Article(id=1322162061254181632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157599986, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157599986, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157599986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157599986, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=241, endPage=250, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322162061497451265, articleId=1322162061254181632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Grinding Aids in the Field of Iron Ore Grinding, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The iron ore resources are abundant in China, but showing poor, fine, miscellaneous characteristics, more than 98% of iron ore resources need to be beneficiation processing to be effectively utilized. Grinding process, as a preparatory process for the processing and utilization of iron ore, plays a crucial role in the subsequent separation indexes. However, it has high energy consumption and low energy utilization rate, especially during fine and ultrafine grinding, which consumes more energy and is not conducive to reducing mineral processing costs. Adding grinding aids in the grinding process is one of the effective measures to improve grinding efficiency and reduce production costs. By reviewing the research and application status of grinding aids in the field of iron ore grinding, the development and application of new grinding aids, the impact of grinding aids on subsequent operations, and the action mechanism of grinding aids, it is pointed out that the selection and application of iron ore grinding aids need to be adapted to the properties of the ore, the grinding environment, and the grinding conditions. It is necessary to strengthen the development of new grinding aids and the research on their impacts on subsequent mineral processing operations, so as to provide guidance for the selection and application of grinding aids in the field of iron ore grinding.

, authors=Guishi ZHOU, Zehong WANG, Wenbao LIU, authorsList=Guishi ZHOU, Zehong WANG, Wenbao LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zehong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322162063854650120, articleId=1322162061254181632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域的研究进展, columnId=1226462297560892399, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=选矿与资源综合利用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

我国铁矿资源丰富,但呈现贫、细、杂的特点,98%以上的铁矿资源需要经过选矿加工方可有效利用。粉磨工艺作为铁矿石加工利用的准备工序,对后续选别指标具有举足轻重的作用,但能耗钢耗高、能量利用率低,特别是细磨和超细磨时,能耗更高,不利于降低选矿成本。在磨矿过程中加入助磨剂,是提高磨矿效率、降低生产成本的有效措施之一。通过回顾助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域的研究和应用现状、新型助磨剂的研制及应用、助磨剂对后续作业的影响以及助磨剂的作用机理,指出铁矿助磨剂的选择及应用需要与矿石性质、磨矿环境及磨矿条件相适应,应加强新型助磨剂的研制以及助磨剂对后续选矿作业的影响研究,以期为助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域的选择和应用提供指导。

