Article(id=1322161657304957264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727971200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157503676, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157503676, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157503676, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157503676, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=134, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161657552421201, articleId=1322161657304957264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Meso-Mechanical Properties and Instability Mechanism of Different Joint Interface Combinations Under Uniaxial Compression, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the meso-mechanical properties and instability mechanism of concrete-granite composite under uniaxial compression, based on the particle flow, the uniaxial compression numerical tests under the coupling of different joint shapes and joint dip angles were carried out. The evolution characteristics of strength, deformation parameters and micro-crack propagation law of the composite were compared and analyzed. The energy evolution damage characteristics were revealed, and the instability index of the composite considering the energy form was proposed. The results show that the elastic modulus of the composite specimen gradually decreases first and then increases sharply, showing a “U” shape change characteristic, and the peak stress shows a “V” shape change characteristic that decreases first and then increases. With the increase of joint dip angle, the failure modes of the composite are divided into three types: tensile shear failure, oblique tensile failure and splitting shear failure. When the joint dip angle of the composite is 90°, the damage parameter D changes fastest, the damage characteristics of the composite are the most obvious, and the stability is the worst. Under different joint shapes, when the joint dip angles are 0°, 30°and 45°, the damage characteristics of the triangular joint shape sample are the most obvious. The average instability values of concrete-granite composite specimen under different working conditions have the same variation law, which gradually decreases with the increase of joint dip angle. Only when the trapezoidal joint dip angle is 60°−90°, the average instability value of the composite specimen increases slightly. The larger the joint dip angle is, the more likely the composite specimen is to instability. With the increase of the joint dip angle, the average instability value S of the trapezoidal joint composite specimen increases significantly, which can be used as a sensitive index to determine its stability. The research results can provide reference for the safe construction of tunnel (roadway) engineering.

, authors=Junning XIANGI, Wei KANI, authorsList=Junning XIANG, Wei KAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei KAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161665890697608, articleId=1322161657304957264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=不同节理界面组合体的单轴压缩细观力学特性与失稳机制研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究混凝土–花岗岩组合体的单轴压缩细观力学特性与失稳机制,基于颗粒流开展了不同节理形状与节理倾角耦合作用下的单轴压缩数值试验,对比分析组合体的强度、变形参数的演变特征和微裂纹扩展规律,揭示了能量演化驱动的损伤机制,提出了考虑能量形式的组合体失稳指标。结果表明:组合体试样的弹性模量先逐渐降低后激增,呈现出“U”形变化特征,峰值应力呈现出先减小后增大的“V”形变化特征;随着节理倾角的增大,组合体的破坏模式分为张拉剪切破坏、斜张拉破坏和劈裂剪切破坏3种;组合体节理倾角为90°时,损伤参数D变化最快,组合体损伤特征最为明显,稳定性最差;在不同节理形状下,节理倾角为0°、30°、45°时,三角形节理形状试样损伤特征最为明显;不同工况下混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的平均失稳值具有相同的变化规律,均随着节理倾角的增大而逐渐减小,但在矩形节理倾角为60°~90°时,组合体试样的平均失稳值有轻微增加;节理倾角越大,组合体试样易容易发生失稳,随着节理倾角的增加,梯形节理组合体试样的平均失稳值S相对增幅显著,可作为判定其稳定性的敏感指标。研究结果可为隧(巷)道工程的安全施工提供参考。

, authors=项俊宁I, 阚伟I, authorsList=项俊宁, 阚伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=阚伟, authorNote=

项俊宁(1985—),男,山东海阳人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土工程、地下工程。E-mail:

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阚伟(1993—),男,山东临沂人,工程师,主要从事岩土工程、土木工程等方面的研究。E-mail:
