Article(id=1322161630926975792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726156800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157497388, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157497388, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157497388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157497388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=147, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161631140885298, articleId=1322161630926975792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Shear Behavior Analysis of Rock Mass Structural Plane Based on Discrete Element Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The structural plane of rock mass plays a key role in geological engineering, and its shear behavior has an important influence on the stability of rock mass and engineering safety. In order to deeply understand the shear behavior characteristics of rock mass structural plane, PFC2D was used to analyze the mechanical behavior of regular structural plane, asymmetric structural plane and irregular structural plane with different roughness under different normal stress conditions. The results show that the shear failure modes of the specimens can be divided into four types: the structural plane sliding along the sawtooth surface, the structural plane slides along the sawtooth surface and the sawtooth tip is cut off, the failure surface penetrates from the sawtooth bottom to the other side of the sawtooth, and the sawtooth bottom is completely cut off. With the increase of normal stress and undulating angle, the failure mode gradually changes from the structural plane sliding along the edge of the sawtooth force side to the sliding along the whole serrated surface, and finally evolves into the complete shear of the sawtooth bottom. The shear strength of the structural plane increases approximately linearly with the increase of normal stress and undulating angle. In the initial stage, the shear stress of the irregular structural plane increases approximately linearly with the increase of the shear displacement, and the normal stress has almost no correlation with the joint roughness.

, authors=Wenbin XIN1, Peng WU2, Song CUI3, Le LI4, authorsList=Wenbin XIN, Peng WU, Song CUI, Le LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161634915758935, articleId=1322161630926975792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于离散元的岩体结构面剪切行为分析, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

岩体结构面在地质工程中起着关键作用,其剪切行为对岩体稳定性和工程安全有着重要影响。为深入了解岩体结构面的剪切行为特征,运用PFC2D对不同粗糙度的规则结构面、不对称结构面、不规则结构面在不同法向应力条件下的力学行为进行分析。结果表明:试件受剪破坏模式可分为结构面沿锯齿表面滑动、结构面沿锯齿表面滑动且锯齿尖端剪断、破坏面由锯齿坡底贯穿至锯齿另一边、结构面锯齿底部完全剪断破坏4种类型;随着法向应力和起伏角的增加,破坏模式从结构面沿锯齿受力侧的边缘滑动,逐渐转变为沿整个锯齿表面滑动,最终演化为锯齿底部完全剪断;结构面剪切强度随着法向应力及起伏角的增加均呈近似线性增长;不规则结构面在初始阶段的剪切应力随剪切位移的增加呈近似直线增大,法向应力与节理粗糙度几乎无相关性。

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辛文彬(1983—),男,云南玉溪人,工程师,主要从事矿山安全生产和应急管理工作。E-mail:

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辛文彬(1983—),男,云南玉溪人,工程师,主要从事矿山安全生产和应急管理工作。E-mail:

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Parameters of direct shear test model

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颗粒密度 ρ/ (kg/m3)颗粒平均粒径 Ravg/mm粒径比 Rmax/Rmin颗粒杨氏模量 Ec/GPa颗粒刚度比 kn/ks颗粒摩擦因数μ平行黏结法向强度/kPa平行黏结切向强度/kPa
2 6000.271.1250.60.71010
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直剪试验模型参数

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颗粒密度 ρ/ (kg/m3)颗粒平均粒径 Ravg/mm粒径比 Rmax/Rmin颗粒杨氏模量 Ec/GPa颗粒刚度比 kn/ks颗粒摩擦因数μ平行黏结法向强度/kPa平行黏结切向强度/kPa
2 6000.271.1250.60.71010
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基于离散元的岩体结构面剪切行为分析
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辛文彬 1 , 吴鹏 2 , 崔松 3 , 李乐 4
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(8): 147-154
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (8) : 147 -154
基于离散元的岩体结构面剪切行为分析
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辛文彬1 , 吴鹏2, 崔松3, 李乐4
作者信息
  • 1.应急管理部矿山救援中心,北京 100013
  • 2.紫金(厦门)工程设计有限公司长沙分公司,湖南 长沙 410017
  • 3.北京建龙重工集团有限公司,北京 100071
  • 4.中国平安财产保险股份有限公司北京分公司,北京 100032
作者简介:

辛文彬(1983—),男,云南玉溪人,工程师,主要从事矿山安全生产和应急管理工作。E-mail:

Shear Behavior Analysis of Rock Mass Structural Plane Based on Discrete Element Method
Wenbin XIN1 , Peng WU2, Song CUI3, Le LI4
Affiliations
  • 1.Mine Rescue Center of Ministry of Emergency Management of P.R.C.,Beijing 100013, China
  • 2.Changsha Branch, Zijin (Xiamen) Engineering Design Co.,Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410017, China
  • 3.Beijing Jianlong Heavy Industry Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100071, China
  • 4.Beijing Branch, China Ping An Property Insurance Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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岩体结构面在地质工程中起着关键作用,其剪切行为对岩体稳定性和工程安全有着重要影响。为深入了解岩体结构面的剪切行为特征,运用PFC2D对不同粗糙度的规则结构面、不对称结构面、不规则结构面在不同法向应力条件下的力学行为进行分析。结果表明:试件受剪破坏模式可分为结构面沿锯齿表面滑动、结构面沿锯齿表面滑动且锯齿尖端剪断、破坏面由锯齿坡底贯穿至锯齿另一边、结构面锯齿底部完全剪断破坏4种类型;随着法向应力和起伏角的增加,破坏模式从结构面沿锯齿受力侧的边缘滑动,逐渐转变为沿整个锯齿表面滑动,最终演化为锯齿底部完全剪断;结构面剪切强度随着法向应力及起伏角的增加均呈近似线性增长;不规则结构面在初始阶段的剪切应力随剪切位移的增加呈近似直线增大,法向应力与节理粗糙度几乎无相关性。

岩体结构面  /  剪切应力  /  法向应力  /  破坏模式  /  起伏角

The structural plane of rock mass plays a key role in geological engineering, and its shear behavior has an important influence on the stability of rock mass and engineering safety. In order to deeply understand the shear behavior characteristics of rock mass structural plane, PFC2D was used to analyze the mechanical behavior of regular structural plane, asymmetric structural plane and irregular structural plane with different roughness under different normal stress conditions. The results show that the shear failure modes of the specimens can be divided into four types: the structural plane sliding along the sawtooth surface, the structural plane slides along the sawtooth surface and the sawtooth tip is cut off, the failure surface penetrates from the sawtooth bottom to the other side of the sawtooth, and the sawtooth bottom is completely cut off. With the increase of normal stress and undulating angle, the failure mode gradually changes from the structural plane sliding along the edge of the sawtooth force side to the sliding along the whole serrated surface, and finally evolves into the complete shear of the sawtooth bottom. The shear strength of the structural plane increases approximately linearly with the increase of normal stress and undulating angle. In the initial stage, the shear stress of the irregular structural plane increases approximately linearly with the increase of the shear displacement, and the normal stress has almost no correlation with the joint roughness.

