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In order to alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand of some key rare earth metals in the electric vehicle industry, the Gompertz model and the material flow analysis method were used to predict the theoretical demand of electric vehicles in China from 2024 to 2050. The effects of two paths of motor technology innovation and comprehensive utilization of resources on the supply and demand of four key rare earth metals (neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium and terbium) in the electric vehicle industry were discussed. The results show that under the given scenario of weak motor technology innovation effect, praseodymium and neodymium are in sufficient supply, while dysprosium and terbium are still in short supply by 2050. In the semi-derare earthing scenario and the radical scenario where the effect of motor technology innovation is more significant, dysprosium will achieve supply and demand balance in 2043 and 2039 respectively, and terbium will achieve sufficient supply in 2041 and 2031 respectively. In the path of comprehensive utilization of resources, recycling has a significant effect on alleviating the imbalance between supply and demand of rare earths in the long run, and the overall decline in the output of restricted electric vehicles is 79%. The hybrid vehicle reduces the use of rare earth resources and improves the allocation efficiency. The two paths of motor technology innovation and comprehensive utilization of resources can effectively alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand of key rare earth metals by promoting the development of new quality productive forces.

, authors=Fengping GAO1, 2, 3, 4, Chaoying CHENG1, 2, Yu ZHAO1, 2, Aruhan1, 2, Xiao YU1, 2, 4, authorsList=Fengping GAO, Chaoying CHENG, Yu ZHAO, Aruhan, Xiao YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chaoying CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322162108515594780, articleId=1322162103700533762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=中国电动汽车产业关键稀土需求与新质生产力发展路径, columnId=1321866349543014439, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿业前沿交叉与综合, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为缓解电动汽车产业部分关键稀土金属供需失衡的局面,采用Gompertz模型和物质流分析方法,预测了2024—2050年中国电动汽车的理论需求量,探讨了电机技术创新与资源综合利用两条路径对电动汽车产业中4种关键稀土金属钕、镝、镨和铽供需状况的影响。结果表明,在电机技术创新效应较弱的既定情景下,镨和钕供应充足,镝和铽至2050年仍供不应求;而在电机技术创新效果较显著的半去稀土化情景和激进情景中,镝分别于2043年和2039年实现供需均衡,铽分别于2041年与2031年实现供应充足。在资源综合利用路径中,回收利用在长期内对缓解稀土供需失衡局面具有显著效果,受限制的电动汽车产量整体下降幅度为79%;而混动汽车降低了稀土资源的使用量,提高了配置效率。电机技术创新与资源综合利用两条路径通过促进新质生产力发展,可以有效缓解关键稀土金属供需失衡的局面。

, authors=高风平1, 2, 3, 4, 程超莹1, 2, 赵宇1, 2, 阿如汗1, 2, 玉小1, 2, 4, authorsList=高风平, 程超莹, 赵宇, 阿如汗, 玉小, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=程超莹, authorNote=

高风平(1980—),男,内蒙古包头人,博士,教授,主要从事资源贸易、投资与法律、环境法律与资源经济研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
程超莹(1997—),女,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要从事应用经济学研究。E-mail:
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高风平(1980—),男,内蒙古包头人,博士,教授,主要从事资源贸易、投资与法律、环境法律与资源经济研究。E-mail:

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高风平(1980—),男,内蒙古包头人,博士,教授,主要从事资源贸易、投资与法律、环境法律与资源经济研究。E-mail:

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(2024-04-01)[2024-09-01]. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024., articleTitle=Global EV Outlook 2024, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322162392151216628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162103700533762, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=145, issue=null, pageStart=322, pageEnd=331, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=46, authorNames=LI Xiangyang, GE Jianping, CHEN Weiqiang, journalName=Resources, Conservation & Recycling, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Xiangyang, GE Jianping, CHEN Weiqiang, et al. Scenarios of rare earth elements demand driven by automotive electrification in China: 2018—2030[J]. 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China's GDP growth rate hypothesis

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2024—2025年2026—2030年2031—2035年2036—2045年2046—2050年
5553.53.5
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中国 GDP 增长率假设

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
2024—2025年2026—2030年2031—2035年2036—2045年2046—2050年
5553.53.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322162371108393382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162103700533762, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

China's automobile electrification rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
2030年2035年2040年2050年
40506080
), ArticleFig(id=1322162371519435175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162103700533762, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国汽车电动化率

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2030年2035年2040年2050年
40506080
), ArticleFig(id=1322162373310402985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162103700533762, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Strength data of rare earth metals

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序号钕/(g/辆)镝/(g/辆)镨/(g/辆)铽/(g/辆)引用文献
1484.9021.40109.9011.80[19]
2652.50148.0067.100.00[16]
3360.00120.00110.0015.00[31]
4602.00110.00162.000.00[32]
5410.0035.0090.000.00[33]
6333.0033.7583.2515.00[34]
均值473.7378.03103.7113.93
), ArticleFig(id=1322162373595615660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162103700533762, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

稀土金属强度数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号钕/(g/辆)镝/(g/辆)镨/(g/辆)铽/(g/辆)引用文献
1484.9021.40109.9011.80[19]
2652.50148.0067.100.00[16]
3360.00120.00110.0015.00[31]
4602.00110.00162.000.00[32]
5410.0035.0090.000.00[33]
6333.0033.7583.2515.00[34]
均值473.7378.03103.7113.93
), ArticleFig(id=1322162374044406189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162103700533762, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Market share of rare earth permanent magnet motors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号市场占比/%引用文献
190[6]
291[32]
385[35]
485[36]
595[34]
均值89
), ArticleFig(id=1322162374451253678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162103700533762, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

