Article(id=1322161612732089327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157493048, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157493048, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157493048, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157493048, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=96, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161612920833008, articleId=1322161612732089327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Slope Stability Evaluation and Numerical Simulation of an Open-Pit Copper-Cobalt Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the slope stability challenges of open-pit of Kisanfu Copper-Cobalt Mine (KFM Copper-Cobalt Mine), the slope instability mechanism was studied by multi-method integration and an optimized evaluation model was established to ensure the safe mining and economic benefits of the mine. Based on the engineering geological characteristics of the mining area such as structural development, rock mass strength characteristics and hydrological conditions, a theoretical correlation model linking rock compressive strength with rock mass strength parameters was constructed. Then the failure mechanisms of open-pit mine slope was analyzed, and the calculation method for the most dangerous composite slip surface was optimized by the limit equilibrium method of slope stability. Finally, two typical geological sections were selected as case studies, the deformation and failure process of stope slopes were analyzed by numerical simulation technology. The results are concluded as follows. Firstly, when the tectonic effect is significant, the slope is prone to sliding failure along the inclined rock layer, while when the influence of tectonic effect is small, the main failure is circular arc failure. Secondly, numerical simulation reveals that the upper part of the slope in the mining area is mainly characterized by settlement deformation (69.9 mm and 36.3 mm), the local free surface appears horizontal deformation, and the slope foot area shows strain concentration. Thirdly, the stability coefficient of the stope slope, obtained through both the limit equilibrium method and numerical simulation analysis is between 1.400 and 2.278, which meets the safety reserve requirement of slope 1.20. The research results can provide a scientific basis for slope design and disaster prevention at the KFM Copper-Cobalt Mine, and ensure the safety production demand of mine.

