Article(id=1322161795423391822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727366400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157536606, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157536606, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157536606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157536606, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=17, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161795574386767, articleId=1322161795423391822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Optimization of Stope Structural Parameters in Filling Mining Stope for Gently Inclined Thick Ore Body, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The gently inclined thick ore body below -675 m level in Chengchao Iron Mine is mined by two-step mining with sublevel drilling open stoping and subsequent filling. According to the theoretical analysis results, three numerical simulation research schemes of mine room (pillar) span were formulated. The stress, displacement and plastic zone distribution of each scheme were compared and analyzed, and the influences of different spans of mine room (pillar) on the stability of stope was explored. The results show that when the span of mine room (pillar) is 15 m, the maximum tensile stress of the goaf roof is less than 2 MPa, and the maximum compressive stress is less than 5 MPa, which is within the allowable range of the rock mass. The maximum subsidence value of the goaf roof is less than 5 cm, which does not exceed the allowable limit displacement. There is no large area of plastic zone penetration in the structural plane of the goaf. When the span of the mine room is 18 m, the roof settlement is 52.3 mm (over the warning value of 50 mm), which need to be supported. It is determined that the span of mine room (pillar) is 15 m as the optimal scheme. The maximum vertical subsidence value of the monitoring points in the center of the roof is 0.033 7 m, and the maximum vertical subsidence value of the monitoring points in the center of the surrounding rock is 0.031 4 m. According to the evaluation results of the influence of ground deformation on the buildings (structures), the mining of the ore body below -675 m level will have a slight impact on the surface buildings (structures), and the influence degree is within the allowable range, which ensures the safety of the new Chengchao Bay country on the surface of Chengchao Iron Mine.