稀土永磁电机市场占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号市场占比/%引用文献
190[6]
291[32]
385[35]
485[36]
595[34]
均值89
), ArticleFig(id=1322162374837129647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162103700533762, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Production capacity of neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium and terbium in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号钕/t镝/t镨/t铽/t引用文献
115 220630.04 510.00[16]
221 566751.06 393.0158[19]
均值18 393690.55 451.5158
), ArticleFig(id=1322162374950375856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162103700533762, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

中国钕、镝、镨和铽的产能情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号钕/t镝/t镨/t铽/t引用文献
115 220630.04 510.00[16]
221 566751.06 393.0158[19]
均值18 393690.55 451.5158
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中国电动汽车产业关键稀土需求与新质生产力发展路径
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高风平 1, 2, 3, 4 , 程超莹 1, 2 , 赵宇 1, 2 , 阿如汗 1, 2 , 玉小 1, 2, 4
矿业研究与开发 | 矿业前沿交叉与综合 2025,45(9): 303-314
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矿业研究与开发 |矿业前沿交叉与综合 2025 , 45 (9) : 303 -314
中国电动汽车产业关键稀土需求与新质生产力发展路径
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高风平(1980—),男,内蒙古包头人,博士,教授,主要从事资源贸易、投资与法律、环境法律与资源经济研究。E-mail:

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高风平(1980—),男,内蒙古包头人,博士,教授,主要从事资源贸易、投资与法律、环境法律与资源经济研究。E-mail:

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高风平1, 2, 3, 4 , 程超莹1, 2 , 赵宇1, 2, 阿如汗1, 2, 玉小1, 2, 4
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古科技大学经济与管理学院,内蒙古 包头市 014010
  • 2.内蒙古科技大学内蒙古自治区高等学校人文社会科学重点研究基地—产业信息化与产业创新研究中心,内蒙古 包头市 014010
  • 3.内蒙古科技大学轻稀土资源绿色提取与高效利用教育部重点实验室,内蒙古 包头市 014010
  • 4.内蒙古科技大学 黄河几字弯发展研究中心,内蒙古 包头市 014010
通讯作者:
程超莹(1997—),女,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要从事应用经济学研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

高风平(1980—),男,内蒙古包头人,博士,教授,主要从事资源贸易、投资与法律、环境法律与资源经济研究。E-mail:

Key Rare Earth Demand and Development Path of New Quality Productive Forces in China's Electric Vehicle Industry
Fengping GAO1, 2, 3, 4 , Chaoying CHENG1, 2 , Yu ZHAO1, 2, Aruhan1, 2, Xiao YU1, 2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, China
  • 2.Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Research Center of Industrial Informationization and Innovation, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Green Extraction & Efficient Utilization of Light Rare-Earth Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, China
  • 4.Yellow River Jiziwan Development Research Institute, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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为缓解电动汽车产业部分关键稀土金属供需失衡的局面,采用Gompertz模型和物质流分析方法,预测了2024—2050年中国电动汽车的理论需求量,探讨了电机技术创新与资源综合利用两条路径对电动汽车产业中4种关键稀土金属钕、镝、镨和铽供需状况的影响。结果表明,在电机技术创新效应较弱的既定情景下,镨和钕供应充足,镝和铽至2050年仍供不应求;而在电机技术创新效果较显著的半去稀土化情景和激进情景中,镝分别于2043年和2039年实现供需均衡,铽分别于2041年与2031年实现供应充足。在资源综合利用路径中,回收利用在长期内对缓解稀土供需失衡局面具有显著效果,受限制的电动汽车产量整体下降幅度为79%;而混动汽车降低了稀土资源的使用量,提高了配置效率。电机技术创新与资源综合利用两条路径通过促进新质生产力发展,可以有效缓解关键稀土金属供需失衡的局面。

电动汽车产业  /  稀土金属  /  供需关系  /  电机技术创新  /  资源综合利用  /  新质生产力

In order to alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand of some key rare earth metals in the electric vehicle industry, the Gompertz model and the material flow analysis method were used to predict the theoretical demand of electric vehicles in China from 2024 to 2050. The effects of two paths of motor technology innovation and comprehensive utilization of resources on the supply and demand of four key rare earth metals (neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium and terbium) in the electric vehicle industry were discussed. The results show that under the given scenario of weak motor technology innovation effect, praseodymium and neodymium are in sufficient supply, while dysprosium and terbium are still in short supply by 2050. In the semi-derare earthing scenario and the radical scenario where the effect of motor technology innovation is more significant, dysprosium will achieve supply and demand balance in 2043 and 2039 respectively, and terbium will achieve sufficient supply in 2041 and 2031 respectively. In the path of comprehensive utilization of resources, recycling has a significant effect on alleviating the imbalance between supply and demand of rare earths in the long run, and the overall decline in the output of restricted electric vehicles is 79%. The hybrid vehicle reduces the use of rare earth resources and improves the allocation efficiency. The two paths of motor technology innovation and comprehensive utilization of resources can effectively alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand of key rare earth metals by promoting the development of new quality productive forces.

