Article(id=1322161773801746449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729180800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157531451, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157531451, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157531451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157531451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=27, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161773998878739, articleId=1322161773801746449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Degradation Model of Overlying Rock Strength Under Different Mining Heights and the Reasonable Initial Mining Height, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the degradation law of mining height on the strength of overlying rock, taking the determination of reasonable initial mining height in the initial mining stage of Guojiawan 51208 working face as the background, the fracture density function was used to measure the degradation of mining height on the strength of overlying rock, and the theoretical model and numerical analysis model of the strength degradation of overlying rock under different mining heights were established. Combined with the parameters of the working face, the influence law of mining height on the stability of overlying rock was obtained. The results show that with the increase of mining height, the rotation angle gradually increases, the thickness of the rock layer loaded by the bearing layer gradually decreases, and the rock layer is more prone to rotary deformation and instability. When the advancing length of the working face is 40 m, the maximum displacement of the overlying rock and the plastic zone distribution of the basic roof are basically the same for the mining height of 2.5 m and 4.0 m. When the advancing length of the working face is 50 m and above, the maximum displacement of the overlying rock with a mining height of 4.0 m is more than10%higher than that with a mining height of 2.5 m, and the plastic zone of the basic roof is obviously increased. The peak value of advance support pressure increases with the increase of mining height, and the first weighting step decreases with the increase of mining height. The initial weighting step of 2.5 m mining height is 70 m. The initial mining height is 2.5 m, and the mining height is gradually adjusted to the actual coal thickness(4.0 m)after the first weighting of the main roof. The initial mining of the working face is more efficient and safe. The research results can provide reference for the initial mining roof control problem of the working face.

, authors=Weichong CHEN1, Jingzhu HUANG2, Jian XIAO3, Rui WU3, Juntao SUN4, authorsList=Weichong CHEN, Jingzhu HUANG, Jian XIAO, Rui WU, Juntao SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingzhu HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161781229858891, articleId=1322161773801746449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=不同采高下覆岩强度劣化模型及合理初采高度研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究采高对覆岩强度的劣化规律,以郭家湾51208工作面初采阶段合理初采高度的确定为背景,采用裂隙密度函数衡量采高对覆岩强度的劣化,建立不同采高下覆岩强度劣化的理论模型和数值分析模型,结合回采工作面的参数,得出采高对覆岩稳定性的影响规律。结果表明,随着采高的增加,回转角逐渐增大,承载层所负载的岩层厚度逐渐减小,岩层更易发生回转变形失稳。工作面推进长度为40 m时,采高2.5 m和采高4.0 m的覆岩位移最大值、基本顶的塑性区分布基本一样;工作面推进长度在50 m及以上时,采高4.0 m的覆岩位移最大值较采高2.5 m增加了10%以上,基本顶的塑性区明显增加。超前支承压力峰值随着采高的增加而增加,初次来压步距随着采高的增加而减小,采高2.5 m的初次来压步距为70 m。采用初采高度为2.5 m、在老顶初次来压后逐渐将采高调整为实际煤厚(4.0 m)的方案,工作面初采更为高效和安全。研究结果可为工作面初采顶板控制问题提供参考。