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项俊宁(1985—),男,山东海阳人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土工程、地下工程。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=AJzRrtG10x68svnb9iHb0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161667908157859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图2, caption=平行黏结模型和光滑节理模型示意, figureFileSmall=fSjFXJuGFCdkmUGeFu8DTQ==, figureFileBig=AJzRrtG10x68svnb9iHb0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161667987849636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Standard granite, concrete and composite specimens, figureFileSmall=9o1WvpZmDLfeRgptZeahVA==, figureFileBig=aq8IbXe7b/B+Vafdo1Eo1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161668067541413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图3, caption=标准花岗岩、混凝土和组合体试件, figureFileSmall=9o1WvpZmDLfeRgptZeahVA==, figureFileBig=aq8IbXe7b/B+Vafdo1Eo1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161669724291494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=PFC2D meso-parameters calibration flow, figureFileSmall=dw8ux+ci6LWg4IH4co+usQ==, figureFileBig=Pkdfl7TCrLyB4+pJylFxeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161669824954791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PFC2D细观参数标定流程, figureFileSmall=dw8ux+ci6LWg4IH4co+usQ==, figureFileBig=Pkdfl7TCrLyB4+pJylFxeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161669892063656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of stress-strain curves and damage modes, figureFileSmall=NY46mcuLbZKgoaFd/I1diw==, figureFileBig=O1fqoB8lF0lTMdkH3CBgSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161669954978217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图5, caption=应力–应变曲线、破坏模式对比, figureFileSmall=NY46mcuLbZKgoaFd/I1diw==, figureFileBig=O1fqoB8lF0lTMdkH3CBgSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161670030475690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Stress-strain curves of concrete-granite composite under different joint dip angles and different joint shapes, figureFileSmall=KWRBW8Vy3vSQOOwHNDGxag==, figureFileBig=DxIqhhtvvGLwlNvaHsHF2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161670093390251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同节理倾角和不同节理形状下混凝土–花岗岩组合体的应力–应变曲线, figureFileSmall=KWRBW8Vy3vSQOOwHNDGxag==, figureFileBig=DxIqhhtvvGLwlNvaHsHF2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161670164693420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Strength and deformation parameters of concrete-granite composite, figureFileSmall=NPd9S8vmOtOGMFrg2wsXWA==, figureFileBig=EuwrPSwAgB+s9oo6r58cVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161670235996589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图7, caption=混凝土–花岗岩组合体的强度参数和变形参数, figureFileSmall=NPd9S8vmOtOGMFrg2wsXWA==, figureFileBig=EuwrPSwAgB+s9oo6r58cVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161670307299758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The relationship curves of stress-strain and crack number of concrete-granite composite and crack wind rose diagrams, figureFileSmall=wufPpCDgUhRqFpEt3OjUUw==, figureFileBig=ajrulf15JxHGazZTPTiycQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161670374408623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图8, caption=混凝土–花岗岩组合体应力–应变与裂纹数目关系曲线及裂纹风玫瑰图, 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figureFileSmall=2WzMJkX4HzLm7XmQvulcUg==, figureFileBig=nueLB/+hMmSG6g6pJiaFSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161670709952947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图10, caption=混凝土–花岗岩组合体拉伸裂纹与剪切裂纹数目, figureFileSmall=2WzMJkX4HzLm7XmQvulcUg==, figureFileBig=nueLB/+hMmSG6g6pJiaFSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161670827393460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Energy of concrete-granite composites specimens under different joint shapes and joint dip angles, figureFileSmall=dwfrJfY/igBRmCeFeG8fwQ==, figureFileBig=CCqiEPSwMp4EV5jNf4fSjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161670902890933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同节理形状和节理倾角下混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的能量, figureFileSmall=dwfrJfY/igBRmCeFeG8fwQ==, 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ArticleFig(id=1322161671410401724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Average instability values of concrete-granite composites S, figureFileSmall=nc7xl53sg/F6YLDRYT5niA==, figureFileBig=m5AyO6/4XbsG4o0ifRV7HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161671469121981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=图15, caption=混凝土–花岗岩组合体的平均失稳值S, figureFileSmall=nc7xl53sg/F6YLDRYT5niA==, figureFileBig=m5AyO6/4XbsG4o0ifRV7HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161671544619454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Microscopic simulation parameters of granite and concrete

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试件平行黏结模型光滑节理模型
密度/(kg/m3)摩擦因数有效模量/GPa刚度比抗拉强度/MPa黏结强度/MPa摩擦角/(°)法向刚度/(N/m)剪切刚度/(N/m)摩擦因数黏聚力/GPa节理摩擦角/(°)
混凝土2 3600.168.81.339.439.4309×10745×1070.6200.5
