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Article(id=1322161679975170559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723996800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157509081, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157509081, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157509081, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157509081, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=170, endPage=177, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161680117776896, articleId=1322161679975170559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Influence of Drainage Channel on the Effect of Vacuum Preloading Reinforcement of Bauxite Slime, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to accelerate the consolidation of tailings slurry, the influence mechanism of vacuum preloading method based on different drainage channels (sand drains and drainage boards) on the consolidation of bauxite slime was explored. The macroscopic characteristics were analyzed by vane shear tests and consolidation tests. Combined with nuclear magnetic resonance tests, the evolution law of microscopic pore characteristics was revealed. The results show that the moisture content of the slime decreases from 1 80% to 47.88%, the shear strength increases to 26.8 kPa, and the compression modulus reaches 15.5 MPa. The consolidation effect of sand drain is better than that of drainage board, which is mainly due to the fact that sand drain can continuously ensure the transmission of vacuum degree in the process of slime reinforcement. In addition, the pore water in the slime formed after consolidation of different drainage channels has the same distribution laws. The research results can provide theoretical support for accelerating the rapid settlement of tailings slurry.

, authors=Hao ZHANGI, Haihao YUI, Wenhao SHENGI, authorsList=Hao ZHANG, Haihao YU, Wenhao SHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haihao YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161683624215064, articleId=1322161679975170559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=排水通道对铝土矿矿泥真空预压加固效果的影响研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为加速尾矿泥浆固结，基于不同排水通道（砂井和排水板），探究真空预压法对铝土矿矿泥固结的影响机制，通过十字板剪切试验和固结试验分析宏观特性，结合核磁共振试验揭示微观孔隙特性演化规律。结果表明，矿泥含水率从180%降低至47.88%，抗剪强度增加至26.8 kPa，压缩模量达15.5 MPa。砂井的固结效果优于排水板，这主要是由于砂井在矿泥加固过程中能够持续保证真空度的传递；另外，不同排水通道固结后形成的矿泥内部孔隙水具有相同的分布规律。研究结果可为加速尾矿泥浆快速沉降提供理论支持。

, authors=张浩I, 于海浩I, 盛文浩I, authorsList=张浩, 于海浩, 盛文浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=于海浩, authorNote=

张浩（2000—），男，安徽阜阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事尾矿泥浆快速固结方面的研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
于海浩（1988—），男，辽宁葫芦岛人，博士，副教授，主要从事黏土化学－力学耦合作用方面的研究。E-mail:
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张浩（2000—），男，安徽阜阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事尾矿泥浆快速固结方面的研究。E-mail:

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张浩（2000—），男，安徽阜阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事尾矿泥浆快速固结方面的研究。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2006(Suppl.2):3490-3494., articleTitle=Experimental study on treatment of soft soil in intertidal zone with vacuum preloading, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322161689231999586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, awardId=2019GXNSFAA245025, language=CN, fundingSource=广西自然科学基金资助项目(2019GXNSFAA245025), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322161683871679001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322161683880067610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, companyId=1322161683871679001, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangxi Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322161683888456219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, companyId=1322161683871679001, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=桂林理工大学 广西岩土力学与工程重点实验室，广西　桂林市　541004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322161685545206331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Particle size distribution curve of slime, figureFileSmall=O/NBhDp8GA4znbWLs6TF6A==, figureFileBig=O7WWLKVD4dUOnX7CND/NiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161685608120892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=图1, caption=矿泥粒径分布曲线, figureFileSmall=O/NBhDp8GA4znbWLs6TF6A==, figureFileBig=O7WWLKVD4dUOnX7CND/NiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161685792670270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=XRD analysis results of slime, figureFileSmall=PbQVGnKbPIq1k6iL33vn4A==, figureFileBig=/q7ydTG0i9rZQRLiezT5aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161685855584831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=图2, caption=矿泥XRD分析结果, figureFileSmall=PbQVGnKbPIq1k6iL33vn4A==, figureFileBig=/q7ydTG0i9rZQRLiezT5aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161685931082304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Device for vacuum preloading model test, figureFileSmall=cI5y/KVWrgFmAuGyuGxRkg==, figureFileBig=P6zEZWkSFvNvfEDO0E2iyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161687579443777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=图3, caption=真空预压模型试验装置, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161687927571016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同排水通道的排水量随时间的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=mH5PU8Ibj1AS9jlrA4XBSQ==, figureFileBig=zX2wU8XfdbJKfWCFsOlRwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688007262793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variation curves of volume moisture content with time for different drainage channels, figureFileSmall=VKwvTYrr6QJlEhGcr3715Q==, figureFileBig=x6y0NOIfClvpzvbQqjYr5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688074371658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同排水通道的体积含水率随时间的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=VKwvTYrr6QJlEhGcr3715Q==, figureFileBig=x6y0NOIfClvpzvbQqjYr5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688133091916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Moisture content of slime at different locations, figureFileSmall=jq0YxU3nOxm8UbbtdrRH5g==, figureFileBig=npF5Uc+xMbxlSaZd2+yjyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688216977997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同位置的矿泥含水率, figureFileSmall=jq0YxU3nOxm8UbbtdrRH5g==, figureFileBig=npF5Uc+xMbxlSaZd2+yjyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688309252687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Shear strength of slime at different locations, figureFileSmall=oCptgm59TZ3RjBHAn04oNQ==, figureFileBig=yupcOODqkeRZ/Wr9VRCW8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688380555857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同位置的矿泥抗剪强度, figureFileSmall=oCptgm59TZ3RjBHAn04oNQ==, figureFileBig=yupcOODqkeRZ/Wr9VRCW8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688456053330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variation curves of void ratio after consolidation of slime at different locations, figureFileSmall=bKdv9Cak9GZpiJ1qcHBnTw==, figureFileBig=NrU0UloJKkH1l1n1Wh6lwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688510579284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同位置的矿泥固结后孔隙比变化曲线, figureFileSmall=bKdv9Cak9GZpiJ1qcHBnTw==, figureFileBig=NrU0UloJKkH1l1n1Wh6lwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688577688149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=T2distribution curves of slime at different locations, figureFileSmall=vDF+t/i7fDAVsQAn0r56fA==, figureFileBig=vysRdBtOgZRttiV3ZsnTvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688665768534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同位置的矿泥T2分布曲线, figureFileSmall=vDF+t/i7fDAVsQAn0r56fA==, figureFileBig=vysRdBtOgZRttiV3ZsnTvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161688732877400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physical properties of bauxite slime particles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比表面积/(m2/g)阳离子交换量/(mmol/100 g)液限塑限密度/(g/m3)颗粒组成/%
2~0.075 mm0.075~0.005 mm≤0.005 mm
55.098.4452.2029.32.743.9336.8959.18
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铝土矿矿泥颗粒的基本物理性质

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比表面积/(m2/g)阳离子交换量/(mmol/100 g)液限塑限密度/(g/m3)颗粒组成/%
2~0.075 mm0.075~0.005 mm≤0.005 mm
55.098.4452.2029.32.743.9336.8959.18
), ArticleFig(id=1322161688909038172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Specific locations of soil measuring points

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测点名称具体位置
H15C5距离底部15 cm、距离中心5 cm
H15C15距离底部15 cm、距离中心15 cm
H30C5距离底部30 cm、距离中心5 cm
H30C15距离底部30 cm、距离中心15 cm
H45C5距离底部45 cm、距离中心5 cm
H45C15距离底部45 cm、距离中心15 cm
), ArticleFig(id=1322161688980341341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土体测点的具体位置

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测点名称具体位置
H15C5距离底部15 cm、距离中心5 cm
H15C15距离底部15 cm、距离中心15 cm
H30C5距离底部30 cm、距离中心5 cm
H30C15距离底部30 cm、距离中心15 cm
H45C5距离底部45 cm、距离中心5 cm
H45C15距离底部45 cm、距离中心15 cm
), ArticleFig(id=1322161689055838814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161679975170559, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Peak area of unit nuclear magnetic resonance signal of slime at different locations