, authors=陈伟崇1, 黄晶柱2, 肖剑3, 吴锐3, 孙俊涛4, authorsList=陈伟崇, 黄晶柱, 肖剑, 吴锐, 孙俊涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄晶柱, authorNote=

陈伟崇(1980—),男,河北衡水人,工程师,主要从事矿山稳定性、自动化、智能化等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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黄晶柱(1989—),男,江西萍乡人,博士,讲师,主要从事爆破、煤矿采矿工程、稳定性分析等方面的研究。E-mail:
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陈伟崇(1980—),男,河北衡水人,工程师,主要从事矿山稳定性、自动化、智能化等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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陈伟崇(1980—),男,河北衡水人,工程师,主要从事矿山稳定性、自动化、智能化等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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Initial rock mechanics parameters of numerical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性体积模量 K0/GPa剪切模量 G0/GPa黏聚力 C0/MPa内摩擦角 φ0/(°)抗拉强度 σt0/MPa密度 ρ/(kg/m3)
砂质泥岩4.903.201.18351.802 520
粉砂岩10.838.132.75381.842 460
细粒砂岩18.0214.023.80435.132 586
粗粒砂岩7.356.633.04404.962 700
5-1煤1.730.820.75201.501 410
), ArticleFig(id=1322162500364260177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161773801746449, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模型的初始岩体力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性体积模量 K0/GPa剪切模量 G0/GPa黏聚力 C0/MPa内摩擦角 φ0/(°)抗拉强度 σt0/MPa密度 ρ/(kg/m3)
砂质泥岩4.903.201.18351.802 520
粉砂岩10.838.132.75381.842 460
细粒砂岩18.0214.023.80435.132 586
粗粒砂岩7.356.633.04404.962 700
5-1煤1.730.820.75201.501 410
), ArticleFig(id=1322162501156983634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161773801746449, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structural plane mechanical parameters of numerical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层法向刚度K/(GPa/m)切向刚度G/(GPa/m)黏聚力C/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)抗拉强度σt/MPa
砂质泥岩2.82.20.9622.01.18
粉砂岩8.08.01.606.01.31
细粒砂岩8.07.01.7020.83.70
粗粒砂岩6.04.01.3011.02.35
5-1煤3.01.00.1410.01.02
), ArticleFig(id=1322162502771790676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161773801746449, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模型的结构面力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层法向刚度K/(GPa/m)切向刚度G/(GPa/m)黏聚力C/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)抗拉强度σt/MPa
砂质泥岩2.82.20.9622.01.18
粉砂岩8.08.01.606.01.31
细粒砂岩8.07.01.7020.83.70
粗粒砂岩6.04.01.3011.02.35
5-1煤3.01.00.1410.01.02
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不同采高下覆岩强度劣化模型及合理初采高度研究
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陈伟崇 1 , 黄晶柱 2 , 肖剑 3 , 吴锐 3 , 孙俊涛 4
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(9): 27-35
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (9) : 27 -35
不同采高下覆岩强度劣化模型及合理初采高度研究
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陈伟崇(1980—),男,河北衡水人,工程师,主要从事矿山稳定性、自动化、智能化等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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陈伟崇(1980—),男,河北衡水人,工程师,主要从事矿山稳定性、自动化、智能化等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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陈伟崇1 , 黄晶柱2 , 肖剑3, 吴锐3, 孙俊涛4
作者信息
  • 1.国能榆林能源有限责任公司,陕西 榆林市 719000
  • 2.江西理工大学江西省环境岩土与工程灾害控制重点实验室,江西 赣州市 341000
  • 3.江西理工大学资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州市 341000
  • 4.云南省水利水电勘测设计研究院,云南 昆明 650205
通讯作者:
黄晶柱(1989—),男,江西萍乡人,博士,讲师,主要从事爆破、煤矿采矿工程、稳定性分析等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

陈伟崇(1980—),男,河北衡水人,工程师,主要从事矿山稳定性、自动化、智能化等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Study on the Degradation Model of Overlying Rock Strength Under Different Mining Heights and the Reasonable Initial Mining Height
