermal Energy FORGE” or “HDR Site” or “EGS Site” or “hot fractured rock *” or hot-dry-rock * or (HDR and geothermal))。文献类型限制为“研究论文”和“综述论文”,检索截止时间为2024年12月,共筛选干热岩相关的研究性论文2194篇。同时,利用中国知网数据库(CNKI)补充检索中文核心期刊论文,共筛选符合要求的中文文献433篇。
专利数据来源于incoPat数据库,将中文“干热岩”和“增强型地热”及其英文表达纳入检索策略,不限制检索起始日期,截止日期为2024年,专利类型筛选“发明申请”与“发明授权”,共检索到1319件专利。
以检索论文和专利为数据样本,利用Web of Science平台和incoPat数据库自带分析工具、Derwent Data Analyzer(DDA)、Excel 2019、VOSviewer和CiteSpace等软件,对检索到的数据结果从发文趋势、专利申请趋势、期刊、国家、机构、主题关键词、技术类别等维度进行分类清洗、共现、聚类等相关分析,并绘制相关知识图谱,以了解干热岩研究热点和技术发展趋势。
研究论文的发文量可以在一定程度中反映某个领域的科研热度和发展情况。从图1可以看到,干热岩领域的研究大致可以分为三个阶段。第一阶段是萌芽期(1975—2011年),最早的干热岩基础研究可追溯到20世纪70年代,加州大学伯克利分校、法国地质调查局和京都大学共同合作发表题为“Theory of Heat Extraction from Fractured Hot Dry Rock”的研究性论文,探讨了干热岩裂隙取热的理论[10];随后很长的时间内,美国、日本、法国、澳大利亚、英国、德国等发达国家尝试开展干热岩发电试验项目,由于干热岩勘探开采以及取热发电难度较大,该领域的研究进展较为缓慢。第二阶段是发展期(2012—2017年),随着全球能源结构变革,地热发电在全球能源供应中扮演着越来越重要的角色。这一时期中国也开始进行干热岩领域的研究,2012年,国家“863”计划“干热岩热能开发与综合利用关键技术研究”立项,正式拉开我国干热岩专项研究的序幕。第三阶段是快速增长期(2018—2024年),这一阶段的发文占比达67.61%,说明国际上干热岩领域的研究已经被较多的科研人员关注。从中国的发文量占比变化可以看到,随着“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的提出,2020年以来发表的文献数量已占当年全球该领域文献数量的60%以上。全球和中国在干热岩研究领域的年度发文量变化如图1所示。
全球刊发干热岩领域相关论文的期刊超过331种,约44.23%的论文发表在发文量排名前四十的期刊上(见表2),其中发文量最多的期刊为Geothermics, 截至检索日期共有336篇相关论文发表,远超其他期刊,Renewable Energy和Energy分别以85篇和70篇的发文量位列第二和第三。从期刊的论文研究方向来看,以地热学、能源、岩石力学、地球物理等方向的期刊为主,研究领域较为集中。从期刊水平来看,有8种期刊位于Q1区,其中Renewable Energy和 Energy 的影响因子最高,均为9。
图2展示了基于Web of Science类别的全球干热岩领域相关论文的研究方向。从图2可以看出,能源燃料(1 082篇)和地球科学(772篇)是最主要的两个学科领域,二者的发文量占比均超过35%,其次为热力学(295篇)、地球化学与地球物理(292篇)、工程地质(240篇)、力学(220篇)、绿色可持续技术(185篇)、工程机械(143篇)、环境科学(118篇)和工程化学(100篇)等。部分文章所属不同学科类别,但是总体来说,有关干热岩领域的研究多集中在地球科学、石油工程、地质学、矿业科学等学科领域,并呈现一定的学科交叉融合态势。