, authors=Ping WANG1, Menghan QI1, Aiping CHENG1, Yamin HAN2, Jimin LI2, authorsList=Ping WANG, Menghan QI, Aiping CHENG, Yamin HAN, Jimin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Menghan QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161803698753683, articleId=1322161795423391822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=缓倾斜厚大矿体充填开采采场结构参数优化研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

程潮铁矿-675 m水平以下缓倾斜厚大矿体采用分段凿岩空场嗣后充填两步骤回采。根据理论分析结果制定3种矿房(柱)跨度的数值模拟研究方案,对比分析各方案的应力、位移及塑性区的分布情况,探究不同矿房(柱)跨度对采场稳定性的影响。结果表明:当矿房(柱)跨度为15 m时,采空区顶板所受最大拉应力均小于2 MPa,最大压应力均小于5 MPa,在岩体可允许范围,采空区顶板最大沉降值均小于5 cm,未超过容许极限位移量,采空区结构面没有出现大面积的塑性区贯穿;当矿房跨度18 m时,顶板沉降量为52.3 mm(超警戒值50 mm),确定矿房(柱)跨度15 m为最优方案;顶板中心监测点的最大垂直沉降值为0.033 7 m,围岩中心监测点的最大垂直沉降值为0.031 4 m,根据地面变形对建(构)筑物影响等级评定结果,开采-675 m水平以下的矿体对地表建(构)筑物会产生轻微的影响,其影响程度在允许范围之内,保证了程潮铁矿地表新程潮大湾村的安全性。

, authors=王平1, 齐梦寒1, 程爱平1, 韩亚民2, 李吉民2, authorsList=王平, 齐梦寒, 程爱平, 韩亚民, 李吉民, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=齐梦寒, authorNote=

王平(1972—),男,湖北监利人,教授,研究方向为采矿工程。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
齐梦寒(1999—),女,河南安阳人,硕士,研究方向为安全工程。E-mail:
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Changsha: Central South University, 2011., articleTitle=Research on optimization of stope parameters of deep gently inclined thin ore body and mining subsidence characteristics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322161814109016331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, awardId=52474143, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52474143), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322161803912663190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322161803921051799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, companyId=1322161803912663190, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China), 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figureFileBig=KN4ma64M4lKd3uyIrDd5+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161808970993881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Minimum principal stress nephograms of mining and filling with a span of 12 m, figureFileSmall=TsWZY+pwYzcZeyi0wDcnYw==, figureFileBig=lSzz0+bPyJZXZBC6mj8s5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161809138766043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=图6, caption=跨度为12 m 时开采与充填最小主应力云图, figureFileSmall=TsWZY+pwYzcZeyi0wDcnYw==, figureFileBig=lSzz0+bPyJZXZBC6mj8s5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161809272983772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Minimum principal stress nephograms of mining and filling with a span of 15 m, figureFileSmall=FbUAeCyXfaEIHZLhFfSfag==, figureFileBig=XdlWxwe7E0fQqfT1wUZrzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161809340092638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=图7, caption=跨度为15 m 