Article(id=1322161596353332078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726156800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157489145, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157489145, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157489145, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157489145, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161596525298543, articleId=1322161596353332078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Mechanism of Rapid Flocculation Settling of Fine Tailings Under Ultrasonic Guidance, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore methods to accelerate the flocculation settling of fine tailings, ultrasonic technology was introduced during the flocculation settling of tailings. Non-contact sound fields and perturbation actions were applied to the tailings slurry medium to conduct tests on flocculation settling of fine tailings based on ultrasonic guidance. By analyzing the variation of height of solid-liquid of tailings slurry under the action of 28 kHz and 100 W ultrasonic transducers at different settling times, combined with the simulation of the internal flow field of the sand silo, the mechanism of flocculation settling of tailings slurry under ultrasonic guidance was revealed. The results show that compared with natural flocculation settling, ultrasound can significantly increase the settling height of the solid-liquid surface of tailings slurry, and small flocs tend to move upward at the solid-liquid interface and form large flocs in the upper water layer, providing an excessive flocculation environment for flocculation settling of subsequent tailings slurry. Ultrasonic guidance is not only beneficial for the flocculation settling efficiency in current environment, but also has potential advantages for continuous flocculation settling.

, authors=Hongyu DUAN1, Tenglong HUANG1, 2, Yong SHI1, 3, Weipeng LYU1, authorsList=Hongyu DUAN, Tenglong HUANG, Yong SHI, Weipeng LYU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161600878986132, articleId=1322161596353332078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=超声导流作用下细尾砂快速絮凝沉降机理研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探寻加快细尾砂絮凝沉降速度的方法,在尾砂絮凝沉降时引入超声波技术,将非接触性的声场和微扰动作用于尾砂浆介质,开展基于超声导流的细尾砂絮凝沉降试验。通过分析28 kHz、100 W超声波换能器作用下不同沉降时间尾砂浆固液面高度变化,结合砂仓内部流场模拟,揭示超声导流下尾砂浆浓密沉降机理。结果表明:与自然絮凝沉降相比,超声波可显著提高尾砂浆固液面沉降高度,且在固液面交界面出现小絮团向上运动趋势并在上层水形成大絮团,为后续尾砂浆絮凝沉降提供过量的絮凝环境。超声导流不仅有利于当前环境下的絮凝沉降效率,还对持续絮凝沉降有潜在的优势。

, authors=段弘宇1, 黄腾龙1, 2, 石勇1, 3, 吕伟鹏1, authorsList=段弘宇, 黄腾龙, 石勇, 吕伟鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

段弘宇(2001—),男,湖南郴州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为充填技术、矿山机械。E-mail:

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段弘宇(2001—),男,湖南郴州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为充填技术、矿山机械。E-mail:

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段弘宇(2001—),男,湖南郴州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为充填技术、矿山机械。E-mail:

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Wuhan: Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 2021., articleTitle=Study on the aggregation and settlement behavior of lead-zinc tailings particles under the action of ultrasonic pretreatment and composite flocculant, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322161608445510612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, awardId=2023YFC2907203, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907203), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322161608533590997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, awardId=ZX24J070, language=CN, fundingSource=长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司科创项目(ZX24J070), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322161601130644373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322161601143227286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161608030274511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同步长下水流流度云图, figureFileSmall=m9pnsavo7tezzORiQx1ZGw==, figureFileBig=jlWUEi+JnVpbgPxldIPaCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161608109966288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical parameters of tailings

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堆积密度/(g/cm3)孔隙度/%密度/(g/cm3)松散孔隙度/%密实孔隙度/%
1.3150.932.6715.810.72
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尾砂物理参数

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堆积密度/(g/cm3)孔隙度/%密度/(g/cm3)松散孔隙度/%密实孔隙度/%
1.3150.932.6715.810.72
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Height of solid-liquid surface at different settling time