目前全球共有74个国家和地区在干热岩领域展开研究,表2展示了发文数量最多的前十个国家,这些国家同时也是在干热岩和EGS项目开发较多的国家。中国是在干热岩领域的研究工作虽然起步较晚,但是近年来的发展势头强劲,尤其是2020年以来,年发文量超过100篇,近三年发文量占54.35%。美国以479篇论文位列第二,同时也是最早开展干热岩领域研究的国家。1973年,美国政府开始资助关于干热岩开发的EGS试验研究[2],1974年洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家实验室在新墨西哥州的芬顿山钻成全球第一口干热岩井[11],1977年完成了全球第一个干热岩热储且安全运行,验证了采热提取能源的技术可行性。此外,德国、法国、瑞士、澳大利亚、日本和英国等国家发文量超过100篇,位列第二梯队,这些国家也先后进行了干热岩地热发电试验研究。从干热岩领域主要发文国家的合作研究情况来看,这些国家的合作关系较为密切,中国多与美国、澳大利亚和德国开展合作研究,但总体来看,合作发文的占比较低。
h指数(h-index)是一个混合量化指标,指某国家/机构/作者等至多有h篇论文被引用了至少h次,篇均被引频次代表每篇论文的被引次数,这两个指标可用于评估国家、机构、研究人员等的学术产出数量与学术产出水平。中国在干热岩领域的h指数位列第一,但篇均被引频次排名最低,说明中国在该领域的研究具有一定的影响力,但是整体研究质量还有待提升。美国在该领域的h指数位列第二,篇均被引频次表现较为优异,研究成果总体影响力较高。此外,瑞士和英国在该领域的研究论文水平较高。发文量排名前十位的国家分布见表3。
对发文量排名前20位的机构进行了分析,见表4。从发文量来看,排在第一位的是中国科学院,共发表143篇论文,主要发文研究单位包括中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所、中国科学院广州能源研究所、中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所等;排在第二位的是中国石油大学(北京),共发表106篇论文;亥姆霍兹联合会和吉林大学均以103篇论文位列第三。
从机构类型来看,发文机构以高校为主,有16所学校;科研院所有6家,包括中国科学院、亥姆霍兹联合会、法国国家科学研究中心、洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家实验室、劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室和中国地质科学院;政府机构有2家,均为地球科学领域的管理部门,包括法国地质矿产调查局和中国地质调查局;此外,还有2家为石油公司,分别是中国石油天然气集团有限公司和中国石油化工股份有限公司。
从机构所属国家来看,发文量排名前20位的26家机构中,中国的机构有14家,除中国科学院、中国石油大学(北京)和吉林大学外,中国矿业大学、中国地质调查局、中南大学、中国石油大学(华东)、天津大学等机构在该领域的研究投入较多。此外,美国和法国分别有5家和3家机构上榜,德国、瑞士、日本和韩国均各有1家机构位列前20位中。具体的机构及其所属国家见表4。
洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家实验室、苏黎世联邦理工学院、法国地质矿产调查局等均在20世纪70年代就开展了干热岩开发的相关研究,中国的机构进入该领域的时间较晚。各大机构近年来对干热岩的研究热度不减,中国石油天然气集团有限公司、中南大学、四川大学等机构的近三年发文占比超过70%,说明深层地热研究仍是地热开发利用的重点。
从各机构的论文影响力来看,苏黎世联邦理工学院、亥姆霍兹联合会的论文h指数和篇均被引频次均在该领域表现出较高的影响力;中国科学院、中国石油大学(北京)的论文h指数排名分别位列第二和第三,但篇均被引频次相对靠后,说明研究成果的整体影响力还有待提升。