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试样名称峰面积
砂井 H45C512.50
砂井 H15C514.25
排水板 H45C514.45
排水板 H15C514.39
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不同位置的矿泥单位核磁信号峰面积

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试样名称峰面积
砂井 H45C512.50
砂井 H15C514.25
排水板 H45C514.45
排水板 H15C514.39
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排水通道对铝土矿矿泥真空预压加固效果的影响研究
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张浩 I , 于海浩 I , 盛文浩 I
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(8): 170-177
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (8) : 170 -177
排水通道对铝土矿矿泥真空预压加固效果的影响研究
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张浩（2000—），男，安徽阜阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事尾矿泥浆快速固结方面的研究。E-mail:

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张浩（2000—），男，安徽阜阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事尾矿泥浆快速固结方面的研究。E-mail:

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张浩I , 于海浩I , 盛文浩I
作者信息
  • 桂林理工大学 广西岩土力学与工程重点实验室，广西　桂林市　541004
通讯作者:
于海浩（1988—），男，辽宁葫芦岛人，博士，副教授，主要从事黏土化学－力学耦合作用方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张浩（2000—），男，安徽阜阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事尾矿泥浆快速固结方面的研究。E-mail:

Study on the Influence of Drainage Channel on the Effect of Vacuum Preloading Reinforcement of Bauxite Slime
Hao ZHANGI , Haihao YUI , Wenhao SHENGI
Affiliations
  • Guangxi Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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摘要
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为加速尾矿泥浆固结，基于不同排水通道（砂井和排水板），探究真空预压法对铝土矿矿泥固结的影响机制，通过十字板剪切试验和固结试验分析宏观特性，结合核磁共振试验揭示微观孔隙特性演化规律。结果表明，矿泥含水率从180%降低至47.88%，抗剪强度增加至26.8 kPa，压缩模量达15.5 MPa。砂井的固结效果优于排水板，这主要是由于砂井在矿泥加固过程中能够持续保证真空度的传递；另外，不同排水通道固结后形成的矿泥内部孔隙水具有相同的分布规律。研究结果可为加速尾矿泥浆快速沉降提供理论支持。

铝土矿矿泥  /  真空预压  /  排水通道  /  固结排水  /  模型试验

In order to accelerate the consolidation of tailings slurry, the influence mechanism of vacuum preloading method based on different drainage channels (sand drains and drainage boards) on the consolidation of bauxite slime was explored. The macroscopic characteristics were analyzed by vane shear tests and consolidation tests. Combined with nuclear magnetic resonance tests, the evolution law of microscopic pore characteristics was revealed. The results show that the moisture content of the slime decreases from 1 80% to 47.88%, the shear strength increases to 26.8 kPa, and the compression modulus reaches 15.5 MPa. The consolidation effect of sand drain is better than that of drainage board, which is mainly due to the fact that sand drain can continuously ensure the transmission of vacuum degree in the process of slime reinforcement. In addition, the pore water in the slime formed after consolidation of different drainage channels has the same distribution laws. The research results can provide theoretical support for accelerating the rapid settlement of tailings slurry.