Electric vehicle industry  /  Rare earth metal  /  Supply and demand relationship  /  Motor technology innovation  /  Comprehensive utilization of resources  /  New quality productive forces
高风平, 程超莹, 赵宇, 阿如汗, 玉小. 中国电动汽车产业关键稀土需求与新质生产力发展路径. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 303 -314 .
Fengping GAO, Chaoying CHENG, Yu ZHAO, Aruhan, Xiao YU. Key Rare Earth Demand and Development Path of New Quality Productive Forces in China's Electric Vehicle Industry[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 303 -314 .
在全球愈加重视气候治理的背景下,能源转型不仅需要注重可再生能源的使用,亦要聚焦可再生能源的最终使用部门[1]。可再生能源系统是各国发展的重要目标,2028年可再生能源预计将占全球发电量的42%以上,在其重点部署的领域之一——交通领域,电动汽车预计将于2035年占总电力需求的6%~8%。由于加大可再生能源的使用可大幅度降低交通领域碳强度,大多数国家早已开始研发并运用清洁能源技术[2],而电动汽车的广泛使用可降低全球1/6的碳排放[1]。
党的二十大报告指出,要加快经济发展的绿色转型,力争于2030年实现碳达峰、2060年实现碳中和的目标[3]。公路运输约占运输领域温室气体排放量的75%,交通部门对空气质量影响较大,《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)》提出,要重视新能源汽车产业的发展,并指出未来十五年内使新能源汽车成为汽车销售的主要类型,而电动汽车为新能源汽车的主要类型[4],将在这一进程中发挥关键作用。因此,综合国内外重视碳减排问题可知,推动电动汽车产业的发展不仅能够促进可再生能源产业的发展、减少碳排放,还能刺激对清洁能源产业的投资,进而促进清洁能源经济的发展。
电动汽车产业是清洁能源经济发展的重要部分。2023年中国新能源汽车总销量为949.5 万辆,其中电动汽车销量达800 万辆,约占新能源汽车总销量的84%[5]。同时,根据国际能源署(IEA)《2024年全球电动汽车展望》报告,2023年全球电动汽车销量近1400万辆,其中中国电动汽车销量占比最高,约为60%;此外,中国2023年电动汽车出口总量达120万辆,这表明中国电动汽车产业的发展呈现出强劲的发展态势和全球竞争力。
电动汽车的电池和电机是电动汽车的关键组成部分,但电池中镧、铈等稀土金属的使用量远少于稀土电机,且稀土电机中主要使用的稀土金属为钕、镨、镝和铽,因而本文将聚焦稀土电机中稀土的需求状况。
稀土永磁电机是电动汽车的重要零部件之一,永磁电机的单机稀土含量为2.5~10 kg,其中钕、镨、镝和铽等稀土金属的含量近30%[6]。由于稀土永磁同步电机具有体积小、功率密度高、能耗低以及质量轻等特点[6],有利于提升电动汽车的性能表现与增强其市场竞争力。因此,电动汽车产业的发展必将增加对稀土资源的需求。然而,在清洁能源转型背景下,除电动汽车产业外,国防、能源、环保等领域的发展也将大幅增加对稀土的需求[7]。实际上,在调研中发现,部分稀土金属的供需不平衡导致磁材行业价格大幅波动,尤其是镨和钕金属,这给下游磁材应用企业的发展带来了较大冲击。根据美国地质调查局(USGS)公开数据,中国稀土储量全球占比为40%,排名全球第一。随着上述领域对稀土需求的增多,稀土供应链正面临严重的韧性不足问题。由于稀土资源开采的环境治理成本较高,且全球稀土生产加工高度集中,中国以外国家的稀土生产能力不足20%,因此稀土被视为关系国防与经济安全的关键矿产。为了提高稀土资源的使用效率,需要加强回收利用,并逐步推动替代电机(无稀土电机)与低稀土强度类电机(稀土电机)的研发与生产。这3种技术的突破具有广泛的市场意义,不仅能缓解稀土供应短缺的压力,更关键的是可推动电动汽车产业的发展。
不仅如此,稀土资源促进电动汽车产业发展与新质生产力联系密切。创新是新质生产力的核心驱动力,而电动汽车中稀土电机向创新性电机的转型过程,凸显了新领域中新技术的研发与使用。由此,电动汽车产业所体现的新质生产力,不仅可以更大程度地发挥稀土资源的优势与价值,还能在电机技术创新的基础上,缓解未来电动汽车产业中稀土的供需失衡问题。
因此,本文在清洁能源经济发展的背景下,聚焦电动汽车产业发展与关键矿产的联系,探索电动汽车电机的发展趋势与路径,并强调新质生产力在优化电动汽车产业与稀土关键资源供求关系中发挥的主导作用。
清洁能源经济的发展促进实现“双碳”目标与能源转型。根据清洁能源经济定义:“清洁能源经济在扩大清洁能源生产、提高能源效率、减少温室气体排放、降低废物污染,以及保护水和其他自然资源的同时,还创造了就业机会、增加了企业的数量和带来了投资机遇”[8]。在大量使用化石能源加剧全球气候变暖的情况下,助推清洁能源经济发展,不仅可以缓解其对生态环境的严重影响,实现“双碳”目标,也可进一步推动中国实现能源转型。
