Article(id=1322161904705974448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726675200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157562661, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157562661, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157562661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157562661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=135, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161906752794801, articleId=1322161904705974448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Effect of Mineral Composition on Microcrack Propagation and Static Characteristics of Granite, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the effect of mineral composition content on Microcrack propagation and static mechanical parameters of granite, a numerical model considering the meso-components of rock was established by combining thin section identification analysis and particle flow discrete element software PFC2D. The mesoscopic parameters of the model were calibrated by static uniaxial compression tests, and the effects of mineral component content on microcrack propagation, compressive strength and elastic modulus of granite were discussed. The results show that with the increase of quartz content, the failure mode of rock changes from “y” -shaped shear failure to “X” -shaped shear failure. With the increase of potassium feldspar content, the failure mode of rock changes from oblique section shear failure to “y” -shaped shear failure. With the increase of plagioclase content, the failure mode of rock changes from “V” -shaped shear failure to “X” -shaped shear failure. Biotite has the greatest influence on the failure mode of rock, with the increase of biotite content, the failure mode of rock changes from “V” cross shear failure to monoclinic shear failure, and then to composite shear failure. The elastic modulus of granite is negatively correlated with potassium feldspar and plagioclase, and positively correlated with quartz and biotite. Biotite has the greatest influence on compressive strength of granite, followed by plagioclase, then quartz, and potassium feldspar has the least influence. The Stiffness Heterogeneity Factor (SHF) is further introduced to analyze the relationship between mineral composition content and rock mechanical parameters. It is found that the peak stress and elastic modulus of rock decrease linearly with the increase of SHF.

, authors=Qiming ZENG, Guangtao LENG, Ying WU, Yongjun DENG, authorsList=Qiming ZENG, Guangtao LENG, Ying WU, Yongjun DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongjun DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161926466023668, articleId=1322161904705974448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=矿物组分对花岗岩微裂纹扩展及静力学特性的影响, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究花岗岩中矿物成分含量对其微裂纹扩展及静态力学参数的影响,结合薄片鉴定分析及颗粒流离散元软件PFC2D,建立了考虑岩石细观组分的数值模型,通过静态单轴压缩试验标定了模型细观参数,讨论了矿物组分含量对花岗岩微裂纹扩展、抗压强度、弹性模量的影响规律。结果表明:随着石英含量增加,岩石的破坏模式由“y”形剪切破坏向“X”形剪切破坏转变;随着钾长石含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式由斜截面剪切破坏向“y”形剪切破坏转变;随着斜长石含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式由“V”形剪切破坏向“X”形剪切破坏转变;黑云母对岩石破坏模式的影响最大,随着黑云母含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式由“V”形交叉剪切破坏过渡到单斜截面剪切破坏,再转变为复合型剪切破坏;花岗岩的弹性模量与钾长石、斜长石呈负相关,与石英和黑云母呈正相关;黑云母对花岗岩抗压强度的影响最大,其次是斜长石,然后是石英,影响最小的是钾长石。进一步引入了刚度非均质因子(SHF)分析矿物成分含量与岩石力学参数的关系,发现岩石的峰值应力、弹性模量随刚度非均质性因子的增加呈线性减小。

, authors=曾其明, 冷光涛, 吴英, 邓勇军, authorsList=曾其明, 冷光涛, 吴英, 邓勇军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓勇军, authorNote=

曾其明(1999—),男,四川内江人,硕士,主要从事冲击动力试验及模拟研究。E-mail:

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邓勇军(1987—),男,四川遂宁人,博士,副教授,主要从事冲击动力学方面的科研与教学工作。E-mail:
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曾其明(1999—),男,四川内江人,硕士,主要从事冲击动力试验及模拟研究。E-mail:

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pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=高涛, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高涛.非均匀性花岗岩宏细观破坏及能量演化规律研究[D]. 济南:山东建筑大学,2023., articleTitle=非均匀性花岗岩宏细观破坏及能量演化规律研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322162028999979020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=GAO Tao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO Tao. 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Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2009, 42(6):849-881., articleTitle=A procedure for determining rock-type specific hoek-brown brittle parameters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322162031273291819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=32, authorNames=BASS J D., journalName=Elasticity of minerals, glasses, and melts, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BASS J D. Elasticity of minerals, glasses, and melts[M]. Washington: American Geophysical Union, 1995., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322162028748320778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, awardId=12372339, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(12372339), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322162018841375677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322162018849764286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, companyId=1322162018841375677, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Civil Engineering and Architechture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322162018858152895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, 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Mechanical parameters of rock uniaxial compression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石编号密度/(kg/m3)泊松比弹性模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa单轴抗压强度/MPa峰值应变/%
GSYM-12604.960.21343.9518.8090.840.242
GSYM-22614.620.19637.9919.4087.860.272
GSYM-42618.600.20242.5920.2295.070.240
GSYM-62604.450.21440.1620.0388.730.221
GSYM-452636.630.22038.5215.6188.380.241
平均值2615.850.20940.6418.8090.180.243
), ArticleFig(id=1322162027968180225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩石单轴压缩力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石编号密度/(kg/m3)泊松比弹性模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa单轴抗压强度/MPa峰值应变/%
GSYM-12604.960.21343.9518.8090.840.242
GSYM-22614.620.19637.9919.4087.860.272
GSYM-42618.600.20242.5920.2295.070.240
GSYM-62604.450.21440.1620.0388.730.221
GSYM-452636.630.22038.5215.6188.380.241
平均值2615.850.20940.6418.8090.180.243
), ArticleFig(id=1322162028056260610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

PFC mesoscopic parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物名称颗粒密度ρ/(kg/m3)颗粒弹性模量Ec/GPa刚度比kn/ks颗粒间摩擦因数μ平行黏结内摩擦角φ/(°)平行黏结黏聚力/MPa平行黏结有效弹性模量/GPa平行黏结抗拉强度/MPa平行黏结刚度比
石英2 900502.50.5303750241.8
钾长石2 800302.50.5202830181.8
斜长石2 700302.50.5203330221.8
黑云母2 500702.50.5405070331.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322162028135952387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PFC细观参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物名称颗粒密度ρ/(kg/m3)颗粒弹性模量Ec/GPa刚度比kn/ks颗粒间摩擦因数μ平行黏结内摩擦角φ/(°)平行黏结黏聚力/MPa平行黏结有效弹性模量/GPa平行黏结抗拉强度/MPa平行黏结刚度比
石英2 900502.50.5303750241.8
钾长石2 800302.50.5202830181.8
斜长石2 700302.50.5203330221.8
黑云母2 500702.50.5405070331.8
), ArticleFig(id=1322162028211449860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Smooth joint parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
法向刚度/(N/m)切向刚度/(N/m)摩擦因数黏结状态黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa
2×10132×10131.237010
), ArticleFig(id=1322162028278558725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

光滑节理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
法向刚度/(N/m)切向刚度/(N/m)摩擦因数黏结状态黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa
2×10132×10131.237010
), ArticleFig(id=1322162028370833414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Simulated working conditions of quartz in granite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况石英含量/%钾长石含量/%斜长石含量/%黑云母含量/%
11030.0030.0030.00
22026.6726.6726.66
33023.3323.3323.34
44020.0020.0020.00
55016.6716.6716.66
66013.3313.3313.34
77010.0010.0010.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322162028442136583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

花岗岩中石英模拟工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况石英含量/%钾长石含量/%斜长石含量/%黑云母含量/%
11030.0030.0030.00
22026.6726.6726.66
33023.3323.3323.34
44020.0020.0020.00
55016.6716.6716.66
66013.3313.3313.34
77010.0010.0010.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322162028530216968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

An example of stiffness heterogeneity factor calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物名称Mi/%Ki/GPaKwi/%Ktw/%HI SHF
石英10113.70011.37072.3721.5710.6371.037
钾长石3074.50022.35072.3721.0290.9711.037
斜长石3062.00018.60072.3720.8571.1671.037
黑云母3066.84020.05272.3720.9241.0831.037
), ArticleFig(id=1322162028588937225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161904705974448, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