Weichong CHEN1 , Jingzhu HUANG2 , Jian XIAO3, Rui WU3, Juntao SUN4
Affiliations
  • 1.CHN Energy Yulin Energy Co., Ltd., Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, China
  • 2.Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Geotechnical Engineering and Disaster Control, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
  • 3.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
  • 4.Yunnan Institute of Water & Hydropower Engineering Investigation, Design and Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650205, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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为研究采高对覆岩强度的劣化规律,以郭家湾51208工作面初采阶段合理初采高度的确定为背景,采用裂隙密度函数衡量采高对覆岩强度的劣化,建立不同采高下覆岩强度劣化的理论模型和数值分析模型,结合回采工作面的参数,得出采高对覆岩稳定性的影响规律。结果表明,随着采高的增加,回转角逐渐增大,承载层所负载的岩层厚度逐渐减小,岩层更易发生回转变形失稳。工作面推进长度为40 m时,采高2.5 m和采高4.0 m的覆岩位移最大值、基本顶的塑性区分布基本一样;工作面推进长度在50 m及以上时,采高4.0 m的覆岩位移最大值较采高2.5 m增加了10%以上,基本顶的塑性区明显增加。超前支承压力峰值随着采高的增加而增加,初次来压步距随着采高的增加而减小,采高2.5 m的初次来压步距为70 m。采用初采高度为2.5 m、在老顶初次来压后逐渐将采高调整为实际煤厚(4.0 m)的方案,工作面初采更为高效和安全。研究结果可为工作面初采顶板控制问题提供参考。

初采高度  /  顶板管理  /  覆岩结构  /  劣化模型  /  数值模拟

In order to study the degradation law of mining height on the strength of overlying rock, taking the determination of reasonable initial mining height in the initial mining stage of Guojiawan 51208 working face as the background, the fracture density function was used to measure the degradation of mining height on the strength of overlying rock, and the theoretical model and numerical analysis model of the strength degradation of overlying rock under different mining heights were established. Combined with the parameters of the working face, the influence law of mining height on the stability of overlying rock was obtained. The results show that with the increase of mining height, the rotation angle gradually increases, the thickness of the rock layer loaded by the bearing layer gradually decreases, and the rock layer is more prone to rotary deformation and instability. When the advancing length of the working face is 40 m, the maximum displacement of the overlying rock and the plastic zone distribution of the basic roof are basically the same for the mining height of 2.5 m and 4.0 m. When the advancing length of the working face is 50 m and above, the maximum displacement of the overlying rock with a mining height of 4.0 m is more than10%higher than that with a mining height of 2.5 m, and the plastic zone of the basic roof is obviously increased. The peak value of advance support pressure increases with the increase of mining height, and the first weighting step decreases with the increase of mining height. The initial weighting step of 2.5 m mining height is 70 m. The initial mining height is 2.5 m, and the mining height is gradually adjusted to the actual coal thickness(4.0 m)after the first weighting of the main roof. The initial mining of the working face is more efficient and safe. The research results can provide reference for the initial mining roof control problem of the working face.

Initial mining height  /  Roof management  /  Structure of overlying rock  /  Degradation model  /  Numerical simulation
陈伟崇, 黄晶柱, 肖剑, 吴锐, 孙俊涛. 不同采高下覆岩强度劣化模型及合理初采高度研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 27 -35 .
Weichong CHEN, Jingzhu HUANG, Jian XIAO, Rui WU, Juntao SUN. Study on the Degradation Model of Overlying Rock Strength Under Different Mining Heights and the Reasonable Initial Mining Height[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 27 -35 .