促进清洁能源经济发展,需推动关键矿产的高效利用,同时强化清洁能源技术运用[8]。随着清洁能源经济的发展,能源转型不仅意味着能源使用的清洁化,还意味着能源系统向矿产密集型转变[9]。因此,在交通部门中,电动汽车产业不仅是与清洁能源经济发展相辅相成的重要领域,更是清洁能源技术发展的焦点,且与关键稀土矿产资源联系密切,这主要源于稀土永磁电机因具备优异性能,已成为当前电动汽车电机的主要类型[10]。而在电动汽车产业广泛部署的同时,其对稀土资源的需求也随之增加[11]。若未来电动汽车电机稀土供应不足,则会对电动汽车产业造成影响,进而在一定程度上影响清洁能源经济的发展。事实上,由于稀土资源普遍存在供应链韧性不足的问题,国内外对稀土永磁电机的使用态度存在明显差异。
就国际视角而言,当前美日欧对电动汽车中使用稀土永磁电机的态度以消极为主。对于欧盟来说,尽管其仍较重视稀土永磁电机,但出于对稀土供应风险的担忧,其主要采取的应对措施是建立有效的回收系统,以保障稀土资源的二次供应[12]。而美国谋求全方位掌控面向全球碳中和的清洁能源体系主导权[13],提出了需要构建创新供应链系统以解决所谓的稀土供应链脆弱问题[14];此外其能源部还制定了关键技术稀土替代项目(REACT),将关键技术中的非稀土替代品纳入考虑范围[15]。日本汽车工业对中国稀土资源的依赖度达60%,因此日本经济产业省迅速制定了一揽子计划,主要包括降低稀土使用强度、开发替代材料技术、开发矿山和收购中国境外稀土权益、加大稀土资源储备力度以及促进稀土回收。
就国内而言,稀土永磁电机仍是电动汽车的最优选择。这主要得益于我国充足的稀土资源储量。然而,由于电动汽车、风电产业等产业的发展,对稀土资源的需求持续增加,其利用也面临一个主要问题:中国中重稀土对外依赖度较高。为减少稀土矿开采对生态环境的影响,中国已开始从缅甸[12]、马来西亚等国家进口中重稀土,其中2022年从缅甸的进口量占75.8%。然而,东南亚国家已经开始采取措施严格管制稀土资源,如马来西亚政府限制任何形式的稀土出口。在这种情况下,中国稀土供应链在一定程度上面临挑战。因此,随着中国未来电动汽车产业的强势发展,中国将可能面临稀土铽、镝等金属供应短缺的风险[16]。此时亟需研发低稀土强度类电机、替代电机以及加强稀土回收。
综合国内外对稀土资源的研究可知,清洁能源经济发展在助推电动汽车产业发展的同时,也加剧了全球稀土供应链的脆弱性。由此,为了应对稀土资源供需失衡的局面,需推动降低稀土电机中的稀土强度、促进替代技术的研发与使用,并辅以稀土资源的回收利用[17]。更重要的是,电动汽车替代电机技术的创新,正是在电动汽车产业稀土需求紧缺的驱动下,所展现出的新能源领域的新质生产力。
当前电动汽车电机技术市场情景研究有所差异。在不考虑替代电机技术的前提下,有研究通过设置电动汽车稀土金属多种需求情景与当前产能对比,指出未来电动汽车产业长期发展中将出现钕、镝等稀土金属供应压力问题[16];在稀土使用强度可降低(即增加其他稀土金属或非稀土替代材料,并减少钕铁硼永磁体中一种或一种以上稀土金属的含量)的情况下,通过改变磁体内部结构,稀土电机磁体体积可减少60%以上[18],从而减少关键稀土金属的使用;其中,增加其他稀土金属材料的技术包括:通过使用储量以及丰度均较大的铈金属部分替代稀土永磁电机中的钕金属,以降低电机的使用成本,且通过调研发现,比亚迪等企业已逐步将铈金属作为电动汽车电机制造的重要材料。而在考虑替代电机技术的情况下,有研究指出,未来市场将是低稀土强度类电机与替代电机并存的格局;长期来看,二者将平分市场[19]。与此同时,关键稀土金属镝、铽(尤其是铽)均会出现供需失衡的情况。
由此可知,在稀土供需紧张的情况下,未来电机市场将出现多种可能性。一方面,尽管当前有些替代电机已成功运用于市场,但当前低稀土强度类电机以及替代电机仍主要停留在技术攻坚阶段,如解决绕线转子噪声较大的问题[20],而稀土电机由于具备出色性能,其在未来电机市场上依旧有强大的竞争力[21]。另一方面,由于替代电机作为稀土电机的重要替代类型[22],市场上已有汽车品牌使用替代电机,如特斯拉电动汽车运用了交流异步感应电机[21]。随着各国企业不断深化合作,未来替代电机技术很可能会实现进一步突破,且其性能也将大幅提高。实际上,未来电机市场产品多元化是大势所趋,技术创新依旧是电动汽车电机的刚需。因此,未来电动汽车市场无论是以使用稀土电机的电动汽车为主流,还是以使用替代电机的电动汽车为主流,都离不开电机技术创新,两者的区别仅在于创新程度的差异,这为下文设置不同情景提供了依据。
除此以外,稀土资源的回收利用与混合电动汽车的发展也具有重要意义。一方面,当前电动汽车市场依旧以稀土永磁电机为主,因此在中短期内,随着大量电动汽车达到报废周期并退出市场,稀土永磁电机将具有巨大的回收利用价值。通过回收再利用推动资源循环,既能降低中短期内稀土供应风险,又能减少对生态环境的影响,从而充分践行资源循环经济战略[23]。另一方面,本文虽围绕纯电动汽车展开论述,并未涉及混合动力汽车,但混合动力汽车电机稀土使用量至多为纯电动汽车的一半,这在一定程度上也能缓解电动汽车产业发展中的稀土供需失衡问题。由此,在稀土供应链脆弱的大背景下,对这两者的探讨,体现了电动汽车产业发展中稀土资源综合利用的实际价值。
综合而言,根据新质生产力发展的特点——以创新应为重要驱动力,清洁能源经济通过两条路径推动这一进程:一是通过推动电动汽车产业的发展,带动电机技术路径创新;二是稀土资源的回收与混合电动汽车发展相结合,实现资源综合利用的路径创新。这两条路径共同助力并促进电动汽车产业新质生产力的发展,扭转部分关键稀土金属供需失衡的局面,最终实现清洁能源经济发展的闭环。