刚度非均质因子计算实例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物名称Mi/%Ki/GPaKwi/%Ktw/%HI SHF
石英10113.70011.37072.3721.5710.6371.037
钾长石3074.50022.35072.3721.0290.9711.037
斜长石3062.00018.60072.3720.8571.1671.037
黑云母3066.84020.05272.3720.9241.0831.037
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矿物组分对花岗岩微裂纹扩展及静力学特性的影响
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曾其明 , 冷光涛 , 吴英 , 邓勇军
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(9): 135-145
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (9) : 135 -145
矿物组分对花岗岩微裂纹扩展及静力学特性的影响
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曾其明 , 冷光涛, 吴英, 邓勇军
作者信息
  • 西南科技大学 土木工程与建筑学院,四川 绵阳市 621010
通讯作者:
邓勇军(1987—),男,四川遂宁人,博士,副教授,主要从事冲击动力学方面的科研与教学工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

曾其明(1999—),男,四川内江人,硕士,主要从事冲击动力试验及模拟研究。E-mail:

Effect of Mineral Composition on Microcrack Propagation and Static Characteristics of Granite
Qiming ZENG , Guangtao LENG, Ying WU, Yongjun DENG
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering and Architechture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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为了研究花岗岩中矿物成分含量对其微裂纹扩展及静态力学参数的影响,结合薄片鉴定分析及颗粒流离散元软件PFC2D,建立了考虑岩石细观组分的数值模型,通过静态单轴压缩试验标定了模型细观参数,讨论了矿物组分含量对花岗岩微裂纹扩展、抗压强度、弹性模量的影响规律。结果表明:随着石英含量增加,岩石的破坏模式由“y”形剪切破坏向“X”形剪切破坏转变;随着钾长石含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式由斜截面剪切破坏向“y”形剪切破坏转变;随着斜长石含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式由“V”形剪切破坏向“X”形剪切破坏转变;黑云母对岩石破坏模式的影响最大,随着黑云母含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式由“V”形交叉剪切破坏过渡到单斜截面剪切破坏,再转变为复合型剪切破坏;花岗岩的弹性模量与钾长石、斜长石呈负相关,与石英和黑云母呈正相关;黑云母对花岗岩抗压强度的影响最大,其次是斜长石,然后是石英,影响最小的是钾长石。进一步引入了刚度非均质因子(SHF)分析矿物成分含量与岩石力学参数的关系,发现岩石的峰值应力、弹性模量随刚度非均质性因子的增加呈线性减小。

花岗岩  /  力学特性  /  微裂纹扩展  /  破坏模式  /  矿物组分  /  非均质性

In order to study the effect of mineral composition content on Microcrack propagation and static mechanical parameters of granite, a numerical model considering the meso-components of rock was established by combining thin section identification analysis and particle flow discrete element software PFC2D. The mesoscopic parameters of the model were calibrated by static uniaxial compression tests, and the effects of mineral component content on microcrack propagation, compressive strength and elastic modulus of granite were discussed. The results show that with the increase of quartz content, the failure mode of rock changes from “y” -shaped shear failure to “X” -shaped shear failure. With the increase of potassium feldspar content, the failure mode of rock changes from oblique section shear failure to “y” -shaped shear failure. With the increase of plagioclase content, the failure mode of rock changes from “V” -shaped shear failure to “X” -shaped shear failure. Biotite has the greatest influence on the failure mode of rock, with the increase of biotite content, the failure mode of rock changes from “V” cross shear failure to monoclinic shear failure, and then to composite shear failure. The elastic modulus of granite is negatively correlated with potassium feldspar and plagioclase, and positively correlated with quartz and biotite. Biotite has the greatest influence on compressive strength of granite, followed by plagioclase, then quartz, and potassium feldspar has the least influence. The Stiffness Heterogeneity Factor (SHF) is further introduced to analyze the relationship between mineral composition content and rock mechanical parameters. It is found that the peak stress and elastic modulus of rock decrease linearly with the increase of SHF.

