Article(id=1322162028295340515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729526400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157592127, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157592127, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157592127, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157592127, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=275, endPage=286, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322162028471501284, articleId=1322162028295340515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization of Composite Excitation of Volcanic Ash Activity in Coal Gasification Slag Based on Response Surface Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to promote the resource utilization of coal gasification slag (CGS), the effect of composite excitation of four activators on the volcanic ash activity of CGS was studied by response surface method. The compressive strength of the prepared samples at different ages was measured respectively, and then the corresponding activity index was calculated to evaluate the volcanic ash activity. Meanwhile, a quaternary quadratic polynomial regression model for the effects of the dosages of four activators on the activity index was established, and the optimal composite excitation ratio of CGS was obtained through multi-objective optimization. The results show that in the process of composite chemical excitation, water glass has the greatest influence on the 3 d and 7 d activity index of CGS, and calcium carbide slag has the greatest influence on the 28 d activity index of CGS. The multivariate correlation coefficients of the three regression equation models are close to 1, which proves that the model has a good fitting effect. Numerical function of Design-Expert software was used to optimize the multi-objective. The optimal ratio of composite chemical excitation is obtained: the dosage of calcium carbide slag, desulfurization gypsum, sodium sulfate anhydrous and water glass is 0.97%, 1.61%, 2.55% and 10%, respectively. The absolute error between the measured value and the predicted value of the activity index on 3 d, 7 d and 28 d is not more than14%, and the relative error is not more than 7%, indicating that the regression model is reliable.

, authors=Chenyang BAI1, Yuxia GUO1, 2, Weiyang HU1, Yunji SHI1, Ying WAN1, authorsList=Chenyang BAI, Yuxia GUO, Weiyang HU, Yunji SHI, Ying WAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuxia GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322162032011493899, articleId=1322162028295340515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于响应面法的煤气化渣火山灰活性复合激发优化, columnId=1226462297560892399, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=选矿与资源综合利用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为促进煤气化渣(CGS)的资源化利用,采用响应面法研究了4种激发剂复合激发对CGS火山灰活性的影响,分别测量所制试样不同龄期的抗压强度,再计算出相应的活性指数以评估火山灰活性。同时建立了4种激发剂掺量对活性指数的四元二次多项式回归模型,并通过多目标优化获得CGS的最佳复合激发配比。结果表明,在复合化学激发过程中,水玻璃对CGS的3 d和7 d活性指数影响最大,电石渣对CGS的28 d活性指数影响最大。3个回归方程模型的多元相关系数接近于1,证明模型具有良好的拟合效果。利用Design-Expert软件的Numerical功能对多目标进行优化,获得复合化学激发的最优配比:电石渣、脱硫石膏、元明粉和水玻璃的掺量分别为0.97%、1.61%、2.55%和10%,3 d、7 d和28 d活性指数的实测值与预测值的绝对误差均未超过14%,相对误差均未超过7%,说明回归模型具有可靠性。

, authors=白晨阳1, 郭育霞1, 2, 胡维扬1, 史昀辑1, 万颖1, authorsList=白晨阳, 郭育霞, 胡维扬, 史昀辑, 万颖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭育霞, authorNote=

白晨阳(1998—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,主要从事混凝土裂缝控制研究工作。E-mail:

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郭育霞(1977—),女,山西阳城人,博士,教授,主要从事充填开采研究工作。E-mail:
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白晨阳(1998—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,主要从事混凝土裂缝控制研究工作。E-mail:

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白晨阳(1998—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,主要从事混凝土裂缝控制研究工作。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison between the measured value and the predicted value of the model, figureFileSmall=YLX2Uc6Yhp05qSWelYSovQ==, figureFileBig=z1HCte1qMxYiK/aJ53MHOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162253311365121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=图5, caption=实测值与模型预测值对比, figureFileSmall=YLX2Uc6Yhp05qSWelYSovQ==, figureFileBig=z1HCte1qMxYiK/aJ53MHOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162255299465218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Response surfaces and contour plots of the interaction of different factors on 3 d activity index, figureFileSmall=n6wy86CK2VRjswMIZZB64g==, figureFileBig=u8lqgkxo8Har3un4iE1dKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162255425294340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同因素交互作用对3d活性指数影响的响应曲面和等高线图, figureFileSmall=n6wy86CK2VRjswMIZZB64g==, figureFileBig=u8lqgkxo8Har3un4iE1dKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162255802781701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Response surfaces and contour plots of the interaction of different factors on 7 d activity index, figureFileSmall=9PM4QL2gMB19nppOafT/Ug==, figureFileBig=bF1wrzPRyIHFTH9J43tIDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162256184463366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同因素交互作用对7 d活性指数影响的响应曲面和等高线图, figureFileSmall=9PM4QL2gMB19nppOafT/Ug==, figureFileBig=bF1wrzPRyIHFTH9J43tIDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162256624865287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Response surfaces and contour plots of the interaction of different factors on 28 d activity index, figureFileSmall=VR6XYYTlKWqKsHzUDKhMGw==, figureFileBig=FlM3fonaI7mZEvernTnsBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162256989769736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同因素交互作用对28 d活性指数的响应曲面和等高线图, figureFileSmall=VR6XYYTlKWqKsHzUDKhMGw==, figureFileBig=FlM3fonaI7mZEvernTnsBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162257073655817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of response surface optimization results and measured results, figureFileSmall=U50yzMsfByqBgqRrkzODjQ==, figureFileBig=Ck3Ckjui4VCU4+mVuzBcpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162257413394442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=图9, caption=响应面优化结果与实测结果对比, figureFileSmall=U50yzMsfByqBgqRrkzODjQ==, figureFileBig=Ck3Ckjui4VCU4+mVuzBcpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162257480503307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition and physical properties of CGS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2/%CaO/%Al2O3/%Fe2O3/%其他/%密度/(g/cm3)比表面积/(m2/kg)含水率/%
52.7118.6211.626.2210.831.5568311.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322162257564389388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CGS的化学成分和物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2/%CaO/%Al2O3/%Fe2O3/%其他/%密度/(g/cm3)比表面积/(m2/kg)含水率/%
52.7118.6211.626.2210.831.5568311.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322162257702801421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical composition of activators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激发剂名称SiO2CaOAl2O3Fe2O3SO3Na2SO4Na2SiO3其他
电石渣2.8093.601.100.581.02——0.90
脱硫石膏1.7744.740.640.2651.43——1.16
元明粉—————95—5.00
水玻璃——————955.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322162257870573582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

激发剂的化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激发剂名称SiO2CaOAl2O3Fe2O3SO3Na2SO4Na2SiO3其他
电石渣2.8093.601.100.581.02——0.90
脱硫石膏1.7744.740.640.2651.43——1.16
元明粉—————95—5.00
水玻璃——————955.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322162257941876751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Factors and levels of respond surface analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码值电石渣掺量A/%脱硫石膏掺量B/%元明粉掺量C/%水玻璃掺量D/%
-10.502.04
01.012.57
11.523.010
), ArticleFig(id=1322162259619598352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面分析的因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码值电石渣掺量A/%脱硫石膏掺量B/%元明粉掺量C/%水玻璃掺量D/%
-10.502.04
01.012.57
11.523.010
), ArticleFig(id=1322162259921588242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Design schemes of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案A/%B/%C/%D/%
11.012.57
21.012.57
31.522.57
41.013.04
51.022.54
60.513.07
71.512.510
81.022.510
90.502.57
101.023.07
111.003.07
121.002.07
131.502.57
140.522.57
151.012.04
161.012.57
171.012.010
181.512.54
191.002.510
201.013.010
210.512.07
221.012.57
230.512.510
241.512.07
250.512.54
261.002.54
271.012.57
281.513.07
291.022.07
), ArticleFig(id=1322162260005474323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

响应面试验设计方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案A/%B/%C/%D/%
11.012.57
21.012.57
31.522.57
41.013.04
51.022.54
60.513.07
71.512.510
81.022.510
90.502.57
101.023.07
111.003.07
121.002.07
131.502.57
140.522.57
151.012.04
161.012.57
171.012.010
181.512.54
191.002.510
201.013.010
210.512.07
221.012.57
230.512.510
241.512.07
250.512.54
261.002.54
271.012.57
281.513.07
291.022.07
), ArticleFig(id=1322162260076777492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案3 d 活性指数7 d 活性指数28 d 活性指数
1166.67136.65130.4
2177.16132.77129.6
3182.10138.35109.0
4195.06118.20113.2
5174.69121.85107.7
6175.31125.7398.3
7226.54143.9398.8
8212.96138.84127.2
9160.49124.7696.2
10183.33123.54131.4
11187.65122.82106.2
12175.93126.94116.5
13175.31138.59104.0
14179.63139.5699.1
15219.75122.57132.3
16188.89133.98128.2
17248.15133.50111.0
18167.28128.40116.3
19222.22135.44104.4
20236.42127.91140.6
21188.89129.61106.5
22179.63137.86130.2
23214.20140.78113.2
24201.85140.53105.9
25170.37127.1888.1
26174.69117.47128.0
27182.10139.56126.4
28160.49136.41116.5
29227.16128.40108.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322162260424904725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