时开采与充填最小主应力云图, figureFileSmall=FbUAeCyXfaEIHZLhFfSfag==, figureFileBig=XdlWxwe7E0fQqfT1wUZrzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161809415590111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Minimum principal stress nephograms of mining and filling with a span of 18 m, figureFileSmall=+523/N1bE5Swaskjn3MtCA==, figureFileBig=ZBAL1TcLFs/SGr7pBShrDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161809486893280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=图8, caption=跨度为18 m 时开采与充填最小主应力云图, figureFileSmall=+523/N1bE5Swaskjn3MtCA==, figureFileBig=ZBAL1TcLFs/SGr7pBShrDw==, tableContent=null), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=图10, caption=跨度为12 m 时开采与充填竖直方向位移云图, figureFileSmall=Pk5u0E+v6mZbKYxv2ZoYVw==, figureFileBig=+vsyZosSd3Ec66pxFH9iNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161809939878119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Vertical displacement nephograms of mining and filling with a span of 15 m, figureFileSmall=5pwooJSNDV1l6mLvogwvoA==, figureFileBig=ccGq3AKHS2vHjZwYY8J8PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161810027958504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=图11, caption=跨度为15 m 时开采与充填竖直方向位移云图, figureFileSmall=5pwooJSNDV1l6mLvogwvoA==, figureFileBig=ccGq3AKHS2vHjZwYY8J8PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161810095067369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Vertical displacement nephograms of mining and filling with a span of 18 m, figureFileSmall=EQmKqJvreMN9gmwB9H9sSQ==, figureFileBig=Q8j2UyvT8pbrr8cK3w8CuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161810178953450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=图12, caption=跨度为18 m 时开采与充填竖直方向位移云图, figureFileSmall=EQmKqJvreMN9gmwB9H9sSQ==, figureFileBig=Q8j2UyvT8pbrr8cK3w8CuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161810250256619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Relationship between maximum vertical subsidence of goaf roof and span of mine house, figureFileSmall=M8saYXukuMOnbJn0pgHPBw==, figureFileBig=N0Fkq5qdr41mFxu/Wi9d+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161810321559788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=图13, caption=采空区顶板最大垂直沉降量与矿房跨度的关系, figureFileSmall=M8saYXukuMOnbJn0pgHPBw==, figureFileBig=N0Fkq5qdr41mFxu/Wi9d+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161810397057261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Plastic zone distribution nephograms of mining and filling with a span of 12 m, figureFileSmall=+GSYLFq+HS+kyJ3ApdRbpg==, figureFileBig=MujDloxnsuxXwR/8EaeWcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161810468360430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=图14, caption=跨度为12 