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Article(id=1322161880332878195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730736000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157556851, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157556851, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157556851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157556851, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=60, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161880689394036, articleId=1322161880332878195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study and Prediction of Ore Flowability in Ore Passes Based on Slump Tests, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the accuracy of the prediction of ore flowability in the ore storage section of the ore pass based on numerical simulation and indoor similarity test, the parameters of the parallel bond model based on the slump and expansion test were introduced in the numerical simulation process. The numerical simulation results obtained by this method were highly consistent with the indoor similarity test. The results indicate a significant decline in ore flowability within the moisture content range of 0 to 9%. Particularly when the moisture content is 7%−9%, the ores are prone to blockages. Therefore, this specific moisture content range should be strictly avoided during actual ore drawing operations. When the moisture content is 3%−5%, the flowability of the ore is the best. It is suggested that the moisture content of the ore should be controlled in this range in the actual project. Furthermore, the study reveals that as the ore storage height increases from 20 m to 40 m, the flowability of the ore improves significantly, reaching a peak mass flow rate at 40 m. However, when the ore storage height is further increased to 60 m, the mass flow rate stabilizes and exhibits a slight decline.

, authors=Ao LIU, Yicheng YE, Nan YAO, Zhen ZHANG, authorsList=Ao LIU, Yicheng YE, Nan YAO, Zhen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nan YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161884548153739, articleId=1322161880332878195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于坍落度试验的溜井内矿石流动性研究及预测, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高基于数值模拟及室内相似试验针对溜井贮矿段中矿石流动性预测的准确性，在数值模拟过程中引入了基于坍落度及扩展度试验获取的平行黏结模型参数，采用该方法获得的数值模拟结果与室内相似试验高度一致。研究结果表明，在含水率0~9%范围内，矿石的流动性呈明显的下降趋势。特别是当含水率为7%~9%时，矿石容易发生堵塞，因此在实际放矿操作中应尽量避免该含水率区间。而含水率为3%~5%时，矿石的流动性最佳，建议在实际工程中应将矿石含水率控制在此范围。此外，研究发现，当贮矿高度从20 m增至40 m时，矿石的流动性显著提升，并在40 m时矿石质量流率达到峰值；当贮矿高度继续增至60 m时，矿石的质量流率趋于平稳，并出现轻微下降。

, authors=刘傲, 叶义成, 姚囡, 张震, authorsList=刘傲, 叶义成, 姚囡, 张震, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姚囡, authorNote=

刘傲（2000—），男，湖北荆州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为溜井放矿。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
姚囡（1987—），男，湖北黄冈人，博士，副教授，主要从事采矿工艺与技术、矿山岩体支护等方面的研究。E-mail:
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刘傲（2000—），男，湖北荆州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为溜井放矿。E-mail:

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刘傲（2000—），男，湖北荆州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为溜井放矿。E-mail:

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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同方案下质量流率变化曲线, figureFileSmall=41DC9Vh6kSrbfuauq69JcQ==, figureFileBig=xx7BT1ORCZM6tNafxcYZZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162114916106339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison between numerical simulation and similar test results, figureFileSmall=EU/ON5LdzPEuz96v8H/Ycw==, figureFileBig=2P0kO+8/v0UWsTRphfHgXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162115016769636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=图8, caption=数值模拟与相似试验结果对比, figureFileSmall=EU/ON5LdzPEuz96v8H/Ycw==, figureFileBig=2P0kO+8/v0UWsTRphfHgXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162115100655717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Particle size distribution and mass ratio of ore

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿石粒径/mm质量比例/%
0~15015
150~30015
300~45045
450~60025
), ArticleFig(id=1322162116765794406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿石粒径分布及质量比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿石粒径/mm质量比例/%
0~15015
150~30015
300~45045
450~60025
), ArticleFig(id=1322162116887429223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Orthogonal test schemes of different moisture content and ore storage height