, authors=周桂石, 王泽红, 刘文宝, authorsList=周桂石, 王泽红, 刘文宝, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王泽红, authorNote=

周桂石(2001—),男,辽宁本溪人,硕士研究生,主要从事选矿理论研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王泽红(1969—),男,山西永济人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿物加工工程领域的教学和科研工作。E-mail:
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周桂石(2001—),男,辽宁本溪人,硕士研究生,主要从事选矿理论研究。E-mail:

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Cement, 2014(9):17-20., articleTitle=Research progress and development trend of cement grinding AIDS in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322162180850569999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=104, authorNames=王怀, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王怀.助磨剂对矿石粉碎特性的影响及其作用机理研究[D]. 沈阳:东北大学,2013., articleTitle=助磨剂对矿石粉碎特性的影响及其作用机理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322162181068673808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=105, authorNames=WANG Huai, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Huai. The effect of grinding aids on mineral comminution characteristics and their mechanisms[D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2013., articleTitle=The effect of grinding aids on mineral comminution characteristics and their mechanisms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322162181202891538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=106, authorNames=白鹏飞, 杨聪仁, 马昆林, journalName=材料导报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=白鹏飞,杨聪仁,马昆林,等.助磨剂影响矿物浮选的作用机理及研究进展[J/OL].材料导报:1-17[2024-10-15]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/50.1078.TB.20240318.1959.002.html., articleTitle=助磨剂影响矿物浮选的作用机理及研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322162181290971923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=107, authorNames=BAI Pengfei, YANG Congren, MA Kunlin, journalName=Materials Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAI Pengfei, YANG Congren, MA Kunlin, et al. The effect mechanism and research progress of grinding aids on mineral flotation[J/OL]. Materials Reports:1-17[2024-10-15]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/50.1078.TB.20240318.1959.002.html., articleTitle=The effect mechanism and research progress of grinding aids on mineral flotation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322162152731955854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, awardId=51874073; 52474286, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51874073; 