Article(id=1322161939157995722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157570876, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157570876, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157570876, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157570876, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=158, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161939539677388, articleId=1322161939157995722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Analysis of Stability of Whole Machine and Dynamic Simulation of Walking Mechanism of Mine Unanchoring Robot, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the working condition, structure composition and working principle of the mine unanchoring robot, the whole machine model was established by using the three-dimensional software SolidWorks, and the variation law of the center of gravity position of the whole machine and the anchor-breaking manipulator in different postures and the dynamic characteristics of the crawler walking system were analyzed. The results show that under ideal conditions, the maximum lateral slope angle that can meet the normal operation of the unanchoring robot is 10°. Under the forward and turning conditions, the force between the crawler board and the driving sprocket during the movement of the mine unanchoring robot is very similar in the vertical, longitudinal and horizontal directions. The force in the Y direction is approximately sinusoidal, and the force in the Z direction is almost fluctuating near zero. The numerical comparison shows that the force on the crawler board when turning is 2-3 times of that when forward, so the crawler board is more likely to be damaged when turning, and its maximum bearing capacity should be fully considered in the design and strength check. The research results can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the research and development of mine unanchoring robot.

, authors=Qingyu KONG1, 2, Yongan LI1, 3, Xipeng GU2, 4, Jiahao LI1, Jianping ZHOU2, 4, Hongwei WANG1, 3, authorsList=Qingyu KONG, Yongan LI, Xipeng GU, Jiahao LI, Jianping ZHOU, Hongwei WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161946451890424, articleId=1322161939157995722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=矿用退锚机器人整机稳定性及行走机构动力学仿真分析, columnId=1226462295946085268, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山机电与矿业智能化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于矿用退锚机器人的使用工况、结构组成与工作原理,利用三维软件SolidWorks建立了整机模型,分析整机及破锚机械臂在不同位姿下的整车重心位置变化规律及履带行走系统的动力学特性。结果表明:在理想状态下,能满足退锚机器人正常作业的最大横向坡角为10°;在前进和转弯工况下,矿用退锚机器人运动过程中的履带板与驱动链轮之间的作用力在垂向、纵向和横向3个方向的变化规律十分相似,Y方向上作用力近似呈正弦曲线变化,Z方向上的作用力几乎在零值附近波动;数值对比发现,履带板转弯时所受到的力是前进时的2~3倍,因此履带板转弯时更容易发生损坏,在设计与强度校核时应充分考虑其最大承载能力。研究成果可为矿用退锚机器人研发提供理论依据和技术支持。

, authors=孔庆宇1, 2, 李永安1, 3, 顾喜鹏2, 4, 李佳浩1, 周建平2, 4, 王宏伟1, 3, authorsList=孔庆宇, 李永安, 顾喜鹏, 李佳浩, 周建平, 王宏伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李永安, authorNote=

孔庆宇(1977—),男,山西汾阳人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为煤矿机电设备智能化。E-mail:

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李永安(1984—),男,陕西杨凌人,博士研究生,副研究员,研究方向为煤矿智能掘支运装备电液控制技术。E-mail:
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孔庆宇(1977—),男,山西汾阳人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为煤矿机电设备智能化。E-mail:

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孔庆宇(1977—),男,山西汾阳人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为煤矿机电设备智能化。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=F0LIfQMmYNCQJvRh9NicLQ==, figureFileBig=vU06JgsWUhIr2UQSl5V+3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162762948662093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=CN, label=图1, caption=矿用退锚机器人组成, figureFileSmall=F0LIfQMmYNCQJvRh9NicLQ==, figureFileBig=vU06JgsWUhIr2UQSl5V+3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162763342926670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Simplified model of walking mechanism (cross-section), figureFileSmall=svGqVXePEHTOiLex/SCbOg==, figureFileBig=r51BEZ9wCP6d78ndIYH9Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162763678470991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=CN, label=图2, caption=行走机构简化后的模型(剖面图), figureFileSmall=svGqVXePEHTOiLex/SCbOg==, figureFileBig=r51BEZ9wCP6d78ndIYH9Hg==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=CN, label=图4, caption=退锚机器人动力学仿真模型, figureFileSmall=2Z23OB5wKU113PvIaBE+IQ==, figureFileBig=kvyP0Yj8EfYRY/7OnOWIOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162764248896341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The position change of center of gravity of the whole machine, figureFileSmall=ThTERvIKaEUGidIgOyc0wQ==, figureFileBig=J83La+zSQphnmceRHZssGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162764316005206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=CN, label=图5, caption=整机重心位置变化, figureFileSmall=ThTERvIKaEUGidIgOyc0wQ==, figureFileBig=J83La+zSQphnmceRHZssGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162764534109016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The change of the center of gravity of the whole machine on the robot, figureFileSmall=IvH3Lul+SrKIWocTE61/Cg==, figureFileBig=3OBSusEYU0Ts9ZIU44Mmkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162764613800793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=CN, label=图6, caption=整机重心在机器人上的变化, figureFileSmall=IvH3Lul+SrKIWocTE61/Cg==, figureFileBig=3OBSusEYU0Ts9ZIU44Mmkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162764907402074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Speed curves of centric of drive wheels, figureFileSmall=cqeLSp/274IkhjdqL138sA==, figureFileBig=SU0WZI78YcucLphMdqQmEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162766522209115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=CN, label=图7, caption=驱动轮质心速度曲线, figureFileSmall=cqeLSp/274IkhjdqL138sA==, figureFileBig=SU0WZI78YcucLphMdqQmEw==, tableContent=null), 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162768258650985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pavement material parameters

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密度/(kg/mm3)杨氏模量/(N/mm2)泊松比
2.0E-062.0E+040.167
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路面材料参数

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密度/(kg/mm3)杨氏模量/(N/mm2)泊松比
2.0E-062.0E+040.167
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Contact force parameters between components

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部件刚度/(N/mm)阻尼/(Ns/mm)压力指数穿透深度/mm静摩擦因数动摩擦因数摩擦速度/(mm/s)
驱动轮、导向轮、承重轮与履带板1.0E+051.0E+031.510.150.11.0
底盘机架与履带板1.0E+051.0E+031.510.350.31.0
地面与履带板1.0E+051.0E+032.210.730.71.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322162768673887084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各零部件之间的接触力参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件刚度/(N/mm)阻尼/(Ns/mm)压力指数穿透深度/mm静摩擦因数动摩擦因数摩擦速度/(mm/s)
驱动轮、导向轮、承重轮与履带板1.0E+051.0E+031.510.150.11.0
底盘机架与履带板1.0E+051.0E+031.510.350.31.0
地面与履带板1.0E+051.0E+032.210.730.71.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322162768732607341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Self-weight and centroid coordinates of each component

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部件质量/kg重心(X、Y、Z)坐标/mm
底盘机架1 988.270(74,625,259)
机械臂大臂350.984(1 204,807,300)
一级伸缩臂59.492(1 520,1 456,300)
二级伸缩臂38.276(1 586,1 387,300)
三级伸缩臂40.939(1 676,1 136,300)
摆臂油缸59.793(1 882,556,300)
破锚器467.216(2 123,269,300)
), ArticleFig(id=1322162768812299118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各部件自重及重心坐标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件质量/kg重心(X、Y、Z)坐标/mm
底盘机架1 988.270(74,625,259)
机械臂大臂350.984(1 204,807,300)
一级伸缩臂59.492(1 520,1 456,300)
二级伸缩臂38.276(1 586,1 387,300)
三级伸缩臂40.939(1 676,1 136,300)
摆臂油缸59.793(1 882,556,300)
破锚器467.216(2 123,269,300)
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矿用退锚机器人整机稳定性及行走机构动力学仿真分析
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孔庆宇 1, 2 , 李永安 1, 3 , 顾喜鹏 2, 4 , 李佳浩 1 , 周建平 2, 4 , 王宏伟 1, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025,45(9): 158-166
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山机电与矿业智能化 2025 , 45 (9) : 158 -166
矿用退锚机器人整机稳定性及行走机构动力学仿真分析
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[Author(id=1322162746045616923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1447842319@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322162746137891614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, authorId=1322162746045616923, language=EN, stringName=Qingyu KONG, firstName=Qingyu, middleName=null, lastName=KONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
2.Shanxi Wangjialing Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Xinzhou, Shanxi 036600, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322162746515378975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161939157995722, authorId=1322162746045616923, language=CN, stringName=孔庆宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.太原理工大学 机械与运载工程学院,山西 太原 030024
2.山西王家岭煤业有限公司,山西 忻州市 036600, bio={"content":"