, authors=Xiaodong SONG1, Lifeng HU1, Yachao SU1, Jian CHANG2, Chengheng HOU2, Qiang SU2, authorsList=Xiaodong SONG, Lifeng HU, Yachao SU, Jian CHANG, Chengheng HOU, Qiang SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chengheng HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161622811000892, articleId=1322161612732089327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=露天铜钴矿采场边坡稳定性评价与数值模拟研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对刚果(金)Kisanfu铜钴矿(KFM铜钴矿)露天采场边坡稳定性问题,通过多方法融合研究边坡失稳机制,并建立优化评价模型,以保障矿山安全开采与经济效益。基于构造发育、岩体强度特征及水文条件等矿区工程地质特征,构建了岩石抗压强度与岩体强度参数的理论关联模型。进而对露天矿边坡破坏机理进行了分析,采用边坡稳定性的极限平衡法优化了最危险复合滑动面的计算方法。最后以两个典型的边坡剖面为例,运用数值模拟技术对采场边坡的变形破坏过程进行分析。研究结果表明:构造作用显著时边坡容易沿顺倾岩层发生坐落滑移式破坏,构造作用影响较小时以圆弧式破坏为主;数值模拟揭示采场边坡上部以沉降变形为主(69.9 mm和36.3 mm),局部临空面出现水平变形,坡脚区域则表现出应变集中现象;极限平衡法和数值模拟分析得到采场边坡的安全系数在1.400~2.278之间,符合边坡安全系数高于1.20的安全储备要求。研究结果为KFM铜钴矿的边坡设计和灾害防治提供了科学依据,保障了矿山的安全生产需求。

, authors=宋晓东1, 胡利峰1, 苏亚超1, 常剑2, 侯成恒2, 苏强2, authorsList=宋晓东, 胡利峰, 苏亚超, 常剑, 侯成恒, 苏强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=侯成恒, authorNote=

宋晓东(1982—),男,河北石家庄人,工程师,主要从事地质矿产勘查、矿山地质、露天矿开采管理工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
侯成恒(1988—),男,山东枣庄人,硕士,副研究员,主要从事露天矿开采安全技术研究工作。E-mail:
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宋晓东(1982—),男,河北石家庄人,工程师,主要从事地质矿产勘查、矿山地质、露天矿开采管理工作。E-mail:

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宋晓东(1982—),男,河北石家庄人,工程师,主要从事地质矿产勘查、矿山地质、露天矿开采管理工作。E-mail:

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Test and field testing results

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岩性点荷载强度指标/MPa单轴抗压强度/MPaRQD/%RMRGSI
白云岩7.571.092.003126
白云质砂岩0.084.310.892722
碳质白云岩2.5445.799.271914
), ArticleFig(id=1322161630209753212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161612732089327, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验及现场测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性点荷载强度指标/MPa单轴抗压强度/MPaRQD/%RMRGSI
白云岩7.571.092.003126
白云质砂岩0.084.310.892722
碳质白云岩2.5445.799.271914
