Article(id=1322161952869172019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727539200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157574145, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157574145, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157574145, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157574145, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=184, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161953099858740, articleId=1322161952869172019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on Fault Diagnosis of Mining Excavator Engine Based on IWOA-LightGBM Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of low fault diagnosis accuracy caused by unbalanced fault categories of mining excavator engine, an intelligent fault diagnosis method of mining excavator engine based on improved whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to optimize light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) was proposed. Firstly, the recursive feature cross-validation elimination method (RFECV) was used to extract the features of the fault data of collected excavator engine, and the irrelevant features were deleted. Secondly, Focal-Loss was used to improve the loss function of LightGBM, and an improved WOA was proposed to optimize the hyperparameters of LightGBM, and a new diagnostic model was constructed. Finally, the engine fault data of a mine excavator was used for verification, and compared with common integrated models, tuning frameworks and diagnostic algorithms. The results show that the accuracy and F1 score of the proposed mining excavator engine fault diagnosis model IWOA-LightGBM are 98.08% and 98.53% respectively, and the diagnostic performance is good, which can provide reference for the intelligent diagnosis of mining machinery and equipment.

, authors=Qinghua GU1, 2, 3, Shuyu BAI1, 2, Dan WANG1, 3, authorsList=Qinghua GU, Shuyu BAI, Dan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuyu BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161962042114960, articleId=1322161952869172019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于IWOA-LightGBM模型的矿用挖掘机发动机故障诊断研究, columnId=1226462295946085268, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山机电与矿业智能化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对矿用挖掘机发动机故障类别不均衡,导致故障诊断精度不高的问题,提出了一种改进的鲸鱼算法(WOA)优化轻量级梯度提升机(LightGBM)的矿用挖掘机发动机智能故障诊断方法。首先,利用递归特征交叉验证消除法(RFECV)对采集的挖掘机发动机故障数据的特征进行提取,删除不相关的特征。其次,采用Focal-Loss改进LightGBM的损失函数,提出一种改进的WOA对LightGBM的超参数寻优,构建新的诊断模型。最后,利用某矿山挖掘机发动机故障数据进行验证,并与常见的集成模型、调优框架和诊断算法进行对比分析。结果表明:所提出的矿用挖掘机发动机故障诊断模型IWOA-LightGBM的准确率和F1分数分别为98.08%和98.53%,诊断性能较好,可为矿山机械设备的智能诊断提供参考。

, authors=顾清华1, 2, 3, 白书宇1, 2, 王丹1, 3, authorsList=顾清华, 白书宇, 王丹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=白书宇, authorNote=

顾清华(1981—),男,山东诸城人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、故障诊断、智能优化算法研究工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
白书宇(1999—),男,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山设备故障诊断研究。E-mail:
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顾清华(1981—),男,山东诸城人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、故障诊断、智能优化算法研究工作。E-mail:

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顾清华(1981—),男,山东诸城人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、故障诊断、智能优化算法研究工作。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=VPQPi1w3MGHaeY6KtICXOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161993109328537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=CN, label=图9, caption=IWOA-RF故障诊断结果, figureFileSmall=AiXrGGhGMbzy1hymnugUpg==, figureFileBig=VPQPi1w3MGHaeY6KtICXOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161993176437402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Hyperparameter information of LightGBM

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超参数寻优范围说明
树深度[3,8]控制数的结构
学习率[0.01,0.3]提高准确性
树的个数[50,150]提高准确性
正则化因子[0,100]避免过拟合
特征提取比例[0.5,1]避免过拟合
), ArticleFig(id=1322161993256129179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LightGBM超参数信息

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超参数寻优范围说明
树深度[3,8]控制数的结构
学习率[0.01,0.3]提高准确性
树的个数[50,150]提高准确性
正则化因子[0,100]避免过拟合
特征提取比例[0.5,1]避免过拟合
), ArticleFig(id=1322161993348403868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Unbalanced fault data set

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故障编号故障类型样本量/个
0正常37
1高压油泵30
2进气管堵塞47
3增压器故障23
4空滤堵塞37
5中冷器故障33
6风扇故障27
7油门踏板27
), ArticleFig(id=1322161993432289949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不均衡故障数据集