m时开采与充填塑性区分布云图, figureFileSmall=+GSYLFq+HS+kyJ3ApdRbpg==, figureFileBig=MujDloxnsuxXwR/8EaeWcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161810535469295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Plastic zone 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figureFileSmall=r8+F6NqCcu/+exLrRwaiYw==, figureFileBig=YLHekE2FhWbApw9nygHFIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161813383401728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

RMR classification results of ore and rock stability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性RMR值岩体质量等级岩体质量描述
铁矿石57Ⅲ一般
花岗岩72Ⅱ好
矽卡岩62Ⅱ好
大理岩63Ⅱ好
), ArticleFig(id=1322161813488259330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿岩 RMR 稳定性分类结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性RMR值岩体质量等级岩体质量描述
铁矿石57Ⅲ一般
花岗岩72Ⅱ好
矽卡岩62Ⅱ好
大理岩63Ⅱ好
), ArticleFig(id=1322161813567951107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性体积模量/ GPa剪切模量/ GPa黏聚力/ kPa泊松比内摩擦角/ (°)抗拉强度/ MPa密度/ (g·cm-3)
铁矿石8.736.285.320.21385.04.00
矽卡岩11.805.403.500.30202.82.73
充填体0.730.340.230.30320.52.02
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岩体物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性体积模量/ GPa剪切模量/ GPa黏聚力/ kPa泊松比内摩擦角/ (°)抗拉强度/ MPa密度/ (g·cm-3)
铁矿石8.736.285.320.21385.04.00
矽卡岩11.805.403.500.30202.82.73
充填体0.730.340.230.30320.52.02
), ArticleFig(id=1322161813756694790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Roof deformation criterion of long-span stope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
顶板垂直沉降量/mm顶板变形与稳定特征
<20对岩体稳定基本不构成影响
20~50不需要支护
50~100岩体存在稳定问题,需要支护
>100属于大变形问题,采场有垮塌的风险
), ArticleFig(id=1322161813819609351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

大跨度采场顶板变形判据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
顶板垂直沉降量/mm顶板变形与稳定特征
<20对岩体稳定基本不构成影响
20~50不需要支护
50~100岩体存在稳定问题,需要支护
>100属于大变形问题,采场有垮塌的风险
), ArticleFig(id=1322161813890912520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161795423391822, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evaluation of influence grade of ground deformation on buildings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响等级倾斜率i/(mm/m)曲率k/(mm/m2)水平变形ε/(mm/m)对建(构)筑物的影响程度
1i<3k<0.2ε<2轻微
23≤i<60.2≤k<0.42≤ε<4小
36≤i<100.4≤k<0.64≤ε<6中
4i≥10k≥0.6ε≥6严重
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地面变形对建(构)筑物影响等级评定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响等级倾斜率i/(mm/m)曲率k/(mm/m2)水平变形ε/(mm/m)对建(构)筑物的影响程度
1i<3k<0.2ε<2轻微
23≤i<60.2≤k<0.42≤ε<4小
36≤i<100.4≤k<0.64≤ε<6中
4i≥10k≥0.6ε≥6严重
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缓倾斜厚大矿体充填开采采场结构参数优化研究