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率水平B1B2B3B4B5
A1A1B1A1B2A1B3A1B4A1B5
A2A2B1A2B2A2B3A2B4A2B5
A3A3B1A3B2A3B3A3B4A3B5
A4A4B1A4B2A4B3A4B4A4B5
A5A5B1A5B2A5B3A5B4A5B5
A6A6B1A6B2A6B3A6B4A6B5
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117000675432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同含水率及贮矿高度正交试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率水平B1B2B3B4B5
A1A1B1A1B2A1B3A1B4A1B5
A2A2B1A2B2A2B3A2B4A2B5
A3A3B1A3B2A3B3A3B4A3B5
A4A4B1A4B2A4B3A4B4A4B5
A5A5B1A5B2A5B3A5B4A5B5
A6A6B1A6B2A6B3A6B4A6B5
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117097144425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Particle size distribution and mass ratio of ore in similar test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿石实际粒径/mm试验矿石粒径/mm质量比例/%
0~1500~3.7515
150~3003.75~7.5015
300~4507.50~11.2545
450~60011.25~15.0025
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117189419114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

相似试验矿石粒径分布及质量比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿石实际粒径/mm试验矿石粒径/mm质量比例/%
0~1500~3.7515
150~3003.75~7.5015
300~4507.50~11.2545
450~60011.25~15.0025
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117269110891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Ore storage heights of similar test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号实际高度/m相似试验高度/cm
B12050
B23075
B340100
B450125
B560150
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117352996972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

相似试验贮矿高度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号实际高度/m相似试验高度/cm
B12050
B23075
B340100
B450125
B560150
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117436883053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Test results of slump and expansion under different moisture content conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率/%坍落度/cm扩展度/cm
019.857.0
117.553.5
315.849.3
512.844.8
712.641.2
90.00.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117516574830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同含水率条件下坍落度和扩展度试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率/%坍落度/cm扩展度/cm
019.857.0
117.553.5
315.849.3
512.844.8
712.641.2
90.00.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117575295087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Material parameters of numerical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒与墙体摩擦因数颗粒之间摩擦因数墙体刚度/GPa颗粒刚度/MPa矿石密度/（kg/m3）
0.50.530.1103 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117659181168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

数值模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒与墙体摩擦因数颗粒之间摩擦因数墙体刚度/GPa颗粒刚度/MPa矿石密度/（kg/m3）
0.50.530.1103 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117747261553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Material parameters of numerical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率/%法向强度/kPa切向强度/kPa墙体刚度/GPa颗粒刚度/MPa矿石密度/(kg/m3)
02.050.090.1103 000
13.100.150.1103 000
314.200.750.1103 000
535.801.580.1103 000
745.401.900.1103 000
9>55.00>2.760.1103 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322162117835341938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

数值模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率/%法向强度/kPa切向强度/kPa墙体刚度/GPa颗粒刚度/MPa矿石密度/(kg/m3)
02.050.090.1103 000
13.100.150.1103 000
314.200.750.1103 000
535.801.580.1103 000
745.401.900.1103 000
9>55.00>2.760.1103 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322162118007308403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Mass flow rate ratios by numerical simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮矿高度/m不同含水率下的质量流率比
01%3%5%7%9%
202.7422.581.2310.7610.195堵塞
302.8132.8571.5550.8730.254堵塞
403.3813.1821.6761.0000.324堵塞
503.4523.2901.8291.0860.226堵塞
603.4763.3262.0611.1110.198堵塞
), ArticleFig(id=1322162118166691956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

数值模拟所得质量流率比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮矿高度/m不同含水率下的质量流率比
01%3%5%7%9%
202.7422.581.2310.7610.195堵塞
302.8132.8571.5550.8730.254堵塞
403.3813.1821.6761.0000.324堵塞
503.4523.2901.8291.0860.226堵塞
603.4763.3262.0611.1110.198堵塞
), ArticleFig(id=1322162118267355253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Mass flow rate ratios by similar test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮矿高度/m不同含水率下的质量流率比
01%3%5%7%9%
203.1862.8841.3040.7530.114堵塞
303.2373.0462.1020.9410.278堵塞
403.3813.3132.3501.0000.292堵塞
503.5143.3532.3341.0300.223堵塞
603.5353.3862.4351.0960.169堵塞
), ArticleFig(id=1322162118342852726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161880332878195, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