响应面试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案3 d 活性指数7 d 活性指数28 d 活性指数
1166.67136.65130.4
2177.16132.77129.6
3182.10138.35109.0
4195.06118.20113.2
5174.69121.85107.7
6175.31125.7398.3
7226.54143.9398.8
8212.96138.84127.2
9160.49124.7696.2
10183.33123.54131.4
11187.65122.82106.2
12175.93126.94116.5
13175.31138.59104.0
14179.63139.5699.1
15219.75122.57132.3
16188.89133.98128.2
17248.15133.50111.0
18167.28128.40116.3
19222.22135.44104.4
20236.42127.91140.6
21188.89129.61106.5
22179.63137.86130.2
23214.20140.78113.2
24201.85140.53105.9
25170.37127.1888.1
26174.69117.47128.0
27182.10139.56126.4
28160.49136.41116.5
29227.16128.40108.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322162260492013590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Error statistical analysis of regression equation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
响应量回归方程多元相关系数变异系数 CV/%精密度 AP
R2
3 d 活性指数178.89+2.06A+5.30B-10.29C+21.55D-3.09AB-6.95AC+3.86AD-13.89BC-2.31BD+3.24CD-8.32A2-1.61B2+16.37C2+24.16D20.914 60.8295.1912.512
7 d 活性指数136.16+3.22A+2.04B-2.25C+7.06D-3.76AB-0.060AC+0.48AD-0.18BC-0.24BD-0.31CD+3.18A2-3.98B2-6.53C2-4.04D20.926 50.8532.1814.318
28 d 活性指数128.96+4.09A+2.30B+3.13C+1.80D+0.53AB+4.70AC-10.65AD+8.30BC+10.77BD+5.17CD-18.45A2-7.66B2-5.07C2-5.83D20.959 40.9193.1216.563
), ArticleFig(id=1322162260781420567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

回归方程误差统计分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
响应量回归方程多元相关系数变异系数 CV/%精密度 AP
R2
3 d 活性指数178.89+2.06A+5.30B-10.29C+21.55D-3.09AB-6.95AC+3.86AD-13.89BC-2.31BD+3.24CD-8.32A2-1.61B2+16.37C2+24.16D20.914 60.8295.1912.512
7 d 活性指数136.16+3.22A+2.04B-2.25C+7.06D-3.76AB-0.060AC+0.48AD-0.18BC-0.24BD-0.31CD+3.18A2-3.98B2-6.53C2-4.04D20.926 50.8532.1814.318
28 d 活性指数128.96+4.09A+2.30B+3.13C+1.80D+0.53AB+4.70AC-10.65AD+8.30BC+10.77BD+5.17CD-18.45A2-7.66B2-5.07C2-5.83D20.959 40.9193.1216.563
), ArticleFig(id=1322162260861112346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Variance analysis of regression equation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源3 d 活性指数7 d 活性指数28 d 活性指数显著水平
F值P值>F值F值P值>F值F值P值>F值
模型15.62<0.000 112.61<0.000 123.66<0.000 1显著
A3.840.032 915.150.001 616.000.001 3
B8.710.015 16.120.026 85.060.041 1
C16.460.002 57.380.016 79.340.008 6
D41.17<0.000 173.05<0.000 13.100.100 2
净误差2.840.214 11.080.512 45.900.050 9不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1322162260932415514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

回归方程方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源3 d 活性指数7 d 活性指数28 d 活性指数显著水平
F值P值>F值F值P值>F值F值P值>F值
模型15.62<0.000 112.61<0.000 123.66<0.000 1显著
A3.840.032 915.150.001 616.000.001 3
B8.710.015 16.120.026 85.060.041 1
C16.460.002 57.380.016 79.340.008 6
D41.17<0.000 173.05<0.000 13.100.100 2
净误差2.840.214 11.080.512 45.900.050 9不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1322162261012107291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Response surface optimization design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设置量目标重要性
A在范围内+++
B在范围内+++
C在范围内+++
D在范围内+++
3 d 活性指数最大化+++
7 d 活性指数最大化+++
28 d 活性指数最大化++++
), ArticleFig(id=1322162261196656668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322162028295340515, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

响应面优化设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设置量目标重要性
A在范围内+++
B在范围内+++
C在范围内+++
D在范围内+++
3 d 活性指数最大化+++
7 d 活性指数最大化+++
28 d 活性指数最大化++++
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基于响应面法的煤气化渣火山灰活性复合激发优化
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白晨阳 1 , 郭育霞 1, 2 , 胡维扬 1 , 史昀辑 1 , 万颖 1
矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025,45(9): 275-286
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矿业研究与开发 |选矿与资源综合利用 2025 , 45 (9) : 275 -286
基于响应面法的煤气化渣火山灰活性复合激发优化
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白晨阳1 , 郭育霞1, 2 , 胡维扬1, 史昀辑1, 万颖1
作者信息
  • 1.太原理工大学 矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.山西浙大新材料与化工研究院,山西 太原 030024
通讯作者:
郭育霞(1977—),女,山西阳城人,博士,教授,主要从事充填开采研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