陕西榆林的煤炭储量占全国的1/5,预测其储量达2 800 亿 t。煤层具有埋藏浅、赋存条件简单、厚度大、煤质优良等特点[1-2]。在这种优越的条件下,该区域非常适合大采高综采。大采高开采方法具有生产能力大、回采率高、安全性高、掘进率低、经济效益好等优点[3-4],但是大采高综采实践表明,在工作面开采初期,采高增加会导致覆岩活动空间增大、扰动强度提高,进而使矿山压力显现比普通采高时更加剧烈,严重威胁工作面人员和设备安全[5]。初采高度指在初次开采某个煤层或矿层时,从开采面底部到开采面顶部的垂直距离。当初采高度较大时,容易出现顶板垮落安全事故,严重影响后期回采,从而降低开采效率和安全性。究其原因为初采高度对覆岩结构具有一定的影响,因此,深入研究不同采高下覆岩强度劣化模型及合理初采高度具有重要意义。
钱鸣高[6]、缪协兴等[7]提出了覆岩结构的砌体梁结构模型和关键层理论。宋振骐等[8]、卢国志等[9]提出了覆岩结构的传递岩梁结构模型。弓培林等[10]根据关键层理论确定了关键层的分布特征。王金安等[11]通过数值模拟发现采场上方存在高应力束组成的复合应力拱,其外应力拱承担覆岩及地表土的自重,内应力拱承担悬空顶板的自重。刘怀东等[12]采用现场调研、物理试验与理论分析方法,建立了考虑承压水作用的覆岩结构力学模型。马祥等[13]基于微震监测获得了覆岩结构演化规律。刘洪涛等[14]采用理论分析、相似模拟、现场实测等方法,建立了羊场湾矿大采高结构力学模型。黄庆亨等[15]以神东某矿12101工作面为背景,研究了工作面过回撤通道及两段煤柱的覆岩结构。于斌等[16]采用现场实测和物理三维相似模拟方法,探讨了特厚煤层开采覆岩扰动高度及坚硬顶板断裂特征。吴锋锋等[17]研究了急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采覆岩活动结构演化特征。伊永杰等[18]发现主关键层位置是影响超大采高综采工作面矿压显现的一项主要因素。
以上研究结果对于揭示工作面采高增加时覆岩结构的演化规律具有重要意义。但是采高增加,暴露的采场空间更大,覆岩活动的空间更大,其扰动强度也更大,势必导致覆岩强度发生劣化,而已有研究对覆岩强度的劣化关注较少。为此,本文以郭家湾51208综采工作面为研究背景,针对初采高度的合理选择,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,对比分析不同采高下覆岩的稳定性及运动规律,以期为工作面初采顶板控制问题的研究和实践提供参考。
本研究以郭家湾51208工作面煤层赋存条件为参考,并根据研究需要做适当调整。51208工作面的煤层为5-1煤,厚度为2.58~3.85 m,平均厚度为3.57 m,埋深为60~220 m,平均埋深为140 m,单轴抗压强度约为12 MPa。上覆岩层依次为砂质泥岩、细粒砂岩、粉砂岩、粗粒砂岩等。直接顶为砂质泥岩,厚度为4.56~10.96 m,平均厚度为6.37 m。基本顶由多层中粒砂岩、细粒砂岩等构成,厚度为9.0~28.30 m,平均厚度为22.2 m。直接底为砂质泥岩,厚度为2.45~7.36 m,平均厚度为3.54 m。51208工作面地表大部分被第四系黄土、风积沙覆盖,局部沟谷地段有基岩出露。钻孔资料显示,工作面上部地表为第四系黄土、风积沙,厚度约为10 m。
整个工作面采用走向长壁后退式一次采全高综合机械化采煤法。为减少初采时顶板垮落带来的安全隐患,在老顶初次来压前,提出两种初采高度方案进行比选。方案1:初采高度为2.5 m,在老顶初次来压后逐渐将采高调整为实际煤厚(4.0 m)。方案2: 初采高度为实际煤厚,即采高约为4.0 m。为此,要确定合理的初采高度方案,实现工作面安全高效开采,首先要研究不同采高下顶板覆岩强度的变化。