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王平 1 , 齐梦寒 1 , 程爱平 1 , 韩亚民 2 , 李吉民 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(9): 17-26
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (9) : 17 -26
缓倾斜厚大矿体充填开采采场结构参数优化研究
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王平(1972—),男,湖北监利人,教授,研究方向为采矿工程。E-mail:

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王平1 , 齐梦寒1 , 程爱平1, 韩亚民2, 李吉民2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 2.武钢资源集团程潮铁矿矿业有限公司,湖北 鄂州市 436000
通讯作者:
齐梦寒(1999—),女,河南安阳人,硕士,研究方向为安全工程。E-mail:
作者简介:

王平(1972—),男,湖北监利人,教授,研究方向为采矿工程。E-mail:

Study on Optimization of Stope Structural Parameters in Filling Mining Stope for Gently Inclined Thick Ore Body
Ping WANG1 , Menghan QI1 , Aiping CHENG1, Yamin HAN2, Jimin LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
  • 2.WISCO Resources Group Chengchao Mining Co., Ltd., Ezhou, Hubei 436000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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程潮铁矿-675 m水平以下缓倾斜厚大矿体采用分段凿岩空场嗣后充填两步骤回采。根据理论分析结果制定3种矿房(柱)跨度的数值模拟研究方案,对比分析各方案的应力、位移及塑性区的分布情况,探究不同矿房(柱)跨度对采场稳定性的影响。结果表明:当矿房(柱)跨度为15 m时,采空区顶板所受最大拉应力均小于2 MPa,最大压应力均小于5 MPa,在岩体可允许范围,采空区顶板最大沉降值均小于5 cm,未超过容许极限位移量,采空区结构面没有出现大面积的塑性区贯穿;当矿房跨度18 m时,顶板沉降量为52.3 mm(超警戒值50 mm),确定矿房(柱)跨度15 m为最优方案;顶板中心监测点的最大垂直沉降值为0.033 7 m,围岩中心监测点的最大垂直沉降值为0.031 4 m,根据地面变形对建(构)筑物影响等级评定结果,开采-675 m水平以下的矿体对地表建(构)筑物会产生轻微的影响,其影响程度在允许范围之内,保证了程潮铁矿地表新程潮大湾村的安全性。

缓倾斜厚大矿体  /  分段凿岩空场嗣后充填  /  两步骤回采  /  采场结构参数优化  /  垂直沉降  /  数值模拟

The gently inclined thick ore body below -675 m level in Chengchao Iron Mine is mined by two-step mining with sublevel drilling open stoping and subsequent filling. According to the theoretical analysis results, three numerical simulation research schemes of mine room (pillar) span were formulated. The stress, displacement and plastic zone distribution of each scheme were compared and analyzed, and the influences of different spans of mine room (pillar) on the stability of stope was explored. The results show that when the span of mine room (pillar) is 15 m, the maximum tensile stress of the goaf roof is less than 2 MPa, and the maximum compressive stress is less than 5 MPa, which is within the allowable range of the rock mass. The maximum subsidence value of the goaf roof is less than 5 cm, which does not exceed the allowable limit displacement. There is no large area of plastic zone penetration in the structural plane of the goaf. When the span of the mine room is 18 m, the roof settlement is 52.3 mm (over the warning value of 50 mm), which need to be supported. It is determined that the span of mine room (pillar) is 15 m as the optimal scheme. The maximum