Granite  /  Mechanical property  /  Microcrack propagation  /  Failure mode  /  Mineral component  /  Heterogeneity
曾其明, 冷光涛, 吴英, 邓勇军. 矿物组分对花岗岩微裂纹扩展及静力学特性的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 135 -145 .
Qiming ZENG, Guangtao LENG, Ying WU, Yongjun DENG. Effect of Mineral Composition on Microcrack Propagation and Static Characteristics of Granite[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 135 -145 .
岩石的变形特征和力学特性对于地下空间建设至关重要。岩石作为地下空间建设中主要的研究对象,受到风化、侵蚀、地壳运动、岩浆活动等因素的影响,会形成岩浆岩、沉积岩、变质岩等不同种类的岩石[1],其中花岗岩最为常见、典型。在成岩条件、地质运动、侵蚀风化等因素的作用下,花岗岩的力学性质、矿物组分以及含量出现明显不同,而矿物组成与花岗岩的力学行为之间有显著的相关性[2],同时也会影响其破坏模式[1]。因此,从矿物晶质角度研究花岗岩在受到外部荷载时的力学特性与变形特征具有重要的现实意义。
当花岗岩受到外部荷载作用时,会因自身的非均质性对外界作出不同的力学响应,从而导致花岗岩内部产生不均匀的应力、应变场,造成应力集中,加速微裂缝的萌生与发展[3]。花岗岩材料具有不可透视性[4],无法通过肉眼直接观察到花岗岩在受到外部荷载时其内部裂纹的扩展情况,可以通过声发射(AE)[5-6]、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)[7-8]、计算机断层扫描(CT)[9-10]等手段来监测裂纹的产生,观察裂纹的特征,分析裂纹造成的损伤。并且花岗岩材料具有唯一性和不可重复性,无法通过室内试验研究矿物成分含量对其力学性能的影响。数值模拟方法可作为室内试验的有利补充,具有高效、经济、可重复等优点,且可以捕获断裂发展的瞬态。因此,采用PFC2D软件构建花岗岩的非均匀性模型,并进行数值模拟分析,是解决这类问题的有效途径。
近年来,二维离散元颗粒流软件(PFC2D)在研究岩土静态力学问题中得到了广泛应用,其应用场景从单一晶质的模拟,逐步拓展到对多种晶质类型的综合考量,同时,PFC方法逐渐融合威布尔分布理论和先进的微观检测技术,不仅能精确地呈现岩石的非均质性特征,还能使模拟结果与试验数据保持较高的吻合度。赵翰卿等[11]基于PFC研究了陶瓷巴西圆盘劈裂的SHPB破坏特性,发现数值模拟得到的破坏形态与室内试验类似。SAADAT等[12-14]采用PFC-GBM方法,对岩石进行了拉伸、单轴压缩和巴西劈裂等数值模拟,并分析得到模拟与试验相近的破坏特征和力学特性。LIU等[15]提出了一种新的非均质性指数,可表征由颗粒大小改变所导致的岩石非均质性,将这一指数与PFC-GBM方法相融合,探究了考虑微观几何非均质性对岩石力学性能的影响,还证实了该非均质性指数的合理性。张涛等[16]采用PFC-GBM方法探究了岩石晶粒尺寸对其动态力学特性的影响,并验证了使用PFC-GBM方法从晶粒尺度来研究岩石动态力学特性的合理性。LIU等[17]采用PFC2D分析了不同非均质花岗岩试件的力学特性及脆性破坏模式,得出模拟结果与室内试验结果基本一致,并且发现造成岩石非均质性的非连续结构面和微观结构面是相互影响的。赵奎等[18]采用颗粒流GBM模型,探究了花岗岩声发射能量变化特性与晶体粒径大小的关联性,结果表明,在声发射相对平稳期,晶体粒径的增大会导致花岗岩的滑移能和阻尼能随之减小。