孔庆宇(1977—),男,山西汾阳人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为煤矿机电设备智能化。E-mail:

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孔庆宇(1977—),男,山西汾阳人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为煤矿机电设备智能化。E-mail:

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孔庆宇1, 2 , 李永安1, 3 , 顾喜鹏2, 4, 李佳浩1, 周建平2, 4, 王宏伟1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.太原理工大学 机械与运载工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.山西王家岭煤业有限公司,山西 忻州市 036600
  • 3.新疆智能装备研究院,新疆 阿克苏地区 843000
  • 4.太原理工大学 安全与应急管理工程学院,山西 太原 030024
通讯作者:
李永安(1984—),男,陕西杨凌人,博士研究生,副研究员,研究方向为煤矿智能掘支运装备电液控制技术。E-mail:
作者简介:

孔庆宇(1977—),男,山西汾阳人,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向为煤矿机电设备智能化。E-mail:

Analysis of Stability of Whole Machine and Dynamic Simulation of Walking Mechanism of Mine Unanchoring Robot
Qingyu KONG1, 2 , Yongan LI1, 3 , Xipeng GU2, 4, Jiahao LI1, Jianping ZHOU2, 4, Hongwei WANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 2.Shanxi Wangjialing Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Xinzhou, Shanxi 036600, China
  • 3.Xinjiang Intelligent Equipment Research Institude, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang 843000, China
  • 4.School of Safety and Emergency Management Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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基于矿用退锚机器人的使用工况、结构组成与工作原理,利用三维软件SolidWorks建立了整机模型,分析整机及破锚机械臂在不同位姿下的整车重心位置变化规律及履带行走系统的动力学特性。结果表明:在理想状态下,能满足退锚机器人正常作业的最大横向坡角为10°;在前进和转弯工况下,矿用退锚机器人运动过程中的履带板与驱动链轮之间的作用力在垂向、纵向和横向3个方向的变化规律十分相似,Y方向上作用力近似呈正弦曲线变化,Z方向上的作用力几乎在零值附近波动;数值对比发现,履带板转弯时所受到的力是前进时的2~3倍,因此履带板转弯时更容易发生损坏,在设计与强度校核时应充分考虑其最大承载能力。研究成果可为矿用退锚机器人研发提供理论依据和技术支持。

矿用退锚机器人  /  履带行走机构  /  整机稳定性  /  动力学特性

Based on the working condition, structure composition and working principle of the mine unanchoring robot, the whole machine model was established by using the three-dimensional software SolidWorks, and the variation law of the center of gravity position of the whole machine and the anchor-breaking manipulator in different postures and the dynamic characteristics of the crawler walking system were analyzed. The results show that under ideal conditions, the maximum lateral slope angle that can meet the normal operation of the unanchoring robot is 10°. Under the forward and turning conditions, the force between the crawler board and the driving sprocket during the movement of the mine unanchoring robot is very similar in the vertical, longitudinal and horizontal directions. The force in the Y direction is approximately sinusoidal, and the force in the Z direction is almost fluctuating near zero. The numerical comparison shows that the force on the crawler board when turning is 2-3 times of that when forward, so the crawler board is more likely to be damaged when turning, and its maximum bearing capacity should be fully considered in the design and strength check. The research results can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the research and development of mine unanchoring robot.