鉴于以上所述,当下对电动汽车与稀土需求研究存在不足,主要为:未能充分结合技术创新和资源综合利用这两个方面,详细探讨解决关键稀土资源供需失衡的问题。由此,本文可能的边际贡献有:(1)以电机技术创新为导向,全面设置电动汽车情景;(2)结合新质生产力发展内容,探讨通过实现新质生产力发展促进电动汽车产业稀土供需平衡的路径,其一为电机技术创新路径,即论述多种情境下的供需状况,凸显电机市场技术创新对解决供需失衡问题的重要意义;其二为资源综合利用路径,即在清洁能源经济发展的推动下,探讨稀土资源可回收情形与混动汽车的使用对解决稀土关键金属供需失衡的又一路径。
本文以电动汽车为研究对象,采用Gompertz模型和物质流分析方法进行研究。
首先,采用Gompertz模型。由于当前汽车行业中乘用车为主要类型,且Gompertz模型被广泛用于预测国家或县级汽车保有量[24],而本文主要预测中国2024—2050年电动汽车千人乘用车保有量,故而采用此模型。此外,其他国家的汽车发展趋势通常遵循Gompertz曲线,且中国经济发展实践表明,其产业发展正在借鉴其他发达国家的成熟经验。根据Gompertz模型预测出t年千人乘用车保有量ot,见式(1)。式(1)中特征参数α和β值参考经济合作与发展组织(OECD)国家的汽车拥有量曲线[25],Vt表示千人乘用车保有量饱和水平为固定值,固定值为400辆,Dt为t年人均GDP。
其中,中国GDP增长率[26]假设见表1。
在式(1)已知未来千人乘用车保有量的情况下,使用动态物质流模型进行分析。动态物质流分析(MFA)主要用于评估过去、现在和未来金属的存量和流量[27],因此本文动态物质流研究的边界是2012—2050年中国境内稀土金属镝、钕、镨和铽的流动状况,其中2012—2023年为历史考察期,且将2012年作为考察基期。通过式(2)和式(3)可分别得到未来乘用车保有量以及未来电动汽车保有量。
式中:Ot表示中国乘用车(所有种类汽车)存量;Nt表示t年中国总人口数,使用联合国人口司对未来中国人口的预测数据[28];Xt表示电动汽车在t年的库存量,即t年电动汽车保有量,Xt-1同理;Rt表示t年电动化率(即当年乘用车中电动化比例)。
假设电动汽车在15 a之后强制报废,通过式(4)和式(5)可以分别得出电动汽车理论需求量以及报废数量。
式中:It表示电动汽车t年流入市场量,即t年电动汽车的理论需求量;Ut表示电动汽车在t年的报废量;ukt表示在k年生产的电动汽车在t年的报废水平(用报废率表示)。
其中,联合国人口司对未来中国人口的预测数据[28]如图1所示。
根据IEA《2023全球电动汽车展望》报告[29],中国汽车电动化率Rt见表2。
通过韦伯分布得出ukt,其中由于报废率与寿命期使用率是相反的概率分布,因此按照韦伯分布的通常表示方式,即越高的使用年限分布率代表着越低的报废率。其中假设电动汽车强制报废年限为15 a,且韦伯分布的特征参数参考乘用车参数[30]。由此可以得出电动汽车使用年限分布,如图2所示。
Dat为第a(a=1,2,3,4)种稀土金属在t年的需求量,其计算公式如下:
式中:Pa表示每辆使用稀土电机的电动汽车所需要的第a种稀土金属的均值量;Uat为电动汽车稀土电机中第a种稀土金属在t年的使用强度(Uat≤100%),Uat起始值设为100%,且各类金属在同一情景设置中将同步变化;Mt为使用稀土电机的电动汽车在t年电动汽车市场上的占比,且在2024年之前,Mt均假设为均值89%。
为了计算每辆电动汽车所需稀土金属量Pa, 需要先获取电动汽车永磁电机中钕、镝、镨和铽使用的原始数据,而后根据稀土强度变动进行计算,通过整理文献资料并取均值,得出稀土金属强度数据,见表3。
为了明确当下电动汽车产业稀土永磁电机的市场占有率Mt,通过梳理相关文献整理得出当下电动汽车市场中稀土永磁电机的市场占比,见表4。
从当前市场的具体情况来看,电动汽车所用的电机类型主要是稀土永磁电机,但是在清洁能源经济发展以促进新质生产力实现飞跃,从而实现电动汽车产业稀土供应充足的情况下,未来降低稀土电机中钕、镝、镨和铽的使用强度是大势所趋,如已有研究发现了以铁氧体磁体为主、稀土材料为辅的多磁源永磁电机[37](M-PMD),以及通过调研发现比亚迪已经开始使用铈永磁材料的电机,即金属铈替代部分稀土永磁电机中关键金属钕的铈永磁电机。另外,替代电机也是未来研发的关键,其中包括感应电机、开关磁阻电机、绕线转子同步电机以及铁氧体永磁电机[22]。除此以外,绕线转子电机也具有巨大的替代潜力,其在特定条件下的效率优于永磁电机[38]。因此本文的情景主要围绕两大类电机(稀土电机、替代电机)未来的市场占比以及稀土电机所用的关键稀土金属材料强度的变动进行探讨。其中,本文将钕、镝、镨以及铽的使用强度逐渐降低的电机仍归为稀土电机,这是因为其仍需要稀土材料,而替代电机则为非稀土电机。实际上,无论是替代电机,还是低稀土强度类电机,均体现了电机市场的技术创新。
依上文所述,本文设置了3种情景。由于稀土电机具备优异性能,在未来仍能够占据市场一席之地,因此这3种情景的设置均基于未来稀土电机不会完全退出电动汽车市场,而是市场占比逐渐缩小且稀土使用强度逐渐下降的前提。3个情景分别为:既定情景、半去稀土化情景以及激进情景。
