Article(id=1322161751987172181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157526251, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157526251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157526251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157526251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161751467078485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='314', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157526127, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158877659, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167420266074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161751467078485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=8, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161752167527254, articleId=1322161751987172181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Inversion Method of Large Range Mining-Induced Stress Field in Deep Metal Mines Based on Microseismic Monitoring Technology, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The large range multi-level and multi-stope strength mining in deep metal mines causes frequent and violent adjustment of surrounding rock stress field, which is easy to induce engineering rock mass disasters such as spalling and caving. Aiming at the problems of high cost of multi-point test and poor timeliness in the inversion process of mining-induced stress field, an improved density clustering algorithm based on dynamic optimization of neighborhood search range of microseismic source radius was proposed, which divided microseismic activity into multiple clusters with high internal correlation. On this basis, the natural neighbor interpolation method was adopted to establish the inversion method of "microseismic signal apparent stress – microseismic event apparent stress – microseismic cluster apparent stress – mining-induced stress field". The engineering practice of deep metal mine shows that the average contour coefficient of microseismic data clustering cluster family is 0.56, which verifies the reliability of the improved density clustering algorithm for microseismic data clustering, and the apparent stress concentration area obtained by this method is highly consistent with the actual ground pressure disaster event area. The research results can provide theoretical and technical support for the identification and risk control of potential dangerous areas of mining-induced ground pressure in deep metal mines.

, authors=Yufu SUN1, Jiahui CHANG2, Song CUI1, Jianpo LIU2, Xiaonan WANG1, Yandi FAN2, authorsList=Yufu SUN, Jiahui CHANG, Song CUI, Jianpo LIU, Xiaonan WANG, Yandi FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianpo LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161759499170708, articleId=1322161751987172181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于微震监测技术的深部金属矿大范围采动应力场反演方法, columnId=1226462294582936453, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

深部金属矿山大范围多中段、多采场强回采造成围岩应力场频繁剧烈调整,极易诱发片帮、冒落等工程岩体灾害。针对现有采动应力场反演过程中存在多点测试成本高、反演时效性差等问题,提出了基于微震震源半径动态优化邻域搜索范围的改进密度聚类算法,将微震活动划分为多个内部关联性高的簇族。在此基础上,采用自然邻点插值方法,建立了“微震信号视应力—微震事件视应力—微震簇视应力—采动应力场”反演方法。深部金属矿工程实践表明,微震数据聚类簇族的平均轮廓系数为0.56,验证了该改进密度聚类算法对微震数据聚类的可靠性,且该方法获得的视应力集中区与实际地压灾害事件所在区域高度吻合。研究结果可为深部金属矿采动地压潜在危险区域识别和风险管控提供理论和技术支撑。

, authors=孙玉福1, 常家晖2, 崔松1, 刘建坡2, 王晓南1, 范彦迪2, authorsList=孙玉福, 常家晖, 崔松, 刘建坡, 王晓南, 范彦迪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘建坡, authorNote=

孙玉福(1981—),男,山东青岛人,高级工程师,主要从事金属非金属矿山管理工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘建坡(1982—),男,河北保定人,博士,教授,主要从事深部金属矿采动地压灾害监测与防控研究。E-mail:
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孙玉福(1981—),男,山东青岛人,高级工程师,主要从事金属非金属矿山管理工作。E-mail:

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孙玉福(1981—),男,山东青岛人,高级工程师,主要从事金属非金属矿山管理工作。E-mail:

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label=Fig.13, caption=Spatial distribution of mining-induced stress field and related engineering rock mass disasters, figureFileSmall=qm7Hj1IgI5/PkXP4nuAN1w==, figureFileBig=2WqYDSByLRAmewPBnzpZ9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162427395953278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161751987172181, language=CN, label=图13, caption=采动应力场空间分布及相关工程岩体灾害, figureFileSmall=qm7Hj1IgI5/PkXP4nuAN1w==, figureFileBig=2WqYDSByLRAmewPBnzpZ9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162427676971647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161751987172181, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Apparent stress cloud diagrams of different sections in the mining-induced stress field, figureFileSmall=UtNr3rB9G4vxttVEIcqzsA==, figureFileBig=NJAXn6Gg2Tebx9dXGk8dzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162427773440640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161751987172181, language=CN, label=图14, caption=采动应力场中不同剖面视应力分布云图, figureFileSmall=UtNr3rB9G4vxttVEIcqzsA==, figureFileBig=NJAXn6Gg2Tebx9dXGk8dzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322162428121567874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161751987172181, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Specific information of microseismic event cluster