), ArticleFig(id=1322161630289444989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161612732089327, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristic parameters of rock mass based on Hoek-Brown failure criterion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层分类地质强度指数GSI岩体材料常数m扰动因子D容重γ/(kN/m3)内摩擦角φ/(°)黏聚力c/kPa
风化层15100.72329150
未风化层27100.72440291
RAT层3060.72230200
), ArticleFig(id=1322161630373331070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161612732089327, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于Hoek-Brown破坏准则计算获得的岩体特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩层分类地质强度指数GSI岩体材料常数m扰动因子D容重γ/(kN/m3)内摩擦角φ/(°)黏聚力c/kPa
风化层15100.72329150
未风化层27100.72440291
RAT层3060.72230200
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露天铜钴矿采场边坡稳定性评价与数值模拟研究
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宋晓东 1 , 胡利峰 1 , 苏亚超 1 , 常剑 2 , 侯成恒 2 , 苏强 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(8): 96-106
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (8) : 96 -106
露天铜钴矿采场边坡稳定性评价与数值模拟研究
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宋晓东(1982—),男,河北石家庄人,工程师,主要从事地质矿产勘查、矿山地质、露天矿开采管理工作。E-mail:

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宋晓东(1982—),男,河北石家庄人,工程师,主要从事地质矿产勘查、矿山地质、露天矿开采管理工作。E-mail:

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宋晓东1 , 胡利峰1, 苏亚超1, 常剑2, 侯成恒2 , 苏强2
作者信息
  • 1.洛钼金山矿业有限公司,河南 洛阳市 471500
  • 2.中煤科工集团沈阳研究院有限公司,辽宁 抚顺市 113122
通讯作者:
侯成恒(1988—),男,山东枣庄人,硕士,副研究员,主要从事露天矿开采安全技术研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

宋晓东(1982—),男,河北石家庄人,工程师,主要从事地质矿产勘查、矿山地质、露天矿开采管理工作。E-mail:

Study on Slope Stability Evaluation and Numerical Simulation of an Open-Pit Copper-Cobalt Mine
Xiaodong SONG1 , Lifeng HU1, Yachao SU1, Jian CHANG2, Chengheng HOU2 , Qiang SU2
Affiliations
  • 1.COMC Kisanfu Mining S.A.R.L, L, Luoyang, Henan 471500, China
  • 2.China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute Co., Ltd., Fushun, Liaoning 113122, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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针对刚果(金)Kisanfu铜钴矿(KFM铜钴矿)露天采场边坡稳定性问题,通过多方法融合研究边坡失稳机制,并建立优化评价模型,以保障矿山安全开采与经济效益。基于构造发育、岩体强度特征及水文条件等矿区工程地质特征,构建了岩石抗压强度与岩体强度参数的理论关联模型。进而对露天矿边坡破坏机理进行了分析,采用边坡稳定性的极限平衡法优化了最危险复合滑动面的计算方法。最后以两个典型的边坡剖面为例,运用数值模拟技术对采场边坡的变形破坏过程进行分析。研究结果表明:构造作用显著时边坡容易沿顺倾岩层发生坐落滑移式破坏,构造作用影响较小时以圆弧式破坏为主;数值模拟揭示采场边坡上部以沉降变形为主(69.9 mm和36.3 mm),局部临空面出现水平变形,坡脚区域则表现出应变集中现象;极限平衡法和数值模拟分析得到采场边坡的安全系数在1.400~2.278之间,符合边坡安全系数高于1.20的安全储备要求。研究结果为KFM铜钴矿的边坡设计和灾害防治提供了科学依据,保障了矿山的安全生产需求。