Mine unanchoring robot  /  Crawler walking mechanism  /  Stability of whole machine  /  Dynamic characteristy
孔庆宇, 李永安, 顾喜鹏, 李佳浩, 周建平, 王宏伟. 矿用退锚机器人整机稳定性及行走机构动力学仿真分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 158 -166 .
Qingyu KONG, Yongan LI, Xipeng GU, Jiahao LI, Jianping ZHOU, Hongwei WANG. Analysis of Stability of Whole Machine and Dynamic Simulation of Walking Mechanism of Mine Unanchoring Robot[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 158 -166 .
在矿山开采过程中,锚索广泛用于支撑矿井和巷道,以防止塌方和保持结构稳定。然而,当矿井某一区域的开采结束或者锚索失效时,这些锚索需要及时拆除以避免对后续施工或采矿活动造成安全隐患[1]。退锚工序是煤矿综采工作面回采过程中的重要环节,传统技术中煤矿井下顶板退锚作业多由人工手持退锚器来完成,存在退锚作业效率低、安全性能差、作业人员数量多等问题,严重制约了煤矿减人提效战略工程的实施及煤矿现代化建设。因此,如何实现煤矿井下巷道自动退锚作业、提高退锚作业工作效率、减少退锚作业所需人员数量、降低退锚作业安全风险是智能综采工作面辅助作业智能化亟需解决的问题。2024年4月,国家矿山安监局等七部委联合印发《关于深入推进矿山智能化建设促进矿山安全发展的指导意见》,明确提出“发布《矿山机器人重点研发目录》,鼓励有条件的地区构建完整产业链,填补各类矿山机器人研发应用空白”。目前,国内大部分研究主要集中于现有手持式退锚器的结构改进上,“一种矿用退锚车”专利的提出,使退锚不再需要人工现场近距离控制,也可以在更远距离遥控操作,避免人身受到安全威胁,降低劳动强度[2],经现场应用表明,该设备减人提效作用显著,较传统退锚作业工艺减少了2人/班。使用退锚机可以安全、快速、有效地移除锚索,减少工人在危险环境中的暴露时间,保障矿山安全[3]。然而,国内外针对退锚机器人及其设计理论的研究较少,整机重心位置参数及行走动力学特性是履带式移动设备的关键设计参数,重心位置参数不仅影响整机的稳定性、驱动系统的动力参数精确匹配,甚至关系到行走系统是否可以正常工作。本研究针对退锚机器人窄机身、大作业半径的技术难点,探讨退锚机器人破锚机械臂在不同位姿下整车重心位置变化规律及履带行走系统的动力学特性。研究结果可为整机结构设计、行走驱动系统的精确设计提供参考。
矿用退锚机器人由液压系统、底盘、电气系统、退锚机械臂、感知系统组成,破锚器安装在机械臂末端,结构如图1所示。底盘包括履带架、液压驱动部分、减速器、驱动链轮、导向轮、承重轮、托链板和履带。当车辆直线行驶时,动力系统带动液压泵工作,经液压马达和减速箱将动力传递至驱动链轮,使其旋转运动,从而带动履带板一起运动,克服来自地面的摩擦阻力,使车辆前进或者后退。当车辆需要转向时,通过改变左右两侧驱动轮的转速差来实现。
退锚机器人利用其搭载的激光雷达和深度摄像机检测周围环境,然后基于收集到的信息,选择最优移动路径前往退锚工作点。在到达目标位置后,使用五自由度机械臂控制末端破锚器对准锚索锁具后剖切锁具。
随着计算机仿真技术和建模、仿真等软件的不断发展和成熟,履带行走机构的动力学仿真与履带车辆整机稳定性研究取得了显著进展。学者们通过建立合理的三维模型,结合仿真软件进行动力学仿真分析,可以模拟机器人的行走过程[4-7]。