白晨阳(1998—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,主要从事混凝土裂缝控制研究工作。E-mail:

Optimization of Composite Excitation of Volcanic Ash Activity in Coal Gasification Slag Based on Response Surface Method
Chenyang BAI1 , Yuxia GUO1, 2 , Weiyang HU1, Yunji SHI1, Ying WAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 2.Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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为促进煤气化渣(CGS)的资源化利用,采用响应面法研究了4种激发剂复合激发对CGS火山灰活性的影响,分别测量所制试样不同龄期的抗压强度,再计算出相应的活性指数以评估火山灰活性。同时建立了4种激发剂掺量对活性指数的四元二次多项式回归模型,并通过多目标优化获得CGS的最佳复合激发配比。结果表明,在复合化学激发过程中,水玻璃对CGS的3 d和7 d活性指数影响最大,电石渣对CGS的28 d活性指数影响最大。3个回归方程模型的多元相关系数接近于1,证明模型具有良好的拟合效果。利用Design-Expert软件的Numerical功能对多目标进行优化,获得复合化学激发的最优配比:电石渣、脱硫石膏、元明粉和水玻璃的掺量分别为0.97%、1.61%、2.55%和10%,3 d、7 d和28 d活性指数的实测值与预测值的绝对误差均未超过14%,相对误差均未超过7%,说明回归模型具有可靠性。

煤气化渣  /  抗压强度  /  响应面法  /  复合激发

In order to promote the resource utilization of coal gasification slag (CGS), the effect of composite excitation of four activators on the volcanic ash activity of CGS was studied by response surface method. The compressive strength of the prepared samples at different ages was measured respectively, and then the corresponding activity index was calculated to evaluate the volcanic ash activity. Meanwhile, a quaternary quadratic polynomial regression model for the effects of the dosages of four activators on the activity index was established, and the optimal composite excitation ratio of CGS was obtained through multi-objective optimization. The results show that in the process of composite chemical excitation, water glass has the greatest influence on the 3 d and 7 d activity index of CGS, and calcium carbide slag has the greatest influence on the 28 d activity index of CGS. The multivariate correlation coefficients of the three regression equation models are close to 1, which proves that the model has a good fitting effect. Numerical function of Design-Expert software was used to optimize the multi-objective. The optimal ratio of composite chemical excitation is obtained: the dosage of calcium carbide slag, desulfurization gypsum, sodium sulfate anhydrous and water glass is 0.97%, 1.61%, 2.55% and 10%, respectively. The absolute error between the measured value and the predicted value of the activity index on 3 d, 7 d and 28 d is not more than14%, and the relative error is not more than 7%, indicating that the regression model is reliable.