ESI高被引论文可以在一定程度上反映近年来的研究热点和趋势。截至2024年7—8月,干热岩领域ESI高被引论文共有36篇。被引频次排名前15的研究型ESI论文的分析见表5,研究内容主要包括地热开采时的地震诱发及地震控制研究,地热系统热提取性能的数值模拟,增强型地热系统刺激作用机理研究,岩石裂缝网络渗透率模型研究,加热和水冷处理后花岗岩物理和机械特性,水力压裂在增强型地热系统中的应用等。被引频次居于前三名的论文分别发表在Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth和Science上,引用次数均超过了300次(截至2024年12月13日),分别为475次、349次和327次,并且三篇文章均围绕地热开采的地震诱发展开研究。排名第一的论文是美国地质调查局对深层注入流体诱发地震的研究[12],排名第二和第三的论文均围绕2017年韩国浦项地震开展研究,并讨论了地震诱发与韩国EGS发电站的可能性[13-14]。
关键词是研究者用来表述文献研究内容的重要词汇,也是文献研究内容特征的高度概括和总结,对文献关键词进行统计和分析可以较为快速且有效地了解某研究领域的热点及其变化趋势。
选取SCI论文集中词频大于5次的关键词,并进行清洗合并,共计得到关键词215个。利用VOSviewer对干热岩领域的文献进行关键词聚类,每个节点代表一个关键词,节点大小代表关键词出现的频次高低。如图3所示(颜色标识见电子版,下同),干热岩的主要研究方向主要聚焦在5个方面:地热能提取与利用(红色区域)、干热岩成因机制与资源勘探(紫色区域)、储层力学特性与热储建造(绿色区域)、储层监测与评价(蓝色区域)和地震预测与控制(黄色区域)。
对CNKI论文集进行关键词共现聚类,选取词频大于3次的关键词,并进行清洗合并,共计得到关键词80个,如图4所示。由图4可以看出,国内期刊论文的发文主题重点围绕干热岩资源成因机制(红色区域)、储层力学特性(黄色和紫色区域)、储层改造(绿色区域)以及干热岩开发利用(蓝色区域)等4个方面,与国际上的研究主题基本一致。
地热能提取与利用方向的高频共现关键词包括超临界二氧化碳、数值模拟、热提取性能、有机朗肯循环(ORC)、热流固耦合(THM)等。通过人工手段构建地热储层,EGS可以有效地提取地下储存的热量,同时ORC系统可以利用EGS提取的热量发电[15]。研究热点主要包括探索使用超临界二氧化碳作为干热岩地热系统中的工作流体,以提高热提取效率[16];利用数值模拟技术分析干热岩热提取效率和发电性能,如通过热流固耦合建立干热岩裂隙的数值模拟研究等[17];生命周期评估(LCA)可以全面评估干热岩发电项目在其整个生命周期中的环境影响[18-19]。
干热岩成因机制与资源勘探方向的高频共现关键词包括数值建模、共和盆地、热传导、二氧化碳储存、磁辐射、大地热流、成因机制、地温梯度等。成因机制研究是干热岩地热资源高效勘探开发利用的基础[20]。张保健等[21]揭示了青海共和盆地干热岩成因源于印度-欧亚板块碰撞引发深部动力作用,导致软流圈热物质沿岩石圈薄弱带上涌迁移,壳幔热流在浅部受地下水活动、岩性差异及热导率影响形成不均一聚集,并阐明了其热源传递与赋存规律;熊波等[22]揭示了内蒙古中部干热岩热源为深部熔融体及残余岩浆囊,储层以新生代基性侵入岩为主,盖层为白垩系等沉积层,并且浅部高温水热系统与深部干热岩同源共生。干热岩资源勘探常用的技术方法包括遥感技术、地震勘查技术、电磁法勘查技术、重力勘查技术、地球化学勘探技术等[23]。TAN H等[24]利用广域电磁法(WFEM)对青海共和盆地的干热岩进行勘探,根据WFEM结果推断出了干热岩的位置,并通过钻井进行了验证,同时提供了温度与反演电阻率之间的关系,确定了具有采矿潜力的勘探区域;DAI W M等[25]利用电磁数据三位反演算法描述了深部干热岩的空间分布范围,为该地区地热资源的持续勘探提供了方向;ZHAO J W等[26]结合三维磁场成像和瑞雷波与相速度反演等研究成果,利用三维重力聚焦反演方法,基于卫星重力数据,获得了高分辨率的共和盆地地下空间密度分布模型,首次从重力角度证实了部分熔融层的存在,该高温熔融层可能是共和盆地干热岩地热资源的主要热源。