Structural plane of rock mass  /  Shear stress  /  Normal stress  /  Failure mode  /  Undulating angle
辛文彬, 吴鹏, 崔松, 李乐. 基于离散元的岩体结构面剪切行为分析. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 147 -154 .
Wenbin XIN, Peng WU, Song CUI, Le LI. Shear Behavior Analysis of Rock Mass Structural Plane Based on Discrete Element Method[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 147 -154 .
岩体结构面作为地质工程中的一个关键因素,其剪切行为对岩体的稳定性和工程安全具有显著影响[1-2]。岩体结构面的力学特性和剪切强度对于工程设计和施工至关重要。在实际工程中,岩体结构面通常表现出不同的几何特征,如粗糙度、对称性及不规则性,这些特征会显著影响其剪切行为[3-5]。
以往研究主要集中于规则和对称的结构面,李海波等[6]、彭勃等[7]采用规则尺寸(长×宽×高=150 mm×150 mm×150 mm)混凝土试件对3种起伏角锯齿结构面进行试验(直剪),得出剪切峰值强度增大的原因是起伏角、法向应力和岩壁强度耦合作用(成正比)。沈明荣等[8]利用规则混凝土试件(长×宽×高=100 mm×100 mm×100 mm)对4种起伏角的规则锯齿结构面进行试验(直剪),揭示了规则结构面受剪后的一系列力学特性,同时建立了相应的经验公式。SEIDEL等[9]基于规则锯齿结构面进行试验,并通过理论分析全面揭示了试验过程中结构面的变形特性(法向及切向),得出剪胀角与有效法向应力成负相关。杨忠平等[10]结合扫描电镜技术,对灰岩结构面进行直剪试验,得出相应的剪切力学特性。陈昊祥等[11]系统阐述了规则结构面破坏模式与剪切特性的联系,为后续研究该内容提供了一定的参考。同时,实验室试验结果还需与实地测量比较,需考虑尺寸效应。由于结构面对较小尺寸试件产生的影响较小,剪切强度随着试件尺寸的减小而增加[12-13],实验室试验得到的剪切强度结果高于实际现场测得的值。此外,实地取材困难,且受到直剪试验设备的限制,难以观察到剪切过程中结构面破坏与裂纹形成、扩展及延伸等微观行为[14-15],且不规则结构面在自然界中广泛存在,其剪切行为更为复杂,因此,研究其力学行为具有重要意义[16]。
本文从理论上探讨了结构面的剪切行为特性,对试件(尺寸大小为80 mm×50 mm)进行了不同类型结构面在不同法向应力条件下的离散元颗粒流模拟。通过对不同粗糙度的规则结构面、不对称结构面和不规则结构面的力学行为进行模拟,得到结构面在不同法向应力下的破坏模式和力学特性。研究结果可为岩体结构面在不同剪切条件下的稳定性评估提供理论依据,对相关工程的设计与施工提供指导。
从力学角度分析,锯齿状岩体结构面的抗剪强度主要由岩石基本摩擦角和起伏摩擦角引起的阻力所构成[17]。在低法向应力条件下,试件会沿锯齿结构面剪动,同时伴随着膨胀现象,此时抗剪强度受到二者的双重影响。其剪切应力的计算公式[18]可表示为:
式中:τ为剪切应力,MPa;σn为法向应力,MPa;φr为结构面基本摩擦角,(°);i为结构面起伏角,(°)。
在高法向应力条件下,试件的膨胀受到抑制,抗剪强度受到的结构面粗糙度影响下降,此时影响抗剪强度的主要来源为试件的摩擦力和黏聚力。其剪切应力的计算公式可表示为:
式中:Cb为完整岩石的黏聚力,MPa;φb为完整岩石的摩擦角,(°)。