露天矿  /  边坡稳定性  /  构造作用  /  岩体强度  /  复合滑动面

Aiming at the slope stability challenges of open-pit of Kisanfu Copper-Cobalt Mine (KFM Copper-Cobalt Mine), the slope instability mechanism was studied by multi-method integration and an optimized evaluation model was established to ensure the safe mining and economic benefits of the mine. Based on the engineering geological characteristics of the mining area such as structural development, rock mass strength characteristics and hydrological conditions, a theoretical correlation model linking rock compressive strength with rock mass strength parameters was constructed. Then the failure mechanisms of open-pit mine slope was analyzed, and the calculation method for the most dangerous composite slip surface was optimized by the limit equilibrium method of slope stability. Finally, two typical geological sections were selected as case studies, the deformation and failure process of stope slopes were analyzed by numerical simulation technology. The results are concluded as follows. Firstly, when the tectonic effect is significant, the slope is prone to sliding failure along the inclined rock layer, while when the influence of tectonic effect is small, the main failure is circular arc failure. Secondly, numerical simulation reveals that the upper part of the slope in the mining area is mainly characterized by settlement deformation (69.9 mm and 36.3 mm), the local free surface appears horizontal deformation, and the slope foot area shows strain concentration. Thirdly, the stability coefficient of the stope slope, obtained through both the limit equilibrium method and numerical simulation analysis is between 1.400 and 2.278, which meets the safety reserve requirement of slope 1.20. The research results can provide a scientific basis for slope design and disaster prevention at the KFM Copper-Cobalt Mine, and ensure the safety production demand of mine.

Open-pit mine  /  Slope stability  /  Tectonic effect  /  Rock mass strength  /  Composite slip surface
宋晓东, 胡利峰, 苏亚超, 常剑, 侯成恒, 苏强. 露天铜钴矿采场边坡稳定性评价与数值模拟研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 96 -106 .
