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Article(id=1322161694852362636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726156800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157512629, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157512629, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157512629, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157512629, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=246, endPage=254, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161696605581709, articleId=1322161694852362636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=The Influence of Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH and CN－ on Lead Adsorption onto Pyrite Surface, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to deeply understand the influence mechanism of pyrite oxidation products and residual CN－ on the adsorption of lead-containing particles on pyrite surface, the structure and composition changes of pyrite surface in the presence of oxidation and hydrocyanide were analyzed by constructing pyrite with different oxidation degrees, supplemented by solution chemical calculation, surface product quantity and quality and electrochemical characteristics analysis, as well as Zeta potential measurement. The adsorption amount of lead-containing particles was detected, and the inhibition or synergistic effect of Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH and CN－ on lead adsorption behavior was clarified. The results show that the primary driving force for the physical adsorption of lead on the pyrite surface is the electrostatic attraction between positively charged lead-containing ions and negatively charged ions on the pyrite surface.Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH reduces the amount of negative charge by increasing the positive charge on the pyrite surface, and thereby decreasing the electrostatic driving force for lead adsorption. However, CN－ can chemically react with Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH to form Fe(CN)3, which is removed from the surface, ultimately increasing the electrostatic adsorption force between positively charged lead-containing ions and oxidized pyrite. The research results further reveal the influence mechanism of Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH and CN－ on lead adsorption, which provides a new theoretical basis for the efficient recovery of gold from low-grade gold-bearing pyrite and the treatment of lead and cyanide pollution.

, authors=Xiaoxia YANG1, Yijiang LI1, Guichuan YE2, Shiqi LIU2, authorsList=Xiaoxia YANG, Yijiang LI, Guichuan YE, Shiqi LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shiqi LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161702066565554, articleId=1322161694852362636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和CN－影响黄铁矿表面铅吸附的机理研究, columnId=1226462297560892399, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=选矿与资源综合利用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为深入理解黄铁矿氧化产物和残留CN－对黄铁矿表面含铅粒子吸附的影响机理，通过构造不同氧化程度黄铁矿的方法，辅以溶液化学计算、表面产物数量与质量和电化学特性分析以及Zeta电位测定来解析黄铁矿表面在氧化和氢氰根存在下的结构和成分变化，并检测含铅粒子的吸附量，明确Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和CN－对铅吸附行为的抑制或协同作用。结果表明，铅在黄铁矿表面的物理吸附驱动力主要来自于带正电的含铅粒子与黄铁矿表面带负电荷粒子之间的静电吸附力；Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH通过增加黄铁矿表面的正电荷量来减小静电驱动力，导致铅吸附量减少。然而，CN－可以与Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH发生化学反应生成从表面剥落，最终增加黄铁矿表面与含铅粒子之间的静电吸附力。研究结果深入揭示了Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和CN－对铅吸附的影响机理，为低品位含金黄铁矿中金的高效回收以及铅和氰化物污染治理提供了新的理论依据。

, authors=杨小霞1, 李懿江1, 叶贵川2, 刘世麒2, authorsList=杨小霞, 李懿江, 叶贵川, 刘世麒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘世麒, authorNote=

杨小霞（1990—），女，河北保定人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为浮选界面化学。E-mail:

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刘世麒（1991—），男，山西吕梁人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为超稳泡沫脱水。E-mail:
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杨小霞（1990—），女，河北保定人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为浮选界面化学。E-mail:

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杨小霞（1990—），女，河北保定人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为浮选界面化学。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=NKkdAkeYeyrtMj5crCJgHQ==, figureFileBig=6iVvLJz0sbGnHbUit8xUaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161706088903132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=CN, label=图4, caption=氧化程度中等的黄铁矿表面铅吸附前后的EIS谱图, figureFileSmall=NKkdAkeYeyrtMj5crCJgHQ==, figureFileBig=6iVvLJz0sbGnHbUit8xUaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161706235703773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Pb 4f spectra and total atomic percentages of lead adsorbed on the surface of oxidized pyrite in the absence or presence of CN－ under pH=9.0, figureFileSmall=WFx7hKM7eixVC7X2A/87bQ==, figureFileBig=9XyJsn/Y+jxZNWwj00PJqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161706344755678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=CN, label=图5, caption=pH=9.0时，有无CN－存在条件下铅吸附在氧化黄铁矿表面的Pb 4f谱图, figureFileSmall=WFx7hKM7eixVC7X2A/87bQ==, figureFileBig=9XyJsn/Y+jxZNWwj00PJqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161706449613279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fe 2p spectra and atomic percentages of Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH on the surface of oxidized pyrite in the absence or presence of CN－ under pH=9.0, figureFileSmall=XKn0CaH/+h27AZpM4DtBwQ==, figureFileBig=R9UQMupt3Fj7bTB7s1W7+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161706642551264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=CN, label=图6, caption=pH=9.0时，CN－吸附前后氧化黄铁矿表面的Fe 2p谱图与Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH原子百分数变化情况, figureFileSmall=XKn0CaH/+h27AZpM4DtBwQ==, figureFileBig=R9UQMupt3Fj7bTB7s1W7+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161706726437345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Nyquist plot of the surface of oxidized pyrite surface in the absence or presence of CN－ under pH=9.0, figureFileSmall=/vM6PrYRtW64JsCivLM4Rw==, figureFileBig=h5ow2k1LmAXm1cmDpwkFXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161706797740514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=CN, label=图7, caption=pH=9.0条件下CN－吸附前后氧化黄铁矿表面的交流阻抗Nyquist谱图, figureFileSmall=/vM6PrYRtW64JsCivLM4Rw==, figureFileBig=h5ow2k1LmAXm1cmDpwkFXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161706869043683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main elemental composition of pyrite sample with particle size ranging from 0.6 to 3.2 mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FeSCuBiPbAl2O3SiO2TiZn
45.4050.50.100.020.130.030.350.040.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322161706931958244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