目前关于岩石室内试验和数值模拟的研究较多,但有关岩石矿物成分含量对其微裂纹扩展情况及力学性能的影响研究仍显不足。因此,本文基于岩石铸体薄片鉴定结果和单轴压缩试验,结合PFC2D-GBM方法构建花岗岩的非均质性模型,旨在研究矿物成分含量对花岗岩微裂缝扩展规律和静力学性能的影响。
岩石薄片分析是一种确定岩石中矿物成分及含量的常用手段,将岩样进行切割、打磨、载片、抛光、封片等步骤,制备成可透光的二维薄片模型,在光学显微镜下观察薄片中岩石矿物特征,根据矿物的不同光学特性,确定矿物成分。
根据《岩石薄片鉴定》(SY/T 5368—2016)与《岩石制片方法》(SY/T 5913—2021),对花岗岩进行薄片分析。通过XPT-7型偏光显微镜对薄片进行观测,得到岩样的矿物组成及含量。图1为显微镜下的观测图像,各矿物的组分占比结果如图2所示。由图1和图2可知,钾长石(47%)呈形粒状、半自形宽板状,石英(27%)呈形粒状和不规则的粒状,斜长石(23%)呈半自形长板状,黑云母(3%)呈片状和片粒状。
试验所采用的花岗岩岩样取自甘肃玉门地区,依据《工程岩体试验方法标准》(GB/T50266—2013),制备出高为100 mm、直径为50 mm的圆柱体试件。制备期间,应保证试件高度、直径的误差小于0.3 mm,平行度误差小于0.5 mm。对加工完成的试件进行打磨,打磨好后用游标卡尺测量其直径和高度,测量直径时,取垂直相交的两条直径的平均值;测量高度时,测量试件边缘3个点的高度并取平均值,将每个试件的密度取平均值作为此花岗岩的密度,为2 615.85 kg/m3。
采用DYS-2500型高温高压岩石三轴试验机对花岗岩试件开展单轴压缩试验,为了减小随机性对花岗岩力学特性的影响,共进行了5组重复试验。
单轴压缩试验得到的应力–应变曲线如图3所示。由图3可知,当岩样所承受的轴向压力逐渐增大时,其应力–应变曲线可以分为3个阶段,第一阶段为初始压密阶段,此时曲线呈上凹状,岩石内部的原始微裂缝在轴向压力的作用下闭合;第二阶段是线弹性变形阶段,此时应力–应变曲线基本呈直线,在达到应力峰值点后进入下一阶段,曲线基本上没有屈服阶段;第三阶段为峰后破坏阶段,曲线呈下凹状,当达到峰值应力后,应力开始快速下降,不存在残余强度,展现出明显的脆性破坏特征,即试样的轴向压力抵达峰值强度后瞬间跌落,峰后未表现出显著的塑性流动破坏现象。
花岗岩的物理参数和准静态单轴压缩试验结果见表1,由表1可知,花岗岩的准静态单轴抗压强度均值为90.18 MPa,弹性模量均值为40.64 GPa。试件试验后的破坏形态如图4所示,由图4可知,花岗岩的破坏模式为斜截面剪切破坏,发生这种破坏的原因是:花岗岩内部存在原始的节理、裂隙、软弱结构面等缺陷,花岗岩随着轴向应力增长,会形成破坏软面,当该面的强度小于结构面上的剪应力时,花岗岩就会发生沿弱面的剪切破坏。
花岗岩由不同的矿物晶粒构成,矿物晶粒的大小、含量及性质会对试件的破坏模式和静力学参数产生影响。在岩石力学领域,GBM模型得到广泛应用[18-21],GBM模型由可形变、可破坏的多边形晶粒组成,每个晶粒内部包含数个颗粒。颗粒间的接触模型主要有接触黏结模型和平行黏结模型,接触黏结模型只能在颗粒接触平面传递力,而平行黏结模型既能传递力又能传递力矩。鉴于此,本文选择颗粒间的平行黏结模型作为接触模型,晶粒之间的边界可以通过光滑节理模型连接,这样可以模拟岩石晶体单元之间的接触、摩擦和黏结等破坏行为[18]。
基于花岗岩的不同矿物成分建立GBM模型,结合花岗岩的铸体薄片分析结果,建立花岗岩的非均质模型。由于花岗岩矿物成分分布具有随机性,借助了PFC2D软件内置的FISH程序对花岗岩矿物颗粒的随机分布进行控制,通过FISH程序进行Weibull分布函数编码处理,获取0~1之间的随机数,从而在数值模型中体现各矿物成分的随机性。这一过程充分保障了该数值模型的合理性与科学性,生成花岗岩非均质颗粒流模型的步骤如下。
(1)初始模型的建立。模型为高100 mm,直径为50 mm的圆柱体,颗粒采用均匀分布,最大粒径为0.45 mm,最小粒径为0.20 mm,总颗粒数为14 782,默认颗粒间接触为线性模型,局部阻尼系数为0.7,摩擦因数为0.35,弹性模量为30 GPa,泊松比为2.5。使用半径扩大法不断对矿物颗粒的分布进行调整,直至内应力平衡,初始数值模型如图5所示。