Coal gasification slag  /  Compressive strength  /  Response surface method  /  Composite excitation
白晨阳, 郭育霞, 胡维扬, 史昀辑, 万颖. 基于响应面法的煤气化渣火山灰活性复合激发优化. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 275 -286 .
Chenyang BAI, Yuxia GUO, Weiyang HU, Yunji SHI, Ying WAN. Optimization of Composite Excitation of Volcanic Ash Activity in Coal Gasification Slag Based on Response Surface Method[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 275 -286 .
煤炭直接燃烧产生的大量悬浮颗粒物会造成环境污染,因此煤炭的高效生产和清洁利用是当下亟需解决的问题[1-2]。煤气化技术作为重要的煤炭清洁利用技术,具有效率高、污染物排放量低、灵活性高等特点,但是煤气化过程中会产生大量的固体废弃物——煤气化渣(Coal gasification slag,CGS)[1,3-4]。目前,全国CGS年排放量超过6000万t,其已成为继煤矸石、粉煤灰后的第三大煤基固废[5-6]。由于技术水平的制约和过高的处理成本,目前对煤气化渣主要还是以填埋、堆积等方式进行处理,造成了土地资源占用、水体污染和环境污染[7-9]。为了解决CGS排放过量产生的一系列问题,学者们一直在研究综合利用CGS以促进其资源化的方法。CGS是煤炭气化过程中由矿物质和残碳颗粒形成的固态残渣,主要成分为二氧化硅、氧化钙、氧化铝、氧化铁等,这些氧化物具有的潜在火山灰活性是取代部分水泥、作为胶凝材料应用于建筑领域的基础[10-12]。然而,CGS中的硅铝氧化物大部分呈晶态,不能直接参与水化反应,因此,其应用的前提是解决硅铝惰性矿物晶体的活性问题,以激发出CGS的火山灰活性[13]。
近年来,学者们对CGS的活性激发进行了深入研究。YANG等[14]开展了物化耦合激发煤气化渣火山灰活性的研究,通过抗压强度、水化热以及微观结构阐明煤气化渣的改性机理,结果表明,不同盐类激发剂对煤气化渣的激发效果存在差异,硫酸钠的激发效果最佳。CHANG等[15]研究了硫酸含量和浓度对CGS活性的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜、核磁共振、X射线衍射和热重分析等方法,分析了水化机理,结果表明,硫酸浓度及其与煤气化渣的质量之比分别为65%和0.6时,CGS火山灰活性的激发效果最佳。屈慧升等[16]研究了硫酸钠对CGS的激发效果,通过煤气化渣基充填材料的凝结时间、坍落度、扩展度、泌水率、收缩率、抗压强度等指标表征其火山灰活性,结果表明,硫酸钠在煤气化渣中的质量占比为2%时,CGS火山灰活性最高,激发效果最佳。李祖仲等[17]研究发现,复合化学激发的效果明显优于单组分化学激发,其中硫酸钙与氢氧化钠复合激发效果最佳,复合化学激发有利于提升煤气化渣的火山灰活性,促进充填材料中水化产物的产生。刘娟红等[18]通过试验确定了单一激发剂的最优掺量,再通过正交试验确定复合激发剂的最佳配比,结果表明,当氢氧化钙(0.125%)、硫酸钙(0.625%)与聚合盐(1%)复合激发时,CGS的激发效果最佳。
结合上述研究可知,学者们对CGS的活性激发研究多集中于一种或两种激发剂,对于多种激发剂的复合激发研究,也仅采用简单的正交试验,不仅研究方法单一,且对复合交互作用中各激发剂的作用效果缺乏探究,同时尚无合理的火山灰活性评估模型来预测活性激发效果。针对上述问题,本研究通过响应面法研究了4种激发剂交互作用对CGS火山灰活性的影响规律,并建立了相应的激发效果预测模型。研究结果可为CGS的火山灰活性复合激发优化设计提供理论参考。
本试验所用CGS取自陕西某化工企业,微观形貌由扫描电子显微镜测量,CGS样品及SEM图像如图1所示。采用激光粒度分析仪测试CGS的粒度分布,如图2所示。化学成分由X射线荧光光谱仪测量,密度和含水率的测试方法分别参照《水泥密度测定方法》(GB/T208—2014)[19]、《用于水泥和混凝土中的粉煤灰》(GB/T1596—2017)[20],测量结果见表1。理化特性分析表明,CGS具有潜在的火山灰活性。
在激发剂的选择过程中,需要考虑多种因素,如激发剂对CGS的激发效果、试验过程的安全性,以及激发剂对人体和生态环境的影响,应确保无危害、无污染,此外,还需关注经济性,尽量选择成本较低且性价比高的激发剂。CGS的化学成分与硅酸盐材料类似,因此在选择激发剂时,可以考虑参照水泥、粉煤灰等硅酸盐类材料所用的激发剂来选择[21-22]。本研究最终选择4种激发剂:电石渣、脱硫石膏、元明粉和水玻璃,激发剂的化学成分见表2。