0.6~3.2 mm粒级黄铁矿的主要化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FeSCuBiPbAl2O3SiO2TiZn
45.4050.50.100.020.130.030.350.040.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322161707028427237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Theatomic percentages of the oxidation product Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH and un-oxidized Fe(Ⅱ)-S2 on the surface of pyrite with different oxidation degree

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氧化产物结合能/eV原子百分数/%
0.3 mL H2O20.6 mL H2O25 mL H2O2
Fe(Ⅱ)-S2707.4~707.74.5323.1391.982
Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH710.8~710.96.9107.9878.531
), ArticleFig(id=1322161707099730406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同氧化程度黄铁矿表面氧化形成的Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和未被氧化的Fe(Ⅱ)-S2含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氧化产物结合能/eV原子百分数/%
0.3 mL H2O20.6 mL H2O25 mL H2O2
Fe(Ⅱ)-S2707.4~707.74.5323.1391.982
Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH710.8~710.96.9107.9878.531
), ArticleFig(id=1322161707150062055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The values of the model parameters extracted from the EIS spectra in Fig.4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Rs/kΩRct/kΩCPE/μFn
黄铁矿78.0111.05060.90
黄铁矿+Pb100.6011.99040.86
), ArticleFig(id=1322161707208782312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

图4的EIS拟合谱图参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Rs/kΩRct/kΩCPE/μFn
黄铁矿78.0111.05060.90
黄铁矿+Pb100.6011.99040.86
), ArticleFig(id=1322161707284279785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Zeta potential values of pyrite surfaces with different oxidation degrees before and after lead adsorption

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Zeta电位/mV
黄铁矿+17.03
黄铁矿+0.3 mL H2O2+13.41
黄铁矿+0.6 mL H2O2+9.85
黄铁矿+5 mL H2O2+7.36
黄铁矿+0.3 mL H2O2+Pb+14.29
黄铁矿+0.6 mL H2O2+Pb+12.55
黄铁矿+5 mL H2O2+Pb+10.78
), ArticleFig(id=1322161707338805738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同氧化程度的黄铁矿铅吸附前后的Zeta电位值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Zeta电位/mV
黄铁矿+17.03
黄铁矿+0.3 mL H2O2+13.41
黄铁矿+0.6 mL H2O2+9.85
黄铁矿+5 mL H2O2+7.36
黄铁矿+0.3 mL H2O2+Pb+14.29
黄铁矿+0.6 mL H2O2+Pb+12.55
黄铁矿+5 mL H2O2+Pb+10.78
), ArticleFig(id=1322161707405914603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The parameters extracted from Nyquist plot of the suface of oxidized pyrite in the absence or presence of CN－ under pH=9.0

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Rs/kΩRct/kΩCPE/μFn
黄铁矿78.0111.35100.89
黄铁矿+CN－77.8016.95120.91
), ArticleFig(id=1322161707481412076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161694852362636, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

pH=9.0条件下CN－吸附前后氧化黄铁矿表面的交流阻抗Nyquist谱图拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Rs/kΩRct/kΩCPE/μFn
黄铁矿78.0111.35100.89
黄铁矿+CN－77.8016.95120.91
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Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和CN－影响黄铁矿表面铅吸附的机理研究
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杨小霞 1 , 李懿江 1 , 叶贵川 2 , 刘世麒 2
矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025,45(8): 246-254
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矿业研究与开发 |选矿与资源综合利用 2025 , 45 (8) : 246 -254
Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和CN－影响黄铁矿表面铅吸附的机理研究
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杨小霞（1990—），女，河北保定人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为浮选界面化学。E-mail:

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杨小霞1 , 李懿江1, 叶贵川2, 刘世麒2
作者信息
  • 1.太原科技大学 机械工程学院，山西　太原　030024
  • 2.太原理工大学 矿业工程学院，山西　太原　030024
通讯作者:
刘世麒（1991—），男，山西吕梁人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为超稳泡沫脱水。E-mail:
作者简介:

杨小霞（1990—），女，河北保定人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为浮选界面化学。E-mail:

The Influence of Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH and CN－ on Lead Adsorption onto Pyrite Surface
Xiaoxia YANG1 , Yijiang LI1, Guichuan YE2, Shiqi LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 2.College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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摘要
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为深入理解黄铁矿氧化产物和残留CN－对黄铁矿表面含铅粒子吸附的影响机理，通过构造不同氧化程度黄铁矿的方法，辅以溶液化学计算、表面产物数量与质量和电化学特性分析以及Zeta电位测定来解析黄铁矿表面在氧化和氢氰根存在下的结构和成分变化，并检测含铅粒子的吸附量，明确Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和CN－对铅吸附行为的抑制或协同作用。结果表明，铅在黄铁矿表面的物理吸附驱动力主要来自于带正电的含铅粒子与黄铁矿表面带负电荷粒子之间的静电吸附力；Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH通过增加黄铁矿表面的正电荷量来减小静电驱动力，导致铅吸附量减少。然而，CN－可以与Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH发生化学反应生成从表面剥落，最终增加黄铁矿表面与含铅粒子之间的静电吸附力。研究结果深入揭示了Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和CN－对铅吸附的影响机理，为低品位含金黄铁矿中金的高效回收以及铅和氰化物污染治理提供了新的理论依据。

氧化黄铁矿  /  静电吸附驱动力  /  化学清洁  /  铅吸附

In order to deeply understand the influence mechanism of pyrite oxidation products and residual CN－ on the adsorption of lead-containing particles on pyrite surface, the structure and composition changes of pyrite surface in the presence of oxidation and hydrocyanide were analyzed by constructing pyrite with different oxidation degrees, supplemented by solution chemical calculation, surface product quantity and quality and electrochemical characteristics analysis, as well as Zeta potential measurement. The adsorption amount of lead-containing particles was detected, and the inhibition or synergistic effect of Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH and CN－ on lead adsorption behavior was clarified. The results show that the primary driving force for the physical adsorption of lead on the pyrite surface is the electrostatic attraction between positively charged lead-containing ions and negatively charged ions on the pyrite surface.Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH reduces the amount of negative charge by increasing the positive charge on the pyrite surface, and thereby decreasing the electrostatic driving force for lead adsorption. However, CN－ can chemically react with Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH to form Fe(CN)3, which is removed from the surface, ultimately increasing the electrostatic adsorption force between positively charged lead-containing ions and oxidized pyrite. The research results further reveal the influence mechanism of Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH and CN－ on lead adsorption, which provides a new theoretical basis for the efficient recovery of gold from low-grade gold-bearing pyrite and the treatment of lead and cyanide pollution.