Bauxite slime  /  Vacuum preloading  /  Drainage channel  /  Consolidation drainage  /  Model test
张浩, 于海浩, 盛文浩. 排水通道对铝土矿矿泥真空预压加固效果的影响研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 170 -177 .
Hao ZHANG, Haihao YU, Wenhao SHENG. Study on the Influence of Drainage Channel on the Effect of Vacuum Preloading Reinforcement of Bauxite Slime[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 170 -177 .
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0　引言
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铝土矿是社会发展中的必须品，铝土矿主要通过拜耳法生产，生产1 t氧化铝需要约2 t铝土矿[1-2]，而洗出1 t铝土矿将产生1.5~2 t的铝土矿洗矿矿泥[3]。我国年均消耗铝土矿资源约1.34 亿 t，因此，每年有大量的矿泥需要处理。矿泥[4-5]具有较高含铝量和低含有用金属的成分，具有较高的含水率和流动性，颗粒细小且难以自然沉降，几乎无法被其他领域二次利用。目前矿泥常用的处理方法是以尾矿库为构筑物，通过管道运输至尾矿库露天存放[6]。然而，尾矿库占据大量的林地山地，历经几十年固结沉降后在库区形成大面积沼泽地，破坏原有生态环境，且存在溃坝和泄露的风险[7-8]，可见，尾矿库不仅严重破坏矿区的生态环境，也是重大的危险源，对下游形成巨大威胁。
尾矿泥浆中含有大量的细粒土，主要为页硅酸盐矿物[9-10]，其中黏土矿物占比很大，这些黏土矿物使矿泥颗粒之间的相互作用增强，阻碍了水分排出，增加了脱水难度。而且黏土矿物通常带有电荷，在极性水分子的作用下会形成扩散双电层[11-12]，展现出胶体的性质，这也是矿泥难以脱水的原因。针对尾矿泥浆固结排水困难的问题，诸多学者对此进行了研究。DENG等[13]考察了pH和常见伴生金属离子K+、Fe3+对铝尾矿泥沉降特性的影响，机理分析表明，在一定的pH范围内，金属离子的加入可以压缩表面双电层的厚度，高价离子（Fe3+）相比一价离子（Na+）会产生更多的双电层压缩，更有利于铝尾矿泥颗粒的团聚。胡小冬等[14]对铝土矿洗矿矿泥的化学成分和矿物组成进行分析，发现一水硬铝石和高岭石的矿物组成、Al2O3等化学成分是影响矿泥浆液沉积压缩的主要因素。
为了加速矿泥固结排水，欧孝夺等[15]提出自重排水固结联合生石灰固化处理方法，通过开展模型试验发现，在自重排水作用下，直径为400 mm的模型中泥浆的体积含水量、平均含水量降幅均较大，联合生石灰固化后泥浆的体积含水量显著下降，且十字剪切强度较大。DWARI等[16]针对尾矿泥浆絮凝、沉降和固结特性，系统开展了不同类型聚丙烯酰絮凝剂的应用研究，结果表明，当絮凝剂投加量为15 g聚合物/t固体时，其除浊效果优异。压滤法是工业生产中分离效果好、适用性广的一种脱水方式。WEBER等[17]证明电滤法可加快石英砂悬浮液初始脱水速度，但对最终滤饼含水率的改善有限，且该方法的成本过高，只适合于少量的精矿脱水。
以上研究表明，目前仍未形成快速固结尾矿泥浆的有效方法。封闭尾矿库经历十几年的自重固结后，尾矿泥浆接近超软土状态，大量研究表明，真空预压法能够加速软土固结排水。KJILLMAN[18]通过在土体中施加负压力，促使其加速固结排水，从而增加土体中的有效应力，提高其强度和稳定性。XU[19]研究了不同压力下使用石英砂和高岭石的人工浆料的渗滤行为，发现孔隙度在正压或负压下的变化趋势相同，但负压下的转运能力和浸出粒径比正压下更显著，同时负压条件下的渗流是一个自适应的过程，包括黏土矿物的胶体运移、靠近出水口的渗流通道内胶体堆积堵塞、靠近出口的梯度浓度等3个要素。曹杰等[20]通过工程实例分析了真空预压技术加固软土地基时的沉降、水平位移等变化规律，验证和评价了真空预压法的处理效果。董志良等[21]采取真空预压法联合塑料排水板加固处理潮间带软土地基，试验结果表明，加固后软土的物理力学性质指标有较大改善，加固区内软土强度也得到了较大提高。