(2)随机多边形的生成。在一定区域内(为保证模型区域被多边形覆盖,此区域比模型区域略大)生成1 000个点,再根据这些点生成随机多边形(也称Voronoi图),多边形的生成效果如图6所示。
(3)随机分组的实现。根据随机点生成的多边形(每一个多边形都有唯一的set 名称),按 set名称遍历每个多边形,实现分组,且同一多边形内的颗粒被划分为同种组份。其中斜长石占比为23%,黑云母占比为3%,钾长石占比为47%,石英占比为27%。分组后的效果图和接触图如图7所示。
(4)光滑节理模型(SJ模型)的建立。用光滑节理模型替换不在同一个组分的颗粒之间的接触,同时赋值光滑节理参数,生成的SJ模型如图8所示。
在进行正式的模拟之前,需对细观参数进行校正。由于室内试验难以直接得到花岗岩细观参数,本文采用“试错法”对花岗岩细观参数进行校正。在模拟过程中,模型顶部和底部的加载速率分别设为0.01 m/s与-0.01 m/s,当加载到峰值应力的60%后停止运算。把模型的模拟结果与室内试验获得的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量等进行对比,直至与室内试验大致相同。将此时得到的细观参数用于后续的模拟,能够较为准确地反映出花岗岩的力学特性。花岗岩的细观力学参数见表2和表3,室内试验与数值模拟结果对比如图9所示。
花岗岩是典型的非均质各向异性材料,矿物组分不同会对岩石的力学性能造成差异,为了分析不同矿物成分含量对花岗岩微裂纹扩展及静力学参数的影响,采用控制变量法对每种矿物的成分含量进行调整,对由石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母4种矿物构成的非均质模型进行模拟,研究不同矿物组分含量对花岗岩微裂纹扩展、峰值应力、弹性模量等的影响。
以非均质性花岗岩模型为基础,依据调试得到的细观参数,改变模拟工况,即调整每种矿物成分含量的占比,每次让其中一种矿物的含量增加10%,其余3种矿物的含量平均分配,每种矿物含量最高为70%,以避免因单一矿物含量过少而导致非均质性花岗岩模型存在局限性。其中,石英含量变化模拟工况见表4,钾长石、斜长石及黑云母含量变化的工况与石英一样,在此不再重复赘述。
在岩石达到峰值应力之后,岩石的内部已经被破坏,但岩样仍旧会保持原来的形状,之后裂纹迅速发展,相互交叉并连接形成宏观断裂面,肉眼只能看到岩石在破坏后的宏观裂缝,观察不到岩石内部微裂纹的发展情况。而PFC模型则可以提取出加载过程中岩样内部的微裂纹扩展情况,很好地补充了试验缺陷。图10至图13分别展示了石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母在不同含量下,岩石达到峰值应力后微裂纹的扩展情况及矿物晶粒的破坏图。最终的破坏模式具有较高的相似性,主要表现为“V”形交叉剪切破坏、“y”形交叉剪切破坏、“X”形交叉剪切破坏和单斜截面的交叉剪切破坏,这与LIU等[17]的模拟结果类似,但不同矿物成分含量对岩石裂纹拓展的影响不同。岩石的破坏过程为:随着墙体移动荷载的增加,岩石内部矿物晶粒中的裂纹数量逐渐增多,这些微裂纹包括发生在晶体交界处的裂纹(晶界裂纹)和穿过晶体的裂纹(穿晶裂纹),同时涵盖了剪切裂纹和张拉裂纹,其中以张拉裂纹为主。当应力达到峰值后,微裂纹明显增多并相互贯通,岩石逐渐丧失承载能力。
从图10可知,不同的石英含量会造成岩石破坏模式存在差异性。石英含量小于50%时,岩石的破坏形式由“y”形交叉剪切破坏向单斜截面剪切破坏转变。在石英含量大于50%时,岩石的破坏形式又向“X”形交叉剪切破坏转变,在转变过程中,岩石对角线上会伴随有一些次生裂纹,随着石英含量的继续增大,次生裂纹随之增多。