Oxidized pyrite  /  Electrostatic physical adsorption driving force  /  Chemical cleaning  /  Lead adsorption
杨小霞, 李懿江, 叶贵川, 刘世麒. Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和CN－影响黄铁矿表面铅吸附的机理研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 246 -254 .
Xiaoxia YANG, Yijiang LI, Guichuan YE, Shiqi LIU. The Influence of Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH and CN－ on Lead Adsorption onto Pyrite Surface[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 246 -254 .
正文
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0　引言
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黄金特有的商品属性和货币职能使其成为重要的战略性矿产资源之一[1]。但我国金矿资源品位低、难回收资源量的占比高达40%[2]。含金黄铁矿因氰化物抑制或表面氧化而引起的浮选回收率低是目前金回收工业面临的主要难题[3-4]。氢氰根通过与表面疏水硫反应生成疏水硫氰酸根离子(SCN－)[3,5]、与表面铁反应生成稳定亲水的铁氰化物[6-8]以及将铁–黄药变成铁–氰化物来剥落已吸附的黄药离子[9]等途径抑制含金黄铁矿的浮选，而黄铁矿表面氧化则通过亲水铁氧化物/氢氧化物的生成降低表面疏水性。由氢氰根残留和表面氧化造成的伴生金错配到尾矿中的现象愈发频繁。为增加金富集率，一般采用铜离子作为活化剂[10]，但铜离子一方面会与氢氰根化合，消耗氰化物[11-12]；另一方面，化合形成的铜氰化物会在碳粉上形成一层沉淀薄膜阻碍金在碳粉上的沉淀[13]，导致金浸出率降低。但同为重金属的铅离子既不消耗氰化物，又能通过形成铅–金合金来降低金单质离子化所需的驱动电势，提高金的浸出率[14]。因此可用铅离子代替铜离子作为含金黄铁矿的浮选活化剂。铅离子活化黄铁矿主要取决于铅离子的吸附，铅离子吸附后才能对后续黄药吸附起到催化作用[3,8]。铅在黄铁矿表面的吸附量是决定活化效果的关键因素，而吸附量会受到黄铁矿表面物理化学性质的影响。鉴于表面氧化和氢氰根吸附都会改变黄铁矿表面物理化学性质，研究氢氰根以及表面氧化产物对铅在黄铁矿表面吸附的影响机理，有利于加深对铅活化的理解，推进铅活化的工业化应用。
铅是重金属，饮用水和地表水中铅离子的允许含量要小于0.015 mg/L[15]。黄铁矿是地壳中含量最多的矸石矿物，其晶体呈八面体配位结构，在水溶液中黄铁矿表面有丰富的活性官能团，使其具有良好的重金属离子吸附性能。目前许多学者对黄铁矿作为金属离子吸附剂开展了深入研究[16-20]，旨在阐明黄铁矿吸附重金属离子的机理以及影响吸附过程的主要因素[21]。尽管含金黄铁矿的铅活化会有造成重金属离子污染环境的风险，但是此过程中产生的矸石黄铁矿可以作为铅离子和氰化物的高效吸附剂来规避这一风险，在提高金回收率的同时，也可实现尾矿资源化利用，减少环境污染。因此，这方面的研究对环保和资源再利用都具有重要的意义。
本文主要研究氢氰根离子和黄铁矿表面氧化产物Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH对黄铁矿表面吸附铅离子的影响机理，通过化学制备法制备3种不同氧化程度的黄铁矿表面，采用溶液化学计算来确定铅吸附质的种类，通过Zeta电位测试来考察黄铁矿表面静电特性，利用冷冻X射线光电子能谱(Cryo-XPS)来确定表面产物数量与质量，以及利用交流阻抗图谱(EIS)分析来确定铅吸附前后的表面电化学特性变化。本文旨在深入理解含金黄铁矿铅活化过程中的机理，优化其浮选过程，并对黄铁矿用于重金属离子吸附去除提供理论依据。
1　试验
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1.1　样品和药剂
本研究所用黄铁矿样品经过手选捡矸和除杂后对辊破碎机和标准筛分别进行破碎和筛分，以收集0.6~3.2 mm的物料。对该粒级的物料用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)进行化学组成分析，结果见表1。ICP-MS分析结果表明，该样品的主要化学元素是铁和硫，含量分别为45.4%和50.5%，表明0.6~3.2 mm的黄铁矿样品纯度为96%。此外，还有一些微量成分，如Al2O3、SiO2和Ti。用分样器将所得样品均分成每份100 g，然后装入聚乙烯袋中并存放于冰箱中冷冻，防止样品进一步氧化。
用体积分数为30%的过氧化氢(H2O2)溶液将黄铁矿氧化到不同程度[22]。用质量分数为1%的硫酸(H2SO4)和氢氧化钠(NaOH)溶液调整矿浆pH，硫酸溶液是通过稀释质量分数为98%的浓硫酸制备的，而氢氧化钠溶液则是用去离子水溶解固体氢氧化钠颗粒制备的。通过对固体硝酸铅溶解于去离子水中制备质量分数为1%的硝酸铅(Pb(NO3)2)溶液，为本研究提供铅离子来源。质量分数为1%的氰化钠(NaCN)溶液由课题组在通风橱中将固体氰化钠溶解于去离子水中制备而成。电化学试验所用的缓冲溶液有pH=5.0和pH=9.0两种。本研究中使用的去离子水的电阻为18.2 MΩ/cm，所用药品全部为分析纯级别药品，所有溶液均在试验当天制备。
1.2　磨矿与调浆