在实际试验过程中,锯齿状结构面间的错动及滑动、剪断行为会同时发生,需同时考虑两者的共同影响[19]。由式(1)、式(2)可知,在法向应力及结构面不同起伏角的条件下,剪切应力的大小及试件受剪变形破坏的情况也有所不同。结合以上分析,利用PFC软件进行模拟。将试件单位厚度设定为1 m,材料以圆形颗粒作为基本单元,直剪盒以直线墙元素作为边界。确定墙面边界的形状与尺寸后,颗粒材料在边界内以随机排列的方式生成,随后将材料颗粒粒径放大,直到达到设定孔隙率。借助PFC2D中FISH程式对模型进行调校。建立岩石结构面试件后,移除直剪盒顶部墙面,并建立球串颗粒作为法向应力。将下直剪盒墙元件速率设定为0.01 mm/s,由左向右剪动。记录剪切应力、剪切位移、轴向应变数据,剪切试验模拟示意图如图1所示。长方形试件长度为8 cm、高度为5 cm。模型锯齿长度均设定为2 cm,锯齿起伏角α分别设定为15°、30°、45°,法向应力设定为4 MPa,剪切速率为0.01 mm/s。建立直剪试验模型所需参数见表1。
该模型以平均尺寸为0.27 mm的球形颗粒作为材料元件,上、下盒试件以墙元件阻隔,试验开始前移除,试件可视为紧密结合。图2为起伏角分别为15°、30°、45°时的规则对称锯齿结构面的模型示意图。图3为不同起伏角下的规则对称锯齿结构面剪切应力–剪切位移曲线。由图3可知,剪切应力超过峰值强度后,其随着剪切位移的增加呈上下起伏且逐渐减少的趋势。在等值法向应力作用下,剪切强度受起伏角变化影响明显。随着起伏角的增加,剪切强度随之增大。剪切应力较低时(小于2 MPa),不同起伏角的锯齿结构面的剪切应力–剪切位移曲线近似重合,随着剪切应力的增加(大于2 MPa),不同起伏角锯齿结构面的剪切应力–剪切位移曲线开始发生分离,且起伏角越大,产生相同应变所需要的剪切应力越大。
因试件由颗粒材料随机排列生成,考虑到试验结果存在误差,建立3组试件进行模拟,并取平均值,得出不同起伏角结构面剪切强度与法向应力的关系曲线,如图4所示。由图4可知,不同起伏角试件剪切强度与法向应力均成正相关关系。在较低法向应力条件下,剪切强度上升速度较快,近似直线。随着法向应力逐渐增加,结构面剪切强度增长率逐渐降低。主要是由于初期法向应力的增加使得结构面之间的接触更加紧密,增加了剪切强度。随着法向应力的进一步增加,剪切强度主要受摩擦力影响,而摩擦力的增加呈线性,故剪切强度逐渐趋于平稳。同一法向应力下,剪切强度随着起伏角的增加而增大,主要是起伏角的增大导致剪切应力沿着结构面的作用方向增大,提高了剪切强度。更大的起伏角意味着结构面上的摩擦力和接触力更大,从而增强了整体的剪切强度。
对结构面间裂纹发育程度进行观测,不同起伏角下的破坏过程如图5所示。由图5可知,不同起伏角下结构面剪切位移、剪切应力、裂纹数变化趋势大致相同。起伏角为15°时,结构面的剪切应力和裂纹数低于30°和45°,主要是由于起伏角较小时,剪切应力的传递效果不如较大起伏角。在较小起伏角下,结构面上的摩擦力和剪切力的作用较弱,剪切应力较低,同时,较小起伏角下的结构面更容易形成微裂纹,这些微裂纹在剪切过程中更容易扩展和增加,导致裂纹数量较少。为探讨直接剪切试验过程中力与位移关系下的裂纹发展与裂纹数量,定义极限状态裂纹数为试验终止时所生成的裂纹数量,以起伏角45°、法向应力5 MPa的试件为例进行分析(见图5(c)),图中的黑线为张力裂纹、红线为剪力裂纹(颜色标识见电子版)。破坏过程如下:规则结构面试件初始阶段未产生裂隙,随着剪切应力逐渐增大(达到60%~70%峰值强度时),微裂隙随机生成在结构面受力点附近(a位置处),生成的裂纹数量仅为极限状态裂纹数量的3.5%;随着剪切应力增加,微裂隙有少量增加,待达到70%峰值强度后,微裂隙的数量明显增加;当剪切应力达峰值强度时,结构面已有明显张力裂纹(b位置处),但锯齿还未剪断,此时生成的裂纹数量约为极限状态裂纹数量的22%;经过峰值强度后,试件微裂纹数量急剧增加,张裂纹延伸至锯齿内部,造成部分锯齿有剪断行为发生(c位置处),生成的裂纹数量约为极限状态裂纹数量的40%。关于破坏面的判定:刚达到峰值强度时,裂纹仍在持续发展,不易判断破坏面;经过峰值强度后,生成的破坏面较为明显,便于测量试件破坏面与水平面的夹角,因此破坏模式的分类以此阶段的破坏示意作为判定。
规则结构面试件达到剪切强度峰值时,结构面会出现表面摩擦滑动、滑动破坏、剪断破坏等行为。新生破坏面与水平面的夹角随着法向应力的不同而有所差异[20],进而定义结构面过剪切峰值强度后,产生的破断面方向与水平方向的夹角为破坏起伏角。使用PFC2D软件观测黏结断裂形成的裂纹,裂纹在结构面的延伸即为破坏面,破坏时的起伏角使用VISIO软件辅助测量。得到不同起伏角下破坏起伏角与法向应力的关系曲线,如图6所示。