既定情景指2024—2050年电动汽车发展过程中,稀土材料在电动汽车电机制造中仍保持优势,即电动汽车市场中仍以使用稀土电机的电动汽车为主:2030年之前,使用稀土电机的电动汽车在电动乘用汽车整体市场中的占比(以下简称稀土电机市场占比)为89%;2035年之后,由于较多低稀土强度类电机研发成功并投入使用,其占比下降至80%,且假设稀土电机的稀土总体使用强度最终于2050年降至70%。鉴于既定情景中稀土电机市场占比和稀土使用强度均呈小幅度下降,属于电机技术创新程度较小的情形,故本文视其为基准,服务于下文的供需均衡分析。除此以外,由于既定情景的设定与当前电动汽车电机技术创新发展趋势较为符合,因此也将其作为探讨资源回收利用的主要内容。
半去稀土化情景指市场上的替代电机按比例替代一部分稀土电机,随着技术和结构的不断优化,使用替代电机的电动汽车在电动乘用汽车整体市场中的占比(以下简称替代电机市场占比)不断提高,直至接近50%。而稀土电机市场占比降至50%,且稀土强度整体逐渐下降,于2050年降至50%。此情景为中等创新程度情景。
激进情景指市场呈现更强的去稀土化导向,稀土电机市场占比降至20%,2050年稀土使用强度整体降至30%,同时,替代电机市场占比逐步提高,于2050年达到80%。此情景为电机技术大幅度创新情景。
在清洁能源经济促进电动汽车产业发展,从而导致稀土资源出现供需失衡的情况下,通过电机技术创新路径和资源综合利用路径两条路径实现电动汽车产业新质生产力的发展以及推动电动汽车产业的可持续发展。一方面,电机技术创新路径集中体现为替代电机市场占比的提高幅度以及稀土电机稀土使用强度的降低程度。另一方面,资源综合利用路径主要聚焦于稀土磁材应用场景的创新(如混动汽车使用稀土含量较少的稀土电机)以及关键稀土金属的回收循环再利用。两者均可满足清洁能源转型大背景下的电动汽车产业中电机的磁材需求,并能解决电动汽车产业发展中稀土供需失衡问题。
在清洁能源经济发展的推动下,电动汽车产业飞速发展,为了更详细说明未来电动汽车对稀土的理论需求量,此部分内容先展示未来电动汽车的保有量预测以及通过物质流模型所得出的电动汽车理论需求量,如图3所示。
根据联合国人口司对中国未来人口以及GDP增长率的假设,得出乘用车保有量预测数据。由图3可知,2024—2050年电动汽车保有量呈上升趋势,2050年电动汽车保有量为3.97 亿辆。根据未来中国乘用车电动化率数据,得出电动汽车理论需求量的变化情况,电动汽车理论需求量呈先上升后小幅度下降的趋势。其中,2024—2030年,电动汽车理论需求量第一波峰值出现在2030年前后,此时为实现碳达峰的关键期,且在新质生产力发展的不断推动下,国家已经开始加大力度整合清洁能源全产业链,不断提高清洁能源使用产业各个环节的关联度。而电动汽车理论需求量第二波峰值出现在2040年前后,电动汽车理论需求量达到2 985万辆,电动汽车产业各方面技术取得突破并不断完善,电动汽车电池技术获得较大突破,电机整体性能不断提高,充电基础设施布置不断完善。而在2040年之后,由于人口总量的下降以及经济高质量缓慢增长,电动汽车理论需求量呈现缓慢下降趋势,但整体维持在2 000万辆以上。
根据未来电动汽车的理论需求量数据,结合3种情景下不同市场占比变动以及稀土电机稀土使用强度变化情况,得出3种情景下2024—2050年钕、镝、镨和铽的理论需求量,如图4所示。
(1)既定情景。市场上稀土永磁电机拥有绝对优势,其中钕的需求量最大,其次为镝和镨,铽的需求量最小。未来电动汽车发展对稀土的需求整体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势,这主要是因为电机技术创新的持续推进,使稀土电机市场占比和稀土使用强度呈现小幅度降低。根据预测结果,2040年前后,钕的需求量超过1 万 t, 2050年,钕的需求量为7 591 t;2038年,镝的需求量超过1 800 t,随后逐年降至2050年的1 250 t;而镨与镝呈现相同的趋势,2050年的需求量为1 662 t;铽的需求量整体较稳定,2050年达到223 t。
(2)半去稀土化情景。在以电动汽车为焦点的新能源产业以及以新电机技术为核心的电机新材料产业不断发展的背景下,未来使用替代电机的电动汽车将按一定比例替代使用稀土电机的电动汽车的市场占比。根据预测结果,4种金属的需求量均呈下降趋势,由于钕的需求量占4种金属需求总量的70%,其需求量减少最为明显,尽管2035年前后对钕的需求量超过7000t,但2024—2050年钕的整体需求量明显下降了36%;而2050年镝、镨和铽的需求量分别为501 t、665 t和89 t,与既定情景下的稀土需求量相比,均降低了50%以上。
(3)激进情景。与半去稀土化情景相比,由于新材料技术突破及替代电机普及时间更早,激进情景中的稀土强度更低,且稀土电机市场占比更低。4种金属需求量的下降趋势明显强于半去稀土化情景,且与既定情景下的稀土需求量相比,激进情景下的稀土需求量在2045年之后降幅均超过80%,这足以凸显稀土使用强度的降低以及替代电机的广泛使用对减少未来稀土需求具有显著效果,2050年,钕、镝、镨和铽的需求量分别为911 t、150 t、199 t与27 t。
因此,从电动汽车产业稀土需求来看,以既定情景为基准,通过比较3类情景的结果可知,稀土电机所使用的4种关键稀土金属的需求量,会随着未来稀土电机市场占比及稀土使用强度的下降而减少,且两者下降幅度越大,越能凸显电机技术创新的效果。
供需平衡状况可以反映市场上产品的社会生产能力与需求状况。本文已在3种不同情景下对2024—2050年稀土的需求状况进行了预测,明确了未来电动汽车产业对钕、镝、镨和铽的需求情况。但随着该产业的不断发展,未来4种稀土金属的供应量能否满足需求量仍不明确:若未来稀土资源供应不足无法满足未来的需求量,则会出现稀土资源供需失衡问题,从而制约电动汽车产业的发展。因此,本文有必要对未来稀土供需平衡情况开展相应探讨,以考察未来是否出现供不应求的状况。