储层力学特性与热储建造方向的高频共现关键词包括水力压裂、地热储层、声发射、热应力、钻井、钻井液、固井、裂缝扩展等。水力压裂是最常用的干热岩热储层激发方法之一,该方法通过高压注入流体来增强岩石中原有裂缝,形成与井筒相连通的裂缝网络,增加地热储层的渗透性,提高地热能的提取效率。另一方面,学者们利用声发射技术识别干热岩储层的可压裂性、压裂效果以及岩石裂缝的发展规律。LI H L等[27]利用声发射监测超临界二氧化碳饱和度对干热岩破坏过程的影响,认为花岗岩矿物颗粒胶结度和颗粒大小的退化是声发射特性变化的根本原因;ZHAO Y等[28]通过试验研究了液氮冷却条件下花岗岩断裂特征和声发射特征,同时基于花岗岩断裂过程中的声发射结果提出了一种利用上升角和平均频率临界值判别裂纹类型的方法;付文姜等[29]通过单轴压缩与声发射监测发现,花岗岩在300~600℃区间内呈现显著的脆-延转变特征,且在500~600℃区间存在导致耗散能骤降的临界温度。此外,高温钻井液技术、高温井控技术以及井下耐高温钻具的研究对于形成稳定的热储通道至关重要[30-31]。刘畅等[32]和聂德久等[33]针对钻井液的高温稳定性、环保性技术难点,对抗高温钻井液体系进行了组分和含量设计;张东清等[34]基于青海共和GR1#钻井工程,揭示温度、结构面厚度及倾角对干热岩井筒热力耦合变形规律的影响,发现结构面中部最大变形处为井壁弱面,需重点防控温度与结构面几何参数变化引发的损伤破坏。
储层监测与评价方向的高频共现关键词包括热传递、裂隙网络、裂缝渗透率、流体流动、温度、裂隙形态、传热系数、孔隙率等。在水力压裂过程中和压裂结束后对岩石裂隙发育程度、发展变化、空间分布、连通性、裂隙走向与密度等关键特征进行监测和识别,以及对储层流体分布的评估,是对干热岩热储评价的关键[5]。该方向的研究内容主要包括裂隙形态对传热特性的影响、水力压裂对天然裂隙的影响、裂隙内的流体流动与热传递机制等方面。HE R H等[35]通过数值模型模拟了不同表面粗糙度的单一断裂中的流体流动和热传递,研究结果表明,随着流速的增加,断裂表面粗糙度对传热强度的促进作用逐渐减弱;NADIMI S等[36]为模拟和确定犹他州地热能研究前沿瞭望台计划(FORGE)拟建的第三阶段注入井和生产井的最佳水力裂缝网络,开发了一个三维离散裂缝网络(DFN)模型,研究了水力压裂增加对天然裂隙的影响,发现黏度更高的流体会增加压裂高度,并对中间井段的裂缝扩展产生显著影响;惠峥等[37]通过高温三轴渗流-换热试验系统研究砂岩单裂隙渗流传热特性,发现渗流换热系数受流速和温度的影响显著高于裂隙开度的影响。
地震预测与控制技术方向的高频共现关键词包括诱发地震、地质力学、岩石力学、热液系统、微地震等。地震诱发是大规模开发干热岩所需要应对的关键挑战,其中断层活动和流体压力过高是引发强震的两个主要因素[38],在世界各地采用EGS进行干热岩储能开发的项目中,有68.8%的项目诱发震级超过了2.0级的地震,31.2%的项目诱发的地震震级甚至超过了3.0级,在这些地震事件中记录到的最大震级为MW5.5[39]。该方向的研究内容主要包括干热岩开采诱发地震的成因机理、诱发地震的风险评估、建立交通信号灯协议的地震风险管理[40]、从地层环境分析诱发地震活动的特征、减震策略研究[41]等方面。为了降低诱发地震带来灾害的风险,学术界和工业界已经实施了一系列措施,包括但不限于制定限制诱发地震的流体注入策略、对注入和开采方案进行及时的验证和调整、以及对地震活动进行持续监测和采取相应的缓解措施[39]。
对文献关键词的突现进行分析,可以了解在一定时期内学术界对该领域关注的热点变化。利用CiteSpace对干热岩领域相关研究文献进行了关键词突现分析。分析结果表明,早期研究主要集中在干热岩资源的基础理论与区域性勘探开发过程中诱发地震的风险评估与控制。美国早期在新墨西哥州芬顿山启动深层干热岩钻探试验,开展现场注采与微地震监测研究。欧洲莱茵地堑(Rhine Graben)是早期EGS技术试验的核心区域,法国苏尔茨兆瓦级EGS发电工程因其自运行特性成为全球较为成功的示范案例,证明了在天然裂隙发育岩体中无需大规模高压即可构建大型热储的可行性。水力刺激(Hydraulic Stimulation)作为干热岩热储建造的关键技术,也在这一时期得到了广泛关注。2010—2020年这一时期的突现词包括流体传输(Transport)、流体注入(Fluid Injection)、多孔介质(Porous Media)、断裂花岗岩储层(Fractured Granite Reservoir)、三维瞬态模型(3 Dimensional Transient Model)、超临界二氧化碳(Supercritical CO2)等,学者们开始关注裂隙网络的流体流动和热传递机制,多孔介质渗流模拟与裂隙网络表征成为优化热储性能开发的重要方向,相关研究通过数值模拟与试验手段揭示了裂缝连通性对热提取效率的影响。