Xiaodong SONG, Lifeng HU, Yachao SU, Jian CHANG, Chengheng HOU, Qiang SU. Study on Slope Stability Evaluation and Numerical Simulation of an Open-Pit Copper-Cobalt Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 96 -106 .
露天矿开采作业过程中边坡结构稳定性直接关系到矿山生产的核心安全[1]。地形、地质环境、气候水文变化、开采活动及人工扰动等多种因素作用会导致露天矿边坡面临滑坡、崩塌以及坍塌等风险[2],进而威胁矿区安全,并对矿山生产效率、环境保护以及矿山可持续发展产生深远影响[3-4]。因此,对露天矿边坡失稳特性开展深入探究,是确保矿山工程安全并促进绿色矿业战略实施的关键。
露天矿区诱发边坡失稳破坏的内外因素相互交织作用,提升了边坡稳定性分析的复杂程度和挑战性。地质条件是影响矿山边坡稳定性的关键因素之一[5]。不同矿山的岩层结构、岩性、裂隙、断层以及褶皱等复杂地质构造变化对边坡的稳定性具有重要影响,尤其在断层和裂隙发育的地区,矿山边坡容易出现局部失稳,进而导致滑坡或崩塌等灾害[6]。气候和水文条件对矿山边坡稳定性也有较大影响[7],其中,降雨、地下水位变化和温度波动等动态因素会引起矿体岩石的膨胀、收缩、软化等变形;地下水的长期侵蚀作用也会削弱岩体的结构强度,进而影响边坡稳定性[8-10]。此外,露天矿的开采活动,尤其是爆破、挖掘、抽水等作业,也对边坡稳定性有显著影响。爆破活动产生的振动会导致岩体结构扰动,破坏原有的地质结构,进而诱发岩层滑移或岩石破裂[11-12]。长期开采和坑道挖掘则会改变原有的地形和水文条件,从而增加边坡滑移的风险。
目前,学者们针对不同类型边坡稳定性进行了多方面研究,提出了理论分析、数值模拟以及稳定性监测等技术手段,旨在准确评估边坡的稳定性,预测潜在的失稳风险,并提出防治措施。理论分析方法往往针对岩体力学性质、岩层结构、地下水位等因素进行分析,推导出边坡稳定性的一般规律,进而通过岩体力学理论和滑坡理论等进行评估[13-16]。理论分析方法所采用的几何模型和力学公式较为简单,可以快速评估边坡的稳定性。常见的理论方法包括极限平衡法、Mohr-Coulomb法及圆弧滑动法等。数值模拟分析方法是近年来发展迅速的一种分析手段,它通过建立数学模型并应用数值计算技术,进行边坡稳定性的评估与分析[12,17-18]。离散元法、有限元法以及边界元法等分析方法也已经被广泛采用。有限元法能够较为精细地模拟边坡的几何结构、岩体力学特性及加载情况,尤其是可以准确分析复杂地质条件下的边坡稳定性[19-20]。数值模拟得到的边坡应力分布、变形特征及破坏模式,能够对边坡滑坡演化提供精确预测和优化方案[21]。监测分析方法则是通过布设监测设备,实时采集边坡的位移、应力以及温度等数据,进行动态监测与分析[22-23]。实时的监测数据可以为工程边坡的变形规律分析提供直接的判断依据,是评估边坡稳定性的重要手段。
刚果(金)Kisanfu铜钴矿(KFM铜钴矿)位于卢阿拉巴省,地处非洲著名的Kansuki断裂带。KFM铜钴矿是世界上储量丰富、品位较高的铜钴矿之一。2021年,NERIN所建地质模型估算的矿石资源量为1.988 亿 t,铜品位为2.13%,含铜金属量约423 万 t;钴品位为1.01%,含钴金属量约199.9 万 t。
矿区现阶段剥离主要为上部第四系、新近系(Kando地层),矿区采坑开采标高为1 335 m,坑底标高为1 210 m左右,总体坡度为20°~25°,马道宽为6~8 m,每级台阶高15 m左右,单级台阶坡角约60°。现阶段边坡整体未出现变形破坏,但上部Kando地层受降雨及地下水影响,局部出现片帮现象。
为了确保矿区边坡安全,降低滑坡对露天矿开采的影响,并减少其对安全生产的约束作用,提高KFM铜钴矿资源开采率。对矿区采场边坡稳定性开展了系统的研究工作。在现有地质资料基础上进行补充勘察方案设计,开展岩土体试验,并结合矿山开采现状以及设计平面图,研究排土场边坡稳定状况,掌握影响边坡稳定的控制因素。随后,对边坡参数进行优化调整,最大限度地提高矿产资源回收率和排土场的收容量,并提出矿区边坡失稳破坏防治措施建议,以期防止突发性滑坡灾害事故的发生,为后续采场排土场最终设计、矿山安全生产提供技术保障。
矿区位于热带草原性气候区,年内分为旱季和雨季。雨季为11月至次年3月,气候潮湿,降水丰沛,气温较高;旱季为5月至9月,气候干燥,降水稀少,气温较低,植物呈干枯状态。4月和10月为雨季与旱季之间的过渡期。预计矿山年平均降水量为1 260 mm,其中12月到次年3月的月均降水量超过200 mm,年平均蒸发量为1 770 mm。矿区地势表现出北西较高、南东较低的趋势,标高最高为1 475 m,最低为1 275 m。
该矿区的地层类型主要是前寒武纪加丹加沉积岩相地层,厚约7 000 m,地层与下伏的古老基底呈不整合关系。该地层主要由海相浅水富镁碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩沉积组成,地层的岩石类型主要有灰岩、页岩、砂岩以及白云岩。矿区岩体变质程度相对较低,主要为绿片岩相。地层可划分为罗安群、恩古巴群和孔德龙古群3个地层群,其中罗安群是主要的赋矿地层。
图1为KFM铜钴矿矿区的地质构造现状和部分片帮区域情况。从图1可见,矿区的主要构造为走向近东西的向斜,位于西北侧,延伸约1 500 m,其两翼发育多条断层,规模不一,呈近东西向。此外,矿区东侧还有一条走向为北西—南东的向斜,延伸约700 m,两翼同样发育多条走向一致的断层。矿区南侧还有一条走向西北的背斜,其两翼也发育有多条断层。