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故障编号故障类型样本量/个
0正常37
1高压油泵30
2进气管堵塞47
3增压器故障23
4空滤堵塞37
5中冷器故障33
6风扇故障27
7油门踏板27
), ArticleFig(id=1322161993503593118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ranking of selected feature importance

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特征序号特征名称特征重要性
f1发动机转速0.03
f2喷油量设定值0.04
f3当前喷油量0.06
f7冷却液温度0.10
f8机油压力0.03
f9机油温度0.08
f11进气压力0.11
f12进气温度0.18
f14轨压设定值0.14
f15轨压峰值0.16
f18扭矩负荷率0.04
f19输出扭矩0.03
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选取的特征重要度排序

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特征序号特征名称特征重要性
f1发动机转速0.03
f2喷油量设定值0.04
f3当前喷油量0.06
f7冷却液温度0.10
f8机油压力0.03
f9机油温度0.08
f11进气压力0.11
f12进气温度0.18
f14轨压设定值0.14
f15轨压峰值0.16
f18扭矩负荷率0.04
f19输出扭矩0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1322161993658782368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evaluation results of each index of different tree models

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评估指标IWOA-LightGBMIWOA-XGBoostIWOA-CatBoostIWOA-RF
A98.0794.2390.3884.61
P98.6193.8591.6587.29
R98.6194.9992.4887.92
F1分数98.5293.9491.6286.29
AUC99.5799.0799.0098.20
), ArticleFig(id=1322161993742668449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同树模型各指标的评估结果

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评估指标IWOA-LightGBMIWOA-XGBoostIWOA-CatBoostIWOA-RF
A98.0794.2390.3884.61
P98.6193.8591.6587.29
R98.6194.9992.4887.92
F1分数98.5293.9491.6286.29
AUC99.5799.0799.0098.20
), ArticleFig(id=1322161993818165922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Recognition accuracy of different models for various faults

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故障编号IWOA-LightGBMRD-LightGBMTPE-LightGBMSVMBP
010088888888
11008610086100
2100100100100100
3100100100100100
410010010010082
590809080100
610080808088
790868675100
平均准确率97.590938995
), ArticleFig(id=1322161993893663395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同模型对各故障的识别准确率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障编号IWOA-LightGBMRD-LightGBMTPE-LightGBMSVMBP
010088888888
11008610086100
2100100100100100
3100100100100100
410010010010082
590809080100
610080808088
790868675100
平均准确率97.590938995
), ArticleFig(id=1322161995135177380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Diagnostic accuracy of different models

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诊断模型APF1分数RAUC
IWOA-LightGBM98.0898.6198.5398.6199.57
RD-LightGBM88.4690.7089.9489.8797.45
TPE-LightGBM92.3193.8793.0492.9098.07
SVM86.5489.3188.2988.5398.06
BP92.3193.8793.8394.6098.50
), ArticleFig(id=1322161995248423589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161952869172019, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同模型的诊断精度

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诊断模型APF1分数RAUC
IWOA-LightGBM98.0898.6198.5398.6199.57
RD-LightGBM88.4690.7089.9489.8797.45
TPE-LightGBM92.3193.8793.0492.9098.07
SVM86.5489.3188.2988.5398.06
BP92.3193.8793.8394.6098.50
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基于IWOA-LightGBM模型的矿用挖掘机发动机故障诊断研究
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顾清华 1, 2, 3 , 白书宇 1, 2 , 王丹 1, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025,45(9): 184-191
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025 , 45 (9) : 184 -191
基于IWOA-LightGBM模型的矿用挖掘机发动机故障诊断研究
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顾清华1, 2, 3 , 白书宇1, 2 , 王丹1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学 管理学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.西安市智慧工业感知、计算与决策重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3.西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
通讯作者:
白书宇(1999—),男,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山设备故障诊断研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

顾清华(1981—),男,山东诸城人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山智能科学与工程、故障诊断、智能优化算法研究工作。E-mail:

Research on Fault Diagnosis of Mining Excavator Engine Based on IWOA-LightGBM Model
Qinghua GU1, 2, 3 , Shuyu BAI1, 2 , Dan WANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055, China
  • 2.Xi’an Key Laboratory of Perception, Computing and Decision Making for Intelligent Industry, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055, China
  • 3.School of Resources Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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针对矿用挖掘机发动机故障类别不均衡,导致故障诊断精度不高的问题,提出了一种改进的鲸鱼算法(WOA)优化轻量级梯度提升机(LightGBM)的矿用挖掘机发动机智能故障诊断方法。首先,利用递归特征交叉验证消除法(RFECV)对采集的挖掘机发动机故障数据的特征进行提取,删除不相关的特征。其次,采用Focal-Loss改进LightGBM的损失函数,提出一种改进的WOA对LightGBM的超参数寻优,构建新的诊断模型。最后,利用某矿山挖掘机发动机故障数据进行验证,并与常见的集成模型、调优框架和诊断算法进行对比分析。结果表明:所提出的矿用挖掘机发动机故障诊断模型IWOA-LightGBM的准确率和F1分数分别为98.08%和98.53%,诊断性能较好,可为矿山机械设备的智能诊断提供参考。

矿用挖掘机  /  发动机  /  故障诊断  /  递归特征交叉验证消除法  /  轻量级梯度提升机  /  鲸鱼算法

Aiming at the problem of low fault diagnosis accuracy caused by unbalanced fault categories of mining excavator engine, an intelligent fault diagnosis method of mining excavator engine based on improved whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to optimize light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) was proposed. Firstly, the recursive feature cross-validation elimination method (RFECV) was used to extract the features of the fault data of collected excavator engine, and the irrelevant features were deleted. Secondly, Focal-Loss was used to improve the loss function of LightGBM, and an improved WOA was proposed to optimize the hyperparameters of LightGBM, and a new diagnostic model was constructed. Finally, the engine fault data of a mine excavator was used for verification, and compared with common integrated models, tuning frameworks and diagnostic algorithms. The results show that the accuracy and F1 score of the proposed mining excavator engine fault diagnosis model IWOA-LightGBM are 98.08% and 98.53% respectively, and the diagnostic performance is good, which can provide reference for the intelligent diagnosis of mining machinery and equipment.