52474286), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322162148139192934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322162148147581543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, companyId=1322162148139192934, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322162148164358760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, companyId=1322162148139192934, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东北大学资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322162150135681666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Mechanism of reducing particle hardness through the adsorption of grinding aids, figureFileSmall=Lu8Op92A9vhzZhCts/ERsg==, figureFileBig=ihtqT9dSFhSuHXA0RcAV3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162150215373444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, language=CN, label=图1, caption=助磨剂吸附降低颗粒硬度机理, figureFileSmall=Lu8Op92A9vhzZhCts/ERsg==, figureFileBig=ihtqT9dSFhSuHXA0RcAV3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162150316036741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The influence of grinding aids on slurry viscosity, figureFileSmall=cMYrXw3q1CUdDesnMVMkng==, figureFileBig=nHLnEb5p7JPRig6ChHRYQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162150437671558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, language=CN, label=图2, caption=助磨剂对矿浆黏度的影响, figureFileSmall=cMYrXw3q1CUdDesnMVMkng==, figureFileBig=nHLnEb5p7JPRig6ChHRYQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162150529946247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of particle dispersion promoted by grinding aids, figureFileSmall=Z5OWmvXTAMLG10kqS+4iUA==, figureFileBig=0HFl8evvY/9iMNxYivLG/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162150852907656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, language=CN, label=图3, caption=助磨剂促进矿粒分散示意, figureFileSmall=Z5OWmvXTAMLG10kqS+4iUA==, figureFileBig=0HFl8evvY/9iMNxYivLG/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162152480297612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Research on the application of grinding aids in other types of iron ore

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿石类别助磨剂结论
黄铁矿钠盐李丹[45]通过加入钠盐助磨剂制备出尺寸均匀、粒径较小的黄铁矿超细粉体,发现油酸钠和十二烷基硫酸钠对黄铁矿有较好的分散效果。
三乙醇胺、油酸、水玻璃和六偏磷酸钠危俊婷等[46]采用自制的搅拌磨研究了助磨剂三乙醇胺、油酸、水玻璃和六偏磷酸钠对黄铁矿烧渣磨矿效果的影响,结果表明,六偏磷酸钠的助磨效果最好。
铜铁矿石DY-1#、DY-2#、多聚磷酸钠、AMPC、马来酐、木质素磺酸盐和聚丙烯酸钠孙春宝等[47]研究了大冶铁矿铜铁矿石系统的助磨剂,发现DY系列助磨剂的磨矿效果最好:当磨机处理能力不变时,DY-1#、DY-2#助磨剂可使原生矿、混合矿磨矿产品中-0.074 mm粒级的产率分别提高7.8个百分点和4.6个百分点;当磨矿细度保持不变时,磨机处理能力相应提高4.6个百分点和5个百分点。
铁尾矿三乙醇胺、六偏磷酸钠、硬脂酸李新邈[48]通过铁尾矿的助磨剂试验研究,发现三乙醇胺和六偏磷酸钠对铁尾矿磨矿有助磨效果,但硬脂酸的助磨效果不显著。
三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺刘宝等[49]在探究助磨剂对铁尾矿的助磨效果时发现三乙醇胺和三异丙醇胺均可以细化铁尾矿。
), ArticleFig(id=1322162152559989389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162061254181632, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

助磨剂在其他铁矿石类型中的应用研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿石类别助磨剂结论