花岗岩2 7900.607.61.315.016.0209×10745×1070.6200.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322161671624311231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161657304957264, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

花岗岩混凝土细观模拟参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件平行黏结模型光滑节理模型
密度/(kg/m3)摩擦因数有效模量/GPa刚度比抗拉强度/MPa黏结强度/MPa摩擦角/(°)法向刚度/(N/m)剪切刚度/(N/m)摩擦因数黏聚力/GPa节理摩擦角/(°)
混凝土2 3600.168.81.339.439.4309×10745×1070.6200.5
花岗岩2 7900.607.61.315.016.0209×10745×1070.6200.5
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不同节理界面组合体的单轴压缩细观力学特性与失稳机制研究
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项俊宁 I , 阚伟 I
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(8): 134-146
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (8) : 134 -146
不同节理界面组合体的单轴压缩细观力学特性与失稳机制研究
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项俊宁(1985—),男,山东海阳人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土工程、地下工程。E-mail:

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项俊宁I , 阚伟I
作者信息
  • 山东高速工程建设集团有限公司,山东 济南 250014
通讯作者:
阚伟(1993—),男,山东临沂人,工程师,主要从事岩土工程、土木工程等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

项俊宁(1985—),男,山东海阳人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土工程、地下工程。E-mail:

Study on Meso-Mechanical Properties and Instability Mechanism of Different Joint Interface Combinations Under Uniaxial Compression
Junning XIANGI , Wei KANI
Affiliations
  • Shandong Hi-speed Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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为研究混凝土–花岗岩组合体的单轴压缩细观力学特性与失稳机制,基于颗粒流开展了不同节理形状与节理倾角耦合作用下的单轴压缩数值试验,对比分析组合体的强度、变形参数的演变特征和微裂纹扩展规律,揭示了能量演化驱动的损伤机制,提出了考虑能量形式的组合体失稳指标。结果表明:组合体试样的弹性模量先逐渐降低后激增,呈现出“U”形变化特征,峰值应力呈现出先减小后增大的“V”形变化特征;随着节理倾角的增大,组合体的破坏模式分为张拉剪切破坏、斜张拉破坏和劈裂剪切破坏3种;组合体节理倾角为90°时,损伤参数D变化最快,组合体损伤特征最为明显,稳定性最差;在不同节理形状下,节理倾角为0°、30°、45°时,三角形节理形状试样损伤特征最为明显;不同工况下混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的平均失稳值具有相同的变化规律,均随着节理倾角的增大而逐渐减小,但在矩形节理倾角为60°~90°时,组合体试样的平均失稳值有轻微增加;节理倾角越大,组合体试样易容易发生失稳,随着节理倾角的增加,梯形节理组合体试样的平均失稳值S相对增幅显著,可作为判定其稳定性的敏感指标。研究结果可为隧(巷)道工程的安全施工提供参考。

混凝土–花岗岩组合体  /  节理形状  /  节理倾角  /  细观力学特性  /  失稳准则

In order to study the meso-mechanical properties and instability mechanism of concrete-granite composite under uniaxial compression, based on the particle flow, the uniaxial compression numerical tests under the coupling of different joint shapes and joint dip angles were carried out. The evolution characteristics of strength, deformation parameters and micro-crack propagation law of the composite were compared and analyzed. The energy evolution damage characteristics were revealed, and the instability index of the composite considering the energy form was proposed. The results show that the elastic modulus of the composite specimen gradually decreases first and then increases sharply, showing a “U” shape change characteristic, and the peak stress shows a “V” shape change characteristic that decreases first and then increases. With the increase of joint dip angle, the failure modes of the composite are divided into three types: tensile shear failure, oblique tensile failure and splitting shear failure. When the joint dip angle of the composite is 90°, the damage parameter D changes fastest, the damage characteristics of the composite are the most obvious, and the stability is the worst. Under different joint shapes, when the joint dip angles are 0°, 30°and 45°, the damage characteristics of the triangular joint shape sample are the most obvious. The average instability values of concrete-granite composite specimen under different working conditions have the same variation law, which gradually decreases with the increase of joint dip angle. Only when the trapezoidal joint dip angle is 60°−90°, the average instability value of the composite specimen increases slightly. The larger the joint dip angle is, the more likely the composite specimen is to instability. With the increase of the joint dip angle, the average instability value S of the trapezoidal joint composite specimen increases significantly, which can be used as a sensitive index to determine its stability. The research results can provide reference for the safe construction of tunnel (roadway) engineering.

Concrete-granite composite  /  Joint shape  /  Joint dip angle  /  Mesoscopic mechanical properties  /  Instability criterion
项俊宁, 阚伟. 不同节理界面组合体的单轴压缩细观力学特性与失稳机制研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 134 -146 .
Junning XIANG, Wei KAN. Study on Meso-Mechanical Properties and Instability Mechanism of Different Joint Interface Combinations Under Uniaxial Compression[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 134 -146 .