CGS在高温环境中形成,其内部硅酸盐、铝酸盐等矿物多以玻璃相或粗晶体形式存在,反应活性较低[7]。为激发CGS的活性,本研究采用机械粉磨的方法,施加剪切、弯曲、压缩等机械力作用于CGS,以诱导其物理性质变化。同时,在机械粉磨过程中添加激发剂,促进CGS内部晶体结构的化学键断裂,从而加快其与其他物质的化学反应,提升CGS的活性。
试验中所用CGS先经筛分、烘干,再按照其与铁球1∶1的体积比放入球磨罐,随后添加一定比例的激发剂,最后经行星式球磨机以500 r/min研磨100 min,形成改性CGS微粉。CGS的激发过程如图3所示。
本研究采用 Design-Expert 软件中的 Box-Behnken 设计方法确定 4种不同激发剂在 CGS复合化学激发中的最佳配比[23-24],研究分析电石渣、脱硫石膏、元明粉和水玻璃4种激发剂复合激发的各自掺量对CGS的3 d活性指数、7 d活性指数和28 d活性指数的影响规律[25]。根据 Box-Behnken 设计原理,采用 4 因素 3水平的设计方法,通过式(1)进行编码值的转换。
式中:Zi为编码值;Li为自变量;L0为自变量在中心点的值;ΔLi为自变量变化步长。
自变量与响应值之间的相关性可以用二阶多项式表达,如式(2)所示。
式中:y(x)为目标函数值;li为变量,i=1,2,3,…,n;a0、ai、…、aii、aij为待定系数。
采用方差分析法,通过多元相关系数(R2和)评估所提出的多项式模型(见式(3)和式(4))的一致性。为了验证模型的精度,进行统计显著性检验,其检验公式如式(5)[26]所示。
式中:df为自由度;S为平方和;n为试验次数;AP为精密度;σ2是残余均方;Y是活性指数。
本试验共有4个影响因素,每个因素3个水平。根据Box-Behnken设计方法,试验设计了29组试验方案,响应面分析的因素与水平见表3,试验设计方案见表4。
火山灰活性评估的主要依据:火山灰质材料与水混合时不会发生水化反应,但经物理和化学方式激发后,在碱性溶液中可发生水化反应,生成水硬性物质并产生硬化胶结特性。随着技术手段的进步,火山灰活性评估方法多种多样,例如通过火山灰质材料与水混合后的水化热量进行评估的水化反应热法[27];将火山灰质材料置于酸或碱溶液中,经一段时间反应后,通过测量溶液中硅铝离子的浓度进行评估的酸碱溶出法[28];以及将火山灰质材料作为掺合料制备成试样,以抗压强度比的形式表示试样的活性指数[20]等。这些方法为火山灰活性的评估提供了多样化选择。
本研究采用活性指数表征法,试验中所用样品由水泥、改性CGS微粉、煤矸石、激发剂和水组成,其中水泥∶改性CGS微粉∶煤矸石∶水为1∶7∶2∶2.5,其中煤矸石粗(10~15 mm)、中(5~10 mm)、细(0~5 mm)比例为1∶1∶3,随后将料浆浇筑到Φ50 mm×100 mm的圆柱形模具中,并置于温度为(20±3)℃、湿度保持为(90±5)%的养护室养护24 h, 然后取出样品继续养护至3 d、7 d和28 d。最后在进行单轴压缩试验时,采用压力为100kN的电子万能试验机对试件进行抗压强度测试。加载试验开始时,采用加载速率为0.1 mm/min的位移加载方式缓慢加载至0.5kN, 然后采用速率为0.6 mm/min的位移加载方式对试样加载至失效;最后根据《用于水泥和混凝土的粉煤灰》(GB/T 1596—2017)[20]提出的活性指数表征火山灰活性,其计算公式如下。
式中:A28为28 d活性指数,%;R′为试验试样28 d抗压强度,MPa;R′0为对比试样28 d抗压强度,MPa。
3 d、7 d活性指数同理。
响应面试验结果见表5。
本试验利用 Design-Expert 软件对表5中的试验数据进行多元回归拟合,形成了3 d、7 d和28 d活性指数相对应的四元二次回归方程模型,并计算出各模型的多元相关系数、变异系数和精密度等指标,从而分析回归模型的适应性。回归模型误差统计分析见表6。
试验选用多元相关系数R2对模型的显著性进行评估,R2表示响应值与实测值之间的差异程度,其取值范围为0~1,R2越大说明相关性越好,R2为1时表示两者完全相同。当R2和这两个值高且相差小于0.2时,回归模型更显著,若这两项指标数值偏低且相差较大时,可能预示着有其他关键因素在起作用。变异系数CV是标准差与响应值均值的比值,CV<10%表示试验的可信度和精确度高。精密度AP是有效信号与噪声的比值,如果AP>4,则视为合理[29]。从表6可以看出,拟合的回归方程符合上述标准,表现出良好适应性。
对回归方程模型进行方差分析,结果见表7。F值和P值均为统计量,分别表示自变量与因变量之间的关系和回归模型的显著性,F值越大、P值越小说明相关系数越显著[30-31]。在回归方程的方差分析中,模型的P值>F值<0.01说明回归模型达到了极显著水平,P值>F值<0.05说明回归模型显著,P值>F值>0.05表明回归模型不显著。由此可知,3组回归方程均极其显著,表明活性指数的实测值和预测值之间具有较好的拟合度,3组模型均可用于不同龄期活性指数的分析和预测。
残差分析能够检验模型与数据的相关性。通过残差值分析回归方程模型可以检验模型的合理性,假设不考虑试验结果中的异常点,残差值应当遵循正态分布规律[32]。为检验各回归模型的合理性和可靠性,采用标准化残差进行分析。各回归模型的残差正态分布如图4所示。由图4可知,3 d和28 d活性指数的模型标准化残差值均在±3范围内,7 d活性指数的模型标准化残差值在±1.5范围内,表明各试验数据点均是随机分布的,呈现出无规律的特征,证明了试验取点的合理性。