Mining excavator  /  Engine  /  Fault diagnosis  /  Recursive feature cross-validation elimination method  /  Light gradient boosting machine  /  Whale optimization algorithm
顾清华, 白书宇, 王丹. 基于IWOA-LightGBM模型的矿用挖掘机发动机故障诊断研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 184 -191 .
Qinghua GU, Shuyu BAI, Dan WANG. Research on Fault Diagnosis of Mining Excavator Engine Based on IWOA-LightGBM Model[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 184 -191 .
随着智慧矿山建设的不断推进[1],矿山机械设备的诊断技术也逐渐向智能化和数字化方向发展。矿用挖掘机[2]作为典型的复杂分布式机电系统,具有结构层次复杂、分系统和零部件多等特点,如果发生故障时不能及时诊断,不仅会影响企业的经济效益,还会影响人身安全。因此,为了提高企业的效益和保证安全生产,需要对矿用挖掘机的故障进行精准诊断和分析,从而保证挖掘机的正常运行。目前对矿用挖掘机的故障诊断研究大多集中在液压系统[3]和减速器[4],而对发动机的诊断较少。在露天矿山复杂多变的工作环境中,矿用挖掘机的发动机一直处于高压、高负载的工作状态,“带病”工作现象较为普遍。虽然国内大型重工企业[5]上线了智能设备监控系统和诊断平台,但与国外相比智能化差距依然很大,很多故障仍然需要设备停机进行诊断,导致诊断效率和精度较低,因此寻找一种鲁棒性较好的辅助方法具有重要意义。
基于人工智能、大数据、物联网等新一代信息技术的发展,以数据驱动为代表的诊断方式应运而生,其中机器学习[6]是以数据驱动诊断的核心技术,包括神经网络、支持向量机、深度学习。有学者采用改进的麻雀算法对核支持向量机的惩罚因子和权重进行参数寻优,构建CSSA-F-SVM诊断模型,并将其应用到矿用卡车发动机的故障诊断中,提高了矿卡发动机故障识别的可靠性和准确性[7]。CAI等[8]使用小波阈值去噪和集成经验模态分解来处理振动信号,从分解的本征模态函数中提取敏感的特征值,将基于规则的算法与BP神经网络相结合,实现了较宽速度范围内的柴油发动机故障检测。刘弘毅等[9]针对传感器提取的压力信号,通过核鲁棒流形非负矩阵分解和融合特征结合来加工信号,输入到CNN中,显著提高了柴油机的诊断效率。上述方法诊断的精度确实有所提高,但SVM、神经网路均属于单一分类器,容易出现过拟合和泛化能力弱的现象,基于深度学习的方法适用于数据量大、且存在训练时间长的问题,对于中小样本故障诊断的适用性不强。集成学习既能克服单一分类器的不足,又能在中小型数据的分类问题上具有优势,其中以轻量级梯度提升机(LightGBM)这个集成框架最为有效,但是LightGBM存在众多的超参数,存在不确定性。陈思勤等[10]提出了一种基于改进的灰狼优化算法优化的LightGBM磨煤机故障诊断模型,取得了更高的精度和泛化能力,也有学者使用LightGBM作为旋转森林的基学习器,在挖掘机的故障诊断中取得了不错的效果[11]。但上述改进方向均未考虑到数据分类的不平衡性和特征的自动选择性。
因此,针对以上问题,本文提出考虑到数据分类不平衡和特征自动选择的LightGBM框架的故障诊断模型。首先通过递归特征消除和交叉验证相结合的方法,自动完成特征筛选,解决特征难以筛选的问题;其次从两方面改进LightGBM,一是将Focal-loss作为LightGBM的损失函数,解决分类不平衡的数据集,二是考虑到超参数对LightGBM的影响,采取改进的鲸鱼算法对其寻优,构建最终的LightGBM故障诊断模型。
RFECV是递归特征消除和交叉验证相结合的特征选择方法。该方法可以根据特征集自动选取特征数量,通过递归移除最不重要的特征来开展工作。在每一步中,RFECV会移除一个特征,然后使用剩余的特征重新训练模型,以上过程会反复进行,直至达到自动确定的特征集个数为止。利用RFECV进行特征筛选时,需要选取合适的基模型以获取特征重要性和性能得分。随机森林[12](Random Forest)具有防止过拟合、处理高维数据、能够给出特征重要性等优点,因此,本文选取随机森林作为基模型,基于RFECV的特征筛选流程如图1所示。
LightGBM模型搭建于KE等[13]提出的梯度决策提升树算法(GBDT)框架之上,与极端提升树(XGBoost)、分类集成树(CatBoost)、随机森林(Randdom Forest, RF)相比,LightGBM具有更快的训练速度、更低的内存消耗、更好的准确率,且支持分布式计算。一方面,LightGBM通过直方图算法、单边梯度采样和互斥特征捆绑对样本和特征进行采样,极大地降低模型的复杂度和内存占用率,另一方面,LightGBM采用带深度限制的按叶生产策略,不仅降低了算法的误差,还加快了算法的迭代速度。