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沉降时间/s自由沉降/cm不同超声波作用时刻下固液面高度/cm
0 min1 min3 min5 min
1030.530.632.032.632.3
2026.126.929.130.629.4
3023.123.026.128.527.3
4020.721.123.826.824.1
5019.819.821.824.923.4
6018.418.720.323.121.0
9016.716.718.019.718.4
12015.515.616.717.416.9
15014.814.815.616.215.6
18014.314.215.115.315.1
24013.813.614.114.214.2
30013.313.013.413.413.6
36013.012.713.012.813.1
42012.812.412.712.512.7
48012.512.312.512.112.5
54012.412.112.311.912.2
60012.211.912.111.712.0
90011.811.511.611.211.5
1 20011.611.311.310.811.2
1 50011.511.111.110.711.0
1 80011.411.011.010.610.9
), ArticleFig(id=1322161608319681491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同沉降时间固液面高度

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沉降时间/s自由沉降/cm不同超声波作用时刻下固液面高度/cm
0 min1 min3 min5 min
1030.530.632.032.632.3
2026.126.929.130.629.4
3023.123.026.128.527.3
4020.721.123.826.824.1
5019.819.821.824.923.4
6018.418.720.323.121.0
9016.716.718.019.718.4
12015.515.616.717.416.9
15014.814.815.616.215.6
18014.314.215.115.315.1
24013.813.614.114.214.2
30013.313.013.413.413.6
36013.012.713.012.813.1
42012.812.412.712.512.7
48012.512.312.512.112.5
54012.412.112.311.912.2
60012.211.912.111.712.0
90011.811.511.611.211.5
1 20011.611.311.310.811.2
1 50011.511.111.110.711.0
1 80011.411.011.010.610.9
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超声导流作用下细尾砂快速絮凝沉降机理研究
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段弘宇 1 , 黄腾龙 1, 2 , 石勇 1, 3 , 吕伟鹏 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(8): 79-85
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (8) : 79 -85
超声导流作用下细尾砂快速絮凝沉降机理研究
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[Author(id=1322161602988721055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=duanhongyv@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322161603076801441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, authorId=1322161602988721055, language=EN, stringName=Hongyu DUAN, firstName=Hongyu, middleName=null, lastName=DUAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322161603143910306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161596353332078, authorId=1322161602988721055, language=CN, stringName=段弘宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012, bio={"content":"

段弘宇(2001—),男,湖南郴州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为充填技术、矿山机械。E-mail:

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段弘宇(2001—),男,湖南郴州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为充填技术、矿山机械。E-mail:

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段弘宇1 , 黄腾龙1, 2, 石勇1, 3, 吕伟鹏1
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.湖南省矿山固废综合利用工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
作者简介:

段弘宇(2001—),男,湖南郴州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为充填技术、矿山机械。E-mail:

Study on the Mechanism of Rapid Flocculation Settling of Fine Tailings Under Ultrasonic Guidance
Hongyu DUAN1 , Tenglong HUANG1, 2, Yong SHI1, 3, Weipeng LYU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.Hunan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Mining Solid Waste Comprehensive Utilization, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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为探寻加快细尾砂絮凝沉降速度的方法,在尾砂絮凝沉降时引入超声波技术,将非接触性的声场和微扰动作用于尾砂浆介质,开展基于超声导流的细尾砂絮凝沉降试验。通过分析28 kHz、100 W超声波换能器作用下不同沉降时间尾砂浆固液面高度变化,结合砂仓内部流场模拟,揭示超声导流下尾砂浆浓密沉降机理。结果表明:与自然絮凝沉降相比,超声波可显著提高尾砂浆固液面沉降高度,且在固液面交界面出现小絮团向上运动趋势并在上层水形成大絮团,为后续尾砂浆絮凝沉降提供过量的絮凝环境。超声导流不仅有利于当前环境下的絮凝沉降效率,还对持续絮凝沉降有潜在的优势。

絮凝沉降  /  超声导流  /  细尾砂  /  浓密机理

In order to explore methods to accelerate the flocculation settling of fine tailings, ultrasonic technology was introduced during the flocculation settling of tailings. Non-contact sound fields and perturbation actions were applied to the tailings slurry medium to conduct tests on flocculation settling of fine tailings based on ultrasonic guidance. By analyzing the variation of height of solid-liquid of tailings slurry under the action of 28 kHz and 100 W ultrasonic transducers at different settling times, combined with the simulation of the internal flow field of the sand silo, the mechanism of flocculation settling of tailings slurry under ultrasonic guidance was revealed. The results show that compared with natural flocculation settling, ultrasound can significantly increase the settling height of the solid-liquid surface of tailings slurry, and small flocs tend to move upward at the solid-liquid interface and form large flocs in the upper water layer, providing an excessive flocculation environment for flocculation settling of subsequent tailings slurry. Ultrasonic guidance is not only beneficial for the flocculation settling efficiency in current environment, but also has potential advantages for continuous flocculation settling.