覆岩中存在大量的孔隙、裂隙、节理等,工作面采高增大时,扰动强度随之提高,致使萌生更多采动裂隙,且裂隙进一步发育和贯通,进而破坏覆岩的完整性,劣化其物理力学性能,最终导致失稳。采高增加对覆岩造成损伤最直接的结果是裂隙密度增加,因此,裂隙密度的变化可直接反映采高对覆岩强度的劣化程度。
室内相似模型试验发现[19],采高增加对覆岩的扰动更大,导致覆岩顶板的裂隙增加,即裂隙密度更大。从宏观角度考虑,裂隙密度变化对覆岩强度产生劣化效果,其劣化值Dh与裂隙密度函数Cd(M)的关系[20-21]为:
式中:Cd(M)为裂隙密度函数,其值与采高M有关;μe为等效泊松比。
李树刚等[19]通过相似模拟试验,发现当工作面推进到36 m,在距切眼30 m时,裂隙密度函数与采高存在如下关系:
由于裂隙密度函数范围在[0,1]之间[22],对式(2)归一化处理,得到裂隙密度函数计算式为:
等效泊松比μe与泊松比μ的关系式为:
式中,α为经验系数。
煤层开采后,随着采场工作面不断向前推进,采空区越来越大,基本顶暴露的面积也越来越大,在地应力作用下,基本顶开始离层下沉,进而断裂,根据已有研究,基本顶破断后将形成砌体梁结构[23]。当砌体梁结构回转失稳或滑落失稳时将形成剧烈的顶板来压[24],钱鸣高[6]、缪协兴等[7]根据该规律提出了砌体梁结构模型,如图1所示。图1中,M为采高,A、B、C为岩块,θ为岩块B的回转角,K0为直接顶垮落后未经压实前的松散系数,Σh为直接顶厚度。
综上所述,随着采高的增加,回转角逐渐增大,承载层所负载的岩层厚度逐渐减小,使得岩层更易发生回转变形失稳。因此,从理论分析角度,相较于方案2,方案1的岩层更不易发生回转变形失稳,即采用方案1施工,工作面初采更为安全。
根据上述郭家湾51208工作面的地质条件建立3DEC数值计算模型,模型长×宽×高=300 m×10 m×68.5 m,5-1煤层厚度约为4.0 m,其以上顶板高度为43 m。模型的边界条件为:左、右、前、后和底部的速度等于0;顶部按照上覆岩体的自重施加均匀荷载(2.5 MPa)。整个煤层、直接顶、基本顶的块体采用随机节理进行加密,三维离散元数值计算模型如图2所示。各岩层材料的本构模型都采用摩尔-库伦模型,随机节理和岩层层面的本构模型均采用库伦滑移模型。
为了分析不同初采高度对覆岩运动的影响,分别考虑初采高度2.5 m、4.0 m两种工况,对应的预留顶煤厚度分别为1.5 m、0 m。数值模型的初始岩体力学参数和结构面力学参数分别见表1和表2。采高越高,扰动强度越大,导致覆岩裂隙更加发育,覆岩岩体的力学参数随之劣化,不同采高的岩体力学参数通过式(5)至式(9)劣化获得。
图3为不同采高下工作面推进40 m时覆岩位移云图。由图3可知,采高为2.5 m时,采空区中部的最大位移约为0.435 m,预留煤层开始离层;采高为4.0 m时,采空区中部的最大位移约为0.440 m,较采高2.5 m增加了1.15%。
图4为不同采高下工作面推进50 m时覆岩位移云图。由图4可知,随着工作面的推进,不同采高下采空区的位移值均呈增加趋势。采高为2.5 m时,采空区中部的最大位移约为0.611 m,预留煤层继续下沉,直接顶开始离层;采高为4.0 m时,采空区中部的最大位移约为0.759 m,较采高2.5 m增加了24.22%,直接顶和基本顶开始离层。
图5为不同采高下工作面推进60 m时覆岩位移云图。由图5可知,随着工作面的推进,不同采高下采空区的位移值均呈增加趋势。采高为2.5 m时,采空区中部的最大位移约为0.951 m,预留煤层弯曲下沉增大,直接顶开始弯曲下沉;采高为4.0 m时,采空区中部的最大位移为1.065 m,较采高2.5 m增加了11.99%,直接顶和基本顶开始弯曲下沉。
图6为不同采高下工作面推进70 m时覆岩位移云图。由图6可知,随着工作面的推进,不同采高下采空区的位移值均呈增加趋势。采高为2.5 m时,采空区中部的最大位移约为1.635 m,预留煤层和直接顶弯曲下沉增大,基本顶开始离层;采高为4.0 m时,采空区中部的最大位移为1.854 m,较采高2.5 m增加了13.39%,直接顶和基本顶弯曲下沉继续增大。