传统多分类问题的损失函数是交叉熵损失函数,交叉熵损失函数更多偏向于预测样本数多的类别,从而忽略少样本量的类别,会存在两个方面的问题,一是如果其中某个故障类型数据集多,在训练过程中会更多地关注这个故障类型多的数据集,从而会造成无意义的训练学习,二是单纯地关注某个故障数据集多的类型会导致整体模型的退化。而Focal-Loss[14]会增加困难样本的分类权重,降低简单样本的权重,让模型在训练过程中更多关注困难样本,即故障类别数据比较少的类型,从而完成一个更好的故障训练。
式中:pt表示预测类别的概率;α表示平衡焦距损失是从类别权重调节设置的,α∈(0,1);γ为调制因子,表示难度权重调节,γ∈(0,5),γ为2的效果最佳[14]。
图2和图3(曲线颜色标识见电子版)分别为不同γ取值和α取值对损失函数的影响,由图2可知,增加γ会不断增加负样本的损失函数的值。由图3可知,增加α会不断降低负样本的损失函数的值。
鲸鱼算法(WOA)是MIRJALILI等[15]于2016年提出的一种进化智能算法,相比于其他智能算法,具有求解流程简单、参数少等优点,已广泛应用在工程优化领域,但还面临着较差的局部和全局搜索能力、二者的不平衡和种群多样性低等问题,本文采用池化机制、迁移搜索策略、优先选择搜索策略、包围搜索策略等4种策略[16]对鲸鱼算法进行改进,并提出一种改进的鲸鱼算法(IWOA)。
池化机制是一种交叉运算准则,通过将当代种群中最好的解和最差的解聚合在一起,每当完成池达到设置比列的容量时,就会由新的解替换当前完成池的解,具体计算公式如下:
假设给定的资源池为(P1,P2,…,Pk),其中Pi=(Pi,1,Pi,2,…,Pi,D)表示第i代第P个鲸鱼个体,向量维度为D,每一代结束前用公式(2)产生的,在这个公式(2)中,是第t代中最差的解,使用公式(5)计算第t代中最佳头鲸的邻域内产生一个随机位置,是一个二元[0,1]向量,和对应位置非0即1。
此搜索策略使用公式(3)随机分离鲸群的一部分,用于探索未知的空间,从而覆盖未访问的区域并改善探索。此外,分离的鲸群在一定程度上会增加整个种群的多样性,从而避免陷入局部最优解的状态,具体计算公式如下:
式中:表示第t+1代中第i个鲸鱼的位置;为搜索空间中的任意一个位置;δmax和δmin分别为搜索空间上界、下界构成的向量;δbest_max和δbest_min分别为第t代最优个体的上界和下界;为头鲸附近的随机位置;rand为0到1的随机数。
此策略可以提升鲸群探索最佳值的能力,计算公式见式(6),其中,和是第t代中随机从资源池中挑选出来的个体;ITmax为最大迭代次数;为系数变量。由公式(7)定义,由公式(8)和公式(9)联合定义。
此策略呈现了头鲸在识别和包围猎物的状态,其中新的位置由公式(10)给出,扰动因子D′t由公式(11)给出,是从池化机制的资源池中随机选择的个体。
利用Focal-Loss替换交叉熵损失函数,由于LightGBM超参数[17]很多,存在很大的不确定性,为了提高诊断精度,本文采用IWOA对LightGBM的超参数进行优化,从而得到泛化性更强的故障诊断模型,具体的超参数信息见表1。
基于IWOA-LightGBM的故障诊断流程如图4所示,具体步骤如下:
(1)输入带有标签诊断的数据集,以RF为基学习器,采用递归特征消除法和交叉验证对特征进行提取;
(2)将Focal-Loss写入LightGBM模型,并初始化IWOA和LightGBM的基本参数;
(3)采用LightGBM模型对样本训练集进行5折交叉验证,将准确率、F1分数等分类指标依次作为适应度函数,计算每个鲸体的适应度;
(4)对适应度进行降序排列,找出适应度最大的个体位置并记为最优个体(最佳的超参数组合),记录最佳适应度值;
(5)按照公式(2)、公式(3)、公式(6)、公式(10)对每个鲸鱼个体的位置进行更新;
(6)重新计算更新后的鲸鱼个体适应度,与上一代的最佳适应度进行比较,从而更新最优鲸鱼的位置和适应度;
(7)判断是否满足终止条件,若不满足则返回步骤(4),否则输出最优的超参数组合,寻优结束;
(8)训练结束之后,将训练好的模型代入测试集中,从而输出最终的诊断结果。
为了测试IWOA-LightGBM诊断模型的性能,本文以WP12G460E310发动机为研究对象,借助潍柴智多星路谱监测装置采集了260组19维的故障数据,并在Python 3.9环境下进行多次仿真试验,验证本文方法应用于矿用挖掘机发动机故障诊断的可行性。
由于矿山作业环境的特殊性,矿用挖掘机发动机的故障类型主要为管道堵塞及滤芯等。本文采集了7种常见故障类型数据,分别为高压油泵故障、进气管路堵塞、增压器故障、空滤堵塞、中冷器故障、风扇故障、油门踏板故障,编号分别为1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7(发动机正常用编号0表示)。将数据按照7:3的比例划分为训练集和测试集,不均衡故障数据集见表2。并采用5倍交叉验证的方法对训练集进行训练。为了更好地衡量分类器的性能,本文不仅考虑到精确率,还考虑了F1分数、AUC,F1分数是考虑到召回率和精确率的综合性指标,而AUC是ROC曲线下的面积,上述指标的值越大,表示模型的性能越好,具体的计算公式如下:
式中:TP表示将故障样本正确预测成故障样本的个数;FP表示将正常样本错误预测成故障样本的个数;TN表示将故障样本错误预测成正常样本的个数;FN表示将正常样本正确预测成正常样本的个数;P和R分别表示精确率和召回率;A表示准确率。
由于采取的故障数据的特征为19维特征,为了合理地降维抓取重要信息以及加快模型的训练速度,采用RFECV算法对特征进行提取,选取重要的特征子集,故障特征个数和准确率之间的关系如图5所示。
由图5可知,当特征个数约为12时,诊断的准确率最高,此时对应的RFECV选择的特征重要性排序见表3。
为了验证用IWOA对LightGBM改进优化的有效性,将总体样本按照留一法划分为70%的训练集和30%的测试集,采取 5 折交叉验证法训练70%的训练集,30%的数据用来验证,并将诊断结果与常用的集成树模型算法XGBoost、CatBoost、Random Forest(RF) 进行对比,诊断结果见表4和图6至图9。
由表4可知,IWOA-LightGBM模型整体的准确率和F1分数最高,说明用IWOA优化改进LightGBM具有一定的有效性。
由图6可知,IWOA-LightGBM对油门踏板故障和进气管堵塞的诊断准确率虽未达到100%,但识别准确率均在90%以上,此外对其他故障的识别准确率均能达到100%。由图7可知,IWOA-XGBoost对空滤堵塞的诊断准确率达到了100%,并且对正常状态和油门踏板故障的诊断准确率有一定提升,但在进气管路堵塞、增压器故障和中冷器故障的识别上存在一些偏差。从图8和图9中可以看出,IWOA-CatBoost和IWOA-RF针对所有故障的诊断准确率均未达到100%,尤其对正常状态和油门踏板故障的诊断识别能力较弱。
超参数调优是优化模型的重要步骤,目前关于机器学习的超参数调优方法大致分为3种[18],具体包括暴力搜索法、贝叶斯优化、元启发式算法。当面对参数众多且取值范围较大的情况时,暴力搜索法效率低下,此时随机搜索为更优选择。贝叶斯优化中使用最广的是以树结构(TPE)为代理模型的优化模型;而元启发式算法以遗传、粒子群等种群算法对超参数进行寻优。为了验证本文改进鲸鱼算法的超参数寻优方式,选取随机搜索(RD)、基于TPE的贝叶斯优化的调参框架进行对比,此外还与在诊断领域常用的支持向量机(SVM)和BP神经网络进行了对比。表5为每个模型在测试样本中对各故障类型诊断的准确率,表6为5种模型的诊断性能的对比结果。
由表5可知,相比于其他4种模型,IWOA-LightGBM具有更高的平均识别准确率,除了在中冷器故障和油门踏板故障表现不佳,其余故障类型都能达到100%的准确率。特别是在风扇故障、正常状态中,其他模型的准确率均在80%~90%,而IWOA-LightGBM均能达到100%的准确率。
由表6可知,IWOA-LightGBM故障诊断模型在所选的5个评估指标性能上均优于其他模型,相比于表现较好的TPE-LightGBM和BP模型,诊断预测性能明显提升。因此,本文提出的IWOA-LightGBM故障诊断模型在多分类、不均衡故障样本诊断方面获得了不错的效果,既能够增强矿用挖掘机的发动机诊断模型的容错能力,又能提升效率和降低成本。
本文针对矿用挖掘机的发动机实际故障数据较少且类别不均衡,导致故障诊断精度不高的问题,通过对LightGBM损失函数和鲸鱼算法进行改进,提出了基于IWOA-LightGBM的挖掘机发动机智能故障诊断方法,得出的主要结论如下。
(1)利用RFECV算法对发动机故障数据进行特征提取,特征维度的减少可以有效缩短训练时间,并提升诊断精度。
(2)利用改进的损失函数(Focal-Loss)和鲸鱼算法对LightGBM超参数寻优,提高了LightGBM的诊断能力,从而降低了因类别不均衡对诊断精度的影响。
(3)本文提出的矿用挖掘机发动机故障诊断模型IWOA-LightGBM的诊断准确率高达98.08%,其故障诊断准确率和诊断精度均优于常用的故障诊断模型RD-LightGBM、TPE-LightGBM、SVM、BP,本文的模型具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52074205; 52374135)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-29
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52074205; 52374135)
作者信息
    1.西安建筑科技大学 管理学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2.西安市智慧工业感知、计算与决策重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    3.西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055

通讯作者:

白书宇(1999—),男,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山设备故障诊断研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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