由图11可知,钾长石含量为10%~20%时,岩石主裂缝沿着对角线发展,并伴随有次生裂纹,次生裂纹随着钾长石含量的增加而减少。此外,随着钾长石含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式转变为“y”形交叉剪切破坏,且钾长石含量越高,裂纹越向“y”形剪切破坏靠拢,即钾长石含量越高,次生裂纹越少,“y”形剪切破坏越明显,说明钾长石含量的变化可以控制岩石的“y”形交叉剪切破坏。
由图12可知,斜长石含量在50%以下时,破坏模式为偏左下的“V”形交叉剪切破坏。钾长石含量为10%时,次生裂纹较多,“V”形交叉剪切破坏不明显,随着钾长石含量逐渐增加,次生裂纹逐渐向“V”形聚集。当斜长石含量大于50%时,岩石的破坏模型向“X”形交叉剪切破坏转变,斜长石含量为70%时,岩石呈现“V”形交叉剪切破坏,并伴随有主应力方向的竖向裂纹。
由图13可知,黑云母含量对岩石破坏模式的影响较大。黑云母含量为10%的时,岩石呈“V”形交叉剪切破坏;黑云母含量为20%和30%时,岩石向单斜截面剪切破坏转变,但黑云母含量为20%时,有一条较为明显的竖向次生裂纹,而黑云耳含量为30%时,在贯通的斜面主裂纹上有较多发散的次生裂纹;黑云母含量为40%时,岩石转变为“y”形交叉剪切破坏;黑云母含量为50%和60%时,岩石的破坏模式转变为单斜面剪切破坏,并且伴随有较明显的与斜截面相交叉的次生裂纹;当黑云母含量为70%时,岩石的裂纹大多为竖向裂纹,破坏模式转变为剪切破坏与竖向破坏相结合的复合型破坏。综上可知,由于这4种矿物晶粒的抗拉强度、弹性模量等力学参数上的差异性,岩石的破坏主要表现为张拉裂纹。微裂纹先在力学性质较弱的矿物晶体交界面及其晶体内部产生,随着荷载逐渐增加,新裂纹在原先产生的微裂纹的基础上扩展、相互贯通,最终形成宏观断裂面,并呈现出不同的破坏模式。
基于数值模拟所得到的应力–应变曲线数据,计算得到各工况的峰值应力与弹性模量,图14呈现了峰值应力、弹性模量与石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母含量之间的关系。可以看出,矿物组分含量与峰值应力、弹性模量存在一定的相关性。
由图14(a)可知,石英含量为20%时,岩石的峰值应力最低,为92.60 MPa;石英含量为70%时,岩石的峰值应力最高,为102.10 MPa。在不考虑石英含量较低的情况下(石英含量为10%),花岗岩的峰值应力随石英含量的增加而增大,石英含量从20%增加到70%时,岩石的峰值应力增加了10.26%。在石英含量为10%时,岩石的弹性模量最小,为40.15 GPa,随着石英含量的增加,岩石的弹性模量缓慢上升,当石英含量增加到70%时,岩石的弹性模型最大,为43.03 GPa,增加了7.17%,说明石英含量与岩石的弹性模量呈正相关。
由图14(b)可知,当钾长石含量为20%时,岩石的峰值应力最高,为96.92 MPa。当钾长石含量为70%,岩石的峰值应力最低,为86.77 MPa。在钾长石含量为20%~70%时,岩石的峰值应力随着钾长石含量的增加而降低,减小了10.47%。在钾长石含量为10%时,岩石的弹性模量最高,为42.18 GPa。钾长石含量增加到70%时,岩石的弹性模量减少至38.35 GPa,减小了9.06%,说明钾长石含量与岩石的弹性模量呈负相关关系。
由图14(c)可知,当斜长石含量为10%时,岩石的峰值应力为94.18 MPa,随着斜长石含量的增加,岩石的峰值应力逐渐上升,当斜长石含量增加到40%时,岩石的峰值应力降低到92.72 MPa,之后岩石峰值应力随着斜长石含量的增加而增大。当斜长石的含量增加到70%时,岩石的峰值应力降低到了87.66 MPa,这说明斜长石含量对花岗岩强度没有明显的增加或减弱作用。在斜长石含量为10%时,岩石的弹性模量为42.22 GPa,随着斜长石含量的增加,岩石的弹性模量逐渐减少。当斜长石含量增加到70%时,岩石的弹性模量减小到了38.48 GPa,减少了8.85%,说明斜长石与岩石的弹性模量呈负相关关系。