进行仿真分析的虚拟样机模型可以通过以下两种方式获得:一种是利用成熟的三维软件(例如SolidWorks、CATIA、UG等)进行参数化建模;另一种是在ADAMS中凭借软件自带的建模模块得到样机模型。前者的优势在于其可以清晰明了的表现零部件之间复杂的结构及位置关系,仿真时给予合适的参数可以较为准确地反映真实工况,但其计算周期较长;后者由于所能搭建的模型较为简单,建模周期短,仿真效率高,但其缺点是结果与实际情况差距较大。
仿真软件在进行仿真分析前,通常会对模型进行简化[8],主要有以下原因。
(1)提高计算效率。减少计算量,提高计算效率,加快仿真分析速度。
(2)避免计算误差。去除模型中不必要的复杂因素,降低计算误差的可能性。
(3)便于理解及优化模型。可以帮助学者更快速地理解模型的行为和仿真结果,提出更加合理的设计方案,提高产品性能。
对于结构较为复杂的行走机构而言,参数化建模对于本文研究的可行性更高。因此,本文根据底盘的设计参数与简化原则,在不影响行走机构实际工作情况的前提下,简化各履带板之间的销轴、轴套、螺栓等,然后简化履带架的复杂内部结构,忽略张紧力的影响,直接将驱动链轮、导向轮、承重轮与履带架连接,简化底盘的传动系统,最后把履带架看做是整车的唯一承重单元。简化后的模型如图2所示。
将简化后的模型通过软件互联的接口导入到ADAMS中,具体流程如图3所示[9]。
第一,修改各个零部件的名称与颜色,方便后续利用宏命令施加约束条件与接触;第二,修改行走机构各金属部件的材料属性为steel;第三,为了使模拟结果更真实准确,地面的参数要尽可能地贴近实际情况。由于在ADAMS材料库中没有找到合适的路面材料,需要新建一个材料,命名为.material.road,路面的材料参数见表1,之后用固定副将其与大地固定。
在各零部件之间添加约束关系,驱动链轮、导向轮、承重轮与履带架之间的运动可以视为旋转运动,逐个添加旋转副,旋转中心为各轮的质心位置;各履带板之间的运动也是旋转运动,此时可运用宏命令快速添加,为了防止出现过约束的情况,将其中任意两个铰链副修改为点点副和圆柱副[10];最后,在履带架与地面之间添加移动副,模拟整车在路面上正常行驶。
底盘在行驶的过程中,不仅要承受自身各零部件的重量,还需承受来自车辆外部的压力等,为了能准确真实地模拟工作状态,在ADAMS/View中设置垂直于地面向下的重力加速度g,外部的压力G以集中力的形式均匀分成三份,分别加载在底盘机架的质心位置和两个标记点处(关于质心对称)。
除上述步骤之外,还需在相互接触的零件之间设置接触力。根据实际接触情况,采用冲击函数法模拟零件间的碰撞,履带板与地面摩擦力用库伦法添加。各部件之间的刚度、阻尼等参数见表2。
在以往学者的研究基础上[11-12],对接触力宏命令加以修改,可应用于本文的仿真试验。
完成上述步骤后,退锚机器人行走机构虚拟样机搭建成功,开始进行仿真试验。
在机器人实际剖切锚索锁具作业中,五自由度机械臂及末端破锚器以外的部件之间没有发生相对运动。因此,将复杂的行走机构视为一个整体。此外,本研究只考虑机器人在退锚作业中的稳定性问题,故忽略机械臂末端破锚器的具体运动细节,将其视为一个部件,这样在后期的仿真计算中可以减少计算量,缩短仿真计算的时间。建立的退锚机器人动力学仿真模型如图4所示。
给退锚机器人动力学模型的各部件添加运动副,包括底盘机架与地面之间的固定副,退锚机械臂大臂与底盘机架之间的旋转副,一级伸缩臂与大臂之间的旋转副,二级伸缩臂与一级伸缩臂、三级伸缩臂与二级伸缩臂之间的平移副,摆臂油缸与伸缩臂之间的旋转副,破锚器与摆臂油缸之间的旋转副。
在运动学仿真软件中,使用单纯赋予零部件材料属性的方式难以准确还原机器人的真实重量,故采用用户定义质量与质心的方式来完美还原整机各部件的自重,此方法可避免因模型简化造成的自重减轻,影响仿真结果的准确度。各部件自重与质心坐标在三维软件SolidWorks中获得,具体参数见表3。