鉴于真空预压法已在多个工程领域展现出高效的排水固结能力，为了加速尾矿泥浆固结排水，本文拟通过不同排水通道设置的室内真空预压试验验证该方法对铝土矿矿泥固结效果的促进作用；并通过十字板剪切试验、固结试验和核磁共振试验，对不同排水通道真空预压处理矿泥的效果进行宏观和微观两个层面的分析，揭示不同排水通道对矿泥的加固机理。研究结果有望为矿泥的绿色处置提供理论基础，为矿泥处理和资源利用提供指导。
1　研究工况
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1.1　试样基本性质
试验矿泥取自百色市平果县的中国铝业股份有限公司广西分公司的铝矿石第三期洗矿车间，呈褐黄色。铝土矿矿泥颗粒的基本物理性质见表1，粒径分布曲线如图1所示，可以看出，黏粒含量达到59.18%。图2为矿泥XRD分析结果，从图2中可以看出，高岭石含量为23%。
1.2　试验装置与仪器
真空预压模型试验装置如图3所示，该装置主要由圆柱体模型箱（高60 cm，直径50 cm）、抽真空系统、密封系统和测量系统组成。抽真空系统包括真空泵、水气分离瓶、砂垫层以及排水通道等。为保证加固效果的均匀性，在模型桶底部铺设5 cm砂垫层，在中心位置设置竖向排水通道后用土工布分隔再装填矿泥至50 cm处，在排水通道同一侧5 cm处设置3个体积含水率探头，分别位于距离底部抽真空15 cm、30 cm和45 cm处，矿泥上再铺设一层土工布，最后用真空塑料膜封闭模型箱。由于排水通道中排水板为薄板，砂井为圆柱体，为减小由排水通道形状带来的误差，本试验中所使用的排水板宽度为10 cm，砂井直径为5 cm，同时为减少排水板表面反滤材料的影响，砂井表面采用土工布包裹标准砂自制所得。
1.3　试验方案
由于矿泥初始含水率较高，为确保试验的精准性，本文对高含水率矿泥进行了沉淀预处理。具体过程如下：首先使用手持式搅拌机将矿泥充分搅拌均匀；然后让其自然静置沉降24 h，以实现固液分离；最后吸出上清液，再将剩余矿泥搅拌均匀，即为试验样品。复测结果表明：试验样品含水率高达180%，表面呈流塑状，承载力几乎为0。
（1）模型试验：首先连接好试验仪器进行真空预压试验，将处理好的矿泥填入模型桶中预设高度，在各位置设置好传感器后将模型桶密封，启动真空泵进行试验。试验过程中，真空泵的真空度设置为－80 kPa。同时，记录水气分离瓶内试验过程中的排水质量及矿泥液面的高度变化情况。在试验初期，数据采集时间间隔为2 h, 8 h后改为每24 h记录 1 次数据。持续记录数据直至水气分离瓶每24 h增加质量小于10 g为止，即真空预压试验达到结束条件。
（2）效果检验试验：在土体测点位置（见图4）对试验后的矿泥进行十字板剪切试验，测量其不排水抗剪切强度并取样测定其含水率。为评估不同深度矿泥的固结特性，继续取该位置矿泥样进行固结试验。加载压力依次为6 kPa、12.5 kPa、25 kPa、50 kPa、100 kPa、200 kPa、400 kPa、800 kPa、1 600 kPa和3 200 kPa。
（3）微观试验：为对比真空预压试验后不同位置矿泥的固结效果，观察不同位置矿泥剩余孔隙水的分布情况，再次按土体测点的具体位置（见表2）取矿泥样品进行核磁共振试验。首先对取出的矿泥样品进行称量，随后用保鲜膜包裹样品，使用核磁共振仪测定矿泥在不同孔隙下对水分子核磁信号的响应；再通过计算得到不同深度矿泥样品单位质量的核磁信号强度，进行对比验证，以观察固结试验后矿泥剩余孔隙水的分布情况。
2　试验结果与分析
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2.1　真空预压模型试验结果及分析