由图14(d)可知,当黑云母含量为10%~40%时,岩石的峰值应力变化不大,但当黑云母含量高于40%时,岩石的峰值应力随着黑云母含量的增加明显增大。当黑云母含量为40%时,岩石峰值应力为91.49 MPa;当黑云母含量为70%时,岩石峰值应力为111.7 MPa,相比黑云母含量为40%时增加了20.08%。说明黑云母含量较低时,对岩石强度的影响不大,而当黑云母含量较高时,对岩石强度有明显的增强作用,表现出明显的正相关关系。当黑云母含量为10%时,岩石的弹性模量最小,为40 GPa;当黑云母含量增大至70%时,岩石的弹性模量增大至46.09 GPa,增加了15.22%。
综上,在花岗岩的4种矿物组分中,对弹性模量的影响由强到弱依次为:黑云母、钾长石、斜长石、石英。黑云母对花岗岩强度的影响最大,其次是斜长石,然后是石英,影响最小的是钾长石。
为建立岩石矿物成分非均质性与力学参数之间的联系,探究细观非均质性对岩石力学特性的影响,需对非均质性进行定量化表征。本文引入刚度非均质因子(SHF)作为评价岩石非均质性的指标[22]。确定岩石刚度非均质因子(SHF)的步骤如下。
(1)通过薄片分析确定构成岩石的各种矿物Mi的百分比。
(2)基于Bass[23]的研究确定花岗岩的4种矿物的刚度Ki。
(3)使用单个矿物刚度Ki计算岩石中每种矿物的加权平均刚度Kwi,公式如下:
(4)将岩石中所有矿物的加权平均刚度求和,得到整个样品的总加权平均刚度Ktw,公式如下:
(5)将单个矿物的刚度Ki除以整个样品的总加权平均刚度ktw,可以得到岩石中每个矿物的异质性指数HI,公式如下:
(6)刚度非均质系数SHF为单个HI的谐波平均值,由下式给出:
以石英含量为10%为例,计算岩石的刚度非均质系数,结果见表5。
不同工况下计算出的刚度非均质因子与弹性模量的关系如图15所示,由图15可知,岩石的弹性模量随刚度非均质因子的增大而减小,用线性函数进行拟合,其表达式为:
刚度非均质因子与峰值应力关系如图16所示,由图16可知,岩石的峰值应力与SHF成负相关,用线性函数进行拟合,其表达式为:
通过PFC2D建立非均质模型,模拟不同矿物含量下花岗岩的单轴压缩试验,分析花岗岩中不同矿物组分含量对其微裂纹扩展和静力学参数的影响,得到了以下主要结论。
(1)矿物组分的含量会影响岩石呈现出不同的破坏模式。随着石英含量增加,岩石的破坏模式由“y”形剪切破坏向“X”形剪切破坏转变;随着钾长石含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式由单斜截面剪切破坏向“y”形剪切破坏转变;随着斜长石含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式由“V”形剪切破坏向“X”形剪切破坏转变;黑云母对岩石破坏模式的影响最大,随着黑云母含量的增加,岩石的破坏模式由“V”形交叉剪切破坏过渡到单斜截面剪切破坏,再转变为复合型剪切破坏。
(2)随着钾长石和斜长石含量的增加,花岗岩的弹性模量减小,随着石英和黑云母含量的增加,花岗岩的弹性模量增加。石英和黑云母在含量较高时,对花岗岩的强度有增大作用,花岗岩强度随着钾长石含量的增加而降低,而斜长石对花岗岩强度没有明显的作用。
(3)用刚度非均质因子(SHF)描述岩石矿物组分的非均质性,发现岩石的弹性模量、峰值强度与SHF有较好的线性关系,均随着SHF的增加而逐渐减小。
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-19
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12372339)
作者信息
    西南科技大学 土木工程与建筑学院,四川 绵阳市 621010

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邓勇军(1987—),男,四川遂宁人,博士,副教授,主要从事冲击动力学方面的科研与教学工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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