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微震簇C/号微震事件数MC/个微震簇视应力σAC/MPa
1413.380
2360.767
3160.438
410.479
), ArticleFig(id=1322162428515832451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161751987172181, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微震事件簇具体信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微震簇C/号微震事件数MC/个微震簇视应力σAC/MPa
1413.380
2360.767
3160.438
410.479
), ArticleFig(id=1322162428620690052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161751987172181, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Clustering results of each microseismic event cluster

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微震簇C/号微震事件数MC/个微震簇视应力σAC/MPa微震簇C/号微震事件数MC/个微震簇视应力σAC/MPa
1361.2015160.29
2431.5316150.18
31066.6517710.98
4111.3318620.90
5151.271930.15
6290.6820290.62
750.7421260.10
832612.0922170.02
9271.1123110.05
102587.572440.11
11110.4925110.03
1250.152630.01
13180.642760.13
14120.36
), ArticleFig(id=1322162429379859077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161751987172181, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各微震事件簇聚类结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微震簇C/号微震事件数MC/个微震簇视应力σAC/MPa微震簇C/号微震事件数MC/个微震簇视应力σAC/MPa
1361.2015160.29
2431.5316150.18
31066.6517710.98
4111.3318620.90
5151.271930.15
6290.6820290.62
750.7421260.10
832612.0922170.02
9271.1123110.05
102587.572440.11
11110.4925110.03
1250.152630.01
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基于微震监测技术的深部金属矿大范围采动应力场反演方法
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孙玉福 1 , 常家晖 2 , 崔松 1 , 刘建坡 2 , 王晓南 1 , 范彦迪 2
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(9): 8-16
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矿业研究与开发 |深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025 , 45 (9) : 8 -16
基于微震监测技术的深部金属矿大范围采动应力场反演方法
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孙玉福1 , 常家晖2, 崔松1, 刘建坡2 , 王晓南1, 范彦迪2
作者信息
  • 1.本溪龙新矿业有限公司 思山岭铁矿,辽宁 本溪市 117013
  • 2.东北大学深部金属矿智能开采与装备全国重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
通讯作者:
刘建坡(1982—),男,河北保定人,博士,教授,主要从事深部金属矿采动地压灾害监测与防控研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

孙玉福(1981—),男,山东青岛人,高级工程师,主要从事金属非金属矿山管理工作。E-mail:

Inversion Method of Large Range Mining-Induced Stress Field in Deep Metal Mines Based on Microseismic Monitoring Technology
Yufu SUN1 , Jiahui CHANG2, Song CUI1, Jianpo LIU2 , Xiaonan WANG1, Yandi FAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Sishanling Iron Mine, Benxi Longxin Mining Co., Ltd., Benxi, Liaoning 117013, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Deep Metal Mining and Equipment, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25
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深部金属矿山大范围多中段、多采场强回采造成围岩应力场频繁剧烈调整,极易诱发片帮、冒落等工程岩体灾害。针对现有采动应力场反演过程中存在多点测试成本高、反演时效性差等问题,提出了基于微震震源半径动态优化邻域搜索范围的改进密度聚类算法,将微震活动划分为多个内部关联性高的簇族。在此基础上,采用自然邻点插值方法,建立了“微震信号视应力—微震事件视应力—微震簇视应力—采动应力场”反演方法。深部金属矿工程实践表明,微震数据聚类簇族的平均轮廓系数为0.56,验证了该改进密度聚类算法对微震数据聚类的可靠性,且该方法获得的视应力集中区与实际地压灾害事件所在区域高度吻合。研究结果可为深部金属矿采动地压潜在危险区域识别和风险管控提供理论和技术支撑。

深部金属矿  /  采动应力场反演  /  微震监测技术  /  密度聚类算法  /  自然邻点插值方法

The large range multi-level and multi-stope strength mining in deep metal mines causes frequent and violent adjustment of surrounding rock stress field, which is easy to induce engineering rock mass disasters such as spalling and caving. Aiming at the problems of high cost of multi-point test and poor timeliness in the inversion process of mining-induced stress field, an improved density clustering algorithm based on dynamic optimization of neighborhood search range of microseismic source radius was proposed, which divided microseismic activity into multiple clusters with high internal correlation. On this basis, the natural neighbor interpolation method was adopted to establish the inversion method of "microseismic signal apparent stress – microseismic event apparent stress – microseismic cluster apparent stress – mining-induced stress field". The engineering practice of deep metal mine shows that the average contour coefficient of microseismic data clustering cluster family is 0.56, which verifies the reliability of the improved density clustering algorithm for microseismic data clustering, and the apparent stress concentration area obtained by this method is highly consistent with the actual ground pressure disaster event area. The research results can provide theoretical and technical support for the identification and risk control of potential dangerous areas of mining-induced ground pressure in deep metal mines.