另外,从图中可以观察到,各个散点均匀分布在一条直线周围,只有极少数点发生偏离,表明所有模型的残差均符合正态分布的规律,且在拟合阶段并未出现任何异常数据点。因此拟合的四元二次多项式模型能够合理解释各个自变量与因变量之间的关系。
实测值与模型预测值对比如图5所示。若模型拟合度较好,即实测值与预测值接近,各个散点近似直线分布且均匀分布在直线y=x附近。由图5可知,3组回归方程计算的预测值与实测值匹配度较高,散点基本均匀分布在直线y=x附近,表明回归模型的预测值较为准确,回归模型契合度较高,拟合效果较好,试验结果的误差较小。综上所述,可以通过拟合的模型分析CGS的3 d、7 d和28 d活性指数。
Design-Export软件可以根据四元二次多项式模型绘制四个水平因素交互作用对应响应值的二维等高线图和三维响应曲面。这些响应面图可用于分析当两因素保持恒定的情况下,其余两因素交互作用对响应值产生的影响[33-34]。在图中,红色部分代表响应值的最大局部,蓝色部分代表响应值的最小局部。
三维响应曲面可以直观地描述各因素之间的交互作用对响应值的影响规律,响应曲面的倾斜程度和等高线图的密集程度反映了各影响因素交互作用的显著性大小,响应曲面越陡,等高线越密集,说明各因素间的交互作用影响越显著;响应曲面越平缓,等高线越稀疏,说明各因素间的交互作用越微弱。通过响应曲面的陡缓程度和等高线的疏密,可以判断各因素交互作用的显著性程度[35]。
从表5可以看出,各因素对3 d活性指数的影响依次为:D>C>B>A,其中D的F值最大、P值最小,表明这项指标影响最显著,A的F值最小、P值最大,影响最微弱。图6为不同因素交互作用对3 d活性指数影响的响应曲面和等高线图。
由图6(a)和图6(b)可知,当B一定时,随着A的增加,3 d活性指数先升高后降低。A为任意水平时,随着B的增加,3 d活性指数均逐步升高,且增长速率逐渐降低。响应曲面陡峭程度较小,A和B对3 d活性指数影响较弱,主要原因是A和B微溶于水,在早期时,只有少部分成分可以溶解于体系中,并对CGS产生解离作用,因此,A和B对3 d活性指数的影响较弱,但根据响应曲面和等高线疏密程度可知,B对3 d活性指数影响大于A[36]。
由图6(c)和图6(d)可知,当B一定时,随着C的增加,3 d活性指数逐渐降低,这表明C对3 d活性指数的提升并非越多越好,原因是硫酸钠易溶于水,会与体系中的氢氧化钙反应生成石膏,石膏具有膨胀性,会在体系内部产生膨胀力造成裂纹,导致抗压强度降低。由等高线的疏密程度可知,C对3 d活性指数的影响大于B。在等高线的右下角,B和C均为2%时,3 d活性指数达到最大值。
由图6(e)和图6(f)可知,C为任意水平时,随着D的增加,3 d活性指数逐步升高,且增长速率逐渐升高。这主要是因为D呈碱性,易溶于水,可以使体系中的碱性增强,促进氢氧根离子瓦解CGS中的硅氧和铝氧四面体,进而释放出硅铝离子参与水化反应并生成水化产物[37-38]。由等高线的疏密程度可知,D对3 d活性指数影响大于C,且在C为2%、D为10%时,3d活性指数达到最大值。综上所述,各因素对3 d活性指数的影响依次为:D>C>B>A。
从表5可以看出,各因素对7 d活性指数的影响依次为:D>A>C>B。图7为不同因素交互作用对7 d活性指数影响的响应曲面和等高线图。
由图7(a)和图7(b)可知,随着A的增加,7 d活性指数随之升高,这是因为A中的氧化钙开始逐渐与水反应生成氢氧化钙,大量氢氧根离子有利于瓦解CGS中的硅氧、铝氧四面体结构,使Si—O—Si、Si—O—Al和Al—O—Al键断裂,使更多硅铝离子进入体系中参与水化反应,强度提高,7 d活性指数升高。
当A较低时,7 d活性指数随B的增加而逐渐升高,当A较高时,7 d活性指数随B的增加缓慢降低。原因是A较低时,对CGS的活性激发有限,产生的水化产物较少,B的增加会促进CGS解离,同时生成石膏填充在剩余孔隙中,使强度提高,活性指数升高,而当A较高时,会促进CGS中硅铝离子反应生产大量水化产物填充孔隙,而B的增加会产生更多石膏,在充填材料内部形成较强膨胀力,形成裂纹导致强度降低,7 d活性指数降低。等高线疏密程度表明,A对7 d活性指数影响大于B。
由图7(c)和图7(d)可知,随着C的增加,7 d活性指数先升高后降低,当B和C分别约为1.25%和2.4%时,7d活性指数达到最大值。等高线疏密程度表明,C对7 d活性指数影响大于B。
由图7(e)和图7(f)可知,7 d活性指数随着D的增加而升高,增长速率逐渐降低,C约为2.4%时,D对7 d活性指数的影响最显著。等高线疏密程度表明,D对7 d活性指数影响大于C。
从表5可以看出,各因素对28 d活性指数的影响依次为:A>C>B>D。图8为不同因素交互作用对28 d活性指数影响的响应曲面和等高线图。