相似试验所得质量流率比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮矿高度/m不同含水率下的质量流率比
01%3%5%7%9%
203.1862.8841.3040.7530.114堵塞
303.2373.0462.1020.9410.278堵塞
403.3813.3132.3501.0000.292堵塞
503.5143.3532.3341.0300.223堵塞
603.5353.3862.4351.0960.169堵塞
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基于坍落度试验的溜井内矿石流动性研究及预测
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刘傲 , 叶义成 , 姚囡 , 张震
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(9): 60-66
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (9) : 60 -66
基于坍落度试验的溜井内矿石流动性研究及预测
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刘傲 , 叶义成, 姚囡 , 张震
作者信息
  • 武汉科技大学资源与环境工程学院，湖北　武汉　430081
通讯作者:
姚囡（1987—），男，湖北黄冈人，博士，副教授，主要从事采矿工艺与技术、矿山岩体支护等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

刘傲（2000—），男，湖北荆州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为溜井放矿。E-mail:

Study and Prediction of Ore Flowability in Ore Passes Based on Slump Tests
Ao LIU , Yicheng YE, Nan YAO , Zhen ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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摘要
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为提高基于数值模拟及室内相似试验针对溜井贮矿段中矿石流动性预测的准确性，在数值模拟过程中引入了基于坍落度及扩展度试验获取的平行黏结模型参数，采用该方法获得的数值模拟结果与室内相似试验高度一致。研究结果表明，在含水率0~9%范围内，矿石的流动性呈明显的下降趋势。特别是当含水率为7%~9%时，矿石容易发生堵塞，因此在实际放矿操作中应尽量避免该含水率区间。而含水率为3%~5%时，矿石的流动性最佳，建议在实际工程中应将矿石含水率控制在此范围。此外，研究发现，当贮矿高度从20 m增至40 m时，矿石的流动性显著提升，并在40 m时矿石质量流率达到峰值；当贮矿高度继续增至60 m时，矿石的质量流率趋于平稳，并出现轻微下降。

主溜井  /  矿石流动性  /  含水率  /  贮矿高度  /  参数标定

In order to improve the accuracy of the prediction of ore flowability in the ore storage section of the ore pass based on numerical simulation and indoor similarity test, the parameters of the parallel bond model based on the slump and expansion test were introduced in the numerical simulation process. The numerical simulation results obtained by this method were highly consistent with the indoor similarity test. The results indicate a significant decline in ore flowability within the moisture content range of 0 to 9%. Particularly when the moisture content is 7%−9%, the ores are prone to blockages. Therefore, this specific moisture content range should be strictly avoided during actual ore drawing operations. When the moisture content is 3%−5%, the flowability of the ore is the best. It is suggested that the moisture content of the ore should be controlled in this range in the actual project. Furthermore, the study reveals that as the ore storage height increases from 20 m to 40 m, the flowability of the ore improves significantly, reaching a peak mass flow rate at 40 m. However, when the ore storage height is further increased to 60 m, the mass flow rate stabilizes and exhibits a slight decline.