ADAMS/View模块没有直接显示整机重心位置变化的功能,需要新建一个请求,调用ADAMS/Car模块中内置的Request 908子程序,该程序通常用于获取运动系统的一些特定信息,如质心、质量等物理量[13]。通过设置origin1.adams_id作为参考坐标系ID,子程序将返回整机的重心坐标(X、Y、Z)及质量。这些值会分配到请求的特定通道(如2, 3,4, 6通道),未分配的通道可用“”表示空白。最后,可在后处理界面查看结果。
在退锚机器人各部件之间的运动副上添加相应的驱动函数,驱动函数使用可以避免运动突变的STEP函数。设置一级伸缩臂与大臂之间的驱动函数为STEP(TIME,0,0,2,110D),类型选择位移,表示0~2 s内转动110°,其他驱动函数以此类推,可以模拟机器人运动到目标位置后,作业装置完全展开并到达退锚点的过程。仿真试验结束后进入后处理模块查看结果,得到退锚机器人位姿变化过程中整机重心的X、Y、Z坐标,如图5所示。
由图5可知,0.5~1.5 s内,大臂向左旋转90°,整机重心向右后方移动,坐标由(642 mm, 618 mm, 300 mm)变为(550 mm, 618 mm, 392 mm);2~6 s内,机械臂完成展开动作,重心上升,完全展开时坐标为(550 mm, 1 056 mm, 490 mm),期间达到Y方向和Z方向最大值;6~7 s,破锚器旋转到指定位置开始作业,重心变化在Z轴方向上有略微变化,7~8 s,大臂向右旋转90°,至退锚机器人正前方,此时坐标为(752 mm, 1 038 mm, 300 mm)。
将仿真得到的整机重心变化范围与机器人模型相结合,可得到整机重心在机器人上的变化情况,如图6所示,图中阴影区域为机器人整机位姿变化过程中重心的变化范围。图6(a)为侧视图上重心在机器人上的变化,利用几何关系可以计算出重心位置相对于履带与地面接触区域的最小角度为23°,即失稳角。故可以判断出,理想状态下,能满足退锚机器人正常作业的最大纵向坡角为23°。图6(b)为俯视图上重心在机器人上的变化,根据相关行业规定,在各种工作状态下,整机重心必须保持在支撑面的投影范围内,尤其是在臂架伸展或回转时,必须确保重心不会超出支撑面,以防止倾覆。此外,通过几何关系可以看出,重心位置相对于左右两侧履带形成的最小角度为10°,故可以判断出,理想状态下,能满足退锚机器人正常作业的最大横向坡角为10°。
(1)履带宽度b。
式中,G为整机质量,取3 t,则b为271~298 mm,考虑接地比压过小浪费材料以及机身宽度受限等因素,取b=230 mm。
(2)左右履带中心距B。
已知机身宽度为800 mm,履带宽度为230 mm,则履带中心距B为570 mm。
单侧履带接地长度L为:
式中,取L为1 200 mm。
(3)接地比压。
履带接地比压与整机质量、履带宽度和接地长度有关,可通过式(3)求得。
式中:p为接地比压,kPa;g为重力加速度,取值9.8 m/s2。代入式(3)可得出接地比压p为53.216 kPa,满足履带行走机构接地比压的取值一般不超过137 kPa的要求。
(4) 牵引力计算。
退锚机器人在转弯时受到的阻力最大,根据牛顿第三定律可得单侧牵引力计算公式:
式中:F1为单侧履带所需牵引力,kN;G1为单侧履带所承受的质量,G1=2.0 t;f为滚动阻力系数,取0.1;μ为转向阻力系数,取值0.9;n为整机重心与履带行走机构接地形心之间的距离,n=0.3 m。代入式(4)可得单侧牵引力F1=7.182 kN。
单侧履带行走机构输入功率P1为:
式中:v为行驶速度,取20 m/min;η1为减速器传动效率,取0.75;η2为履带链传动效率,取0.75。代入式(5)可得单侧履带行走机构输入功率P1=4.256 kW。
设置整体仿真环境的单位为MMKS,求解器为GSTIFF,格式为SI2,校正为modify,误差为0.1,这些参数的修改既保证了试验结果的准确性与可信度,又减少了仿真所需要的时间。