黄铁矿钠盐李丹[45]通过加入钠盐助磨剂制备出尺寸均匀、粒径较小的黄铁矿超细粉体,发现油酸钠和十二烷基硫酸钠对黄铁矿有较好的分散效果。
三乙醇胺、油酸、水玻璃和六偏磷酸钠危俊婷等[46]采用自制的搅拌磨研究了助磨剂三乙醇胺、油酸、水玻璃和六偏磷酸钠对黄铁矿烧渣磨矿效果的影响,结果表明,六偏磷酸钠的助磨效果最好。
铜铁矿石DY-1#、DY-2#、多聚磷酸钠、AMPC、马来酐、木质素磺酸盐和聚丙烯酸钠孙春宝等[47]研究了大冶铁矿铜铁矿石系统的助磨剂,发现DY系列助磨剂的磨矿效果最好:当磨机处理能力不变时,DY-1#、DY-2#助磨剂可使原生矿、混合矿磨矿产品中-0.074 mm粒级的产率分别提高7.8个百分点和4.6个百分点;当磨矿细度保持不变时,磨机处理能力相应提高4.6个百分点和5个百分点。
铁尾矿三乙醇胺、六偏磷酸钠、硬脂酸李新邈[48]通过铁尾矿的助磨剂试验研究,发现三乙醇胺和六偏磷酸钠对铁尾矿磨矿有助磨效果,但硬脂酸的助磨效果不显著。
三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺刘宝等[49]在探究助磨剂对铁尾矿的助磨效果时发现三乙醇胺和三异丙醇胺均可以细化铁尾矿。
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助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域的研究进展
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周桂石 , 王泽红 , 刘文宝
矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025,45(9): 241-250
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矿业研究与开发 |选矿与资源综合利用 2025 , 45 (9) : 241 -250
助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域的研究进展
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周桂石 , 王泽红 , 刘文宝
作者信息
  • 东北大学资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
通讯作者:
王泽红(1969—),男,山西永济人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿物加工工程领域的教学和科研工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

周桂石(2001—),男,辽宁本溪人,硕士研究生,主要从事选矿理论研究。E-mail:

Research Progress of Grinding Aids in the Field of Iron Ore Grinding
Guishi ZHOU , Zehong WANG , Wenbao LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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我国铁矿资源丰富,但呈现贫、细、杂的特点,98%以上的铁矿资源需要经过选矿加工方可有效利用。粉磨工艺作为铁矿石加工利用的准备工序,对后续选别指标具有举足轻重的作用,但能耗钢耗高、能量利用率低,特别是细磨和超细磨时,能耗更高,不利于降低选矿成本。在磨矿过程中加入助磨剂,是提高磨矿效率、降低生产成本的有效措施之一。通过回顾助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域的研究和应用现状、新型助磨剂的研制及应用、助磨剂对后续作业的影响以及助磨剂的作用机理,指出铁矿助磨剂的选择及应用需要与矿石性质、磨矿环境及磨矿条件相适应,应加强新型助磨剂的研制以及助磨剂对后续选矿作业的影响研究,以期为助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域的选择和应用提供指导。

铁矿石  /  助磨剂  /  磨矿效果  /  作用机理

The iron ore resources are abundant in China, but showing poor, fine, miscellaneous characteristics, more than 98% of iron ore resources need to be beneficiation processing to be effectively utilized. Grinding process, as a preparatory process for the processing and utilization of iron ore, plays a crucial role in the subsequent separation indexes. However, it has high energy consumption and low energy utilization rate, especially during fine and ultrafine grinding, which consumes more energy and is not conducive to reducing mineral processing costs. Adding grinding aids in the grinding process is one of the effective measures to improve grinding efficiency and reduce production costs. By reviewing the research and application status of grinding aids in the field of iron ore grinding, the development and application of new grinding aids, the impact of grinding aids on subsequent