随着我国矿产能源开发及地下工程建设不断向深地发展,开采及施工过程中会遇到复杂的地质条件,煤岩能量的吸收与释放过程呈现不稳定性。为保障安全高效开采与施工,常采用喷射混凝土方法对新开挖矿井巷道、隧道或地下构筑物进行支护,防止岩体或煤块脱落、变形及垮塌。由此形成的混凝土与煤体或岩体的组合成为常见的工程复合体,其结构面的组合方式、参数与耐久性等直接影响地下构筑物的稳定性[1-5]。因此,研究岩石–混凝土组合体单轴压缩细观力学特性与失稳机理为隧(巷)道工程施工的稳定性提供重要参考基础。
国内外专家学者对“两介一体”构筑物展开了大量的物理模型试验与数值仿真模拟研究,结果表明,组合体间的接触状态直接影响构筑物的稳定性[6-7]。谢和平等[5]开发了非均匀性和分形特性接触面,建立了混凝土-岩石组合体力学模型。易成等[8]、曾晟等[9]对岩石、混凝土及岩石–混凝土组合体开展了室内单轴压缩试验,发现两种材料强度差影响黏结界面性能,组合体的抗压强度介于岩石和混凝土中间。SELÇUK等[10]通过开展单轴压缩、劈裂拉伸和点加载试验,分析了同倾角下岩石–混凝土组合体的抗压强度和破坏模式。ZHAO等[11]分析了不同粗糙度岩石–混凝土组合体在复杂应力条件下的力学行为,确定了Hoek-Brown强度准则适用于复杂应力条件下的岩石–混凝土组合体。高欢等[12]对混凝土–花岗岩组合体开展了三轴压缩试验,对组合体破坏断口进行SEM试验,揭示了组合体的裂纹扩展规律与破坏机制,并建立了岩石–混凝土组合体的强度预测模型。WANG等[13]基于有效介质理论,提出了三轴压缩试验下组合体和单体“弹性模量”的控制方程,建立了二元有效介质模型。陈猛等[14]开展了岩石-钢纤维混凝土复合层单轴压缩试验,建立了复合层抗压强度预测模型。
据此,以上研究成果对认识岩石–混凝土组合体的力学行为提供一定参考,但在实际工程中常受到不同含水量、高低温、高地压、不同节理倾角等因素的影响,针对以上因素部分学者展开了研究,如ZHOU等[15]探究了不同含水饱和度和倾角耦合对岩石–混凝土组合体力学性能和破坏特性的影响。项伟等[16]对岩石-喷射混凝土组合体开展了冻融循环条件下的单轴和三轴压缩试验,建立了冻融循环条件下组合体的损伤软化统计本构模型。王明年等[17]在高温变温环境下开展了岩石–混凝土组合体剪切试验,建立了考虑温度损伤的岩石–混凝土组合体界面剪切本构模型。在数值模拟方面,李庆文等[18]基于颗粒流模拟软件,揭示了单裂隙花岗岩-混凝土组合体细观损伤演化规律。高欢等[12]采用RFPA2D软件建立了混凝土–花岗岩组合体模型,准确模拟出了组合体破坏过程。WANG等[19]采用离散元法研究了岩石–混凝土组合体在动-静荷载作用下的力学行为和能量吸收释放机制规律。卢宏建等[20]利用RFPA3D开展了不同倾角与灰砂比耦合下的单轴压缩数值试验,揭示了组合体的破裂演化特征规律。而关于组合体的数值模拟研究相对较少,岩石–混凝土组合体的界面对构筑物的稳定性具有较大影响,且界面处存在黏结力,其构筑物稳定性是在界面黏结力下相互作用的结果,因此,有必要对不同界面下的岩石–混凝土组合体的力学行为与能量演化规律进行深入研究。
本文基于PFC2D开展不同节理形状与节理倾角耦合作用下岩石–混凝土组合体的单轴压缩数值试验,探讨岩石–混凝土组合体的强度、变形、微裂纹数量演化规律和破坏模式,基于能量耗散原理提出考虑能量形式的组合体失稳指标。研究结果可为隧(巷)道工程施工的稳定性提供参考。
热力学的能量守恒原理表明,物质在经历物理变化时,能量会以不同的形式转换,但总量保持不变。这种能量转换是物质结构变化和稳定性丧失的基础。在岩石与混凝土的组合体中,能量的耗散是组合体发生变形和破坏的关键因素,且与强度的下降密切相关。因此,深入探究岩石–混凝土组合体在能量耗散过程中的演变规律,对于理解其在应力作用下的力学行为和破坏机理具有重要的意义。
根据热力学定律,假设组合体并未与外界发生热力交换。在试样加载时,部分输入能量转化为弹性变形能,另一部分能量以耗散能的形式释放,最终导致试样破坏[21-27]。根据热力学定律,可得到岩石–混凝土组合体的总能量(见式(1)至式(3))及试件内部能量演化关系(见图1)。
式中:U为岩石–混凝土组合体试样总能量,J/cm3;Ud为岩石–混凝土组合体试样耗散能,J/cm3;Ue为岩石试样弹性变形能,J/cm3;E为弹性模量,GPa;σ为岩石试样中轴向应力–应变曲线任一点的应力,MPa;ε为应力–应变曲线中任一点的应变。
PFC2D采用离散单元法(DEM)模拟刚性颗粒的运动和相互作用[30-31]。平行黏结模型(PBM)是一种用于模拟材料微观结构和行为的离散元模型,尤其适用于研究颗粒材料(如砂土、混凝土和岩石等)的力学特性,是通过对颗粒间的黏结行为进行建模。当平行键断裂后,形成的损伤会逐渐扩展成破裂面,最终导致试样破坏,这种现象与实际岩石材料的损伤发展过程相一致[32]。岩石–混凝土组合体界面处采用光滑节理模型[18],能较好地模拟岩石、混凝土等材料间的胶结状态,其具备不同强度和刚度。平行黏结模型和光滑节理模型示意如图2所示。