将100 g冷冻样品与100 mL自来水以及总重为3.6 kg的6根不锈钢棒混合，置于容积为3 L的不锈钢棒磨机中以25 r/min的转速研磨5.5 min，保证80%的颗粒粒度小于106 μm。然后将磨机中的矿浆转移至1.5 L的浮选槽中，加自来水配制成1.5 L的黄铁矿矿浆，搅拌并调整矿浆pH。
在研究Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH对铅吸附影响的试验中，需调整pH为5.0, 因黄铁矿在此pH下表面氧化程度低，更利于制备不同氧化程度的黄铁矿表面。不同氧化程度的黄铁矿矿浆制备流程如下:依次向溶液中加入不同体积的体积分数为30%的过氧化氢溶液并搅拌5 min, 氧化过程中保持pH为5.0。向氧化过后的矿浆中加入1×10－6 mol的硝酸铅溶液并搅拌2 min。
在研究CN－对铅吸附影响的试验中，考虑到在酸性条件下CN－易挥发成剧毒性气体HCN[23]，且pH越低越容易挥发，将pH调整为9.0。黄铁矿在碱性条件下表面会因生成Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH而处于氧化状态[24]，故pH调整为9.0能满足本研究的氧化表面要求。
1.3　溶液化学计算
硝酸铅溶液中含有多种含铅粒子官能团，故黄铁矿表面的铅吸附，实际上指的是硝酸铅溶液中各种含铅粒子官能团的吸附。含铅粒子官能团的种类和数量主要受pH和溶液中其他杂质离子的影响，因此，本研究对硝酸铅溶液中含铅粒子官能团的分布随pH变化情况进行模拟计算，同时也模拟了CN－对硝酸铅溶液化学的影响规律。本研究中涉及的所有溶液化学模拟计算均采用Visual MINTEQ（4.00）软件。对硝酸铅溶液中含铅粒子官能团的分布随pH变化情况进行模拟计算时，参数的选定如下：选择Fixed后，pH输入5.0，离子强度选择To be calculated，活度矫正选择Davis，浓度单位选择Molal，温度选择25℃,Pb2+和的摩尔浓度分别设定为1×10－3 mol/L和2×10－3 mol/L；计算问题方式设定为Multi-problem/Sweep，扫描方式选择单一变量，计算问题数选择140，变量选择pH,pH的起始计算值为0，计算步长为0.1。对CN－对硝酸铅溶液化学的影响进行模拟计算时，参数的选定如下：选择Fixed后，pH输入9.0，离子强度选择To be calculated，活度矫正选择Davis，浓度单位选择Molal，温度选择25°,Pb2+、和CN－摩尔浓度分别设定为1×10－3 mol/L、2×10－3 mol/L和1×10－3 mol/L。
1.4　Zeta电位测试
为研究黄铁矿表面Zeta电位随Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH（不同氧化程度）含量以及铅吸附的变化规律，本研究使用Brookhaven NanoBrook Omni型号Zeta电位仪对黄铁矿表面Zeta电位进行测试。将100 g制备好的黄铁矿样品在1 L球磨机中研磨3 h，收集磨矿排出物并储存在冰箱中，以便后续与去离子水混合。研究黄铁矿表面Zeta电位随Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH含量不同的变化时：将0.05 g样品与100 mL去离子水混合后置于250 mL的烧杯中，用质量分数为1%的氢氧化钠和体积分数为1%的盐酸溶液调节pH为5.0，然后分别加入体积分数为30%的过氧化氢溶液0.3 mL,0.6 mL和5 mL，用磁力搅拌器搅拌5 min，搅拌过程中保持pH为5.0；随后将混合物静置5 min，从静置后产生的上清液中取10 mL液体进行电位测试，取5次电位测量结果的平均值作为最终电位值。研究黄铁矿表面Zeta电位随铅吸附的变化规律时：重复上述步骤各制备3种氧化程度的黄铁矿浆后，再各添加摩尔浓度为1×10－4 mol/L的硝酸铅溶液1 mL，搅拌2 min，随后将混合物静置5 min，从静置后产生的上清液中取10 mL液体进行电位测试，最终取5次电位测量结果的平均值作最终电位值。
1.5　Cryo-XPS分析
为研究Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH 和CN－对铅吸附的影响规律，本研究使用KRATOS Axis Ultra X射线光电子能谱仪对不同氧化程度的黄铁矿在铅吸附前后的表面进行数量与质量分析。样品制备参照磨矿与调浆的流程进行，将100 g黄铁矿样品与100 mL水混合磨矿后得到的矿浆转移到浮选槽中，调节pH为5.0，然后用过氧化氢对黄铁矿进行氧化（或将pH调节到9.0后添加CN－并搅拌2 min)；随后用容量为10 mL的注射器在浮选槽内尽可能多的地点取样8 mL，并装入样品管中用液氮迅速冷冻，以防止黄铁矿进一步氧化或矿浆发生其他化学反应。XPS测试开始前，将冷冻后的样品在室温下解冻，保留底部沉降的颗粒，用小勺取适量底部颗粒置于XPS的检测腔内进行检测。检测过程中检测腔内用液氮营造超低温环境。测试温度和压力以及样品装载到检测腔内的详细过程可参阅文献[25]。检测参数设置如下：采用单色AlKaX射线源(1 486.6 eV)，工作功率为150 W(15 kV,10 mA)，对表面进行扫描分析时，首先在0~1 200 eV结合能范围内以160 eV的能量和1.0 eV的步长进行调查扫描，以确定表面元素组成。然后以20 eV的能量和0.1 eV的步长对C1s、O1s、Fe2p、S2p、Cu2p和Pb4f进行高分辨率扫描2~3次。光谱校准和峰拟合使用CasaXPS软件。分峰前，首先以外来碳的结合能(284.8 eV)为基准对光谱进行电荷校正。
1.6　EIS谱图分析