Deep metal mine  /  Mining-induced stress field inversion  /  Microseismic monitoring technology  /  Density clustering algorithm  /  Natural neighbor interpolation method
孙玉福, 常家晖, 崔松, 刘建坡, 王晓南, 范彦迪. 基于微震监测技术的深部金属矿大范围采动应力场反演方法. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (9) : 8 -16 .
Yufu SUN, Jiahui CHANG, Song CUI, Jianpo LIU, Xiaonan WANG, Yandi FAN. Inversion Method of Large Range Mining-Induced Stress Field in Deep Metal Mines Based on Microseismic Monitoring Technology[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (9) : 8 -16 .
深部金属矿具有典型的高应力特征,大范围多中段、多采场强回采造成围岩应力场频繁剧烈调整,极易诱发片帮、冒落、坍塌等工程岩体灾害。例如,辽宁红透山铜矿中段最大主应力超过50 MPa[1],-647 m中段斜坡道发生中等强度岩爆,崩落长度达30 m;新疆阿舍勒铜矿中段最大主应力超过40 MPa[2],150 m中段穿脉巷道发生岩体塌方事故,造成中孔钻机被埋;安徽冬瓜山铜矿中段最大主应力超过30 MPa[3],-790 m中段出矿巷道在高地应力下发生大面积拱顶、两帮坍塌、支护结构破坏。鉴于高应力是导致深部金属矿地压灾害频发的关键因素,采动应力场反演方法对于深部工程岩体灾害防控具有重要意义。
当前,应力场反演主要基于数值模拟及有限点的现场应力测量方法[4]。于明海等[5]以夏甸金矿为工程背景,通过对整体及典型采场开采过程中的地压活动规律开展模拟计算,得到了该过程中应力场的分布特征。李铁等[6]应用地震学的岩体破裂震源机制解答方法,分析了岩体采动应力场分布规律。刘建宇等[7]采用数值模拟方法,获得了开采叠加效应下的围岩应力分布情况,以及深部多中段充填开采对浅部塌陷区的稳定性影响程度。常规应力场反演过程中存在多点测试成本高、反演时效性差等问题。因此,针对深部金属矿山开采导致应力场频繁调整的问题,亟需开展适用于大范围实时采动应力场反演方法的研究。
微震监测具有大范围、连续、实时捕获岩体破裂信息的优点,可通过分析特定时间和空间范围内的微震视应力数据,评估该区域内的绝对应力水平。LASOCKI等[8]研究发现,微震视应力分布与采矿工程活动之间存在紧密联系,与地震事件聚集类似,显现出区域性分布特征,同时受深部金属矿复杂开采条件的影响,呈现出数据量大、分布复杂的特性。因此,大量学者对微震事件聚类分析进行了研究。HUDYMA[9]采用空间聚类算法在大量微震事件数据中分析出了单个震源及其围岩破坏机制。李争荣等[10]采用聚类算法有效划分了岩体不同区域,实现了复杂数据条件下的裂纹表征。LESNIAK等[11]采用平均最小距离聚类算法在众多微震事件中识别出空间关联度高的簇族,并单独分析事件量较大的微震簇族产生的影响。但考虑单一微震事件视应力并不能反映区域岩体应力分布特征,可在基于聚类方法获得微震事件簇视应力的基础上,开展采动应力场反演计算,可以获得更为准确的采动应力分布特征。
本研究基于微震监测技术获取微震波形数据,根据信号分析、地球物理学理论计算微震事件视应力;在通过聚类算法实现微震簇族划分的基础上,计算微震簇视应力;并采用空间插值方法[12],反演监测区域采动应力场。综上,对微震监测数据进行“信号—事件—簇—场”处理,实现大范围采动应力场的反演。研究成果可为深部金属矿山地压灾害风险的有效防控提供理论基础和技术支持。
采动应力场反演方法包括以下步骤:首先,基于频谱分析和地球物理学理论计算微震信号视应力;其次,运用对数平均法将同一岩体破裂事件产生的多个信号的视应力进行处理,以获取微震事件的视应力;再次,根据密度聚类算法识别微震簇,并计算各微震簇中心坐标及簇视应力;最后,采用自然邻点插值法,通过若干微震簇视应力获取采动应力场。采动应力场反演方法流程如图1所示。