基于文献[18],对岩石–混凝土组合体的单轴压缩细观力学特性与失稳机制进行研究。文献[18]中的混凝土尺寸为50 mm×100 mm,密度为2 360 kg/m3,花岗岩尺寸为50 mm×100 mm,密度为2 790 kg/m3,岩石–混凝土组合体尺寸为50 mm×100 mm,其上部为花岗岩材料,下部为混凝土材料。
基于此,本文首先建立花岗岩标准圆柱体试件,颗粒最小粒径为0.25 mm,粒径比为1.5,孔隙率为0.5%,伺服后花岗岩试件颗粒密度为2 790 kg/m3,生成6 156个颗粒;其次是混凝土颗粒流模型,颗粒最小粒径为0.4 mm,粒径比为1.5,孔隙率为0.1%,伺服后混凝土试件颗粒密度为2 360 kg/m3,生成5 273个颗粒;标准组合体圆柱试件(Φ50 mm×100 mm),生成5 715个颗粒,如图3所示。
对花岗岩开展单轴压缩数值模拟试验标定细观力学参数,采用位移控制方法,顶部和顶部墙体的速度设置为0.005 mm/s,数值模拟试验停止条件为达到峰值应力的60%,直至试件失稳破坏。花岗岩细观力学参数的标定采用“试错法”与“控制变量法”[33-34],PFC2D细观参数标定流程如图4所示。同理,混凝土试件与组合体试件的细观参数标定过程参照图4。
通过对花岗岩、混凝土和组合体的参数进行训练标定,得出一套花岗岩-混凝土组合体细观模拟参数,见表1。图5为花岗岩、混凝土和组合体在单压压缩试验和颗粒流数值模拟下的应力–应变曲线、破坏模式对比图。为了验证表1中细观参数的合理性,对花岗岩与混凝土单独进行验证,所有试件在数值单轴压缩下的弹性模量和峰值应力与文献[18]的对比误差均较小。单轴压缩试验下的应力–应变曲线未能体现出压密阶段,这是因为PFC中的颗粒是刚性的,而天然岩体与混凝土内部存在缺陷,但数值模拟的应力–应变曲线及破坏模式同文献[18]基本相同。
为了分析不同节理形状与不同节理倾角对混凝土–花岗岩组合体单轴压缩细观力学特性与失稳机制的影响,设计了不同节理倾角α(0°、30°、45°、60°和90°)及不同节理形状(矩形、三角形和梯形)组合工况,共设计15组工况来模拟混凝土–花岗岩组合体单轴压缩试验,通过伺服控制墙体速度为0.1 mm/s给模型施加轴向压力。试件上部为混凝土、下部为花岗岩,数值模型的颗粒数目、尺寸、加载条件、停止条件等与2.2节一致。
不同节理倾角与不同节理形状下混凝土–花岗岩组合体单轴压缩数值模拟试验的应力–应变曲线如图6所示。
由图6可知,组合体的应力–应变曲线存在显著差异,具有各向异性。混凝土–花岗岩组合体在荷载加载过程中经历了弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段,组合体试件进入塑性变形阶段后应力很快达到峰值,未体现压密阶段,这是因为PFC2D中的颗粒呈刚性,颗粒分布均匀。
随着荷载的增加,混凝土–花岗岩组合体的应力–应变曲线表现出“锯齿”状,这是由于节理倾角增大,使得组合体内部在荷载作用下出现明显的裂纹,颗粒与颗粒间发生黏结破坏,节理面发生相对错动,导致应力重分布而产生的现象。
根据不同节理倾角与不同节理形状下混凝土–花岗岩组合体单轴压缩数值模拟试验的应力–应变曲线得出其强度参数和变形参数的变化规律,如图7所示。由图7可知,组合体的弹性模量总体上先逐渐降低,然后开始激增,呈现出“U”形变化特征;组合体的峰值应力与弹性模量的变化规律大致相似,呈现出先减小后增大的“V”形变化特征;而组合体的峰值应变均表现出减小的趋势。
矩形节理状态下组合体在60°节理倾角下的弹性模量较0°时降低了68.46%,90°节理倾角下的弹性模量较60°时提高了713.4%;三角形节理状态下组合体在60°节理倾角下的弹性模量较0°时降低了68.5%,90°节理倾角下的弹性模量较60°时提高了635.6%;梯形节理状态下组合体在60°节理倾角下的弹性模量较0°时降低了51.64%,90°节理倾角下的弹性模量较60°时提高了433.5%,表明节理倾角对弹性模量的敏感度较高。矩形节理状态下组合体在60°节理倾角下的峰值应力较0°时降低了79.50%,而90°节理倾角下的峰值应力较60°时提高了331.77%;三角形节理状态下组合体在60°节理倾角下的峰值应力较0°时降低了76.76%,而90°节理倾角下的峰值应力较60°时提高了307.79%;梯形节理状态下组合体在60°节理倾角下的峰值应力较0°时降低了67.61%,而90°节理倾角下的峰值应力较60°时提高了286.16%,表明节理倾角对矩形节理试件的影响较显著。节理倾角对弹性模量、峰值应力和峰值应变有显著影响,而节理形状的影响较弱,表明构筑物与岩体接触面的节理空间倾角是组合体结构稳定性的重要影响因素。基于此,本文针对矩形、三角形和梯形3种节理形状,建立不同节理倾角下弹性模量和峰值应力的预测公式。