在真空预压模型试验加固过程中，不同排水通道的排水量随时间的变化曲线如图5所示。由图5可知，砂井和排水板的排水量比较接近，均经历了3个阶段的变化：快速排水阶段、缓慢排水阶段和稳定阶段。试验初期，矿泥初始孔隙比大，压缩性高，两个排水通道未出现堵塞情况。在高真空荷载作用下，土体孔隙中的自由水迅速排出，两种排水通道的排水量均快速增加。随着时间的推移，矿泥中的细小颗粒在渗流作用下不断迁移并聚集在排水通道附近，形成一层密实度高的淤堵层，极大程度上影响了真空度的传递和孔隙水的排出，导致两个排水通道的排水速率逐渐下降。在试验后期，排水通道附近的淤堵现象逐渐加重，排水速率几乎为0。这是由于淤堵层的形成阻碍了矿泥中的自由水继续排出，导致排水速率下降。
值得注意的是，在试验过程中，砂井的排水量始终优于排水板，且砂井完成固结排水的时间仅为192 h，小于排水板。这说明砂井的真空传递效率优于排水板，排水速率更快。但砂井的最终排水量为40.337 kg，而排水板为41.056 kg，略高于砂井。这是由于砂井的整体形状为圆柱体，体积略大于排水板，导致模型桶内的矿泥体积小于排水板，因此，砂井排水量反而略少。
不同排水通道的体积含水率随时间的变化曲线如图6所示。由图6可知，矿泥体积含水率的变化趋势与排水量具有一定的相关性。试验过程中，距离排水口15 cm处的矿泥快速固结排水，60 h内基本完成固结。相比之下，距离排水口45 cm处的矿泥固结排水速率较慢，需要160 h才基本结束固结，这说明真空预压法固结排水的顺序是由近及远的。
距离排水口15 cm处的矿泥排水板的体积含水率下降速率略快于砂井，而在距离排水口45 cm处，砂井的固结效果反而明显优于排水板。这是由于真空预压法加速矿泥排水固结时，矿泥产生大幅沉降所致。在这种情况下，相对于排水板，砂井具有更好的抗弯折效应，能够更好地保证排水通道的连贯性。这使得砂井在距离排水口较远的地方可以始终保证固结过程中的真空度，从而使远离排水口的位置仍表现出较好的固结效果。
2.2　不同位置矿泥含水率及抗剪强度分析
真空预压结束后，对图4各个位置的矿泥进行了抗剪强度和含水率的测试试验。试验前矿泥平均含水率为180%，而图7不同位置的矿泥含水率结果显示，通过真空预压法处理后矿泥含水率明显减小，最低为47.88%。在深入分析矿泥含水率随深度的变化特征时，可以发现，排水板上下两端的区域相较于其中心区域展现出了更低的含水率，这证实了排水板在矿泥内部具有高效传递真空负压的能力，可以显著提升矿泥的固结效率。
在接近排水通道的位置，无论矿泥处于何种深度，砂井的固结效果均优于排水板。同时由图7可知，在水平方向上，矿泥固结均匀性较差，真空负压在矿泥内部传递时的衰减程度较为严重，这说明排水通道在真空预压法加速矿泥固结方面起到重要作用。
不同位置的矿泥抗剪强度如图8所示。在试验前，测得搅拌均匀的矿泥初始抗剪强度为0。由图8可知，经过真空预压法处理后，各位置的矿泥十字板抗剪强度显著增加，具体原因为：在真空预压过程中，持续的负压使得矿泥孔隙水压力逐渐降低，孔隙水逐渐被排出，随着孔隙水的排出，润滑作用逐渐削弱，颗粒间的直接接触面积随之增加，摩擦阻力增大，颗粒在受力时不容易发生相对滑动。同时，砂井测点H45C5的抗剪强度最高，为26.8 kPa，而排水板测点H15C5的抗剪强度仅为20.8 kPa，这与图7不同位置的矿泥含水率相对应并呈负相关关系。
2.3　效果检验试验对比分析
为检验不同排水通道固结后矿泥的压缩性能，取不同位置固结后的矿泥进行一维快速固结压缩试验，得到矿泥在各级荷载下孔隙比与荷载之间的关系，不同位置的矿泥固结后孔隙比变化曲线如图9所示（图中近似水平的曲线为常规固结曲线）。由图9可知，随着竖向压力的增加，所有压缩曲线的孔隙比均呈现下降的趋势，这表明矿泥在压力作用下逐渐靠拢，水分被挤出，孔隙大幅减小。
固结压缩试验结束后，砂井测点H45C5的孔隙比变化量最小，为0.669，计算出其压缩模量为15.5 MPa，而排水板测点H15C5孔隙比变化量最小，为1.119，压缩模量为15.1 MPa，这说明使用砂井作为排水通道所固结的矿泥的压缩性更低，承载力更好。这种现象产生原因是在真空预压加速矿泥排水固结的过程中，相对于排水板，砂井可以更好地保持真空度的传递，使矿泥内部结构更加紧密，颗粒间的接触更加充分，从而增加了矿泥的抗压缩性。相比之下，使用排水板固结排水过程中，矿泥大幅度沉降导致排水板变形弯折，此过程阻断了部分排水通道，严重降低了排水效率，矿泥固结程度较差。