(1)微震信号视应力计算。微震信号视应力可以通过微震波形的分析和反演获得[13-14],见式(1)。
式中:σa为微震信号视应力,MPa;μ为震源区介质的剪切模量,MPa;E为地震辐射能量,J;M为地震矩,N∙m。
(2)微震事件视应力计算。微震事件视应力是在同一岩体破裂计算的多个微震信号视应力基础上,常采用ARCHULETA等[15]提出的计算方法,对该破裂事件产生的多个信号视应力进行对数平均化处理,以减少由多方面产生的信号视应力异常值的影响,具体计算公式见式(2)。
式中:σA为微震事件视应力,MPa;σai为构成事件的第i个微震信号视应力,MPa;N为构成事件的微震信号总数,个。
(3)微震簇视应力计算。微震簇视应力计算是在密度聚类算法[16-17]划分微震簇族的基础上,采用叠加法计算微震簇视应力,进而定量评估每个微震簇的应力水平。密度聚类算法是常用聚类分析方法之一,能够识别任意形状的簇族,且无需预先设定簇族数量,适用于微震数据聚类分析。针对密度聚类算法在微震簇族划分中关键参数选取复杂、聚类结果可靠性差等问题,本研究提出了基于微震震源半径动态优化邻域搜索范围的改进密度聚类算法,将时空分布复杂的微震事件划分为多个内部关联性高的微震簇族。
(4)采动应力场反演。采动应力场反演以多个微震簇视应力为基础,通过自然邻点插值方法[18]实现微震簇信息的连续化,以获取监测区域的应力场分布情况。
本文在网格划分及单元体视应力计算的基础上,通过统计单元体的多元数据信息,确定密度聚类算法的两个关键参数:单元体影响半径R和最小单元数Pmin。基于此,完成种子点的选取、初始簇的扩展及终止,循环该流程,获取多个微震簇族及簇视应力。
本研究基于二维微震数据,提出应用密度聚类算法微震事件簇的划分方法,微震事件空间分布特征详见图2。该数据中共有94个微震事件,每个事件涵盖了其空间坐标、震源半径[19-20]及视应力信息。
根据常用的等比例网格划分方法将监测范围划分为多段,具体划分公式[21]见式(3)。
式中:L为监测区域等比例划分段数,段;M'为监测范围内微震事件总数,个;int为取整函数。
以上述94个微震事件为例,根据式(3)可将监测空间各边等分为10段,在空间中共形成100个单元体(见图3)。其中,包含微震事件的46个非空单元体参与后续计算,统计各非空单元体几何中心坐标(xU,yU,zU);采用累加法计算单元体视应力。
以非空单元A为例,其中包含微震事件P、Q(见图3(a)),计算该非空单元体视应力,公式见式(4)。
式中:σAUA为单元体A的视应力,MPa;σAP、σAQ分别为微震事件P、Q的视应力,MPa。同理,将剩余非空单元体按以上计算方法处理,获取各非空单元体视应力。
采用密度聚类算法划分微震事件簇,首先需要确定单元体影响半径R和最小单元数Pmin两个关键参数。上述微震单元体A内,微震事件P、Q的影响范围可视为通过其震源半径圈定的空间区域,若定义微震事件累加影响范围与其所在单元体影响范围等效,则式(5)成立。
式中:Vtotal为事件P、Q累加影响范围,m3;VP、VQ分别为事件P、Q的影响范围,m3;VUA为微震单元体A的影响范围,m3;rP、rQ分别为事件P、Q的震源半径,m;RA为微震单元体A的影响半径,m。
将式(5)化简,即可获取微震单元体A的影响半径RA,计算公式见式(6)。
同理,将其余非空单元体按上述方法处理,获取其影响范围。对于可成为初始簇的非空单元,其影响半径圈定的区域内最少需要包含的非空单元数被称为最小单元数,可通过经验值公式[22]获得,具体见式(7)。
式中,H为非空单元体数量,个。
针对图3(b)中的46个非空单元体,采用经验值公式可确定其Pmin为4个。
微震事件聚类成簇过程如下:
(1)将视应力最大单元体作为种子点,以单元体影响半径R为确定依据,计算该范围内非空单元个数HR(包含该点本身),如果HR≥Pmin,则将这些点划分为初始簇,反之,将该非空单元体标记为离散单元体,并将未分类的视应力最大单元体作为种子点,循环上述步骤直至搜索到满足Pmin要求的非空单元体;
(2)从初始簇内选取任意非空单元体,在以该单元体影响半径圈定的范围内,若HR≥Pmin,则将该非空单元体影响范围内未分类的非空单元与初始簇中的非空单元合并形成新簇,反之,则停止扩展;