为模拟节理倾角对混凝土–花岗岩组合体裂纹扩展规律和破坏形式的影响机制,绘制了混凝土–花岗岩组合体应力–应变与裂纹数目发育关系曲线及裂纹风玫瑰图,如图8所示。考虑篇幅因素,仅展示出0°、45°、90°倾角的裂隙图。对节理倾角为0°、节理形状为矩形的组合体试件进行裂纹发展分析,可以得出裂纹数目呈“台阶”状积累,裂纹数目上的突变点与应力–应变曲线上的弹性阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹非稳定扩展阶段和破坏阶段相对应。OA段为弹性阶段,应力–应变曲线无限接近于直线,组合体处于弹性状态,可恢复变形,组合体受到荷载作用开始产生极少微裂纹;AB段为裂纹稳定扩展阶段,应力–应变曲线开始出现波浪形式,组合体处于塑性变形,微裂纹开始以一定速度缓慢发育,并随机分布于组合体界面周围,此时试件处于稳定的萌生孕育期;BC段为裂纹非稳定扩展阶段,在荷载作用下,组合体中分布的微裂纹开始扩展贯通,微裂纹数量呈现出非线性增长的趋势,在峰值应力前,裂纹生成速度显著提高;CD段为破坏阶段,此时组合体的抗压强度到达峰值后,应力–应变曲线开始迅速跌落,裂纹数量激增,微裂纹和裂隙共同形成宏观破坏面,沿着节理面和宏观断裂面产生滑移,此时组合体还具有一定的承载力。
裂纹风玫瑰图中的圆形坐标表示裂纹方位角,线性坐标表示裂纹数目,其中“玫瑰花瓣”代表了一组裂纹走向,即裂纹倾角与Y轴之间的夹角。在弹性阶段时,风玫瑰图中的裂纹数量较少;在裂纹稳定扩展阶段,由于弹性能的释放,风玫瑰图中的裂纹数量开始快速增加;在裂纹非稳定扩展阶段,应力–应变曲线呈“跌落”状和“锯齿”状,表明组合体试件的抗压强度与颗粒间内部黏结性能相关,裂隙风玫瑰图与应力–应变曲线关系紧密联系。
组合体试样在单轴压缩试验下的破坏模式如图9所示,表中红色线表示剪切裂纹、黄色线表示拉伸裂纹(颜色标识见电子版)。从图中的破坏形态观察出,存在较多的黄色剪切微裂纹,节理倾角从0°到90°时,剪切裂纹呈现出先减少后增加的趋势。随着节理形状与节理倾角的改变,组合体表现出了3种破坏模式。
(1)当节理倾角为0°时,组合体破坏模式为从上部混凝土贯穿至下部花岗岩的张拉剪切破坏,以拉伸为主,剪切为辅,主要呈现出“y”形的破裂形态面。在矩形节理形状与三角形节理形状中,“y”形破裂面较为明显,梯形节理形状中破裂面呈现半圆形。可观察出裂纹主要集中在上部混凝土试件中,破裂面均是从节理面左边穿过,在节理面最容易发生应力集中的地方开始萌生裂纹,矩形节理组合体破坏最严重。当节理倾角为30°时,破坏模式同样是至上而下的张拉剪切破坏,右边节理处显著发生大块花岗岩体脱落现象,主要裂纹均产生于混凝土试件中,在矩形节理形状中形成了一条宏观断裂带,在矩形和三角形组合体中,上部裂隙均呈无规则分布,随着节理形状的改变,其破坏模式也更为集中,形成宏观裂隙。
(2)当节理倾角为45°和60°时,其破坏模式为多条斜贯穿节理面的宏观断裂带,上部混凝土多为剪切破坏,下部花岗岩多为拉伸破坏,这是由于混凝土的轴压性能较好,更易发生剪切破坏,且破坏均从节理角处出发,扩展至组合体边缘。
(3)当节理倾角为90°时,破坏模式为斜张拉破坏,裂纹主要分布在花岗岩中上部,混凝土中仅有零星剪切裂纹。三角形与梯形组合体的破坏模式相似,而矩形组合体则发生了从花岗岩顶端贯穿至底部的严重破坏。
基于PFC2D记录的颗粒位移大小与方向,可对颗粒间的位移进行分类,其中,剪切裂纹与拉伸裂纹依据颗粒间的位移关系确定,相邻颗粒沿接触面切线方向发生相反运动时,为直接剪切破坏;相邻颗粒沿接触面法线方向发生反向运动时,为直接拉伸破坏。拉伸裂纹与剪切裂纹的数目影响着组合体的破坏模式,二者在组合体中的数量如图10所示。
由图10可知,在矩形节理与三角形节理下,裂隙总数目呈“U”形变化,在梯形节理下,裂隙总数目呈“S”形变化。以为矩形节理为例,节理倾角为0°时裂隙数最多,有671条微裂纹;节理倾角为45°时裂隙数最少,萌生了141条微裂纹。节理倾角从0°到90°时,拉伸裂纹分别占总裂纹的56.48%、55.12%、75.18%、58.23%和93.51%,反之剪切裂纹占总裂纹的43.52%、44.88%、24.82%、41.77%和6.49%,随着节理倾角的增大,拉伸裂纹的占比逐渐提升,这是由于混凝土脆性大且抗拉强度低,在受到剪切力时易发生剪切破坏;而花岗岩具有高抗压强度和低抗拉强度,加上内部存在原生裂缝,在张拉应力作用下易发生张拉破坏。综上可知,组合体的破坏模式以张拉破坏为主,剪切破坏为辅。