图7为不同采高下工作面推进40 m时覆岩塑性区分布云图。图7中,shear表示剪切破坏,tension表示拉伸破坏,n表示当前步进入破坏,p表示过去步进入破坏。由图7可知,采高为2.5 m时,预留煤层的塑性区呈拉伸破坏,且已经完全贯通。直接顶的塑性区以剪切破坏为主,分布在中间及靠近工作面端头处,基本顶存在少量的拉伸破坏区;采高为4.0 m时,直接顶、工作面开切眼处煤壁、底板、工作面端头煤壁的塑性区面积明显大于采高2.5 m,基本顶的塑性区较采高2.5 m变化不大。
图8为不同采高下工作面推进50 m的覆岩塑性区分布云图。由图8可知,随着工作面的推进,不同采高的塑性区均有所增加。采高为2.5 m时,预留煤层的塑性区仍呈拉伸破坏,且已经完全贯通。直接顶的塑性区以剪切破坏为主,分布在中间及靠近工作面端头处。底板、基本顶及以上的塑性区继续增加;采高为4.0 m时,直接顶、工作面开切眼处煤壁、底板、工作面端头煤壁的塑性区面积明显大于采高2.5 m,基本顶的塑性区较采高2.5 m明显增加,且以拉伸破坏为主。
图9和图10分别为不同采高下工作面推进60 m和70 m时覆岩塑性区分布云图。由图9和图10可知,随着工作面的推进,不同采高的塑性区均增加。采高为2.5 m时,预留煤层的塑性区仍呈拉伸破坏,且已经完全贯通。直接顶的塑性区以剪切破坏为主,分布在中间及靠近工作面端头处,底板、基本顶及以上的塑性区继续增加。
采高为4.0 m时,直接顶、工作面开切眼处煤壁、底板、工作面端头煤壁的塑性区面积明显大于采高2.5 m,基本顶的塑性区较采高2.5 m增加非常明显,且以拉伸破坏为主。
为了分析综采工作面支承压力,布置一条测线,测线位置在工作面高度的中间位置,监测线上监测点的间距为1 m,每个监测点的测量变量为竖向应力,模型竖向应力监测线布置如图11所示。
图12为不同采高下工作面推进40 m时煤体超前支承压力分布曲线。由图12可知,随着距煤壁距离的增加,不同采高的超前支承压力均呈先增加后减小、最后平缓的趋势,将该规律分为3个区间:应力剧增区间、应力递减区间和应力平缓区间。由于工作面推进50 m、60 m和70 m时的超前支承压力变化规律与图12类似。因此,上述推进长度的超前支承压力分布曲线不再给出。但不同工作面推进长度下的超前支承压力峰值不同,提取该参数进行后续分析。
图13为不同采高下超前支承压力峰值与工作面推进长度的关系曲线。由图13可知,随着工作面推进长度的增加,不同采高的超前支承压力均增加。工作面推进长度从40 m增加至70 m时,采高4.0 m的超前支承压力峰值均大于采高2.5 m的超前支承压力峰值。当采高为2.5 m,工作面长度从60 m增加至70 m时,超前支承压力峰值剧增,表明此时发生了初次来压,对应的初次来压步距为70 m。当采高为4.0 m,工作面长度从50 m增加至60 m时,超前支承压力峰值剧增,同样表明此时发生了初次来压,对应的初次来压步距为60 m,该值比采高2.5 m的初次来压步距小10 m。发生初次来压时,采高2.5 m的超前支承压力峰值为11.78 MPa,采高4.0 m的超前支承压力峰值为14.5 MPa,较采高2.5 m增加了23.09%。
(1)在覆岩位移分布方面。工作面推进长度为40 m时,采高2.5 m和采高4.0 m的覆岩位移最大值基本一样,采高4.0 m较采高2.5 m增加了1.15%;工作面推进长度在50 m及以上时,采高2.5 m和采高4.0 m的覆岩位移最大值相差很大,采高4.0 m较采高2.5 m增加了10%以上。
(2)在覆岩塑性区分布方面。工作面推进长度为40 m时,采高2.5 m和采高4.0 m基本顶的塑性区分布基本一样;工作面推进长度在50 m及以上时,采高4.0 m基本顶的塑性区较采高2.5 m明显增加。