由图8可知,28 d活性指数随着各个因素的掺量增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。28 d活性指数升高的原因是随着激发剂掺量的增加,激发剂会促进CGS解离硅铝离子参与水化反应,同时促进水化反应的进行,生成更多水化产物,有效调节充填材料的孔结构[39],降低有害孔隙数量,以提高抗压强度,提升28 d活性指数。而激发剂掺量过多造成28 d活性指数降低的原因是水化反应生成的氢氧化钙和水化硅酸钙等水化产物会包裹在CGS表面,阻碍硅铝离子析出参与反应,且激发剂掺量越多,生成的水化产物越多,孔隙空间不足会导致充填材料内部产生向外的膨胀力,产生微小裂纹造成强度降低,28 d 活性指数降低。
28 d 活性指数较 3d 和 7d活性指数增幅不大的原因是后期的水化反应进程基本完成,新生成的水化产物基本稳定。由等高线图可知,当A、B、C和D分别为1.05%、1.1%、2.75%和8%时,28d 活性指数达到最大值。等高线疏密程度也反映了各因素对 28d活性指数的影响依次为:A>C>B>D。
为了保证CGS在各个龄期都具有较好的活性,本文在拟合模型的基础上,结合各因素交互作用的分析结果,在各因素数值变化范围内,将3 d、7 d和 28 d 活性指数作为优化目标,利用 Numerical功能进行多目标优化方案设置和优化计算。通过多目标优化算法,采用期望函数进行数值优化,计算公式如式(7)所示,取值范围为0(不理想)到 1(最理想),以找到能使期望函数最大化的优化点[27]。
式中:D为期望满意度;n为响应值的数量;di为单一响应量的满意度。
通过对每个响应值的权重进行调整,可以改变优化目标。本文选择的优化目标是将3 d和7 d活性指数作为低响应,将28 d活性指数作为高响应。为了实现多目标响应优化,每个响应值均被赋予了相应的重要性(见表8),对每个响应值进行了加权,从而得到最终的优化结果。在最佳条件下,即A为0.97%、B为1.61%、C为2.55%、D为10%时,响应优化结果为:3 d活性指数为224.34%,7 d活性指数为138.44%,28 d活性指数为131.48%。将优化方案的预测值与试验的实际结果进行对比,评估模型的可靠性。
图9为响应面优化结果与实测结果对比。由图9可知,3 d、7 d和28 d活性指数的预测值与实测值绝对误差均未超过14%,相对误差均未超过7%,说明预测值与实测值有较高的吻合度,因此所建立的预测模型具有可靠性。
本文通过响应面法研究了4种激发剂交互作用对CGS活性指数的影响规律,并建立了相应的活性指数回归方程和三维响应曲面,此模型在试验范围内能较为准确地预测试验结果,得出以下结论。
(1)基于响应面的Box-Behnken的试验设计方法,建立了CGS各龄期活性指数的回归模型,结合方差分析可知,各个模型的多元相关系数均接近1,说明模型的拟合效果较好。同时通过对拟合精度分析、残差分析、预测值和实测值对比分析,进一步验证了所建立的各个活性指数回归模型具有良好的拟合效果。
(2)CGS的火山灰活性不仅受电石渣、脱硫石膏、元明粉和水玻璃等单一因素的影响,而且还受4个因素交互作用的影响,其中3 d、7 d、28 d活性指数均为三元二次回归方程。结合方差分析发现,脱硫石膏和元明粉的交互作用对3 d活性指数影响显著,电石渣和脱硫石膏的交互作用对7d活性指数影响显著,电石渣和水玻璃的交互作用以及脱硫石膏和水玻璃的交互作用对28 d活性指数影响显著。
(3)基于各龄期的响应曲面和等高线图的分析可知,各因素对3 d活性指数的影响依次为:水玻璃>元明粉>脱硫石膏>电石渣,对7 d活性指数的影响依次为:水玻璃>电石渣>元明粉>脱硫石膏,对28d 活性指数的影响依次为:电石渣>元明粉>脱硫石膏>水玻璃。
(4)利用 Design-Expert 的 Numerical功能对多目标进行优化,获得复合化学激发的最优配比:电石渣、脱硫石膏、元明粉和水玻璃的掺量分别为0.97%、1.61%、2.55%和10%,3 d、7 d 和 28 d 活性指数的预测值与实测值的绝对误差均未超过14%,相对误差均未超过7%,说明回归模型具有可靠性。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U23A20131)
  • 国家杰出青年科学基金项目(51925402)
  • 山西浙大新材料与化工研究院技术开发项目(2022SX-TD007)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-22
基金
国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U23A20131)
国家杰出青年科学基金项目(51925402)
山西浙大新材料与化工研究院技术开发项目(2022SX-TD007)
作者信息
    1.太原理工大学 矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.山西浙大新材料与化工研究院,山西 太原 030024

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郭育霞(1977—),女,山西阳城人,博士,教授,主要从事充填开采研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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