随着时间推移,有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle)作为一种高效的发电技术,成为干热岩发电系统的重要研究方向。此外,干热岩研究与全球碳中和目标深度融合,二氧化碳封存(CO2Sequestration)和敏感性分析(Sensitivity Analysis)等关键词表明,干热岩开发的环境影响和经济性评估是基础研究的关注点。
对SCI论文和CNKI论文的关键词进行演化分析,利用VOSviewer对干热岩地领域论文的关键词进行聚类分析,聚类分析结果表明,机器学习、深度学习、人工神经网络模型、核磁共振、渗透率演变、复杂裂隙网络、热流固耦合、低温压裂、岩石力学、热应力、岩石损伤、采热性能、裂缝扩展等关键词在近年来的发文中高频出现。
探究高温与应力耦合作用下岩石的力学特性是突破干热岩开发技术瓶颈的关键前提,储层岩石在EGS建设过程中会遇到不同冷却条件,研究不同条件下干热岩的力学特征具有重要意义[42]。刘坤等[43]通过开展200~800℃高温水冷却花岗岩试样的单轴压缩试验与声发射损伤监测,发现600℃是花岗岩热冲击后抗压强度劣化效果转变的阈值;MA X等[44]自主研发了实时高温真三轴试验系统与高温水力压裂模块,实现了对干热岩储层高温和三维高应力的准确模拟;马双泽等[45]通过剪切渗透试验,揭示了增强型地热系统中高温与循环冷却对花岗岩物理力学性能及微观结构的影响;孙勇等[46]通过液氮循环冷冲击试验揭示了干热岩在温差效应下的孔裂隙演化机制,阐明了石英晶粒热膨胀差异及循环冷冲击疲劳损伤主导的裂隙网络形成机理。
由于裂缝的方向与连通性直接影响流体流动和热传递效率,在裂缝性储层中,热流固耦合过程至关重要[47]。近年来,学者多利用三维THM耦合模拟来研究干热岩热储层变化和热提取性能。ALIYU M D等[48]开发了一种基于THM耦合过程的干热岩热储三维数值模型,并利用芬顿山一期干热岩系统的实地测量数据进行了验证,证实了井筒放置对储层性能的影响较大;WANG Y等[49]通过一系列三维THM耦合模拟,证实了注水引起的储层冷却和孔隙压力增加控制了水力剪切刺激机制,使用水平井有利于FORGE工程的地热开发;LIU J等[50]建立了一个基于离散裂缝的THM耦合模型,发现影响热回收率的关键因素依次为渗透率、裂缝连通性和基岩导热率,对优化地热储层的热能提取过程提供了重要的指导价值。
传统的水力压裂法存在耗水量过大、破坏地层和回流液污染等问题。为了应对这些挑战,研究人员近年来探索无水压裂技术,以期替代传统的水力压裂。其中以液氮为压裂介质的低温压裂技术因其独特的低温属性备受关注[51],该技术的研究多集中在液氮单次或循环冷却致裂岩石力学机制和液氮压裂造缝机理方面[52]。低温液氮压裂表现出优异的压裂效率,可以形成比水力压裂更为复杂的裂隙网络,同时可提高储层渗透率[53-55],目前已经取得良好的试验效果。但低温液体的冷却效应可能导致岩石的热应力分布不均匀,局部应力集中可能引发岩石的不均匀破裂,从而增加诱发地震的风险,未来仍需优化压裂参数、实时监测裂缝扩展和地震活动,以进一步提高压裂效果。
核磁共振技术近年来逐渐被用于地热能储层开发利用中,该技术在测量地热储层岩石的孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度和孔隙结构等关键物性参数中发挥着重要作用[56-57]。评估流体传输的能力,并分析未知岩石物性对地热能开发可能构成的潜在障碍,对提升热采效率具有重要意义。
随着人工智能技术的快速发展,机器学习、深度学习、人工神经网络模型等新兴技术逐渐被应用于干热岩的勘探、储层模拟和地热资源评价的研究中。这方面的研究内容包括利用深度学习模型的长期或实时微地震监测[58]、通过深度学习优化钻井工艺及钻进速率预测[59-60]、干热岩地热资源预测[61-62]、深层流体流动模拟及热性能预测[63-64]以及提高干热岩中裂缝探测精度[65]等。机器学习等AI技术具有强大的数据处理和模式识别能力,为传统热储工程数值模拟提供了新的有效途径。