在驱动链轮上施加一个旋转驱动,作用位置在驱动轮与履带架的旋转副上,设置函数(时间)为STEP(TIME, 0.1, 0,0.3,-102D),表示驱动轮在0~0.1 s内不发生运动,在0.1~0.3 s内速度匀速上升至102 °/s,类型选择速度。选择终止时间为8 s,步数为800步,分析类型为Dynamics,这样能满足至少一个履带板完成整个啮合周期,仿真试验结束后进入后处理模块查看结果,得到驱动轮质心曲线如图7所示。
从图7可以看出,稳定后驱动轮的速度维持在334 mm/s附近,表示仿真结果能达到初始设定条件。图8为左右驱动轮力矩曲线,由图8可知,左右驱动轮扭矩变化基本一致。在0~0.1 s时,扭矩会有较大突变,这是因为0.1 s前驱动轮未发生转动,整车在重力作用下开始与地面接触并相互作用,地面对驱动轮会有一定的冲击,从曲线上来看就是一段不规律的波动,图7(a)也反映了此现象,这部分的突变对之后的动力学仿真并无影响,可忽略不计。0.1~0.3 s,驱动轮开始转动并达到速度最大值,由于启动惯性冲击,这个时间段出现峰值,为1 250 N·m。1~8 s,整车开始稳定前进,力矩图表现出有规律的波动,左右驱动轮扭矩保持在0~500 N·m之间,这是由于各块履带板和驱动轮不间断地啮合进入和退出,引起驱动轮扭矩出现周期性的小波动。
图9为驱动轮与履带板之间的啮合力曲线,啮合时间为0.8~5.8 s,单个履带板与驱动轮啮合周期T约为5 s。
图9(a)为驱动轮与履带板1之间的作用力,由图9(a)可知,X方向作用力基本处在负值区间,这是因为履带板整个啮合周期都处在驱动轮质心左侧,0.8 s时履带板1开始与驱动轮啮合,作用力开始增大,到1.7 s时完全啮合,作用力达到最大,为1 300 N;随着后续履带板的不断进入,作用力开始减小,直到4 s时减小至0 N,此时履带板1处在与驱动轮质心水平的位置,而后继续与驱动轮接触,直到5.8 s时退出啮合,作用力恢复为零,同时在退出啮合前,出现了较大的冲击。Y方向作用力刚开始沿Y轴负向并不断上升,1 s时达到峰值455 N,此时履带板位于驱动轮质心竖直方向,随着轮动轮不断运动,作用力逐步减小至零后,开始向Y轴正向增大至最大值350 N,此时履带板与驱动轮质心处于同一水平面,同样在退出啮合前,Y方向也出现较大的冲击,整体上Y方向作用力可近似看成正弦分布。Z方向作用力曲线几乎在零刻度线附近上下浮动,可忽略,这是因为履带板在横向几乎没有发生相对位移,这与实际工作情况相吻合[14]。
图9(b)和图9(c)分别为驱动轮与履带板1,2,3,4之间在X方向和Y方向上的作用力曲线。由图9(b)和图9(c)可知,履带板1,2,3,4与驱动轮之间的相互作用力变化趋势相似,只是开始时间和结束时间不同,存在一定的相位差,这是因为各个履带板和驱动轮相对位置不同,导致接触先后有差距。连续两个履带板与驱动轮之间的作用力曲线相差约四分之一个周期。这是因为当前一个阶段的履带板达到最大接触力时,下一个阶段的履带板刚好开始进入啮合状态,并开始分担整体驱动力的一部分。
履带式底盘车辆的转弯方式大致可以分为两种[15],一种是原地转向,另一种是差速转向。原地转向的原理是左右两个履带等速且相反的转动,使车辆实现原地旋转。旋转轴位于车体中心,但是原地转向模式对于车辆底盘的设计要求极高,同时故障率也高,因此,并没有在工程机械领域大范围推广。相反,差速转向的原理是左右两个履带以不同的速度向同一个方向转动,最常见的情况是一侧履带转速低或者完全不转动,另外一侧履带转动速度高。本文模拟的转向工况便是上述提到的差速转向,设置右侧驱动链轮的函数(时间)为STEP(TIME, 0.1, 0, 0.3, -102D),左侧为0*time,其他参数与前进工况一致。得到转弯时右侧驱动链轮的扭矩变化如图10所示。