vertical subsidence value of the monitoring points in the center of the roof is 0.033 7 m, and the maximum vertical subsidence value of the monitoring points in the center of the surrounding rock is 0.031 4 m. According to the evaluation results of the influence of ground deformation on the buildings (structures), the mining of the ore body below -675 m level will have a slight impact on the surface buildings (structures), and the influence degree is within the allowable range, which ensures the safety of the new Chengchao Bay country on the surface of Chengchao Iron Mine.

Gently inclined thick ore body  /  Sublevel drilling open stoping and subsequent filling  /  Two-step mining  /  Optimization of stope structure parameters  /  Vertical subsidence  /  Numerical simulation
王平, 齐梦寒, 程爱平, 韩亚民, 李吉民. 缓倾斜厚大矿体充填开采采场结构参数优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 17 -26 .
Ping WANG, Menghan QI, Aiping CHENG, Yamin HAN, Jimin LI. Study on Optimization of Stope Structural Parameters in Filling Mining Stope for Gently Inclined Thick Ore Body[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 17 -26 .
程潮铁矿深部矿体为缓倾斜厚大矿体,为确保其西南端上方地表新程潮大湾村的安全性,开展了采场结构参数优化研究。深部矿体通常需采用充填采矿法开采,但现有的充填工艺尚不完善,开采过程中会面临许多问题[1]。针对深部厚大矿体安全生产的需要,矿山生产中围绕深部岩体整体应力分布、矿床开采顺序、采场稳定性、巷道支护技术等方面进行了深入研究[2],因此确定科学合理的采场结构参数是采矿设计优化的关键问题[3]。
近年来,在采矿工程研究领域,数值模拟计算是一种科学有效的研究手段,其在采场稳定性分析、矿柱尺寸设计等方面有着显著优势[4]。刘冬等[5]针对焦家金矿-390 m中部的实际情况,利用FLAC3D软件建立了相应的数学模型,分析了6种进路跨度的计算结果,得出在7.5 m的进路跨度下岩石能够达到稳定的结论。马春德等[6]针对采场稳定性差的难题,以湖南湘西金溪金矿为研究对象,利用ANSYS-FLAC3D对4种不同的施工方案进行数值模拟,对比分析各方案的应力、位移及塑性区的分布情况,确定最优方案。吴洪词等[7]利用FLAC3D软件,对瑞典某矿区下一层采场围岩的稳定问题进行了数值模拟,为下一阶段的开采工作奠定了理论基础。李晓飞等[8]应用ANSYS对不同的支护参数进行数值模拟,结果表明,采用U形钢支护、间距为1.5 m时效果最佳。ZHAO等[9]利用FLAC3D软件研究不同开采方式下,巷道围岩的应力场、塑性形变范围、围岩变形机制。孟凡明等[10]在正交试验的基础上,采用ANSYS/FLAC3D耦合模型,对9种开采方案进行数值仿真,研究采场的应力–应变关系及地面沉降变化规律,确定最佳的采场支护参数。
考虑采场结构参数对采场稳定的影响程度,现阶段学者做出了以下的研究。徐帅等[11]以思山岭铁矿为研究对象,采用FLAC3D软件与正交试验结合的方法,对大厚度、大尺寸矿体进行了研究分析,得出了采场长度对采场稳定影响最大的结论,其次是采场高度,其他影响因素相对较小。CHENG G W[12]对程潮矿顶板冒落区周边悬臂梁支护结构的失稳机制及采动影响下的覆岩运动进行了研究。罗来和等[13]以山东簸箕田金矿为研究对象,利用FLAC3D对不同开采方式下的采场结构参数进行了优选,结果表明,采场高为3 m、宽为6 m的上向进路充填采矿法最优。刘光生[14]采用FLAC3D软件对两步法开采过程进行数值模拟分析,在不同尺度及强度参数下,对一步骤开采过程进行三维数值求解。李炎峰等[15]依据三维有限元法对各个影响因子进行评价,利用模糊数学理论与AHP结合的方法构建相对优属度矩阵和权重矩阵,得到了最优的设计方案。胡建钊[16]针对铜矿床的特点,提出了3种开采方案,并采用FLAC3D软件对这3个设计方案进行了模拟分析,从而选出最优的设计方案。
本文针对缓倾斜厚大矿体充填开采采场结构参数展开以下研究工作。首先,以简支梁理论计算公式和矿房宽度理论计算公式为前提,计算出矿房跨度的极限数值,制定3种不同矿房(柱)跨度的数值模拟方案;然后,利用FLAC3D数值软件模拟分析采场结构参数对采场与围岩稳定的影响;最后,利用采空区顶板监测点沉降数据来分析评价深部矿体充填开采对地表建筑物的影响程度,以确保程潮铁矿西南端上方地表新程潮大湾村的安全性。
本文的研究对象为程潮铁矿-675 m水平以下的矿体,Ⅵ号铁矿体是本次设计范围内的最大矿体,矿体垂直投影见图1。基于岩石单轴抗压强度、岩石质量指标RQD值、节理间距、节理状态和地下水状态等5项指标[17],对程潮铁矿主要岩石进行了RMR分级,见表1。
本节采用常见的简支梁理论与矿房宽度计算理论相结合的方法求得极限矿房跨度和矿房宽度[18]。采场的顶板可假设为两端简支梁,岩梁受力分析如图2所示。依据材料力学,岩梁中性轴上、下表面上任意一点的应力σ(x)为:
式中:α表示矿体倾角,(°);h表示岩梁高度,m;l表示岩梁跨度,m;γ表示岩体容重,kN/m3。
最大拉应力发生在x=Ll/2+htanα/6 处岩梁中性轴的下表面,最大拉应力σmax为:
式中,Ll为矿房的极限跨度,m。
因此,顶板倾向的最大允许跨度Lqy为:
式中,σt是顶柱岩层抗拉强度(按岩体抗拉强度进行折减,一般取0.4 MPa)。
顶板垂直走向的最大允许跨度Lsp为:
在充填采矿法初步设计中,矿块均沿矿体走向布置,其倾角为零,将采场数据代入上式,计算得出Ll=20 m。
对于采用空场嗣后充填采矿法开采的采场,回采范围可依据采场的安全性和生产能力来决定,在保证采场安全的前提下,增加采场的宽度和高度,可提高采场量。矿房宽度L计算式如下:
式中:H表示矿体开采深度,m;β表示侧压力系数,一般取0.8。
将采场数据代入式(5),计算得出L=13.1 m。
采用FLAC3D有限元分析方法,以程潮矿Ⅵ号矿体为研究对象,进行了以无支护条件下的采场结构参数优化为目标的三维有限元仿真分析。本次数值模拟的模型范围为-675~-780 m水平(一个中段的高度),中段划分为6个分段,分段高度为17.5 m,从下至上依次回采,矿体划分为矿房和矿柱,矿块采用“隔一采一”的方式回采,一步骤开采矿房后充填,二步骤开采矿柱后充填,每个分段最多可同时回采两个矿房,靠近顶板的第六分段高度为11.5 m,顶板高度为6 m,顶板不回采。矿房平均厚度为30 m,跨度分别设置为12 m、15 m、18 m。跨度为15 m 的回采工艺流程如图3所示。
模型的建立在整个模拟试验过程中至关重要,矿石开挖后会造成应力重新分布,周围岩体的应力状态也会发生改变,为确保模拟矿山的准确性,通常将模拟区域设置成开采范围的3~5倍。建立如图4所示的模型,该模型尺寸(长×高×宽)为500 m×400 m×0.5 m。模拟区域采用分段凿岩空场嗣后充填两步骤回采,采场的走向与矿体的方向相垂直,采场的长度为矿体的厚度。基于程潮矿的相关地质资料可知,目标矿体的围岩以矽卡岩为主,模型以51线为主要模拟对象,为了简化模型模拟过程,在很大程度上对模拟矿体尖锐、零散区域进行了简化处理。
程潮铁矿-675~-780 m 水平矿体以铁矿石、矽卡岩、充填体为主,属弹塑性材料,故计算时采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则:
式中:σ1、σ3分别为最大、最小主应力;c为黏聚力;φ为内摩擦角。
基于程潮铁矿矿岩地质力学参数试验积累数据及现场调研,获取的岩体物理力学参数见表2。对模型开挖分析前,首先生成初始应力场,图5为生成的竖直方向初始地应力场。
结合两种计算方式求解出的数据来看,矿房跨度应该在极限跨度20 m以内,以矿房宽度13.1 m作为参考,在考虑具体开采工况以及经济成本的前提下设置3种数值模拟方案:方案1,矿房(柱)跨度为12 m;方案2,矿房(柱)跨度为15 m,方案3,矿房(柱)跨度为18 m。
整个回采过程分为6个分段开挖,逐段分析过于繁琐,每个分段的应力、位移、塑性区图大体上一致,在数据上表现为随着回采工作的进行,采空区顶板承受的应力值、垂直沉降值、塑性区面积也随之增大。按照矿体回采顺序,第六分段是回采的最后一个分段,也是距离顶板最近的一个分段,选取此分段分析不同矿房跨度下一步骤开采及充填后的应力、位移与塑性区分布,分析讨论采空区顶板周边的应力、垂直位移及塑性区变化。
矿房跨度分别为12 m、15 m、18 m 时开采与充填最小主应力云图如图6至图8所示。
由图6至图8可知,在矿柱和顶板的交界处有明显的应力集中现象,且应力值随着矿房跨度的增大而增加,表明矿房跨度的大小影响采场结构的稳定性。顶板以拉应力为主,顶板所受拉应力值均小于2 MPa,远小于矿体的抗拉强度,不会对采矿活动产生影响;矿房两侧以压应力为主,侧帮所受压应力均小于5 MPa。一步骤充填后,在矿柱和底板的交界处有明显的应力集中现象,拉应力值有所减少,因受到充填体的侧向挤压作用,顶板处的压应力随着充填体的充入逐渐减小,充填体对整个采场起到了一定的支撑作用。
由于采用“隔一采一”的两步骤回采方式,需要考虑采空区顶板的受力情况,为后期回采矿柱做好准备。根据不同跨度矿房开采和充填时的应力值,获取关于顶板承受最大应力与矿房跨度之间的关系图,如图9所示。由图9可知,随着矿房跨度的增大,采空区顶板所承受的拉应力也随之增大,但应力值都在2 MPa以内,当跨度为18 m时,采空区顶板承受的拉应力最大。采空区充填后,顶板所受拉应力有一定程度的减小,减小幅度在0.5 MPa以内,但仅靠应力云图不能确定矿房的最佳跨度。
矿房跨度分别为12 m、15 m、18 m 时开采与充填竖直方向位移云图如图10至图12所示。
由图10至图12可知,顶板区域出现了较大的位移,3种矿房跨度开采与充填后的竖直方向位移云图分布基本上一致,3种跨度的采场顶底板附近均出现了位移变化,空区顶板表现为下沉,底板表现为鼓起。随着矿房跨度的增加,采空区顶板的垂直沉降量和底板的鼓起量均逐渐增加,但底板的最大鼓起量均不超过40 mm,底板的鼓起量均在可控制范围,在此不过多叙述。对比 3 种跨度的位移云图可知,采空区暴露面较大的为跨度18 m, 此时顶底板的位移变化量最大,下沉和鼓起的最大值均出现在顶板与底板的中间位置。
由图13可知,随着采场开采活动的进行,3种开采方案的位移变化量有明显增加。随着跨度的增加,顶板的垂直沉降量明显增加,但3种跨度开采的顶板垂直沉降量均在60 mm 以内,底板鼓起量无太大增长变化,均在40 mm 以内;但顶板的垂直沉降量增长较大,顶板下沉问题应该引起重视。矿房跨度为18 m时,顶板及底板的形变位移量最大,开采时顶板最大垂直沉降量超过了50 mm,充填采空区后位移量有所变化,但顶板垂直沉降量仍然超过了50 mm;矿房跨度为15 m时,顶板垂直沉降量均在50 mm以内,不需要支护开采,此时采场处于稳定状态,位移变化量也在可控制范围;矿房跨度为12 m时,顶板垂直沉降量均在35 mm以内,不需要支护开采,此时采场处于稳定状态。