全球干热岩领域专利申请最早可追溯到1977年,是美国REX ROBERT W发明的一种从干热岩石系统中提取能量的方法,为了防止在干热岩地热系统中形成水垢,使用丙酮和水的混合物作为工作流体。随后至2004年,有关干热岩开发的专利技术处于萌芽阶段。2005—2016年,年度专利申请量逐年攀升,中国干热岩领域相关专利申请起步,并在2014年达到第一个申请高峰。2017—2024年,随着能源供给格局的多样性需求不断攀升,干热岩技术研发进入快速发展期,2019年以来年申请量均超过100件。我国在这一时期占据技术主导地位,近五年的专利申请量占比均超过80%。全球和中国在干热岩领域的相关专利情况见图5。
全球共有19个国家和地区在干热岩领域进行了专利布局。基于申请人国家(技术来源国)与同族专利国家(技术市场国)的双维度分析结果见图6。由图6可知,中国是最大的技术来源国,共申请897件专利,占全球专利数量的67%,此外,中国同样也是最大的技术市场国。美国、澳大利亚和加拿大虽然专利申请量不占优势,但是技术输出比例较高,注重海外市场的布局;中国则从技术来源到市场布局均以本土为主,国际化进程相对滞后。
对专利申请量前10位的申请人进行分析,分析结果见表6。从竞争格局来看,中国机构占据绝对主导地位,前10位中仅第6位的加拿大埃沃尔技术股份有限公司为境外企业,其余9家均为中国机构,高校、企业和科研院所的数量分别为6家、2家和1家。中国地质调查局以93件专利遥遥领先,中国石油化工股份有限公司(65件)与吉林大学(50件)分列第2位和第3位,形成了“科研院所-企业-高校”的三级创新梯队。中国矿业大学虽总量排名第5(34件),但近三年的专利申请量占比高达73.53%,说明近年技术布局非常活跃。
利用国际专利号(International Patent Classification, IPC)分析技术研发热点。选取干热岩领域专利申请数量20件以上的IPC分类号(大组),并进行清洗合并,分析结果见表7。由表7可知,该领域专利技术申请的技术主题覆盖干热岩全产业链布局,即勘探—开发—利用。
干热岩地热资源勘探方向的专利申请数量最少,共47件,该方向的技术布局时间较晚,主要聚焦干热岩热储定位与评价,涵盖地质构造解析、地球物理探测方法(如电磁法、地震勘探)、热储参数测量装置研发及资源潜力评估模型构建。如专利文献[66]利用航磁数据确定岩体分布信息、地壳温度分布信息和地壳断裂分布信息,从而确定干热岩靶区;专利文献[67]利用梯度提升树模型构建干热岩分布识别模型,为实现海底干热岩分布的准确预测识别提供支撑。
钻井工艺方向共有387件专利申请,针对高温硬岩环境,重点攻关高效破岩钻具设计、耐高温钻井液体系开发、井筒稳定性控制技术以及适用于深部热储的智能完井方案等。专利文献[68]开发了一种利用工作流体配方,在钻孔的同时将裸眼钻孔的井筒密封,以在井筒/地层界面处形成抗渗层,提高了热传递效率;专利文献[69]开发了一种干热岩地热能开采的浸没式气动潜孔锤钻孔装置,能够使低温水充分冷却气动潜孔锤,减少钻头的磨损,显著提高钻头的寿命,提升钻进效率。
储层改造方向热度最高,共有537件专利申请,技术主题以增强热储渗透性为目标,研究水力/化学刺激压裂工艺、裂缝网络扩展模拟技术、微地震监测系统以及环境友好型压裂液配方优化。专利文献[70]对天然裂缝中主井的热储层与主井眼裂缝扩展连通性差异较低或较差的热储层进行注入和改善,降低了微地震风险;专利文献[71]开发了一种具有声发射监测装置的注水压裂剪切试验系统,为研究干热岩水压裂剪切裂纹扩展机理提供了一种有效的室内试验方法。
热能提取方向的专利申请数量为510件,重点围绕热能提取效率提升,探索超临界二氧化碳/水工质循环机制、裂隙-流体耦合传热模型、井下测温与流量监测装备,以及热储动态调控策略等方面进行研究。专利文献[72]通过将超临界流体注入地层压裂岩石,形成储层并提取地热能,实现热量传输与发电应用,值得注意的是该专利被引证195次,转让4次,为后续地热井热能传输与提取奠定了基础;专利文献[73]提供了一种高温高压条件下超临界二氧化碳岩石裂隙渗流装置,可以对注采温度和岩石内部温度进行有效控制。