随着竖向压力的增加，不同位置的矿泥孔隙比变化曲线均呈现近似直线下降趋势，这与常规固结曲线有所区别。这是由于模型桶内的矿泥在固结排水期间受到持续的真空负压，矿泥颗粒发生重新排列，导致矿泥转变为超固结状态，大孔隙结构转化为更加紧密的中小孔隙结构，使矿泥具备明显的结构性，即存在由于初始土骨架结构引起的额外的抗压缩性，因此表现出不同的压实行为。
2.4　不同位置矿泥微观特征分析
为进一步观察真空预压试验对矿泥微观特征的影响，取不同深度矿泥样进行核磁共振试验(NMR)。NMR技术是一种用于无损检测土体中水分含量和分布特征的技术，不同横向弛豫时间(T2)通常对应不同的孔隙和水分子的分布。由此计算出不同位置的矿泥T2分布曲线，如图10所示。由图10可知，两种排水通道矿泥的核磁信号均集中在0.1~10 ms，其中排水板的核磁信号更强一些。这表明两种排水通道矿泥内的水分子主要分布在相同的小孔隙内，说明真空预压法可以有效提高水分子的聚集和渗透效果，同时也表明不同排水通道固结后形成的矿泥内部孔隙水具有相同的分布规律。
基于图10所展示的矿泥在不同深度下的T2分布曲线得到其与横轴所围成的峰面积数据（见表3），这些峰面积量化了各试样单位质量内所累积的总核磁信号强度，进而作为间接指标，揭示了各深度矿泥的含水率特性。由此可知，在砂井结构中，靠近排水口区域对矿泥的加固效果与直接采用排水板的情况相近，这主要是由于该区域矿泥受排水通道影响较小，因此展现出相近的核磁信号峰面积，即相似的含水率状态。然而，在远离排水口处，相较于排水板，砂井展现出了更为显著的加固优势。这一现象可归因于远离排水口时，矿泥的排水过程主要受排水通道的影响，实现更高效的排水效果。
3　结论
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通过对比不同排水通道真空预压法加速铝土矿泥排水固结模型试验，探究了砂井和排水板两种排水通道的加固效果，并结合微观试验分析其加固机制，得出的主要结论如下。
（1）真空预压法可有效加速铝土矿矿泥固结效果，加固后矿泥含水率从180%降至47.88%，能够有效增加封闭尾矿库的库容量。
（2）不同排水通道沿深度方向的真空传递情况不同，砂井在矿泥固结时可以保证真空传递，从而保证排水效果，特别是在远离排水口处，而排水板会产生较大弯折，影响加固效果。
（3）当砂井作为排水通道时，可以保持均匀的真空传递，使矿泥结构更加稳定，预压结束后矿泥排水的压缩率更低，十字板抗剪强度增加至26.8 kPa，压缩模量达15.5 MPa；同时不同排水通道固结后形成的矿泥内部孔隙水具有相同的分布规律。
基金
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  • 广西自然科学基金资助项目(2019GXNSFAA245025)
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2025年第45卷第8期
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  • 接收时间：2024-08-19
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-19
基金
广西自然科学基金资助项目(2019GXNSFAA245025)
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    桂林理工大学 广西岩土力学与工程重点实验室，广西　桂林市　541004

通讯作者:

于海浩（1988—），男，辽宁葫芦岛人，博士，副教授，主要从事黏土化学－力学耦合作用方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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