参考大跨度采场顶板变形与稳定特征[19-20](见表3)及工程实践经验,以顶板垂直沉降量来判断地下矿山采场大跨度开挖是否需要支护。由于采场变形量小于50 mm时不需要支护,变形量在50~100 mm时需要支护,矿房跨度为18 m时顶板最大垂直沉降量超过了50 mm,顶板变形量较大,岩体稳定性存在问题,需要采取支护措施;矿房跨度为12 m、15 m时变形量均低于50 mm,且矿体总体围岩处于中等稳固到稳固状态。综合考虑开采时的经济因素和安全因素,矿房跨度为15 m时,采场比较稳定,为最佳跨度。
矿房跨度分别为12 m、15 m、18 m时开采与充填的塑性区分布云图如图14至图16所示。
由图14至图16的塑性区分布云图可知,3种跨度的采场塑性区分布大体上相同,均分布在采场开采矿块的顶底板、两帮;不同跨度时矿块顶底板及两帮的塑性区面积有明显的变化,随着跨度增大,剪切破坏的区域也不断增大。一步骤回采完毕后,顶板以及侧帮出现了不同程度的塑性流动且占比较小,同时采空区结构面并没有出现大面积的塑性区贯穿,仅仅在顶板与矿柱的连接处出现了少量的剪切塑性流动。对比不同跨度的塑性区分布云图,发现跨度为15 m时当前剪切区域更小,此开采阶段塑性破坏未贯穿,采场维持在稳定安全的状态。出于采场安全的考量,矿房跨度越大,顶板发生剪切破坏的可能性就越大。结合矿山开采经济因素,在保证安全和经济的前提下,矿房跨度为15 m时为最佳选择。
由上述数值模拟结果综合分析可知,矿房跨度为15 m时为最佳方案,此时整个采场更加安全和稳定,针对开采过程中采场顶板的垂直沉降问题,选择跨度为15 m时的数值模拟模型为研究对象。为了能够更加直观地显现出开采过程中顶板的垂直沉降变化值,在顶板上设置监测点,同时保证在矿体开采过程中,每个监测点都会有准确的沉降变化值。本次共设置22个监测点,分为两组,每组监测点之间均匀分布,其中11个监测点(点1至点11)分布在采场顶板上且处于同一水平线上,其余11个(点12至点22)分布在顶板上方的围岩上且处于同一水平线上,顶板监测点与围岩监测点之间的竖直位移差为10 m,各个监测点分布如图17所示。
各个分段一步骤、二步骤开采和充填的监测结果如图18至图21所示。由图18至图21可知,两组监测点垂直沉降量的变化趋势基本一致,图形按照监测点顺序呈向下的拱形,说明在开采的各个阶段越靠近顶板中心点的监测点的垂直沉降值越大。在顶板上的监测点垂直沉降值更大,而在围岩上的监测点的垂直沉降值有明显的减小,主要是一方面两组监测点存在垂直位移差,采场围岩体质量好,整个开采活动不会对采场产生实质性破坏;另一方面是采用分段凿岩嗣后充填采矿法。在开采过程中大大减少了顶板的暴露面积,及时充填采空区对采场顶板起到了稳定的作用。除此之外,两组监测点的数值差距也说明了距离顶板越远其垂直沉降值越小,因为目标矿体为-675 m水平以下的矿体,其施工现场与地表有很大的垂直距离,那么地表垂直沉降值会更加微小。
由图17可知,6#为顶板中心的监测点,最大垂直沉降值为0.033 7 m;17#为围岩上最靠近中心的监测点,最大垂直沉降值为0.031 4 m。根据顶板上的监测点数据计算得出地表重要建(构)筑物附近地表倾斜率为0.77 mm/m,曲率为0.032 mm/m2,水平变形量为0.161 mm/m,依据地面变形对建(构)筑物影响等级评定结果(见表4)可得出结论:开采-675 m水平以下的矿体对地表重要建(构)筑物会造成轻微的影响,其影响程度在允许范围之内。
(1)本文的研究对象是程潮铁矿-675 m水平以下的矿体,根据该矿体的地质资料,判断矿体总体围岩为中等稳固到稳固,依据简支梁理论和矿房宽度计算理论制定了3种不同矿房跨度的数值模拟方案:方案1,矿房(柱)宽度为12 m;方案2,矿房(柱)宽度为15 m;方案3,矿房(柱)宽度为18 m。
(2)依据应力云图结果分析,矿房跨度越大,采空区顶板最大主应力也逐渐增大,充填后,顶板所受拉应力有一定程度的减少,表明采空区充填后会减少顶板所受的拉应力。依据位移云图结果分析,跨度为12 m、15 m时变形量均低于5 cm,且矿体总体围岩处于中等稳固到稳固状态,矿房跨度18 mm时,顶板沉降量52.3 mm(超警戒值50 mm),需支护。考虑开采时的经济因素和安全因素,最佳跨度为15 m。依据塑性区分布图结果分析,3种跨度下采空区结构面并没有出现大面积的塑性区贯穿,仅仅在顶板与矿柱的连接处出现了少量的剪切塑性流动。综上所述,矿房(柱)跨度为15 m时,采空区顶板所受最大应力在岩体允许范围,采空区顶板最大沉降值没有超过容许极限位移量,采空区结构面没有出现大面积的塑性区贯穿,确定矿房(柱)跨度15 m为最优方案。
(3)针对开采过程中采场顶板的垂直沉降问题,选择跨度为15 m时的数值模拟模型为研究对象并设置监测点。由监测结果可知,顶板中心监测点的最大垂直沉降值为0.0337 m,围岩中心监测点的最大垂直沉降值为0.031 4 m。根据地面变形对建(构)筑物影响等级评定结果可知,开采-675 m水平以下的矿体对地表重要建(构)筑物会造成轻微的影响,其影响程度在允许范围之内。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52474143)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
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国家自然科学基金项目(52474143)
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    1.武汉科技大学资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430081
    2.武钢资源集团程潮铁矿矿业有限公司,湖北 鄂州市 436000

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齐梦寒(1999—),女,河南安阳人,硕士,研究方向为安全工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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