(3)在此基础上,不断重复以上搜索、扩展步骤,直至簇中非空单元体全部搜索完成,无法继续扩展为止;
(4)循环步骤(1)至步骤(3)聚类成簇流程,直至空间中所有非空单元体全部聚类完毕,并将在聚类过程中标记的离散单元体独立保留。
基于以上聚类成簇原理,对图3(b)中单元体进行聚类,最终46个非空单元体形成4个簇,每个簇代表一个微震事件关联性高的聚集区域,如图4所示。该密度聚类算法结合微震监测数据的丰富数据信息,对空间微震事件进行区域划分,揭示深部微震活动特征。
在基于密度聚类算法获取微震簇的基础上,采用算术平均法对簇内非空单元体中心坐标进行处理,获取簇中心空间坐标,通过累加法计算该微震簇视应力,如式(8)和式(9)所示。
式中:Cj为第j号微震簇,号;xCj、yCj、zCj为簇Cj中心空间坐标,m;Uh为簇中任意非空单元体;σACj为微震簇Cj视应力,MPa。
基于改进密度聚类算法,获取4个微震事件簇族,各个簇族空间分布中心及视应力如图5(a)所示,微震簇内事件分布如图5(b)所示。设各簇内微震事件数为MC个,统计不同微震事件簇族具体信息,见表1。
基于已有的多个微震事件簇族具体信息,采用自然邻点插值方法反演采动应力场。该方法通过构建权重函数计算采动应力场中待插值点的视应力,若待插值点周围各自然邻近簇的视应力权重与其邻域体积变化量成正比,则采动应力场中任意位置视应力可由式(10)获得。
式中:σ(x,y,z)为场中任意点视应力,MPa;σACm为第m个邻近簇视应力,MPa;ΔVm为插入点(x,y,z)后,自然邻近簇Cm的邻域体积变化量,m3;V(x,y,z)为插入点体积,m3。
在图5(a)及表1中4个微震事件簇信息的基础上,对整个监测范围采动应力场进行反演,获取视应力云图如图6所示。通过云图分析可直观识别出视应力集中区域,其结果为矿山的安全管理提供了重要的参考。
红透山铜矿采深超过1 300 m,高地应力环境下开采作业诱发了大量微震事件。矿区采用南非ISS微震监测系统对矿区采动条件下的工程岩体进行实时监测,以确保深部资源能够安全高效回采。以-647~-701 m中段21采场为例,开展采动应力场反演研究。该采场作为红透山铜矿典型的深部中深孔采场,其设计矿量为3.5 万 t,主要采用中深孔阶段矿房嗣后充填采矿法开采。微震传感器采用空间交错耦合布置方式布置在−647 m和−707 m中段,各中段布置12个传感器,监测范围涵盖了50 m(矿体走向)×30 m(倾向)×60 m(垂直方向)区域,分段高度为10 m。采区采用钻爆法进行施工,共进行5次生产爆破,随工程进展逐步向深部开采,如图7所示,其中黄色部分数字为回采顺序(颜色标识见电子版)。
通过捕捉开采过程中的岩体破裂信号,计算微震信号视应力,并以此为基础,获取反演所需的微震事件视应力。
本文仅针对该采场开采期间的监测数据进行研究,在此期间共监测到有效微震事件1 223个,其空间分布如图8所示。依据公式(3)将监测范围各边等分为35段,共形成42 875个单元体,统计其中非空单元体数量为1 127个。在此基础上,获取各微震单元体中心点坐标、微震单元体视应力及影响范围,其分布示意如图9所示。将非空单元数代入经验公式(7)可确定微震数据的最小单元数Pmin为7个,依据改进密度聚类算法对非空单元体聚类成簇,共得到27个微震事件簇(未包含离散单元体),簇内微震事件总数占总事件数的96.2%(见图10)。微震事件簇视应力空间分布情况如图11所示,通过对比图8与图11可知,该聚类算法可将微震活动划分为有较明显边界的区域。
计算各微震簇视应力,定量评估每个微震簇的应力水平,得到典型簇族的微震活动时间序列曲线,如图12所示。对聚类区域内的事件数量、微震簇视应力进行统计,结果见表2。由表2可知,最大聚类簇的微震事件数为326个,最小聚类簇中包含3个微震事件。
在对微震数据进行分析时,47个微震事件以离散单元形式存在,并不属于任何簇,这些事件仅为总事件数的3.8%,但贡献了约1/3的视应力总值,表明该类事件在微震活动的应力变化中起到不可或缺的作用。为确保研究结果的普遍性及数据完整性,保留以上离散单元以便后续分析。