Main ore pass  /  Ore flowability  /  Moisture content  /  Ore storage height  /  Parameter calibration
刘傲, 叶义成, 姚囡, 张震. 基于坍落度试验的溜井内矿石流动性研究及预测. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 60 -66 .
Ao LIU, Yicheng YE, Nan YAO, Zhen ZHANG. Study and Prediction of Ore Flowability in Ore Passes Based on Slump Tests[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 60 -66 .
正文
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0　引言
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溜井作为矿石运输系统的核心组成部分，承担着地下矿山大部分矿石的溜放职责，是矿石运输的关键通道。溜井内矿石的流动性直接关系到矿石从放矿口释放的效率，而主溜井内矿石的流动性受多种因素共同影响[1-7]，包括矿石颗粒大小、含水率、贮矿高度及贮矿时间等。刘艳章等[8]以金山店铁矿为研究对象，综合考虑了含水率和粉矿含量两个关键因素，分析了二者对矿石流动性的联合影响规律。张宝金等[9]研究了溜井内矿石堵塞的形成机理，结果表明，随着矿石含水率的升高，矿石结拱的概率先增大后减小，此外，单一粒径矿石不易结拱，但大小粒径矿石混合时可能出现结拱现象。马驰等[10]和王少阳等[11]对卸矿高度与冲击夯实作用进行了研究，发现在冲击夯实作用下，储料孔隙率变化量和井壁冲击力峰值与卸矿高度呈正相关，且冲击夯实作用对靠近储料面的矿石影响更为显著。刘艳章等[12]针对单一贮矿高度对矿石流动性的影响进行了研究，发现矿石流动性随贮矿高度的增加而呈先增强后减弱的趋势。上述研究均表明，溜井内矿石流动性受多种因素共同影响，因此，研究不同条件下矿石散体的流动性变化规律，对预防溜井事故具有重要意义。
目前，针对不同条件下矿石散体流动性的研究主要采用数值模拟与相似试验相结合的方法。在数值模拟过程中，矿石散体的物理性质通过不同模型参数来间接反映，而参数标定的准确性直接影响模拟结果的可靠性。本文以金山店铁矿西区为工程背景，采用离散元数值模拟与室内相似试验相结合的方法，对不同含水率矿石散体进行坍落度试验，获取不同含水率下所对应的平行黏结模型参数，并基于此研究不同含水率和贮矿高度对矿石流动特性的影响。研究结果可为实际工程中溜井矿石流动性的预测提供参考。
1　工程概况
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金山店铁矿西区主溜井主要由斜溜槽、贮矿段和放矿口三部分组成。贮矿段高度为90 m，断面直径为3 m，断面面积为7.07 m2，与斜溜槽的夹角为30°。实际生产中，溜井储矿高度一般为20~60 m，矿石含水率一般为3%~6%（最高不超过9%）；溜井上部单次卸矿量约为86.4 t，下部单次放矿量约为72 t。正常作业时，放矿后储矿高度一般为5~8 m；若计划停用，则需全部放空溜井内矿石。溜井结构示意如图1所示，矿石粒径分布及质量比例见表1。
2　研究方案及评价指标
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2.1　研究方案
在金山店铁矿溜井持续工作工况下，放矿后溜井内储矿高度为20~60 m。基于现场矿石含水率一般小于9%的特性，本研究设计了涵盖0、1%、3%、5%、7%、9%共6个不同含水率（分别用A1、A2、A3、A4、A5、A6表示），以及20 m、30 m、40 m、50 m、60 m共5个贮矿高度水平(分别用 B1、B2、B3、B4、B5表示)的正交试验方案，具体参数组合见表2。
基于几何相似比1∶40的设计准则，根据相似比换算获得试验用矿石粒径参数（见表3）及各贮矿高度方案对应的试验高度参数（见表4）。
2.2　评价指标