operations, and the action mechanism of grinding aids, it is pointed out that the selection and application of iron ore grinding aids need to be adapted to the properties of the ore, the grinding environment, and the grinding conditions. It is necessary to strengthen the development of new grinding aids and the research on their impacts on subsequent mineral processing operations, so as to provide guidance for the selection and application of grinding aids in the field of iron ore grinding.

Iron ore  /  Grinding aid  /  Grinding effect  /  Action mechanism
周桂石, 王泽红, 刘文宝. 助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域的研究进展. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 241 -250 .
Guishi ZHOU, Zehong WANG, Wenbao LIU. Research Progress of Grinding Aids in the Field of Iron Ore Grinding[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 241 -250 .
全球铁矿石储量丰富,但分布较为集中,主要分布在大洋洲、亚洲和美洲地区[1]。数据显示[2-3],2022年全球可用铁矿石储量约为1 800 亿 t,澳大利亚、巴西和俄罗斯位列前三,可用铁矿石储量分别为510 亿 t(占27.8%)、340 亿 t(占18.6%)和290 亿 t(占15.8%);我国位于第四(占10.9%),截至2022年底,我国铁矿石储量为162.46 亿 t。随着社会经济的快速发展,铁矿资源的产量及需求量持续攀升,2022年,我国铁矿石产量9.7 亿 t,表观消费量(国内产量+净进口量)14.9 亿 t(60%品位标矿)。我国铁矿石资源的主要特性体现在:矿石品位普遍不高,其中低品位矿石占据主导地位(超过总储量的80%),而高品位矿石较为稀缺[4-5]。此外,多金属共生矿石的比例较高,且矿石化学成分复杂、嵌布粒度细。这些特点决定了我国铁矿石大多需要经过分选才能达到冶炼要求,而磨矿作业是铁矿石分选必不可少的工序之一。
磨矿作业是利用磨矿介质(钢球、钢棒、陶瓷球、砾石以及矿石本身等)在磨矿设备(球磨机、棒磨机、自磨机、搅拌磨机等)内的运动,直接作用在被粉碎的物料上,对物料产生冲击和磨剥作用而使矿石粒度变小直至粉碎到适宜粒度的过程[6]。在选矿作业生产流程中,粉磨工艺扮演着桥梁作用,它为下游的分选环节提供适宜的物料。这些物料具有较高的解离度、适宜的粒度、较轻的过粉碎程度及均匀的粒度分布的特点。磨矿能力决定着选矿厂生产能力的大小,但目前磨矿作业存在电耗、钢耗和生产经营费用过高[7],能量利用效率低的问题。因此,不断改进磨矿技术,提高磨机的磨矿效率和比生产率,是矿物加工领域亟待解决的问题之一。基于此,矿物加工工作者纷纷提出了自己的解决方案:研发并应用大型磨矿设备、推广高效节能的粉磨设备及新技术、开发新型高效的磨矿方法、研究磨矿过程的机理、实现粉磨过程的智能化控制等[8-12]。
矿物粉磨过程中,使用助磨剂是提升磨矿效率的有效方法之一。助磨剂是在粉磨过程中加入的化学添加剂,旨在增强粉磨效率或减少钢耗和能耗[13-14]。引入助磨剂可以增强物料的可磨性,有助于减少颗粒之间的吸附和聚集现象,提升磨机内部物料的流动性。此外,助磨剂还能通过降低矿物表面的硬度来加快矿石颗粒的破碎速率,从而提升粉磨效率并减少能源消耗。某些助磨剂还具备选择性磨碎功能,它们能减轻介质和衬板受腐蚀的影响。在现代粉磨工艺中,利用助磨剂降低能耗和提高粉磨效率已经成为一个主流的研究方向。在不增设额外设备或调整当前生产流程的情况下,引入助磨剂能显著提升研磨效率,提高研磨设备生产能力,同时减少碎磨环节的能耗及钢材消耗。该方法对于降低成本、优化经济结构具有显著效果。尽管助磨剂的使用量极小,但带来的效益十分显著[15-16]。
本文从助磨剂在铁矿粉磨过程中的应用、新型铁矿助磨剂的研制、助磨剂对后续选别作业的影响,以及助磨剂的助磨机理等4个方面进行了系统梳理和归纳,在上述分析总结的基础上,对铁矿助磨剂的研究和应用发展趋势提出了展望和建议。
目前,助磨剂主要应用在水泥和非金属矿的超细磨矿领域[17-19],相关研究较为广泛;然而在金属矿领域,特别是在铁矿石磨矿领域的应用和研究则相对较少。随着助磨剂应用日益广泛,国内外许多矿物加工工作者对助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域的应用和研究也做了很多有益的探索,并取得了许多有价值的成果。
磁铁矿是一种含铁量丰富、具有强磁性的自然矿物,其化学组成主要为Fe3O4。磁铁矿的嵌布粒度极不均匀,极易出现过磨现象,从而影响精矿品位和铁的回收率[20]。通过助磨剂可改善磨矿产品的粒度组成,增加合格粒级的含量,对提高精矿品位和金属回收率大有裨益。
朱照强[21]采用球磨机和立式磨机,研究了助磨剂三聚磷酸钠对微细粒磁铁矿磨矿效果的影响,发现所选助磨剂可有效提高磨矿产品中细粒级的含量,缩短磨矿时间,提高磨矿效率。周文波等[22]针对微细粒嵌布磁铁矿石进行二段磨矿,分析表明助磨剂三聚磷酸钠通过降低矿浆黏度、改善矿物表面的吸附性质、减少矿粒吸附和增加表面裂缝等方式提高了磁铁矿颗粒的碎磨效率。
谢志鹏等[23]研究助磨剂对磁铁矿磨矿效果的影响时发现,石灰、六偏磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠和焦磷酸钠能较大幅度地提高磨矿产品中-0.074~+0.045 mm粒级的含量,而氢氧化钠、硅酸钠和碳酸钠能较大幅度地提高磨矿产品中-0.045 mm粒级的含量;适量的助磨剂可以提高磨矿效果,但若添加过量,可能会适得其反,对磨矿过程产生负面影响。