由图10可知,从0.3 s后,扭矩开始出现周期性变化,在0~1 000 N·m之间来回波动,周期T约为0.7 s。探其原因发现,在履带板与驱动链轮接触的期间,履带板会将地面的作用力传递至驱动轮,这些力包括转向阻力、滚动摩擦力以及地面的激励反馈等,这些作用力导致驱动力矩按一定周期上下波动。此外,驱动链轮的扭矩平均值为340 N·m,稳定后峰值扭矩为1 575 N·m。
图11(a)为右侧驱动轮与履带板之间的作用力曲线。从图11(a)中可以看出,当履带板在Y轴上的力从零增大到负向最大时,X轴向的力仍在不断上升,当X方向上的力达到峰值时,Y方向上的力还未减小至零,两个方向上的力存在一定的时间差,这符合链条传动的一般规律。两个方向上的峰值变化也有相似的规律,都是达到前一个峰值的时间短于后面峰值,且前一个峰值要明显高于后面的峰值,这是因为履带底盘的驱动轮一般布置在后面,履带与驱动链轮的啮合是从紧边到松边的过程[16]。
图11(b)和图11(c)分别为驱动轮与履带板1,2,3,4之间在X方向和Y方向的作用力。可以看出,矿用退锚机器人在进行转弯时,在X方向和Y方向上的受力规律与前进时相同。相邻两个履带板与驱动轮啮合的时间相差0.7 s,与驱动轮扭矩变化周期一致,这与驱动链轮节距相关。
图12为两种工况下履带板1的受力情况,由图12可知,两种工况下力的峰值均出现在1.4 s左右,前进时的峰值为1 350 N,转弯时的峰值为4 500 N,能够看出转弯时所受到的力大约是前进时的2~3倍,因此,履带板在转弯时更容易发生损坏,在设计与强度校核时应充分考虑其最大承载能力。
本文根据矿用退锚机器人的整机参数,设计了履带行走机构,通过三维软件SolidWorks将矿用退锚机器人结构简化,在ADAMS/View中建立了虚拟样机,根据场地实际使用情况,设置了前进和转弯两种常见的工况,分析了其在实际工作中整机的稳定性,并调整了相关参数,完成了对虚拟样机的动力学与运动学仿真分析。得到如下主要结论。
(1)退锚机器人整机重心位置不仅是履带行走机构设计的关键参数,更是影响整机稳定性的重要因素,在理想状态下,能满足退锚机器人正常作业的最大横向坡角为10°。
(2)矿用退锚机器人履带行走机构无论是在前进工况还是转弯工况,其运动过程中履带板与驱动链轮之间的作用力在垂向、纵向和横向3个方向的变化规律十分相似,Y方向上作用力近似呈正弦曲线变化,Z方向上的作用力几乎在零值附近波动,变化不大,这符合链传动的一般规律。
(3)数值对比发现,履带板转弯时所受到的力是前进时的2~3倍,因此履带板转弯时更容易发生损坏,在设计与强度校核时应充分考虑其最大承载能力。
(4)退锚机器人的使用大幅度缩短了退锚作业时间,使退锚作业安全性显著提高,矿工劳动强度明显降低,适用于我国绝大多数矿区,具有良好的推广前景。
  • 吕梁市“揭榜挂帅”重大创新需求项目(2022JBGS03)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
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吕梁市“揭榜挂帅”重大创新需求项目(2022JBGS03)
作者信息
    1.太原理工大学 机械与运载工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.山西王家岭煤业有限公司,山西 忻州市 036600
    3.新疆智能装备研究院,新疆 阿克苏地区 843000
    4.太原理工大学 安全与应急管理工程学院,山西 太原 030024

通讯作者:

李永安(1984—),男,陕西杨凌人,博士研究生,副研究员,研究方向为煤矿智能掘支运装备电液控制技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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