为定量评估溜井放矿过程中矿石的流动性，常规方法采用质量流率比Rw作为评价指标[13-14]。该指标定义为实际质量流率R与参照质量流率W的比值，其表达式为：
式中：R为某条件下实际质量流率，kg/s；W为所选取参照条件下的质量流率，kg/s；Δm为某时间段内放出的矿石质量，kg；Δt为放出Δm质量矿石所需时间，s。
在采用PFC2D模拟溜井放矿过程时，需通过计算方法确定生成的矿石颗粒总质量M，其表达式为：
式中：ρ为矿石密度，kg/m3；V为矿石体积，m3；φ为矿石的孔隙率。
将式(2)代入式(1)，可以得到质量流率比 Rw的新表达式：
3　溜井放矿数值模拟试验
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3.1　建立模型
采用PFC2D离散元软件建立工程数值模型（见图2），其中主溜井井壁采用墙体模拟，矿石颗粒通过不同半径的球形颗粒表征。
3.2　标定参数
在PFC2D中，颗粒接触本构模型种类繁多。为模拟含水率对矿石物理性质的影响，通常采用平行黏结模型，通过调整其参数间接表征含水率的变化。在数值模拟过程中，确定平行黏结模型参数是数值模拟的关键难点。为提高模拟精度，本文对不同含水率矿石散体开展室内坍落度试验，采用反演法调整平行黏结参数，使得数值模拟结果与试验数据吻合，最终将标定参数应用于溜井放矿数值模拟研究。
3.2.1　坍落度及扩展度室内试验
坍落度和扩展度是定量评价流动性的重要指标。由于含水矿石散体与混凝土在物理性质上存在相似性，本研究通过坍落度和扩展度试验来初步评估不同含水率矿石散体的流动性特性。试验所采用的矿石粒径级配见表3，针对0、1%、3%、5%、7%、9%共6种含水率的矿石散体进行坍落度及扩展度试验，试验结果见表5。
由表5可知，当含水率从0增至9%时，坍落度和扩展度显著降低，表明矿石散体之间的黏聚力持续增强，流动性逐渐下降。尤其在含水率达到9%时，散体完全失去流动性，矿石散体也不再坍落，此时流动性能最差（见图3）。
3.2.2　坍落度及扩展度数值模拟反演
根据室内坍落度试验建立数值模型，如图4所示，该模型严格遵循试验条件：矿石颗粒粒径与实际所用矿石试样保持一致，采用墙体构件精确模拟坍落度桶的几何尺寸。坍落度数值模拟中关键参数的选取见表6。
通过调整平行黏结模型中的法向强度和切向强度，使坍落度数值模拟结果与室内试验结果一致，此时获得的平行黏结模型参数即为该含水率下矿石颗粒间的接触参数。不同含水率下矿石散体的坍落模拟结果如图5所示，通过反演法得到的不同含水率下矿石散体的平行黏结模型参数见表7。
3.3　模拟结果分析
选取含水率5%、贮矿高度40 m时的质量流率作为参照值，按式(3)计算各研究方案下的矿石质量流率比，结果见表8。
由表7知，在同一含水率条件下，矿石流动性随贮矿高度的增加而增强：当贮矿高度为20~40 m时，矿石流动性提升显著；当贮矿高度达到40 m时，矿石质量流率比达到最大值；当贮矿高度为40~60 m时，矿石流动性增长趋缓。当矿石含水率为0~5%时，矿石流动性能良好，无堵塞；当矿石含水率为5%~7%时，矿石流动性随含水率升高而显著下降，此时矿石在放矿过程中易出现高位结拱；当矿石含水率为7%~9%时，因矿石散体之间黏聚力剧增，导致溜井完全堵塞。
4　溜井放矿室内相似试验
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4.1　试验装置
本次相似模拟试验在自主研制的溜井放矿试验平台上开展，采用亚克力管模拟溜井井筒。该材料具有优异的透明性，便于观测放矿时矿石的运动特征，同时具备良好的物理性能。试验装置结构如图6所示。
4.2　试验结果及分析
选取含水率5%、贮矿高度40 m时的质量流率作为参照值，以质量流率比为评价指标，按式(3)计算所得的相似试验结果见表9。
为更清晰地得到不同条件下矿石质量流率的变化规律，基于表8数据绘制了不同方案下的质量流率变化曲线，如图7所示。
由图7(a)可知，在同一贮矿高度下，矿石流动性随矿石含水率的增加而显著下降，当含水率为0~3%时，溜井内矿石流动性良好，但矿石质量流率偏大；当含水率为3%~5%时，放矿口会出现堵塞现象，轻微振动可使矿石恢复流动；当矿石含水率为5%~7%时，放矿时会产生高位结拱现象，此时振动放矿口矿石依然无法放出；当矿石含水率为7%~9%时，因矿石散体之间黏聚力的增加导致矿石大量黏结，溜井完全堵塞。质量流率过大会导致“跑矿”事故，过小则易导致结拱堵塞，因此，实际放矿过程中应控制溜井贮矿段内矿石含水率在3%~5%范围内。