Flocculation settling  /  Ultrasonic guidance  /  Fine tailings  /  Thickening mechanism
段弘宇, 黄腾龙, 石勇, 吕伟鹏. 超声导流作用下细尾砂快速絮凝沉降机理研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 79 -85 .
Hongyu DUAN, Tenglong HUANG, Yong SHI, Weipeng LYU. Study on the Mechanism of Rapid Flocculation Settling of Fine Tailings Under Ultrasonic Guidance[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 79 -85 .
随着社会经济的快速发展,矿产资源大规模开发已成为必然趋势。为解决矿产资源开发与环境保护之间的矛盾,充填采矿法因其具有绿色、高效的特点而成为矿山开发的首要选择[1-3]。在充填采矿中,膏体充填为主要发展方向,相比于传统胶结充填,膏体充填料浆在泵送入采场后不会出现离析现象且固化后充填体强度更高,既能避免井下水污染的危害,又能提高采场稳定性。以膏体浓密机为代表的尾砂沉降浓缩设备是现代膏体充填的主要装备,主要功能是实现固体颗粒快速脱水以及沉降。但随着矿山开发规模的逐步扩大和充填量的增加,亟需大能力、快沉降的浓密方法和装备。目前,加快尾砂沉降的方法主要有提高浓密机内沉砂的高度、提前混入一定的絮凝剂等,但由于选矿工艺要求的提高,尾砂集料多为细尾砂或超细尾砂,这既增加了快速沉降难度,也易引发板结和垮塌的风险。因此,探寻加快浓密沉降速度的新方法已成为当前亟待解决的关键问题。
超声波作为一种特殊的能量输入方式,凭借其方向性好、能量集中、穿透能力强等特点被广泛应用于环境、化工、医学、矿业等领域[4-5],其能量与介质的相互作用主要表现为机械作用、空化作用以及热效应[6-7]。目前,国内外学者在超声波对颗粒沉降的影响研究方面已取得一定进展。OZKAN等[8]研究发现,超声波处理可降低天青石悬浮液中颗粒的表面电荷,高功率超声波短期作用有利于悬浮液的凝结。ÖNAL等[9]探究了超声波作用时间对底流浓度的影响,发现超声处理对黏土沉降有促进作用。魏钊等[10]研究发现超声波的功率大小及在全尾砂浆沉降过程中的施加时刻均会对全尾砂浆沉降效果产生影响,这种影响甚至会对全尾砂浆的浓密沉降起到反作用。张婷等[11]开展了超声波对白钨浮选以及沉降速率的影响研究,发现相较于自然沉降,超声波作用后的白钨矿浆温度上升,浮选速率加快,尾水沉降速率得到了一定的改善。彭青松等[12]探究超声波频率与底流浓度的复杂关系,提高超声波频率有利于增加底流浓度。上述研究表明,超声导流有助于尾砂浆的浓密沉降,然而,现有研究多集中于全尾砂或粗颗粒尾砂,缺少超声导流对细尾砂絮凝沉降的影响研究。此外,多数研究仅通过后处理的方式分析试验数据,缺少对试验现象作用机理的研究,在工业持续性絮凝沉降指导方面存在一定的不足。
为揭示超声导流下细尾砂絮凝沉降机理,探寻超声导流下尾砂浆运动状态,采用超声导流试验结合数值模拟计算,探究在28 kHz、100 W超声波换能器不同时间段作用下,尾砂浆的沉降速率变化规律,通过用户自定义函数(UDF)模拟超声波声场对砂仓内流场的作用,揭示不同作用时间段下砂仓内尾砂浆浆体流动情况。
试验所用尾砂集料取自江西某铅锌矿,粒径分布如图1所示,基本物理性质见表1。尾砂样品中粒径小于74.0 μm(-200目)的尾砂颗粒占比约为74%,粒径小于31.1 μm的尾砂颗粒占比约为50%,根据尾砂颗粒级配分析,该尾砂属于细尾砂。