矿区原始断裂构造的发育造成岩体较为破碎,风化作用沿断裂带渗入岩体深部,进一步降低了岩体的工程质量。由于风化作用和断裂带的影响,矿区岩体质量较差,给矿山的开采和基础设施建设带来了挑战,尤其在边坡设计和支护方面,岩体的不稳定性可能导致边坡滑移、塌方等安全隐患,如图2所示。因此,鉴于目前已有的滑坡风险,亟需开展开采扰动下边坡的稳定性分析,确保开采活动的安全,避免突发事故的发生。基于矿区前期大量的地质资料、参考边坡工程地质补充勘察成果,结合生产实际工作要求,构建了22个工程地质简化模型,本文选取其中具有代表性的边坡(DB1和BB2)进行稳定性分析。
岩体结构面往往会大幅降低岩体的整体强度,使其远低于单一岩石的强度水平。目前,在室内岩石试验和岩体原位试验中,预测和评价获得的岩体力学参数、与真实的岩体工程中的岩体特性仍存在较大差距。若将测得的力学参数直接应用于岩体工程理论和数值分析计算过程中,经常会产生较大误差。其中,现场的原位岩体力学试验结果也是如此,由于试件尺寸、模拟条件以及试验方法的差异,无法充分代表岩体的实际力学特性[24]。基于此,本文建立了岩石与岩体强度之间的理论关系,并通过室内岩石强度的测定,推导出工程计算中的岩体强度参数。
通过对Hoek-Brown准则进行重新定义和扩展,形成了一整套岩体力学参数的岩体质量评价系统。该系统适用于计算Hoek-Brown准则强度参数、等效Mohr-Coulomb强度参数等相对应的力学参数,在预测岩石工程的不同阶段中,还可以为节理岩体的稳定性分析和评估提供较为准确的力学参数和数据。
广义Hoek-Brown经验强度准则可以表示为:
式中:σc为单一岩石的单轴抗压强度,MPa;σ1、σ3分别为破坏时的最大、最小主应力,MPa;m、s为岩体Hoek-Brown准则的常量,分别表示岩体的软硬程度指标和岩体的破碎程度指标,可根据公式m=mie(RMR-100)/28及s=e(RMR-100)/28计算,mi为单一岩石对应的常量,RMR为岩体分类指标值;β为岩体特性常数,可由节理岩体的GSI估计,即GSI>25时,β=0.5,而GSI<25时,β=0.65-GSI/200, GSI=25为原始和修改后的标准分界点。
通过Mohr-Coulomb强度准则可得:
整理式(2)则有:
式中:φ为岩体的内摩擦角,(°);c为黏聚力,kPa。当预测节理化岩体强度与力学参数之间存在的关系时,往往可以认为当节理岩体遵循Hoek-Brown准则时,σ3∈(0,σ3/4),通过直线近似拟合Hoek-Brown准则时,可表示成:
式中:k为Hoek-Brown准则直线的斜率;b为Hoek-Brown准则直线在σ1轴上的交点。
由式(3)和式(4)可知:
根据式(5)、式(6)可反求出岩体的黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ。
当σ3=0时,可以获得岩体的单轴抗压强度σcmass为:
当σ1=0时,可得到岩体的单轴抗拉强度σtmass为:
基于上述推导,岩体强度指标c、φ、σcmass和σtmass,可以通过对单一岩石抗压强度、节理岩体的GSI、经验参数m和s的测试获得。单一岩石的抗压强度可以通过单轴压缩试验和点载荷试验准确得到。m和s作为描述岩体特征的重要参数,它们取值的准确与否,直接关系到应用Hoek-Brown经验强度准则准确性的误差大小,同时还会直接影响工程安全的评估。本采场运用现场的地质钻探、地球物理勘探、野外工程地质勘查和地质水文试验等多种测试手段,确定了不同地层的6个关键指标,包括岩石强度、岩石质量指标、结构面之间的距离及特征、地下水条件,结构面产状与工程走向的关系,进而确定岩体的RMR值,并计算m、s、GSI等参数值,结果见表1、表2。
其中,表1为单一岩石现场测试数据;表2为通过公式(1)至公式(8)推导得到不同岩层的岩体特征参数。
露天矿边坡失稳破坏根据其破坏形态主要可分为:剥落、崩落、滑动和沉降等基本类型[25]。
(1)剥落。松软、多裂隙土岩碎块,受风化作用、爆破或机械作业影响,滚落并堆积于坡底,常见于岩体强度较低的露天矿边坡。
(2)崩落。陡立柱状或棱块状的土岩体向下倾倒、坍塌的现象,多与边坡岩体内较大的倾角结构面有关,崩落主要以突然且迅速发生的破坏为主。
(3)滑动。土岩体沿其内部特定区域或松散堆积物整体移动的过程,初期整体移动较为缓慢,后期可能解体崩落。可分为平面、楔体和圆弧形滑动等类型,露天矿边坡失稳常为组合滑动面。
(4)沉降。原状松散多孔土岩或排弃土岩在自重或设备荷载下发生垂直下沉的现象,虽无连续滑动面,但台阶表面常出现沉降裂隙。
露天矿边坡发生滑坡破坏时主要有以下3个特征[25]:滑体前缘隆剪出特征;滑体内部位移矢量特征;滑坡发育过程。具体表现为,滑体前缘受挤压后,软弱层会发生塑性流动,形成波状隆起。裂缝从脊背处出现并扩展,突破上覆土层后滑面贯通,土体充填“空化”区域,引发整体滑坡,而滑坡的发育主要分为压缩、裂隙生成、挤压、滑移、剧滑和固结6个阶段。
当边坡体内部存在明显弱层时,边坡的滑坡模式主要表现为坐落滑移式。边坡的稳定性是由弱层特性控制,也可以称为滑坡后缘圆弧剪切,边坡的底部沿着弱层的方向滑动,最终在坡角处剪开。坐落滑移破坏以及圆弧式破坏滑坡模式如图3所示,基本计算方法见式(9)至式(18)。