为了探究Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH与CN－对铅吸附的影响，本研究对铅吸附前后的氧化黄铁矿表面和CN－吸附的表面进行EIS测试，以提取拟合后的电化学参数，并根据其参数的变化情况确定Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH和CN－对铅离子吸附的影响机理。
EIS试验模拟正常浮选流程在常温常压的开放空气环境下进行。使用体积为200 mL的三电极电化学池和CHI 920D扫描电化学显微镜。选取一块直径为2.5 cm、来源于澳大利亚的天然大型圆柱黄铁矿标本作为工作电极。黄铁矿电极通过银载导电环氧树脂与铜线连接，然后嵌入非导电环氧树脂中，仅暴露一侧黄铁矿表面，此黄铁矿电极几何表面积约为1.56 cm2。用表面积为1 cm2的铂板作为辅助电极。把Ag/AgCl电极插入摩尔浓度为3 mol/L的KCl溶液中作为参比电极，试验测得的电势是以参比电极作为标准输出的，该电极相对于标准氢电极(SHE)的电位为+0.194 V。在EIS测量时，黄铁矿电极、辅助电极和参比电极通过电化学池上的3个专门设计的孔插入含有200 mL缓冲溶液的电化学池中。每次EIS测量之前，用1 200目的碳化硅砂纸湿磨黄铁矿电极表面，并用去离子水进行清洗，生成新的电极表面。有研究表明，这种处理方式可以模拟浮选中黄铁矿的表面[24]。当样品需要氧化时，模拟磨矿调浆的过程在烧杯中加入200 mL一定pH的缓冲溶液，加入体积分数为30%的过氧化氢溶液0.6 mL并搅拌5 min。当需要添加铅离子或CN－时，在烧杯中继续分别加入铅离子或CN－并搅拌2 min，然后取出黄铁矿电极，并使用去离子水轻轻冲洗，以避免铅或氰化物对电解液的污染或者电极表面新形成的产物被冲刷掉，最后进行EIS测量。使用Zview软件拟合测量结果后，从中提取电化学参数。
2　结果与讨论
收起
2.1　pH与CN－对硝酸铅溶液离子浓度的影响
铅离子在溶液中的存在形式很大程度上受到pH的影响，且CN－是否会与溶液中的含铅粒子反应从而改变其分布尚不明确。为明确不同条件下在黄铁矿表面吸附的主要含铅粒子种类，利用Visual MINTEQ(4.0)软件对添加CN－离子（1×10－3 mol/L)前后的硝酸铅溶液(1×10－3 mol/L)进行溶液化学计算，计算结果见图1和图2。
由图1可知，硝酸铅溶液中含有多种含铅粒子，在0到14.0的pH范围内，Pb2+、Pb(OH)2(aq)、Pb(NO3)2(aq)、、、、及PbOH+等多种含铅粒子的浓度随pH变化而不断变化。在pH从0到7.0的范围内，Pb2+的浓度最高，接近硝酸铅的Pb2+浓度，且Pb2+浓度保持不变；当pH大于7.0小于10.0时，Pb2+开始与OH－结合，溶液中主要含铅粒子由Pb2+变为PbOH+和，且Pb2+浓度开始显著下降；当pH大于10.0时，溶液中主要的含铅粒子PbOH+和可以结合更多OH－而变为。通过分析含铅粒子数量与质量分布随pH变化的曲线，可以得出结论：在pH为5.0的酸性条件下，硝销铅溶液的主要含铅粒子是Pb+，随着pH逐渐增加到9.0, PbOH+和成为硝酸铅溶液中的主要含铅粒子。由图2可知，在0到14.0的pH范围内，存在于硝酸铅溶液中的CN－离子并不改变含铅粒子的种类和数量，也没有Pb-CN粒子的生成，由此说明，CN－与含铅粒子之间不存在任何化学反应，即：黄铁矿表面吸附铅后，CN－的出现并不能通过化学竞争吸附作用造成已吸附的铅粒子解吸附；同样的，黄铁矿表面吸附CN－后，含铅粒子的出现也不能通过化学竞争吸附作用造成CN－解吸附。由此可见，CN－和含铅粒子在黄铁矿表面吸附时不存在互相之间的化学竞争吸附作用。但是，通过溶液化学计算模拟无法确定两者之间的任意一方的物理吸附是否会对另一方的物理吸附产生影响。而要确认这一点，明晰氧化黄铁矿表面铅吸附机理显得尤为重要。因此，下面进一步阐明黄铁矿表面铅吸附机理。
2.2　Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH阻碍黄铁矿表面铅吸附的机理
2.2.1　Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH含量随氧化程度增大的变化规律
本研究采用过氧化氢氧化法制造了3种不同Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH含量的氧化黄铁矿表面，对3个表面Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH占比以及未被氧化的Fe(Ⅱ)-S2占比进行了Cryo-XPS分析，分析结果见图3（图中颜色标识见电子版）和表2。
由图3和表2中数据可知，随着过氧化氢用量增加，黄铁矿表面主要氧化产物Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH的原子百分数由6.910%逐渐增加到8.531%，而相反的，黄铁矿未被氧化表面的Fe(Ⅱ)-S2的原子百分数则由4.532%逐渐减小到1.982%。定义黄铁矿表面的氧化指数为Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH与Fe(Ⅱ)-S2的原子百分数比值以表征黄铁矿表面氧化程度。经计算可知，体积分数为30%的H2O2溶液添加量为0.3 mL、0.6 mL和5.0 mL时黄铁矿氧化指数分别为1.52, 2.54和4.30，可见随着过氧化氢含量逐渐增加，氧化指数由1.52逐渐增加到4.30，说明黄铁矿表面氧化程度逐渐增大。以上数据证明在pH为5.0的条件下，通过添加不同量的过氧化氢可以制备出3种不同氧化程度的黄铁矿表面，且在这3种表面上的Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH原子百分数随着氧化程度的增加而增加。
2.2.2　Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH对铅在黄铁矿表面吸附的影响