经过絮凝剂筛选试验,最终选择长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司自研的CKYD-10S#作为沉降试验的絮凝剂。
浓密机试验系统包括浓密机模型、超声波发生器、超声波换能器。模型高度为450 mm,底面尺寸为160 mm×160 mm,在模型两侧布置超声波换能器,换能器圆心距底面120 mm。为方便观察超声波导流下尾砂浆沉降情况,模型的一面采用亚克力板。试验系统如图2所示。
超声导流下细尾砂絮凝沉降试验步骤如下:
(1)按照试验设计安装超声波换能器,换能器频率为28 kHz,功率为100 W,调节发生器输出功率为100 W;
(2)称量2.0 kg的尾砂和8.0 kg的水,并添加160 g的絮凝剂配制质量浓度为20%的尾砂浆(经前期探索性试验,质量浓度为20%尾砂浆最优絮凝剂单耗为40 g/t,浓度为0.1‰);
(3)尾砂浆完全进入浓密机模型内部后开始计时,分别在沉降0 min、1 min、3 min、5 min时开启超声波,作用时长为5 min;
(4)观察不同沉降时间下固液面沉降高度,并记录数据。
表2为在不同沉降时间模型内的固液面高度,由表2自由沉降的数据可以发现,由干涉沉降阶段进入浓密压缩阶段(沉降5 min内),固液面高度变化大,是决定絮凝沉降效果的关键时刻;而在絮凝沉降的后期(10~30 min),平均每分钟固液面高度变化仅为0.04 cm,表明此阶段对絮凝沉降效果的影响较小。通过对比施加超声波前后的固液面高度数据可以看出,相比于自由沉降,从沉降开始施加超声波(沉降0 min时)作用的固液面高度在前2 min变化较小,而在2 min后其变化略大。产生这一现象的原因是超声波的空化效应会在液体内部产生大量小气泡,这些气泡随着声压的变化振荡、生长并不断聚集直至破灭,产生激波,使液体内部不同区域形成不规则的正负压区,导致尾砂颗粒、胶状絮凝剂以及絮团发生强烈的机械振动。在沉降初期,由于胶状絮凝剂与尾砂颗粒在下降过程中尚未形成稳定的絮团,超声波作用会产生多个方向的拉压应力,使得絮凝剂与尾砂之间的高分子链断裂,无法形成大粒径的絮团,减缓沉降速率;在沉降中后期,随着絮团的不断沉降,在砂仓底部形成一定高度的尾砂浆,超声波空化振动促使脱离尾砂的水不断突破砂层而形成水道,并在横纵向的正余弦无规则波动作用下加速水的向上流动,促进了尾砂浆的沉降。
绘制不同沉降时间固液面高度变化曲线,如图3所示(为方便阅读,仅绘制自由沉降、沉降0 min和1 min时施加超声波的固液面高度变化曲线)。从图3中可以看出,在沉降初始1 min,各沉降方式下尾砂浆的沉降速率均极快,且沉降高度变化呈凹凸状,由最大值减小到极小值后再达到一个新的极大值。这是由于在尾砂浆沉降过程中,已形成一定高度的砂层,絮团所携带的水随着絮团被挤压而排出,从而形成排水通道,加速了砂层中的水向上排出,从而促进尾砂浆的沉降;而当排水通道受压过大,无法突破砂层或周围的尾砂浆排出大部分水时,排水通道关闭,尾砂浆的沉降受阻;但随着排水通道中的水分堆积,排水通道突破上部砂层或由于砂层的密实促使絮团进一步脱水,从而形成新的排水通道,加速絮凝沉降。由此可见,尾砂浓密过程实际为排水通道“形成—破灭—形成”的循环过程,只不过随着底部尾砂浆的含水量减少,排水通道的尺寸和数量也会减少。
图4为超声波作用时间段内固液面沉降高度对比。由图4可知,超声波作用下尾砂浆的固液面沉降高度大于自由沉降。与自由絮凝沉降相比,在沉降0 min、1 min、3 min、5 min时施加5 min超声波作用,固液面沉降高度分别提高了2.33%、35.19%、77.78%、45.45%,即在絮凝沉降时,施加超声波能提高尾砂浆沉降速率。