由图6(a)可知,在低法向应力条件下(σn=0.2~1.25 MPa),结构面没有观察到裂隙生成,测量到破坏起伏角为15°,此阶段锯齿并未剪断,锯齿间仅沿其表面发生摩擦滑动;法向应力为1.5 MPa、1.75 MPa时,结构面受剪产生滑动破坏,锯齿表面有裂纹产生,测量到的破坏起伏角为7.5°;在较高法向应力条件下(σn=2~5 MPa),结构面受到法向应力影响,锯齿同时受剪面的滑动破坏与锯齿尖端的剪断破坏,随着法向应力增加,结构面锯齿底部发生剪切破坏且破坏起伏角从5°降至2.5°。由图6(b)可知,在低法向应力条件下(σn=0.2~1 MPa),结构面没有观察到裂隙生成,与起伏角15°的结构面相比,当法向应力大于1 MPa时,不再发生结构面的摩擦滑动;当法向应力为1.25~3 MPa时,结构面同时受剪面的滑动破坏与锯齿尖端的剪断破坏,测量的破坏起伏角约为10°;当法向应力大于3 MPa时,锯齿根部近乎剪断,测量到破坏起伏角为5°。由图6(c)可知,剪力行为受到高起伏角影响,结构面间的表面摩擦滑动仅发生在法向应力0.2 MPa时,与起伏角为15°、30°的结构面相比,在法向应力为0.4 MPa时,便发生受剪结构面的滑动破坏与锯齿尖端的剪断破坏,测量到的破坏起伏角约为15°;法向应力大于3 MPa时,锯齿根部近乎剪断,测量到破坏起伏角为5°。由此看出,破坏起伏角与剪切强度有一定的相关性。在较低的起伏角下,剪切破坏会沿着较为平坦的区域发生,而在较高的起伏角下,破坏会表现为沿锯齿状的断裂面或沿粗糙的表面滑动。
由规则对称锯齿结构面模型的模拟结果可知,对称锯齿坡脚角度较大,加上受到法向应力的约束,在受剪过程中,法向应力较小时,锯齿随着锯齿面爬升,发生锯齿尖端剪断现象。法向应力较大时,锯齿无法随着锯齿面爬升,发生锯齿底部剪断现象。由此推测可能存在同时发生锯齿剪断及试件膨胀现象,剪切面为由锯齿坡底贯穿至锯齿另一边。故建立两种规则不对称锯齿模型进行对比,分别为θ1=45°、θ2=8°的模型和θ1=45°、θ2=18°的模型,探讨锯齿结构面坡脚较缓时,试件是否由锯齿坡底贯穿至锯齿另一边,模型及模拟结果如图7所示。由图7可知,坡脚θ1=45°、θ2=8°的锯齿模型在法向应力为3 MPa、4 MPa时,受剪面有裂纹产生,形成一较缓的破坏面,剪切破坏面通过锯齿坡底贯穿至锯齿另一边;坡脚θ1=45°、θ2=18°的锯齿模型在法向应力为3 MPa时同样可以观察到剪切破坏面通过锯齿坡底贯穿至锯齿另一边,当法向应力为4 MPa时,受法向应力的约束影响,试件锯齿尖端出现剪断现象。
不规则结构面模型如图8所示。通过查阅文献[21],设置节理粗糙度系数(Joint Roughness Coffcient, JRC)范围分别为4~6、10~12、14~16、18~20四种标准剖面进行模拟,以探究不同粗糙度系数的结构面剪切位移和剪切应力的关系。法向应力为4 MPa时,不同节理粗糙度系数结构面的剪切应力–剪切位移曲线如图9所示。由图9可知,初始阶段,剪切应力随着剪切位移的增加呈近似直线增加,达到峰值剪切强度后,剪切应力随剪切位移的增加呈上下起伏且逐渐下降的趋势。峰值剪切强度随着JRC值的增加而增大,主要是由于节理面的粗糙度使得接触面之间的摩擦力逐渐增加,阻碍剪切滑动的发生。初始的线性增长反映了节理面粗糙度和初始接触条件对剪切应力的影响,随着剪切位移的增加,在剪切力的作用下,节理面的表面粗糙度和接触力达到了最大抵抗力,节理面开始发生剪切破坏。达到峰值剪切强度后,节理面出现局部滑移或破坏,导致剪切应力在不同剪切位移下发生波动,这种波动也可能与节理面内部的局部剪切变形、微裂纹发展或粗糙度变化有关。随着破坏的发展,节理面逐渐失去抵抗剪切力的能力,使得剪切应力减小。JRC值越高,节理面的粗糙度越大,导致节理面对剪切力的抵抗能力增加。因此,峰值剪切强度会随着JRC值的增加而增大,较高的JRC值提供了更大的摩擦阻力,使得节理面在剪切时能承受更高的应力。在残余应力值上,4种模型的剪切应力相差不大,主要是由于结构面在高法向应力下受剪后产生破坏,粗糙起伏面无法提供阻抗,改由试件颗粒间的摩擦行为提供。因此,初始阶段的线性增长、峰值剪切强度的出现以及应力的波动和减少,都与节理面粗糙度、接触条件和破坏机制密切相关。