地热能利用方向共有258件专利申请,技术方向延伸至地热能转化端,涉及干热岩发电系统集成、区域地热供暖网络设计等多元化应用场景。专利文献[74]提供了一套干热岩发电与压缩二氧化碳储能耦合系统,具有储能膨胀发电系统,通过二氧化碳气体驱动外部发电机辅助发电,提高了能源利用效率;专利文献[75]开发了一种多能联合干热岩储能供暖系统,通过地热水开采井水平井段与地热水开采井直井段的底端连通,减少了热能资源浪费。
干热岩作为清洁、安全、可再生的新型地热资源,具有巨大的开发潜力,有望在未来成为全球重要战略能源,对推动全球能源结构的转型和清洁能源的发展做出重要贡献。本文以学术论文和专利为数据来源,对全球干热岩勘探开发领域的基础研究和应用技术进行文献计量和主题聚类分析,较为系统全面地分析了该领域的研究态势。当前全球干热岩领域的研究规模快速扩增,在全球范围内得到重视。地热学、能源、岩石力学、地球物理等方向的期刊囊括了该领域的主要研究成果。美国等发达国家在干热岩勘探开发领域开展研究较早,近年来中国逐渐成为基础研究和技术研发的主力,但研究影响力和技术市场布局有待进一步提升。研究主题包括地热能提取与利用、干热岩成因机制与资源勘探、储层力学特性与热储建造、储层监测与评价、地震预测与控制等方面。专利技术主题与基础研究基本一致,其中干热岩热储建造与监测评价仍是近年来关注的热点,探究高温环境与应力耦合作用机制、低温压裂技术开发、核磁共振技术的应用等是目前的热点研究方向。此外,人工智能等新兴技术逐渐成为重要研究手段,为干热岩热储监测与热能提取研究注入了新动能。
干热岩勘探开发与利用技术的研究具有重要的科学意义和实际应用价值,基础研究与应用技术的演进关系呈现出相互促进、动态发展的过程。通过干热岩地质特性、热力学性质、裂缝形成机理等方面的研究,支撑了压裂技术与钻井技术的改进,从单井压裂发展到多井压裂,能够更有效地形成复杂的裂缝网络;实际开发过程中面临的热能提取效率、诱发地震以及裂缝网络复杂性等方面的问题又反馈促进了多场耦合模拟、裂缝动态演化机理等基础研究的进一步深化,遵循“理论突破—工程验证—数据反馈—模型优化”的双向驱动路径。
近年来,干热岩的开发利用逐步进入工程示范阶段,美国的FORGE计划和中国青海共和盆地试验基地等项目,通过实际工程验证了EGS技术的可行性,并积累了宝贵的实践经验。然而,干热岩的商业化开发仍面临技术瓶颈、环境风险和经济性不足等挑战。未来的研究可以重点关注以下几个方面。
(1)进一步加强地球物理勘探技术的研发和应用,提高干热岩资源的精准定位和评估能力;构建地热资源勘探和热能开采的专业数据库,促进数据的开放共享,为资源评估提供科学依据。
(2)提升热储改造技术,优化水力压裂和钻井工艺,深入探索裂缝网络的动态演化、热储层的长期稳定性;干热岩开发对环境的影响效应尚未完全明确,尤其是基于井口压力、总液量和水力能反馈调节的控震机制仍需进一步研究。
(3)利用三维THM耦合模拟技术,优化热储层的热能提取过程,提高热提取和换热效率。
(4)持续深化基础研究与应用技术的协同发展,突破技术瓶颈,降低开发成本,提高经济效益,推动干热岩资源的可持续开发利用。
(5)推动国际合作与交流,加强与发达国家的技术合作,制定相关政策,鼓励国际间的技术交流与合作,推动干热岩资源的全球化开发利用。
  • 中国科学院文献情报能力建设专项(E4290440)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-06
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    中国科学院文献情报中心,北京 100190

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贾苹(1964—),女,北京人,研究馆员,主要从事区域产业情报研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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