刘升明等[24]使用15种助磨剂对磁铁矿-石英混合矿体系进行了系统的碎磨试验,发现适宜的助磨剂及其用量能够提高磁铁矿-石英体系的选择性磨碎作用,并分析了助磨剂的作用机理,结果表明助磨效果由多种作用共同决定。
吴明珠等[25]在实验室分批磨矿试验中,发现油酸和十二胺都可以在稀矿浆中改善磁铁矿和石英的磨矿效果,但在高浓度下会恶化磨矿过程。
CHIPAKWE等[26-27]采用ZaltaTMGR20-587、ZaltaTMVM1122和氢氧化钠作为助磨剂研究了助磨剂对某磁铁矿干磨效果的影响,发现加入ZaltaTMGR20-587后可以获得更窄、更细粒级的磨矿产物(-150 μm的比例从52.5%增加到58.3%),同时降低磨矿能耗,改变表面粗糙度。
钒钛磁铁矿是一种多金属元素共生的复合矿,化学成分较磁铁矿更为复杂,除了含铁元素外,还富含钒、钛等其他有用元素[28]。目前钒钛磁铁矿的选别主要存在两种问题:一是嵌布粒度分布不均匀,导致易出现过磨现象;二是选矿流程复杂,需要将钒钛磁铁矿的有用成分都分离出来所需的能耗高、污染大。使用助磨剂可以提高有用矿物的单体解离度,易于后续选别。
李海兰等[29]对攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿进行磨矿试验时发现,单一六偏磷酸钠和无水碳酸钠均可对钒钛磁铁矿磨矿产生助磨作用,但效果不明显。
周钰沣[30]使用油酸钠、水杨羟肟酸作为助磨剂,分别对没经过预处理和经过硫酸改性、铅离子活化、超声处理及微波改性预处理的攀西钒钛磁铁矿进行磨矿试验。结果表明,硫酸改性可以降低原来杂质的活性位点,形成新的目标产物的活性位点;超声处理可以清洗矿泥,暴露更多吸附位点,提升助磨剂吸附能力,提高磨矿效果。
赤铁矿的化学组成成份主要为Fe2O3。目前开采的赤铁矿含铁量相对较低,脉石矿物硅含量较高,致使磨矿能耗大,磨机的比生产率低。助磨剂可以提高磨矿效果,稳定生产指标,提高产率。
徐冬林等[31]、谢冬冬等[32]采用鞍千赤铁矿石进行磨矿试验,研究发现NM-3、油酸钠、醋酸铵、焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、氟硅酸钠等7种药剂对助磨效果有正面影响,且助磨效果依次呈逐渐变差的趋势;而十二烷基磺酸钠、碳酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠、水玻璃、聚丙烯酸钠等5种药剂则对磨矿过程起阻磨作用。
曾海等[33]采用六偏磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠、乙酸钠以及SN-1作为助磨剂对弓长岭赤铁矿石进行磨矿工业试验,结果表明4种药剂均可提高球磨机的处理能力,其中SN-1的磨矿效果最好,可使磨机处理能力提高10.33%,且生产指标稳定,分级效果显著提髙。
梁冰[34]进行了微细粒赤铁矿磨矿工艺优化研究,认为添加适量助磨剂能够降低矿浆黏度,降低物料强度和硬度,改变物料表面的吸附性,形成双电层,增大颗粒表面电性的绝对值,增大颗粒排斥,从而提高磨矿效率。梁冰等[35]还研究了助磨剂柠檬酸对赤铁矿的作用机理,结果表明,柠檬酸通过吸附作用,降低了矿浆黏度和赤铁矿表面硬度,改变了表面电位,从而提高了磨矿效率。
刘天洋等[36]采用小型球磨机研究了三聚磷酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠和油酸钠作为助磨剂对承德寿王铁矿石磨矿效果的影响,分析了助磨剂的作用机理,并提出了助磨剂选择和应用的建议。
我国鲕状赤铁矿资源丰富,但鲕状赤铁矿嵌布粒度细,难以实现单体解离,限制了其大规模开发利用[37],助磨剂为解决上述问题提供了一条有效途径。
李炼等[38]研究赤铁矿助磨剂时发现,在磨矿浓度为60%时,使用助磨剂六偏磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠及碳酸钠,磨矿产品中-0.074 mm粒级的产率最高;而在磨矿浓度为50%时,使用助磨剂石灰和氢氧化钠,磨矿产品中-0.074 mm粒级的产率最高。分析表明,助磨剂可以改变赤铁矿的表面电性,促进颗粒分散,同时也可以在矿物表面发生物理化学吸附,增加药剂化膜和结构水化膜的厚度,提高空间位阻效应,从而改善矿浆流动性。另外,助磨剂还可以改变颗粒形貌,使颗粒趋于规则化,从而改善赤铁矿的磨矿效果。
蔡先炎[39]研究了油酸钠、木质素磺酸钠和十二烷基磺酸钠3种助磨剂对鄂西高磷鲕状赤铁矿磨矿产品粒度的影响,发现油酸钠的助磨效果相对较好。
梁晓林等[40]研究了助磨剂三聚磷酸钠对鄂西高磷鲕状赤铁矿磨矿效率的影响,发现该助磨剂助磨效果明显;通过测定矿浆黏度、吸附特性等指标,研究了三聚磷酸钠的作用机理,结果表明助磨剂三聚磷酸钠降低了矿浆黏度,促使颗粒分散,并在赤铁矿表面产生了物理吸附和化学吸附,降低了赤铁矿表面硬度。
黄业豪等[41]以鄂西高磷鲕状赤铁矿为试验物料,系统研究了助磨剂对磨矿矿浆性质及磨矿能耗的影响,研究发现助磨剂油酸钠会影响磨矿矿浆的pH和黏度,当助磨剂用量为0.5%时,助磨效果最好,可使磨矿能耗降低36.8%。
李国峰等[42]在对磨矿参数优化的基础上,研究了六偏磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠、Z-164D 3种助磨剂对鲕状赤铁矿磨矿效果的影响并进行机理分析。结果表明,助磨剂对鲕状赤铁矿磨矿矿浆黏度、磨矿产品形貌和磨矿产品表面硬度等产生了影响,因而提高了鲕状赤铁矿的磨矿效率。
钱功明等[43]对鄂西某鲕状赤铁矿石进行了助磨剂试验时发现,适量的油酸钠可以提高磨矿效率;油酸钠通过降低显微硬度,以及使颗粒进行疏水团聚来提高磨矿效果。
汪彬[44]针对鄂西高磷鲕状赤铁矿超细粉碎过程中粉碎难度大的问题,在探讨矿浆黏度影响因素的基础上,研究了助磨剂六偏磷酸钠和三聚磷酸钠对鄂西高磷鲕状赤铁矿磨矿效果的影响,以提高有用矿物的单体解离度。结果表明,两种助磨剂均可降低矿浆黏度,显著提高磨矿效率,降低能耗,但随着磨矿时间延长,助磨剂的助磨效果逐渐降低。
除了磁铁矿和赤铁矿外,矿物工作者也对其他铁矿领域的助磨剂进行了研究,结果见表1。