图10为不同JRC值结构面的剪切强度与法向应力关系曲线。由图10可知,JRC值为4~6时,不规则结构面的剪切强度呈线性增长,摩擦角为35°,剪切行为与基本摩擦试验结果相似。JRC值为10~12时,不规则结构面的剪切强度开始偏离线性增长,根据不同法向应力下的剪切强度计算出的摩擦角略有差异。在低法向应力条件下(σn<1 MPa),摩擦角约为55°;在法向应力大于1 MPa后,摩擦角为35°,与材料的基本摩擦角相同。随着法向应力的提高,剪切强度斜率逐渐降低。JRC值为14~16时,不规则结构面的剪切强度则呈抛物线状增长,在低法向应力条件下(σn<1 MPa)摩擦角为60°。法向应力提高至1.5 MPa时,结构面上的粗糙起伏面未发挥作用,摩擦角与材料基本摩擦角相同,随着法向应力的提高,剪切强度斜率逐渐降低。JRC值为18~20时,不规则结构面的剪切强度同样呈抛物线状增长,在低法向应力条件下(σn<1 MPa),摩擦角为65°,随着法向应力的增加,摩擦角逐渐降低,法向应力为1.75 MPa时,摩擦角与材料基本摩擦角相同。随着法向应力的提高,剪切强度斜率逐渐降低。由此可知,在低法向应力时,结构面的粗糙起伏角对峰值剪切强度的影响较大。但在高法向应力时,结构面发生剪断,剪切行为接近结构面的基本摩擦行为。
JRC值为18~20表示中等不规则性的结构面,这种情况在实际工程中较为常见,可以更好地模拟和分析实际土壤或岩石结构中的常见情况,此时,中等不规则结构面既不会过于光滑,也不会过于粗糙,可以很好地展示其剪切强度和破坏行为的细节,更清晰地观察到结构面上由于不规则性引发的破坏模式和应力分布。故模拟JRC值为18~20、法向应力为5 MPa时不规则结构面的直剪试验,以此为例分析不规则结构面的破坏过程,如图11所示。
图11中黑线为张力裂纹,红线为剪力裂纹(颜色标识见电子版)。破坏过程如下:在剪切应力达到75%峰值强度时,微裂隙随机生成在结构面粗糙起伏处,但裂隙数量不多;随着剪切应力的增加,微裂隙逐渐增加,当剪切应力超过75%峰值强度后,微裂隙的数量有明显增加趋势;当剪切应力达到峰值强度时,结构面已有明显裂纹生成,裂纹发生在水平方向上1.5 cm及8~10 cm位置处,超过峰值强度后,裂纹发展速度急剧增加。剪切位移为0.6 mm时,结构面的粗糙起伏已彻底破坏,不再发挥阻抗作用,剪切行为接近摩擦行为。
(1)结构面的剪切强度与法向应力及起伏角呈近线性递增关系。试件受剪后破坏模式可分为结构面沿锯齿表面滑动、结构面沿锯齿表面滑动且锯齿尖端被剪断、破坏面由锯齿坡底贯穿至锯齿另一边、结构面锯齿底部剪断4种类型。
(2)随着法向应力和起伏角的增加,岩体的破坏模式由结构面沿锯齿受力侧的边缘滑动,逐渐演化为结构面沿锯齿的整个表面滑动,同时锯齿由底部到另一边被剪断,锯齿底部完全剪断。
(3)不同节理粗糙度系数的结构面剪切应力在初始阶段随着剪切位移的增加呈近似直线增大。达到峰值剪切强度后,其剪切应力随着剪切位移的增加呈上下起伏且逐渐下降的趋势。峰值剪切强度随着JRC值的增加而增大。
(4)在低法向应力条件下,不规则结构面的粗糙起伏角对峰值剪切强度的影响较大。在高法向应力条件下,不规则结构面发生剪断,此时剪切行为接近结构面的基本摩擦行为。

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2025年第45卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-13
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    1.应急管理部矿山救援中心,北京 100013
    2.紫金(厦门)工程设计有限公司长沙分公司,湖南 长沙 410017
    3.北京建龙重工集团有限公司,北京 100071
    4.中国平安财产保险股份有限公司北京分公司,北京 100032
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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