(3)在支承压力分布方面。超前支承压力峰值随着采高的增加而增加,初次来压步距随着采高的增加而减小。发生初次来压时,采高2.5 m的超前支承压力峰值为11.78 MPa;采高4.0 m的超前支承压力峰值为14.5 MPa,较采高2.5 m增加了23.09%。
(4)结合覆岩位移和塑性区分布可以得出,工作面推进长度为40 m时,对直接顶影响很大,对基本顶影响较小;工作面推进长度在50 m及以上时,对基本顶影响较大。
综上所述,方案1比方案2的位移、塑性区和支承压力更小,即采用方案1施工时工作面初采更为安全。此外,采用方案1,在初次来压之前预留1.5 m厚的顶煤,该顶煤垮落后将充填采空区,可以有效降低工作面基本顶下沉量和变形量,对于缓解初次来压时的矿山压力具有重要意义。
根据上述分析结果,51208综采工作面采用初采高度为2.5 m、在老顶初次来压后逐渐将采高调整实际煤厚(4.0 m)的方案。工作面自2023年3月20日开始回采,顶板控制能力显著增强。自开采以来,相比于其他初采高度为实际煤厚的工作面,该工作面的推进度平均每月增加10%,经济效益增加600万元。
(1)本文采用裂隙密度函数衡量采高对覆岩强度的劣化,建立了不同采高下覆岩强度劣化的理论模型和数值分析模型。理论分析表明,随着采高的增加,回转角逐渐增大,承载层所负载的岩层厚度逐渐减小,岩层更易发生回转变形失稳。
(2)工作面推进长度为40 m时,采高4.0 m的覆岩位移比采高2.5 m增加了1.15%;采高2.5 m和采高4.0 m的基本顶的塑性区分布基本一样。工作面推进长度在50 m及以上时,采高4.0 m的覆岩位移较采高2.5 m增加了10%以上,采高4.0 m基本顶的塑性区较采高2.5 m明显增加。此外,超前支承压力随着采高的增加而增加,初次来压步距随着采高的增加而减小。
(3)结合覆岩位移和塑性区分布可以得出,当工作面推进长度为40 m时,对直接顶影响很大,对基本顶影响较小;当工作面推进长度为50 m及以上时,对基本顶影响较大。根据超前支承压力峰值的变化可知,采高2.5 m的初次来压步距为70 m。
(4)从理论和数值分析得出,采用初采高度为2.5 m、在老顶初次来压后逐渐将采高调整为实际煤厚(4.0 m)的方案,工作面初采更为安全。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52368048)
  • 宜春市一般科技攻关项目(2023YBKJGG06; 2023ZDKJGG04; 2023ZDKJGG05)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-18
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52368048)
宜春市一般科技攻关项目(2023YBKJGG06; 2023ZDKJGG04; 2023ZDKJGG05)
作者信息
    1.国能榆林能源有限责任公司,陕西 榆林市 719000
    2.江西理工大学江西省环境岩土与工程灾害控制重点实验室,江西 赣州市 341000
    3.江西理工大学资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州市 341000
    4.云南省水利水电勘测设计研究院,云南 昆明 650205

通讯作者:

黄晶柱(1989—),男,江西萍乡人,博士,讲师,主要从事爆破、煤矿采矿工程、稳定性分析等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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