要明晰Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH对铅吸附的影响机理，首先需要判断铅在黄铁矿氧化表面的吸附是属于化学吸附还是物理吸附，其次再通过Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH的铅吸附数量和质量改变情况来确定铅吸附在黄铁矿氧化表面的驱动力。因此，首先通过对氧化程度中等的黄铁矿表面（用0.6 mL体积分数为30%的H2O2溶液处理）进行EIS谱图扫描，研究氧化黄铁矿铅吸附前后的交流阻抗特性，不同吸附类型表现出来的交流阻抗特性不同，以此来确定铅在黄铁矿氧化表面吸附的类型，EIS试验结果见图4和表3。
交流阻抗图谱采集完成后，将数据导入Zview软件中对测得的交流阻抗图谱进行建模拟合，拟合结果以Nyquist图(虚部阻抗与实部阻抗关系图)的形式展示在图4中，从图4中提取的建模参数见表3。当黄铁矿电极浸入电解质溶液后，表面电荷会重新分布形成一个双电层，此双电层由两个带有相等且相反电荷的平面组成，因此在电学上等效于一个电容器。黄铁矿电极/电解质界面可以用一个简单的电路表示，如图4所示。此电路包含一个溶液电阻(Rs)、一个由双电层电容(Cdl)和电荷转移电阻(Rct)。由于黄铁矿电极表面的不均匀性，一般使用常相位元件(CPE)来模拟此双电层电容器。n值反映了电极的表面粗糙度，n值越接近1表示电极表面越光滑，反之则越粗糙。由图4中的曲线可知，氧化表面的曲线半径在铅吸附后比铅吸附前的小，因此可以判定铅吸附后的表面电荷转移阻力增大，这是由于铅吸附后表面新增了一层含铅物质，造成了电阻增大，这与表3中铅吸附后Rs值由78.01 kΩ增至100.6 kΩ是一致的。这证明pH为5.0时，溶液中主要的含铅粒子Pb2+的确可以吸附在氧化表面上。同时由表3可知，Pb2+吸附后，表面粗糙度由0.90减小到0.86，因此，可以判定表面因Pb2+吸附变得粗糙，这是由Pb2+的吸附不均匀造成的。若含铅粒子属于化学吸附，表面粗糙度会增加或者保持不变，因为化学吸附属于单层吸附，会使表面相对更加平滑，n值更向 1 趋近; 若含铅粒子吸附属于物理吸附，那么铅吸属于多层吸附，会造成表面凹凸不平而增加表面粗糙度，n值也会越来越小。因此，可以判定Pb2+在黄铁矿氧化表面的吸附属于物理吸附，而非化学吸附。
明确铅在氧化表面物理吸附的驱动力是明晰铅吸附机理的关键。这种物理吸附的驱动力可能来源于氢键或者范德华力等分子间作用力，但是考虑到主要的含铅粒子带正电，因此还可能有来源于正负电荷之间的静电力作用。但因范德华力是分子之间的作用力，而此体系中的吸附质Pb2+属于带电粒子，不属于分子，因此排除范德华力的存在。作者曾研究发现，表面吸附的铅的原子百分数随着氧化程度的增加而急剧降低。若Pb2+与氧化表面的吸附是通过氢键驱动的，随着氧化程度增加，表面会有更多裸露的氧原子和氢氧根可以与Pb2+通过氢键连接，最终铅含量会增加而非降低，因此，可以判定铅在黄铁矿氧化表面的吸附驱动力并非来源于氢键。
对不同氧化程度的黄铁矿表面铅吸附前后的Zeta电位值测定结果见表4。
表4中未氧化黄铁矿表面的总电荷量为+17.03 mV，因此可以推断，在酸性条件下（pH为5.0），未氧化黄铁矿表面的正电荷多于负电荷。但随着氧化程度逐渐增加，Zeta电位值由+17.03 mV逐渐降低到+7.36 mV，这说明黄铁矿表面被氧化后生成的Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH使得表面正电荷逐渐减少，负电荷逐渐增多。但铅吸附在3种氧化程度的表面后，表面Zeta电位分别从+13.41 mV、+9.85 mV和+7.36 mV增加到+14.29 mV、+12.55 mV和+10.78 mV，且随着氧化程度的增加，铅吸附前后电荷增量也从+0.88 mV逐渐增加到+3.42 mV，这表明随着氧化程度增加，负电荷逐渐增多的表面与带正电的Pb2+之间的静电吸附力逐渐增大，导致铅吸附前后表面Zeta电位差值逐渐增多。这说明带正电的含铅粒子在黄铁矿氧化表面吸附的物理驱动力是带正电的Pb2+与氧化表面的负电荷之间产生的静电吸引力。
2.3　CN－对氧化黄铁矿表面铅吸附的促进作用
当黄铁矿矿浆中存在CN－时，黄铁矿表面的Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH可与CN－发生化学反应，改变表面性质，从而可能影响含铅粒子在氧化表面的吸附。因CN－在pH小于9.0时会挥发成剧毒的HCN气体，为了保证试验的安全，选择既能抑制CN－离子挥发，又能形成黄铁矿氧化表面的碱性环境（pH=9.0）进行试验。
首先在pH=9.0的条件下，对有无CN－离子吸附的表面铅吸附含量进行检测，检测结果见图5（曲线颜色标识见电子版）。
在pH=9.0的条件下，黄铁矿黄药浮选的产率约为50%[3]，这是因为黄铁矿的表面会氧化，形成一层氢氧化铁，导致黄铁矿表面疏水，从而降低可浮性。因此pH=9.0的设定是合理的。氧化黄铁矿吸附铅后其表面含铅物质主要为Pb-O和Pb-OH，根据图1中硝酸铅溶液化学计算的结果可知，在pH为9.0时，溶液中主要的含铅粒子为带正电荷的PbOH+。根据文献[26]可知，在pH为9.0时，氧化黄铁矿表面的Zeta电位约为－30 mV。因此，大量带正电的PbOH+更易与大量带负电荷的氧化黄铁矿表面发生吸附，因此，这种吸附也属于物理吸附，且吸附驱动力也是正电荷与负电荷之间的静电吸附力。氧化黄铁矿表面吸附的总铅原子百分数为1.34%，黄铁矿经过CN－处理后，其表面总铅原子百分数从1.34%增加到1.78%，说明黄铁矿表面与CN－发生反应后更有利于含铅粒子的吸附。由文献[6]可知，CN－可与黄铁矿表面的Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH反应，替代氧原子和氢氧根离子，最终生成Fe(CN)3。若此反应发生，黄铁矿表面的Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH含量会减少，且氰氢根离子的吸附属于化学吸附，其表面因化学吸附而变得更加光滑。对添加CN－前后的氧化黄铁矿表面分别进行了Fe2p图谱和EIS图谱采集，以计算Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH含量和提取Nyquist谱图拟合参数，试验结果分别见图6、图7（曲线颜色标识见电子版)和表5。