由图7(b)可知，在同一含水率条件下，矿石的质量流率随贮矿高度的增加呈现上升趋势。具体表现为：当贮矿高度由20 m增至40 m时，矿石的质量流率显著提升；当贮矿高度达到40 m时，矿石的质量流率达到峰值；而贮矿高度为40~60 m时，质量流率随贮矿高度的增加仅出现小幅下降趋势。此外，随着贮矿高度的增加，矿石对溜井底部井壁的冲击效果逐渐减弱。综合考虑放矿速度与矿石对井壁的冲击效应，建议将贮矿高度优选为60 m。
5　相似试验及数值模拟试验对比分析
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为更直观地对比数值模拟结果与相似试验结果，基于表7和表8的质量流率比数据，绘制结果对比曲线如图8所示。
基于坍落度试验反演的平行黏结模型参数应用于溜井放矿数值模拟试验时，其计算结果与室内相似试验结果高度吻合。具体表现为：在同一含水率条件下，矿石的质量流率随贮矿高度的增加呈上升趋势，矿石的流动性显著提升；在同一贮矿高度条件下，矿石的流动性随矿石含水率的增加呈显著下降趋势。结合实际与表中数据可知，相较于贮矿高度，矿石含水率对放矿过程中矿石流动性的影响更大。
矿山实际生产中需严格控制溜井放矿速率，自然放矿状态下贮矿高度为20~60 m，矿石含水率为1%~9%。以含水率5%、贮矿高度40 m的质量流率比为参照值时，由图8可知，当含水率低于3%时，矿石的质量流率比约为参照值的3倍，易引发安全事故；当含水率达到7%时，此时矿石的质量流率比约为参照值的20%，故应将矿石含水率控制在3%~5%之内；随着贮矿高度的增加，矿石的质量流率比呈上升趋势，这是因为随着贮矿高度的增加，储料面与卸矿口的相对距离减小，此时待卸矿石的冲击夯实作用随着卸矿高度的减小而减小[15]。当贮矿高度从20 m增至40 m时，矿石的流动性显著提升。当贮矿高度继续从40 m增至60 m时，矿石的质量流率趋于平稳，并出现轻微下降。付吉顺等[15]指出，提高贮矿高度可有效降低溜井底部井壁的侧压力，从而减少因矿石卸载冲击造成的井壁磨损。综合考量井壁磨损与矿石流动性两个关键因素，建议采用贮矿高度为60 m。
6　结论
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基于坍落度试验参数，通过数值模拟和相似试验分析溜井放矿中矿石的不同含水率及贮矿高度对放矿效果的影响，得出以下主要结论。
（1）将基于坍落度及扩展度试验所得到的平行黏结模型参数应用于溜井放矿数值模拟时，其计算结果与室内相似试验结果高度吻合，使用该方法进行溜井矿石流动性预测可以提高结果的准确性。
（2）含水率在0~9%范围内递增时，矿石的流动性呈下降趋势。含水率为7%~9%时易发生堵塞现象，实际放矿过程中应避免含水率在此区间；含水率在3%~5%范围时，矿石流动性能最好，因此，工程实践中可将矿石含水率控制在该范围内。
（3）矿石的流动性随贮矿高度的增加呈上升趋势。当贮矿高度为20~40 m时，矿石流动性上升明显；当贮矿高度为40 m时，矿石质量流率达到最大值；当贮矿高度为40~60 m时，矿石流动性略微下降。综合考虑，贮矿高度应为60 m。

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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间：2024-11-05
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-09-25
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    武汉科技大学资源与环境工程学院，湖北　武汉　430081

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姚囡（1987—），男，湖北黄冈人，博士，副教授，主要从事采矿工艺与技术、矿山岩体支护等方面的研究。E-mail:
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