运用最优化理论计算:
式中:γ为岩石容重,kN/m3;Fs为边坡安全系数;Δx为条块宽度,m;h为条块高度,m;α为条块底面和水平面之间的夹角,(°);γw为孔隙水容重,kN/m3;hw为孔隙水头高度,m;Q为外部荷载(如地震力、准载等)。
略去γw、hw及Q,式(9)可写为:
将边坡划分为细小垂直条之后,式(10)可被改写为:
设g(x)表示边坡表面方程,y(x)表示滑动面中的圆弧面方程,f(x)表示顺层软弱结构面方程;y′(x)和f′(x)分别为y(x)和f(x)的一阶导函数。
当圆弧的圆心坐标为O(x0,y0),半径为R时,得到:
因此,式(11)可改写为:
式中:xK为最右侧条块右侧界面的x坐标;xR为滑体计算中某个特定参考点的x坐标;xA为最左侧块左侧界面的x坐标。
显然,在已知g(x)、f(x)、c、φ、γ的条件下,安全系数与其他参数之间的关系可以写成:
由图3可知:
式中,yK、yA分别为最右侧和最左侧条块的条间力函数值。
故式(15)可改写为:
式(18)即为优化后的最危险复合滑动面目标函数表达式。
边坡稳定性评价长期采用极限平衡理论作为经典分析手段,该方法凭借其模型构建简洁、参数界定精确以及评估结果具有显著工程应用价值等特点被广泛采用。随着该理论体系的持续优化与工程实践的积累,若干具有代表性的简化分析技术逐渐发展形成,包括斯堪的纳维亚条分法、推力传递法、改进圆弧滑动法及美国工兵部队法等典型计算方法,这些方法的力学机理和适用条件各不相同。随着计算机技术的进步,一些相对严格的计算方法(如Morgenstern-Price法)[26]开始脱颖而出。在采用Morgenstern-Price法计算过程中,边坡被划分为n个条块,取第i条块作为隔离体(见图4)。
从图4可以看出,每个条块均受到多个荷载作用,其中,Wi是自重;KC是地震的影响系数;KC×Wi是水平方向地震力;孔压公式Ui=ui×li中,li是滑块底部长度,ui是孔隙水压力;Ei和Ei-1是条块间法向力;Ni是条块底部法向力;τi是条块底部切向力;Xi和Xi-1是条块间切向力;αi和αi-1为条块底部滑面倾角。
基于Morgenstern-Price法假设可以得到:
Morgenstern-Price法虽然难以在单个条块中满足力和力矩平衡,但可以通过迭代计算在整个滑坡体上满足全局静力和力矩之间的平衡。
在计算条块上的力时,竖向方向的力是由条块底部方向分解而来,则:
随后,沿着条块底部水平方向将力分解,则:
式中:φi为条块的有效内摩擦角;ci为条块的有效黏聚力。
由式(19)至式(21)可得:
式中:Ti=Wisinαi+KCWicosαi,表示除了条块间力由所有作用在条块上的力引起的滑力;Ri=[Wicosαi-KCWisinαi-Ui]tanαi+cili,表示除了条块间力由所有作用在条块上的力引起的剪力;λ为计算参数。
整理式(22)可得:
且式(23)中:
对以上变量的综合分析可得,Ti、Ri、φi和Wi中,i=1,…,n,在程序中代表[0]→[n-1];ψi中,i=1,…,n-1,代表[0]→[n-2];Ei,Xi中,i=1,…,n+1,代表[0]→[n]。根据最终条件可知E0=En=0,联立式(23)至式(26)可得:
由于ψi是Fs的函数,式(27)并不确定,因此,必须重复上述过程。与Morgenstern-Price使用微分方程组求解相比,这一过程更为简单。此外,通过条块力矩分析,特别是对条块底部中心的力矩平衡进行分析,可以进一步简化计算:
式中:Mi=Eizi和Mi-1=Ei-1zi-1为假设条件;Mi和Mi-1为条块之间的力矩。
因此,式(28)可改写为:
其中,通过最终的条件可得到E0=En=0,联立式(29)可得:
最终安全系数Fs和λ可通过式(27)和式(30)求出。
根据式(27)和式(30)中的理论计算公式,借助数值计算软件对开采区域的稳定性进行了建模分析。图5展示了DB1和BB2边坡的计算结果。理论计算得出,该采场边坡稳定系数在1.400~2.278之间,边坡稳定系数均大于1.20,说明这些边坡都可以满足安全储备系数的要求,可以判断此时的边坡处于稳定状态。
为了进一步验证理论计算得出的矿区边坡稳定性,采用数值模拟软件分析了边坡的变形特征。数值模拟主要基于力学分析法拓展三维空间,采用了显式拉格朗日算法和混合离散方法。鉴于矿区属于开采初期阶段,各区域边坡尚未开采到位,边坡形态较缓,数值模拟剖面选取设计开采到界边坡,各帮及排土场分别选取一个典型剖面进行分析,数值模型如图6所示。
在运用数值仿真系统对露天采矿区域剖面岩体稳定性开展研究的过程中,将边坡临空方向坐标系设定为负X轴向,同时确立垂直向上为Z轴正向的参照系。模型构建过程中,针对左侧边界面施加水平向位移约束条件,同时在右侧边界与基底界面实施法向位移限定策略,从而建立起基于约束位移场的数值计算体系。研究采用理想弹塑性本构模型表征岩土复合体的力学响应特性,该模型在确保计算过程稳定的同时,能够精确反映岩土材料屈服后的塑性流动特征,有效维持数值迭代的收敛特性与力学平衡状态的可实现性。
首先对DB1边坡典型剖面进行了数值模拟计算分析,通过计算结果可以得到边坡的总位移、水平位移、沉降位移、位移矢量以及XZ方向剪应力,所有的数值计算结果如图7所示。