混凝土–花岗岩组合体在加载过程中伴随着能量的演化,主要表现为能量的积累、耗散和释放。为探究混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样在单轴压缩过程中,其节理倾角和节理形状变化对能量演化规律的影响,将组合体在不同工况下的总能量、弹性应变能、耗散能统计出来,由于工况过多,而不同工况下的变化差异不算过大,仅以0°、45°、90°节理倾角为例进行分析,具体如图11所示。由图11可知,不同工况下混凝土–花岗岩组合体的总能量、弹性应变能、耗散能有相似的变化趋势。总能量持续上升,弹性能先增大后减小,耗散能则呈现出“平稳缓慢增加-大跨度增加”的变化趋势。具体来说,峰值前的弹性能随总能量的增加而增大;峰值后,弹性能随总能量的增加而减小,但数据相差增幅不大,故在此以趋势变化为主,不再具体分析数据。
前文已经分析了不同工况下的能量变化特征,本节主要对耗散能的演变规律进行详细分析。耗散能的积累会对混凝土–花岗岩组合体造成损伤,其外部表现形式以裂纹的扩展尤为明显,故可通过分析耗散能得出其能量损失的演化规律,并直接划分模型的损伤阶段。对此,本文提出了混凝土–花岗岩组合体的损伤参数D,并将破坏过程中最大耗散能Ud与破坏过程中耗散能Ud-max的比值定义为损伤因子f[35]。
式中,σr为混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的残余强度,MPa。
将不同节理形状和不同节理倾角下组合体试样的损伤因子f进行求解计算,并绘制损伤因子变化曲线如图12所示。由图12可知,不同节理形状和不同节理倾角下组合体的损伤因子f均呈现前期匍匐式增长,后期直线式增长的变化趋势,表明混凝土–花岗岩组合体的损伤过程呈现非线性的变化过程。
对于矩形节理形状,混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的损伤因子在不同节理倾角下均呈匍匐式增长,在节理倾角为45°和60°时,损伤因子的变化特征相似,均存在一定程度的“波动”现象,由于匍匐式增长及波动现象影响最大,故只分析达到峰值损伤因子的快慢。对于矩形节理组合体试样,达到峰值损伤因子的快慢顺序为:90°>30°>45°>0°>60°;对于三角形节理组合体试样,达到峰值损伤因子的快慢顺序为:90°>0°>30°>45°>60°;对于梯形节理组合体试样,达到峰值损伤因子的快慢顺序为:90°>60°>30°≈0°>45°。结果表明,组合体试样的节理倾角为90°时,组合体试样稳定性最差。对于矩形节理和三角形节理而言,节理倾角为0°、30°、45°时,组合体试样的稳定性相差不大,在节理倾角为60°时,均最晚达到峰值损伤因子f。而对于梯形节理,在节理倾角为0°、30°、60°时,组合体试样的稳定性相差不大,但在节理倾角为45°时最晚达到峰值损伤因子f,体现了梯形节理的特殊性与敏感性。
对不同节理形状和节理倾角下混凝土–花岗岩组合体的损伤参数D进行求解计算,并绘制出损伤参数变化曲线如图13所示。由于σr为残余强度,在计算(1-σr/σ)时不可避免会出现负值,为了便于分析,本文将负值部分一律舍去,仅比较(1-σr/σ)>0的情况。
由图13可知,节理倾角为90°时,损伤参数D变化最快,且在应变较小时就达到了最高点,这说明组合体试样在节理倾角为90°时的损伤特征最为明显,组合体试样的稳定性最差。在不同节理形状下,当节理倾角为0°、30°、45°时,三角形节理试样的损伤特征最为明显,组合体试样的稳定性最差。节理倾角为60°、90°时,矩形节理试样的损伤特征最为明显,组合体试样的稳定性最差。
为揭示不同节理形状和节理倾角下混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的失稳特征,提出了评价混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的失稳指标L,该指标考虑了广义的“三因素”,即:抗压强度(应力水平)、弹性模量(材料特性)、试样体积(结构特征)。该指标还包含了混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样失稳阶段的体积,可以代表尺寸效应,具体失稳公式见式(12)[36]。
式中:L为混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样失稳值,MPa/m3;Ue为混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样弹性能,J/cm3;σc为混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样轴向压力,MPa;V为混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的体积,m3。