由图6可知，在pH=9.0的条件下，黄铁矿表面生成大量的Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH（原子百分数为8.5%），表明黄铁矿表面已经被氧化。但加入CN－后，Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH原子百分数从8.5%急剧下降到2.8%，证明了CN－与氧化黄铁矿表面Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH发生化学反应生成Fe(CN)3。发生清除氧的化学反应后，黄铁矿表面的一些性质会发生改变，比如表面带电情况的改变。有学者在pH=9.0条件下，对不同浓度CN－对黄铁矿表面Zeta电位的影响进行了研究，发现随着CN－的浓度增加，黄铁矿表面Zeta电位明显降低，最终表面携带大量负电荷[7]。此表面与带正电的PbOH+之间的静电吸引力则会更大，因此会增加铅的吸附量。由图7和表5可知，CN－吸附后，Rct从11.3 kΩ增加到16.9 kΩ，说明表面的电荷转移阻力因CN－化学吸附形成Fe(CN)3而增大；代表表面粗糙度的n值从0.89增加到0.91，表明CN－在表面发生了均匀的化学吸附，使得表面更平滑。以上数据证明了CN－与Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH之间发生化学反应生成Fe(CN)3，支持CN－对氧化黄铁矿表面存在化学清洁作用的结论。
综上所述，因CN－与黄铁矿氧化表面的Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH发生化学反应，清除了表面Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH层的同时，又形成了新的表面产物Fe(CN)3，导致表面负电荷量急剧增加，从而增强了带正电含铅粒子在表面的物理吸附。
3　结论
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本文通过构造不同氧化程度的黄铁矿，明确了含铅粒子在黄铁矿表面的吸附驱动力来源于正负电荷之间静电吸附力的物理吸附。在pH不超过5.0时，硝酸铅溶液中主要存在带正电的含铅粒子(Pb2+)，因此，随着氧化黄铁矿Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH含量的增加，氧化黄铁矿表面的正电荷增多，静电驱动力减少，造成铅吸附量减少，这一发现对于优化含金黄铁矿浮选过程中的铅活化条件具有重要指导意义。通过控制黄铁矿的氧化程度，可以调节表面电荷，从而优化铅离子的吸附，提高浮选效率。这为我国具有贫、细、杂特点的黄金资源的浮选富集工艺优化提供了理论支持。在pH处于9.0~10.3的范围内时，硝酸铅溶液中主要的含铅粒子仍带正电。CN－与Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH发生强烈的化学清洁反应，因此强烈吸附在表面，从而增加表面负电荷量，最终通过增加静电吸附驱动力增加铅吸附。这一结果为含氰化物和铅离子的污水处理提供了新的思路。在含氰化物的环境中，通过控制Fe(Ⅲ)-O/OH的含量，可以提高黄铁矿对氰化物和铅离子的吸附，从而有效处理含铅和氰化物的污水。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52104260)
  • 山西省青年基金项目(202303021212229; 202303021222022)
  • 太原科技大学博士启动基金项目(20222145; 20242015)
  • 山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2024-054)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第45卷第8期
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  • 接收时间：2024-09-13
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52104260)
山西省青年基金项目(202303021212229; 202303021222022)
太原科技大学博士启动基金项目(20222145; 20242015)
山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2024-054)
作者信息
    1.太原科技大学 机械工程学院，山西　太原　030024
    2.太原理工大学 矿业工程学院，山西　太原　030024

通讯作者:

刘世麒（1991—），男，山西吕梁人，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为超稳泡沫脱水。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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