开展微震活动时序相关性的研究时,仅针对事件总数超过50个的典型微震簇(3, 8,10, 17, 18号)进行分析,统计得簇内微震事件共823个,占总事件数的67.3%,表明采场开采期间存在较高的微震活动性。微震簇累积事件个数和微震簇视应力时间序列曲线变化特征一致(见图12),具有较高的相关性。微震簇内事件活动性与矿山开采过程密切相关,每次爆破开采活动均会使微震事件频次、视应力明显增加。分析认为,在开采初期,由于应力重新分布,微震活动较为频繁;而在开采中期,随着应力场的稳定,微震活动增长率有所放缓;到了开采后期,由于矿体的进一步破坏和应力集中,微震活动又显著增加。
采用平均轮廓系数[23-24]评估红透山铜矿21采场开采期间微震数据的聚类有效性。该系数是最常用于评估聚类质量的指标之一,结合簇内距离和簇间距离来衡量聚类结果,具体计算公式见式(11)。
式中:S表示平均轮廓系数;ak为事件k到同一微震簇中其他事件的平均距离,m;bk为事件k到最近的其他微震簇内所有事件的平均距离,m;max为最大值函数。
平均轮廓系数取值区间为[-1,1],越接近1表示整体聚类效果越好;反之,聚类效果越差。根据式(11)可确定该微震数据聚类簇族的平均轮廓系数为0.56,表明该微震数据的聚类整体质量能够满足分析需求,大量微震事件与其所属簇族内其他事件有较强的关联性,验证了该改进密度聚类算法对于微震数据聚类的可靠性。
基于红透山铜矿21采场的微震簇族空间分布及簇视应力信息,采用自然邻点插值方法对监测区域的采动应力场进行了反演,得到的有代表性的视应力云图如图13所示。图14为不同方向剖取的采场围岩视应力分布云图,分别对应图13中的4个剖面,其中白色部分表示矿体剖面(颜色标识见电子版)。由图13和图14可知,视应力集中区域主要分布在该采场的中上部。结合现场调研了解到一平巷区域发生了多起片帮等工程岩体灾害,验证了本研究采动应力场反演方法能够有效识别地压活动的潜在危险区域。
本文针对深部金属矿应力场频繁调整及采动应力场反演成本高、时效性差的问题,提出基于微震监测技术的深部金属矿大范围采动应力场反演方法,得到以下主要结论。
(1)本文提出了基于微震震源半径动态优化邻域搜索范围的改进密度聚类算法,将时空分布复杂的微震事件分为多个内部关联程度高的簇族。通过对典型微震簇族的时空分布进行分析,发现其空间分布具有明显的区域性特征,且簇内事件活动性呈现出阶段性的增长趋势,结合现场实际开采活动,表明该改进密度聚类算法能够客观、有效地实现微震簇族划分。
(2)以微震监测数据为基础,以地球物理学为理论支撑,采用密度聚类算法和自然邻点插值方法,构建了“微震信号视应力—微震事件视应力—微震簇视应力—采动应力场”反演流程,建立了深部金属矿大范围采动应力场反演方法。
(3)深部金属矿工程实践结果表明,本文方法得到的视应力集中区与实际发生多起地压灾害事件所在区域高度吻合。对于深部金属矿复杂开采过程,该方法能够实现实时、动态、区域性采动应力场反演,可为深部地压安全管理提供技术支撑。
  • 辽宁省科学技术计划项目(2023JH1/10400004)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52174142)
  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2023YFC2907204)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-31
基金
辽宁省科学技术计划项目(2023JH1/10400004)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52174142)
国家重点研发计划课题(2023YFC2907204)
作者信息
    1.本溪龙新矿业有限公司 思山岭铁矿,辽宁 本溪市 117013
    2.东北大学深部金属矿智能开采与装备全国重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819

通讯作者:

刘建坡(1982—),男,河北保定人,博士,教授,主要从事深部金属矿采动地压灾害监测与防控研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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