上文已明确3种情景下未来不同稀土金属的需求状况,为了探讨未来稀土供需均衡状况,下文需结合相应稀土供给量,对4种稀土金属进行供需比较。钕、镝、镨和铽的产能情况见表5。由表5可知,钕、镝、镨和铽的年产能分别为18 393 t、690.5 t、5 451.5 t和158 t。
为了进一步了解中国未来不同情景下稀土金属钕、镝、镨和铽的供需平衡状况,需对比4种金属在3种不同情景下的需求量与产能,如图5所示。
根据预测结果,在2024—2050年期间,钕、镝、镨和铽的供需情况不同。钕和镨在3种情景中均处于供应充足的状态,且供给量远远大于未来的需求量,很明显,钕和镨未来的需求量不会对电动汽车产业造成负面影响。然而,与钕和镨供应充足的情况不同,镝和铽的需求量在3种情景下存在不同的供需失衡状况。
对于镝和铽来说,2024—2050年期间,既定情景下两者的需求量均远大于供给量,这是因为虽然电机技术实现了创新,即稀土使用强度以及稀土电机市场占比出现小幅度降低,但电机技术创新效应并不显著,因此对两种金属需求的降低作用也较小,同时,在此情景下,镝和铽从2024年到2050年始终呈现严重的供需失衡状况。由于既定情景中电机技术创新状况与当前行业发展情形较为符合,因此本文围绕该情景下所产生的供需失衡问题,探索解决路径。
以既定情景为基准,半去稀土化情景下略有不同:由于稀土使用强度不断降低以及替代电机市场占比不断提升,且随着半稀土化的不断推进,稀土资源供需失衡的状况得到改善并呈现资源充足的状况,镝与铽均于2043年前后开始出现供应充足的情况;而相较于半去稀土化情景,在激进情景中稀土使用强度大幅降低以及替代电机市场占比大幅提高的情况下,镝和铽金属供需均衡状况均提前出现,且分别比半去稀土化情景提前了4年以及10年。通过与既定情景对比,很明显在后两种情景中,电机技术创新的影响更大,且创新力度越大,对镝和铽供需失衡状况的解决效果越明显。
本小节突出了既定情景下电动汽车电机所需稀土金属镝和铽的严重供需失衡问题,而通过与电机技术创新效果更显著的半去稀土化情景及激进情景进行纵向比较,明确了解决稀土供需失衡问题的方法——大力促进电机技术创新势在必行。电机技术创新推动了电动汽车产业新质生产力发展,这实质上进一步促进了电机市场多元化磁材的应用,发掘并整合了不同矿产资源在电机使用中的优异性能,提高了电机中不同磁材材料的使用效率,实现了电机技术的跨越性突破,进而解决电动汽车产业稀土供需失衡问题。
根据上文所述,以既定情景中镝和铽所出现的严重供需失衡问题为基准,回收稀土资源、推广混动汽车不仅具有理论意义,更具有现实意义。对于电动汽车产业来说,需求紧缺的金属是制约其发展的关键瓶颈,在钕与镨均供应充足的情况下,镝和铽却出现了严重的供需失衡问题,镝和铽对电动汽车产业发展的制约作用十分明显。因此,为了解决长期镝和铽的供需失衡问题、减少稀土资源开采对环境造成的负面影响以及提高稀土资源的使用效率,本文将报废电动汽车的稀土资源再利用和混合电动汽车的使用均纳入考虑范围,这两者分别从资源循环利用和资源应用场景创新的角度充分体现了稀土资源的综合利用。
根据上文4种金属的供需比较状况已知未来稀土的供需情形,其中镝和铽的供需失衡情况相较于钕和镨更明显,因此本文设置了两种情形对比分析受制约的电动汽车产量变化,以缓解镝和铽供需失衡严重的局面,并凸显稀土资源回收利用的重要性。其中,本文设置受限制的电动汽车产量变化的作用在于具体化呈现稀土供应不足的情况,即在3种情景下将镝和铽的理论需求量、各自产能以及回收因素均纳入考虑范围,从而设计了普通情形和回收情形。普通情形未考虑回收因素,产能未发生变动,因此电动汽车受限产量多,即要达到镝和铽的供需平衡状态时需生产的电动汽车数量;而回收情形考虑了回收因素,产能发生相应变动,因此受限制的电动汽车产量相对较少。不同情形下受限制的电动汽车产量如图6所示。
(1)普通情形。由图6(a)可知,普通情形中受限制的电动汽车生产产量最高值出现在2038年,为1 550万辆;受限制的电动汽车产量最高约占总理论需求量的57%,且2030年之后占比均超过35%,可以明显看出,镝与铽供需失衡对电动汽车产业造成的负面影响较大。
(2)回收情形。由图6(b)可知,在本文设定的回收率为60%[23]的情形下,受限制的电动汽车产量明显下降。以2012年为考察基期,2024年前后为电动汽车第一个报废周期,稀土回收量较大。回收情形中,受限制的电动汽车产量整体呈波动式下降;受限制的电动汽车产量最大值出现在2029年,为404.4万辆,与普通情形相比,下降率为74%。而与普通情形相比,回收情形下受限制的电动汽车产量整体下降幅度为79%。
由此可知,稀土资源回收对解决稀土供需失衡问题以及推动电动汽车产业发展具有显著效果。
电动汽车主要包括纯电动汽车以及插电式混合动力汽车[39]。虽然市场上也有其他混合动力汽车类型,如增程式混合动力汽车,但是插电式混合动力汽车是在燃油车逐渐向纯电动汽车过渡中最具潜力的汽车类型。IEA《2024全球电动汽车展望》[40]研究报告显示,2022年,中国插电式混合动力汽车存量为310万辆,而2023年达到了580万辆,这意味着插电式混合动力汽车的市场需求也在逐渐提升。因此,除电动汽车外,插电式混合动力汽车对稀土的需求也在不断增多。研究结果表明,与纯电动汽车相比,插电式混合动力汽车中钕、镝和镨的最大需求量分别为19%、17%和14%[41]。因此,插电式混合动力汽车是向纯电动汽车产业过渡阶段的重要车型,其有助于缓解中短期内稀土紧缺的状况。