图7展示了DB1边坡典型剖面稳定性分析结果,我们可以发现该采场边坡变形呈现出显著的空间分布特性,形成了潜在贯穿坡体的滑移面。变形主要出现在52 m水平方向上的边坡表面工程扰动区域(见图7(a)),在水平方向上,随着高程的下降,水平位移量有所增加,其中最大的位移区域出现在154 m,坡脚位置的水平位移有所降低(见图7(b))。该现象主要与坡体内部结构面的分布及地应力的变化密切相关。此外,采场边坡破坏以上部沉降为主(见图7(c)),最大沉降量达到6.99 cm,主要集中在203~223 m水平。随着高度的下降,沉降位移量逐渐降低,数值结果显示在坡脚位置未出现底鼓。
图7(d)中边坡位移矢量图表明边坡的变形方向主要指向临空面,其变形量分布呈现典型的“浅表效应”,边坡表层位移量远远大于深部地层的变形量。整体位移等值线呈现出同心圆弧状分布方式,此矢量变化揭示了边坡的潜在滑动面具有旋转滑动机制特征,符合摩尔-库伦准则下的圆弧形破坏模式,表现为圆弧式滑动破坏类型。值得注意的是,XZ方向剪应力图展现出在边坡的顶部和坡脚区域承受较大剪应力(见图7(e))。但由于没有发现明显的底鼓现象,说明采场边坡上部变形以压剪复合为主(沉降变形大,剪应力大),局部临空面出现水平变形。而坡脚区域未发生宏观破坏,但出现较大剪应力。
对BB2边坡典型剖面开展数值模拟解析,图8展示了边坡变形场的多维度特性,包括:总位移、水平位移、沉降位移、位移矢量以及XZ方向剪应力演化规律。这些结果系统分析了边坡在扰动作用下的变形空间特征,为边坡失稳的定量判识提供了关键数据支撑。
该采场区域边坡变形展示出多层级演化特征,在总位移(见图8(a))中可以看出,变形活跃区集中分布在32~227 m水平范围之内。这是由于该边坡(BB2)剖面主要展现出多台阶分布,边坡顶部设置的阶梯状坡体结构可以有效预防上部地层滑坡发育概率,从而优化边坡的整体稳定性。其中在105 m水平区域附近的位移量达到最大值(见图8(b)),此区域位移较大是由于坡体区域较大,坡脚较为陡峭,并在该位置内部结构面有向上突出的趋势,增加了滑坡的可能性。此外,该采场BB2边坡破坏以中下部沉降为主(105~170 m),最大沉降量可达3.63 cm,主要集中在边坡中部(见图8(c))。随着高度的下降,沉降位移经历了降低-增加-降低的趋势,数值结果显示,在坡脚位置同样未出现底鼓。
从BB2边坡剖面位移矢量图可看出,下部边坡的变形方向是指向临空面,局部变形特征与DB1边坡整体变形特征类似。局部位移等值线也呈现出同心圆弧状,此矢量变化揭示了台阶式边坡的潜在滑动面具有局部圆弧形破坏模式,主要体现在坡脚陡、坡体大的区域。坡脚构造作用显著,存在破碎带的顺倾岩层,因此,边坡坡脚处沿着岩层发生坐落滑移式破坏风险较高。XZ方向上边坡坡脚区域承受较大剪应力(见图9(e)),与DB1边坡不同的是边坡顶部的剪应力相对较小。该边坡的剪应力展现出阶梯式分布变化,并没有发现明显的底鼓现象,说明BB2边坡除了底部存在剪切滑移的风险以外,临空面附近的其他局部边坡在剪应力的各向异性下也会存在失稳的可能性。
基于矿区野外地质调查、工程地质补充勘察、工程地质水文地质研究以及理论分析与数值模拟等测试手段和分析方法,系统构建了边坡失稳理论模型,揭示了边坡变形破坏机理,全面评估了现状边坡及到界边坡的稳定性。得出的主要结论如下。
(1)构造作用对边坡的破坏模式有很大的影响,边坡在弱构造区条件下易发生圆弧式破坏。然而存在强烈构造区域时,边坡容易沿着形成的顺倾岩层发生坐落滑移式破坏。
(2)运用极限平衡理论方法对采场现状边坡及到界边坡进行了系统性稳定性评价,结果表明,采场现状DB1边坡和BB2边坡稳定系数在1.400~2.278之间,均高于1.20的安全储备系数要求。
(3)DB1边坡上部破坏以沉降变形为主,沉降量可达6.99 cm。局部临空面出现水平变形破坏(154 m 处)。此外,BB2 边坡破坏以中下部沉降为主(105 m处),沉降量可达3.63 cm。采场边坡水平位移均指向临空面,坡脚区域应变集中显著(34.5 kPa 和2.27 kPa),呈现圆弧式滑动。
(4)多方法融合评价体系明确了矿区边坡破坏“理论-机理-模拟”的一体化分析策略,为未来露天矿山的安全生产需求提供理论支撑与技术参考。
  • 中国煤炭科工集团有限公司科技创新创业资金专项重点资助项目(2019-ZD004)
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  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
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中国煤炭科工集团有限公司科技创新创业资金专项重点资助项目(2019-ZD004)
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    1.洛钼金山矿业有限公司,河南 洛阳市 471500
    2.中煤科工集团沈阳研究院有限公司,辽宁 抚顺市 113122

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侯成恒(1988—),男,山东枣庄人,硕士,副研究员,主要从事露天矿开采安全技术研究工作。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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