L表征了混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样内部系统的波动情况。L越大,说明单位体积内混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样积聚的弹性应变能越多,系统越不稳定,越容易发生失稳。此时,可将L作为混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的失稳判据。由于本文研究试样的尺寸相同,均为Φ50 mm×100 mm,故不再分析尺寸效应。
不同节理形状和节理倾角下混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的失稳值如图14所示。由图14可知,不同工况下L的变化趋势不同,但大体上都呈现先增大后减小的趋势,仅个别工况下呈先减小再增大的趋势,具体包括:矩形节理倾角为60°、90°;三角形节理倾角为45°、60°、90°;梯形节理倾角为45°、60°、90°。这说明在不同节理形状下,节理倾角为45°时可以作为一个显著变化点特征。在相同节理形状下,节理倾角为30°时,三角形节理组合体的L最大,节理倾角为60°时,梯形节理组合体L最大。此外,梯形节理的失稳值L与矩形节理和三角形节理存在较大的差异,这说明梯形节理对混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的系统稳定性影响显著,可作为评价其稳定性的敏感指标。
为更清晰地观察不同节理形状和节理倾角下混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的失稳特征,总结出不同工况下的失稳规律,计算不同工况下的平均失稳值S并进行分析,如图15所示。
由图15可知,不同工况下混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的平均失稳值S具有大致相同的变化规律,均随着节理倾角的增大而逐渐减小,但在矩形节理倾角为60°~90°时,S有小幅增加。各倾角下不同节理形状的平均失稳值大小为:在0°和30°节理倾角条件下,矩形节理>三角形节理>梯形节理;在45°节理倾角下,三角形节理>矩形节理≫梯形节理(此时≫表示相对值);在60°节理倾角下,梯形节理>三角形节理>矩形节理;在90°节理倾角下,梯形节理>矩形节理>三角形节理。总体分析可知,节理倾角越大,越容易失稳,而梯形节理在节理倾角为60°~90°时的平均失稳值S反而最大,可能是有由于不同节理形状下的接触面积大小不同所致,这与上述判定梯形节理可作为敏感指标的结论一致。
(1)混凝土–花岗岩组合体的弹性模量在节理倾角为0°~60°时逐渐降低,在节理倾角为60°~90°时开始激增,呈现出“U”形变化特征;组合体峰值应力的变化规律与弹性模量相似,呈现出先减小后增大的“V”形变化特征;组合体的峰值应变均表现出减小的趋势。基于此,建立了不同节理倾角在矩形节理、三角形节理和梯形节理对弹性模量和峰值应力的预测模型。
(2)组合体破坏模式特征分析可知,节理倾角为0°,呈现出“y”形的破裂形态面;节理倾角为30°时,呈现出至上而下的张拉剪切破坏,主要裂纹均产生于混凝土试件中;当节理倾角为45°和60°时,其破坏模式为多条斜贯穿节理面的宏观断裂带;当节理倾角为90°时,破坏模式为斜张拉破坏。
(3)基于混凝土–花岗岩组合体的损伤因子和损伤指标,节理倾角为90°时,损伤参数D变化最大,损伤特征最为明显,组合体试样的稳定性最差。在不同节理形状下,节理倾角为0°、30°、45°时,三角形节理形状试样的损伤特征最为明显。
(4)不同工况下混凝土–花岗岩组合体试样的平均失稳值具有大致相同的变化规律,节理倾角越大,越容易失稳。在节理形状为梯形、节理倾角为60°~90°时,随着节理倾角的增加,梯形节理的平均失稳值S相对增幅显著,这可能是由于不同节理形状下接触面积大小不同所致。

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2025年第45卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-04
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    山东高速工程建设集团有限公司,山东 济南 250014

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阚伟(1993—),男,山东临沂人,工程师,主要从事岩土工程、土木工程等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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