综上所述,针对铁矿石助磨剂的研究有以下特点:从物料来看,主要集中于磁铁矿和赤铁矿领域,特别是嵌布关系复杂、细粒嵌布、难以实现单体解离的复杂铁矿石;从设备来看,主要针对球磨机和搅拌磨(立磨机);从助磨剂角度来看,其来源广泛,既包括有机物又包含无机物,且大多以分散剂为主。针对铁矿石,由于缺乏专用的助磨剂,仍然需要通过大量的试验工作来筛选:磁铁矿助磨剂主要以磷酸盐为主,主要原因为磁铁矿磁性较强,易产生团聚,磷酸盐可以通过吸附作用改变磁铁矿表面电位,增加颗粒之间的排斥力,促进颗粒分散,提高磨矿效果;赤铁矿助磨剂中无机助磨剂和有机助磨剂均有一定的助磨效果,但主要还是选择易吸附成键的药剂,既可以通过改变颗粒表面电位促进分散,也可以通过成键促进颗粒产生裂缝,降低硬度和强度。整体而言,应用助磨剂提高了磨矿效率,改善了磨矿产品粒度,提高了有用矿物的单体解离度,但并不是所有的助磨剂对铁矿石都有助磨作用,相反,有的还会恶化磨矿过程,具有阻磨作用。助磨剂的应用都需要适宜的条件,既包括适宜的磨矿条件,也包括助磨剂的类型及其用量。所有研究均集中于实验室试验研究,到目前为止,未有工业应用的报道,国内的研究多于国外,这可能与我国特殊的矿石性质有关。
在众多传统铁矿助磨剂中,真正显著影响磨矿效率的并不多,为了进一步提升助磨剂的磨矿效果,新型助磨剂的研制成为广大研究者追求的目标。关于新型助磨剂的研制,目前主要集中于两方面:一方面是组合助磨剂,另一方面就是从分子构造方面出发研制新型高分子助磨剂[50-53]。
组合助磨剂,也称为混合助磨剂、复合助磨剂或复配助磨剂,是由多种单组分助磨剂按照一定比例进行复配,不同单体组分及各种功能基团协同作用,与单一成分助磨剂相比性能大为提升,其助磨效果远大于单一功能基团,且稳定性好、适应性广。如:将0.6 kg/t六偏磷酸钠和1.4 kg/t无水碳酸钠按照1∶1的比例进行混合作为组合助磨剂处理攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿,相对于效果不甚明显的单一助磨剂,组合助磨剂大幅度改善了磨矿效果[29];使用NM-3、乙酸铵和焦磷酸钠为助磨剂对鞍千赤铁矿石进行助磨剂复配试验,结果发现NM-3和乙酸铵复配可以提高磨矿效果,但是NM-3、乙酸铵和焦磷酸钠复配却降低了赤铁矿的磨矿效果[31];将三乙醇胺和丙烯酸复配可以提高铁尾矿的助磨效果[48]。关于组合助磨剂在铁矿领域的研究及应用还有很大的发展空间,根据铁矿物与脉石矿物之间物理化学性质差异研制出更加适宜铁矿粉磨的组合助磨剂,进一步改善磨矿效果,仍是未来的发展方向之一。
助磨剂大多从已有化学试剂中选取,新型高分子助磨剂的研制与应用却很少报道,特别是在铁矿领域更是鲜见。目前,仅武汉理工大学和滕州市华海建材集团合作开发出了新一代合成型助磨剂,它将各功能基团接枝到高分子的分子链官能团中,其助磨效果较复配助磨剂又有跨越式的提升。合成型高分子助磨剂相对于单一助磨剂,具有用量小、成本低、性能好、综合效益高等优点,具有广阔的应用前景[54]。但该助磨剂主要用于水泥行业,还未应用于铁矿领域。
助磨剂对后续的分级、浮选、磁选、浓缩、团矿甚至浸出等作业的影响,是选择和应用助磨剂时的主要考虑因素。磨矿过程中加入助磨剂后,改变了磨矿环境,势必影响粉磨产品的表面性质和矿浆性质,而表面性质和矿浆性质又决定了矿物的分选行为,因此助磨剂的选择和应用必须考虑其对后续作业的影响。
朱照强[21]认为助磨剂可提高磁铁矿分选的精矿指标,随着助磨剂用量改变,磁选精矿指标也会发生改变,与不加助磨剂相比,添加三聚磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠和水玻璃能够使磁选铁精矿品位分别提高3.67, 2.38, 2.1个百分点。周文波等[22]发现助磨剂三聚磷酸钠可使新疆某微细粒嵌布磁铁矿的磁选精矿品位提高2.55个百分点。CHIPAKWE等[26-27]认为应用助磨剂使颗粒表面粗糙度增大,从而改善浮选动力;采用ZaltaTMGR20-587作为助磨剂对磁铁矿和石英单矿物进行浮选时,助磨剂可改善石英的回收效果,但对磁铁矿的影响较小;混合矿浮选研究表明,与没有助磨剂时的捕收剂用量200 g/t相比,使用助磨剂可以在捕收剂用量为100 g/t时获得回收率92.1%、铁品位64.5%的分选指标。曾海等[33]的研究表明,助磨剂SN-1可显著提高鞍山式赤铁矿石的磨矿分级效果。孙春宝等[47]认为DY系列助磨剂可以提高分级机的分级效率,显著提高混合浮选铜精矿的品位和回收率,而对尾矿沉降则基本无影响,但木质素磺酸盐会严重影响尾矿沉降。危俊婷等[46]采用0.05%的六偏磷酸钠作助磨剂,磨浸2 h可使金的浸出率达到86%。
上述研究表明,适宜的助磨剂在改善磨矿过程的同时,可对后续的分级、磁选、浮选、脱水、浸出等作业产生有利的影响,但并非所有的助磨剂都如此,有的助磨剂对后续作业没有影响,甚至会产生不利影响,选择助磨剂时必须加以考虑。
针对铁矿石助磨剂的助磨机理,国内外学者已提出多种理论解释,但大多仍然是从传统助磨剂的原理出发进行研究和分析。
关于助磨剂降低矿石硬度的机理,多数研究学者主要依据列宾捷尔学说从理论上进行说明,认为助磨剂分子在颗粒上的吸附作用降低了颗粒的表面能或者引起近表面层晶格的位置迁移,产生点缺陷或线缺陷,从而降低颗粒的强度和硬度;同时,阻止新生裂纹的闭合,促进裂纹的扩展(见图1)。如朱照强[21]从磁铁矿磨矿细颗粒产生的速率方程出发进行分析,指出磨矿过程的比破碎速率与被磨矿石的硬度相关,助磨剂吸附在磁铁矿颗粒表面,降低了颗粒的表面能,从而降低硬度,因此细颗粒的生成速率增大,磨矿效率提高。R.比玛拉奥等的研究表明,助磨剂可使磁铁矿功指数降低。王怀[55]则通过测定水(一种特殊的助磨剂)及助磨剂氧化钙、硅酸钠和六偏磷酸钠对磁铁矿矿石邦德球磨功指数及单轴抗压强度的影响,得出了相反的结论:水对邦德球磨功指数和单轴抗压强度的影响不大,而氧化钙、硅酸钠和六偏磷酸钠则使邦德球磨功指数上升,对单轴抗压强度值影响较小,甚至没有;作者认为可能是试样在烘干过程中,表面吸附的溶液发生一系列的物理化学作用,生成了新物质以及水硬性凝胶,将颗粒表面微裂缝相连接导致的。
矿浆流变学学说是助磨剂机理研究的另一主流学派,前文所述的很多文献中都有矿浆流变性质的测定、研究和分析,在此不再赘述。总体来说,该学派认为助磨剂降低了矿浆黏度(见图2),提高了矿浆在磨矿设备内的流动性,阻止了细粒级矿物之间的团聚(见图3[56]),从而使矿石颗粒与磨矿介质的接触机会变大,加速了磨矿过程,提高了磨矿效率。