因此,资源综合利用促使电动汽车产业新质生产力的发展实现了飞跃。总体而言,稀土回收循环利用与插电式混动汽车使用稀土均体现了稀土资源的高质量利用。具体而言,稀土资源回收循环利用凸显了关键矿产资源绿色清洁生产与制造的先进生产力质态,这是促进全要素生产力大幅提高的重要环节;而插电式混合电动汽车的使用不仅是高效率利用稀土资源的场景创新,更是稀土资源作为关键生产要素创新性配置的重要体现,这将助力推动电动汽车产业发展实现革命性突破,两者的结合更是有的放矢地解决了电动汽车产业稀土供需失衡的问题。
在清洁能源经济的推动下,稀土资源粗犷式的开发与利用模式不利于电动汽车产业的可持续发展。因此,要加快构建现代化稀土产业体系,从全产业链的角度保证稀土资源在供给端稳中求进,并从战略前瞻性角度确保其在全产业链中的可持续利用,进一步提升整个稀土产业链的新质生产力。因此,本文提出如下建议。
(1)稀土产业链前端及回收端。尽管中国稀土资源充足,但是稀土开采和冶炼的环境负外部性较大,因此为了关键稀土资源更好地服务于电动汽车产业等清洁能源经济的发展,亟需对传统开采、冶炼及回收环节进行技术升级,提高关键稀土金属的回收和再利用力度,推动稀土资源的清洁绿色化开采、生产与再利用。
(2)稀土产业链中端。虽然稀土永磁电机对于电动汽车十分重要,但是关键稀土金属镝、铽等不能满足电动汽车产业发展的需求,且中国面临中重稀土资源进口失衡的挑战,因此未来的电机市场需要更加多元化的技术支持,如加大对低稀土强度类电机及替代电机的研发力度。
(3)稀土产业链终端。在向纯电动汽车产业过渡期间,创新与推广汽车领域低稀土强度类电机(如插电式混合动力汽车)的使用场景势在必行,通过强化场景运用降低对稀土资源的需求,实现关键稀土资源在电动汽车产业配置中的价值最大化。
本文基于推进新质生产力发展,以所设定的既定情景中部分关键稀土金属的供需失衡问题为聚焦点,采用Gompertz模型和物质流分析方法,着重探讨了电机技术创新与资源综合利用两条路径对电动汽车产业中稀土供需状况的影响,得出的主要结论如下。
(1)在电机技术创新路径中,在电机技术创新效应较弱的既定情景下,镨和钕供应充足,镝和铽至2050年仍供不应求。在电机技术创新效果较显著的半去稀土化情景和激进情景中,镝分别在2043年和2039年实现了供需均衡;而铽分别在2041年与2031年实现了供应充足。由此可知,电机技术创新对推进新质生产力发展,进而解决电动汽车产业稀土供需失衡问题具有重要作用。
(2)在资源综合利用路径中,通过对比普通情形与回收情形发现,回收利用在长期内对缓解稀土供需失衡局面具有显著效果,受限制的电动汽车产量整体下降幅度为79%;而混动汽车降低了稀土资源的使用量,提高了配置效率,这是电动汽车产业在向纯电动化过渡阶段中,用于解决关键稀土金属镝和铽供需失衡问题的重要选择。因此,资源综合利用通过要素的创新性配置形式推动了新质生产力的发展,从而缓解了关键稀土资源供需紧张的局面。
(3)在未来的进一步研究中,可以对各类稀土金属的使用强度进行差异化设置,以及考虑多个回收率水平所产生的影响,为解决稀土资源供需矛盾、实现稀土资源这一重要战略要素的创新性配置及供应调度提供参考。
  • 国家社会科学基金项目(19BFX171)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1909100)
  • 内蒙古自治区科技重大专项项目(2021ZD0016)
  • 内蒙古自治区高等学校人文社会科学重点研究基地开放课题(KFSM-KDSK0203)
  • 内蒙古自治区高等学校青年科技英才支持计划资助项目(NJYT-20-A13)
  • 内蒙古自治区一流学科科研专项项目(YLXKZX-NKD-031)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-22
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(19BFX171)
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1909100)
内蒙古自治区科技重大专项项目(2021ZD0016)
内蒙古自治区高等学校人文社会科学重点研究基地开放课题(KFSM-KDSK0203)
内蒙古自治区高等学校青年科技英才支持计划资助项目(NJYT-20-A13)
内蒙古自治区一流学科科研专项项目(YLXKZX-NKD-031)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古科技大学经济与管理学院,内蒙古 包头市 014010
    2.内蒙古科技大学内蒙古自治区高等学校人文社会科学重点研究基地—产业信息化与产业创新研究中心,内蒙古 包头市 014010
    3.内蒙古科技大学轻稀土资源绿色提取与高效利用教育部重点实验室,内蒙古 包头市 014010
    4.内蒙古科技大学 黄河几字弯发展研究中心,内蒙古 包头市 014010

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程超莹(1997—),女,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要从事应用经济学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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