吸附降低硬度学说和矿浆流变学学说是助磨剂机理研究的经典学说,但研究结论和观点也不同,甚至相互矛盾。而且,迄今为止,吸附降低硬度学说和矿浆流变学学说哪种对助磨剂的助磨机理起主导作用还尚未可知。吴明珠等[25]认为吸附降低硬度学说和矿浆流变学理论各有局限性,二者分别代表不同的磨矿阶段:粗磨时,吸附降低硬度学说起主导作用,宜用降低硬度型助磨剂;细磨时,矿浆流变学理论占主导地位,宜用降低黏度型助磨剂;较理想的助磨剂应是既能降低硬度,又兼有分散作用的药剂,将二者配合使用,在适宜条件下,会得到更好的助磨效果。
除上述两大学派之外,有学者还提出了诸如防止颗粒并合聚结和削弱颗粒强度的机理、助磨剂的减硬原理和反黏附效应,以及薄膜假说等,但在铁矿领域尚未应用这些学说解释助磨剂的机理。
(1) 助磨剂的选择及应用需要与矿石性质及磨矿环境相适应。
铁矿矿石种类众多,性质差异巨大,针对不同种类、不同性质的矿石,助磨剂的类型及用量也不尽相同。因此,应该根据矿石种类和性质,以提高磨矿效率、降低磨矿成本为目标,确定适宜的助磨剂类型及其用量。
不同磨矿设备,施加于物料的粉碎作用力不同,磨矿效果也不尽相同,研究助磨剂在不同磨矿设备中的应用效果应引起足够的重视;另外,针对干式磨矿和湿式磨矿,助磨剂的选择和应用效果也具有较大的差异。
磨矿条件,如磨机转速率、介质形状及其尺寸和配比、料球比、磨矿浓度、磨矿时间等,对助磨剂的应用效果也有很大影响,必须加以综合考虑。
综上所述,在选择助磨剂时应综合考虑矿石性质及磨矿环境、磨矿条件等各方面因素,确定最佳助磨剂及其用量。
(2)新型高效无毒低成本助磨剂的研制与应用。
随着高品位矿石被大量开采,贫、细、杂矿石的选别已成为很多选矿厂所面临的难题。虽然传统助磨剂有一定的助磨效果,但作用效果单一,因此新型、高效、价廉、无毒助磨剂的开发与应用仍是需要解决的主要问题。
试验证明,组合助磨剂效果比单一助磨剂效果好,不仅能够很好地实现选择性磨矿,而且可以减少助磨剂的用量,组合型助磨剂在铁矿研究领域还有很大的发展空间。新型高分子助磨剂具有多类官能团,展现出稳定的化学特性,对复杂磨矿环境具有更好的适应能力,助磨效果更好,但针对铁矿石粉磨的高分子助磨剂的研制及应用仍需投入大量的工作和精力。针对特定矿石,借助分子理论和接枝技术,开发新型专用助磨剂也是未来的发展方向之一。另外,助磨剂的开发与应用需要低成本、对环境友好。
(3) 助磨剂对后续选矿作业的影响研究。
目前助磨剂的选择与应用研究大多仅考虑磨矿指标的提高和磨矿效果的改善,较少考虑对后续选矿作业的影响。磨矿作为矿石分选的准备作业,加入助磨剂后,在获得粒度适宜、充分单体解离分选物料的同时,会引起矿物的表面性质、晶体结构、粒度及其组成、矿浆溶液化学等性质发生一系列改变,这些变化同时可能带来若干问题,例如过磨引起矿泥增多、浮选难度加大,矿物表面性质改变导致药剂制度改变等,因此,助磨剂的使用及其对后续工艺步骤的影响应当被全面考虑。也就是说,需要构建包括“磨矿-分级体系”“磨矿-分选体系”“磨矿-浸出体系”在内的综合体系,以研究助磨剂对整个工艺流程的影响,从而为助磨剂的甄选和运用提供科学依据。
磨矿作业在铁矿选矿领域具有举足轻重的作用,其目的是制备出使有用矿物充分解离、粒度符合入选要求的物料,但磨矿作业效率低、能耗和钢耗大。应用助磨剂降低磨矿能耗、提高磨矿效率已经成为当前粉碎工艺中的重要课题之一。助磨剂可在不增加任何设备、不改变现有生产流程的前提下,显著提高磨矿效率,增加磨机生产能力,降低磨矿能耗和钢耗,是企业降低生产成本、提高经济效益的有效措施之一。
助磨剂在铁矿磨矿领域已经开展了大量的实验室研究工作,整体而言,应用助磨剂可以提高磨矿效率、改善磨矿产品粒度、提高有用矿物的单体解离度,具有良好的市场应用前景。但研究工作主要集中于采用球磨机或搅拌磨(立磨机)粉磨磁铁矿和赤铁矿,特别是贫、细、杂、难以实现单体解离的铁矿石,且研究成果并未推广到大规模的工业应用,主要原因是矿石结构构造复杂,往往会出现一系列物理和化学性质的变化,助磨剂无法适应复杂的工业应用环境,导致使用效果大打折扣,稳定性和可靠性较差。
助磨剂的实际应用效果,不仅取决于助磨剂的类型、配方组成及用量,而且与矿石性质、磨矿环境、磨矿条件紧密相关,应将助磨剂与应用场合及应用条件统一考虑,增强二者之间的适配性,才能充分发挥助磨剂的性能,进一步提高磨矿效率、降低磨矿成本。铁矿助磨剂来源广泛,且大多以分散剂为主,然而并不是所有的助磨剂对铁矿石都有助磨作用,相反,有的还会恶化磨矿过程,具有阻磨作用;针对铁矿石,目前尚无专用的助磨剂,因此需要通过大量的试验工作来进行筛选。根据铁矿物与脉石矿物之间物理化学性质差异有针对性地研究出更加适宜铁矿粉磨的新型、高效助磨剂,进一步改善磨矿效果,具有很大的发展空间,是今后需要重点解决的问题之一。鉴于磨矿过程的复杂性以及矿物、助磨剂的多样性,助磨剂对铁矿粉磨过程的影响机理仍以吸附降低硬度学说和矿浆流变学学说等传统机理为主,缺乏有针对性的系统研究;助磨剂在改善磨矿过程的同时,可对后续的分级、磁选、浮选、脱水、浸出等作业产生不同影响,选择助磨剂时必须加以考虑,即需要构建包括“磨矿-分级体系”“磨矿-分选体系”“磨矿-浸出体系”等在内的综合体系,以研究助磨剂对整个工艺流程的影响,从而为助磨剂的甄选和运用提供科学依据。总之,助磨剂的选择及应用需要与矿石性质及磨矿环境、磨矿条件相适应,新型、高效、无毒、低成本助磨剂的研制与应用以及助磨剂对后续作业的影响研究是未来应该重点关注的问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51874073; 52474286)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
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国家自然科学基金项目(51874073; 52474286)
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    东北大学资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819

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王泽红(1969—),男,山西永济人,博士,副教授,主要从事矿物加工工程领域的教学和科研工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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