尾砂浆沉降1 min时施加超声波,观察不同沉降时间尾砂浆浓密现象,如图5所示。由图5(a)可以看出,尾砂浆与上层水有明显的分界线,且上层水清澈。而开启超声波后,在上层水与下层尾砂浆分界处开始出现“浮砂”,并呈现向上运动的趋势,这是因为下层尾砂浆在超声波作用下发生不规则的布朗运动,而尾砂浆上层存在尚未与胶状絮凝剂结合的尾砂颗粒或较小絮团,这些颗粒或絮团受下层尾砂浆向上扰动的作用且自身重力无法克服浮力而出现上浮现象。
当超声波作用1 min后,“浮砂”已扩散至整个上层水中,固液面分界处的“浮砂”仍在向上流动,且在上下“浮砂团”之间形成类似“通道”的结构。这是由于超声波作用不仅持续作用于与仓壁交界区域,而且影响整个仓体,底部尾砂浆受超声波空化作用出现向上运动的趋势,而上层水对声波的衰减效果弱于尾砂浆,导致部分区域空化效应较强而形成“通道”状结构。
试验过程中,尾砂浆顶部沿砂仓模型壁面出现分离区域,上层水顶部会出现小絮团,不断碰撞、对流,形成大絮团,如图6所示。
将浓密机简化为长方体,按试验尺寸为1∶1构建数值模型。流体动力学数值计算需满足质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒3大基本控制方程。其中,质量守恒方程见式(1)。
式中:ρ为密度,kg/m3;t为时间,s;vx、vy、vz分别为速度矢量v在x、y、z方向上分量,m/s。
Navier-Stokes动量守恒方程[13]为:
式中:τxx、τxy、τxz为黏性应力分量;Fx、Fy、Fz为微单元所受的体积力。
考虑流体计算软件难以模拟超声波声场特点,采用动网格的方式,参考超声波换能器中非点声源模型设定声波声场,超声波换能器非点声源模型如图7所示。超声波在介质中的传播方向和范围称为超声波的指向性,可利用指向性函数来表征非点声源超声波换能器声场的分布特征[14],见式(3)。
式中:P为声压函数;Pθ=0为超声波换能器中心垂直方向上的声压函数值;θ为声程r与z轴的夹角。
式中:w为超声波振动的角频率,rad/s;ua为振速幅值;γ为极径;φ为极角,(°);uaej(wt-kh)为换能器振动速度势;k=2π/λ,λ为波长,m;h为远场观测点到单位小面元ds的距离,m;R为超声波换能器半径,m。对于r≫R的区域,h≈r-γcos(γ,r)。
引入贝塞尔函数,令x=krsinθ,P和Pθ=0可表示为:
得出半径为R的换能器指向性函数为:
式中,Pθ为超声波换能器声压函数值。
设定超声波换能器振动频率为28 kHz,振动幅度为0.000 2 m。底部无放砂口且砂仓内部已有混合尾砂浆,采用多相流进行数值模拟分析,图8为不同阶段砂仓内部流速矢量图。模拟结果显示,超声波作用下流体的剧烈运动主要集中于砂仓壁面,这一流动特征最终导致了如图6(a)所示的沉降现象,即沿壁面出现分离区域。
从图8(a)可以看出,在沉降初期砂仓内部的不同部位出现多个小涡流,尤其在换能器处出现较大的不规则运动,这是因为超声波振动引起尾砂浆和水出现对流运动,对流汇聚的水在砂仓壁处出现横向速度转变为纵向向上的速度。距离越小,声波作用能力越强,即在换能器贴壁处,超声波产生的空化作用越强,其正负压差越大,所产生的涡流相对也较大。在超声波作用中期,上层水出现沿砂仓四角向中心流动的涡流,此涡流将携带尾砂浆上层自重较小的絮团沿仓壁向砂仓中心流动,出现如图5所示的上层水浑浊的现象。在超声波作用后期,砂仓内涡流消失,且上部流动相较于底部的流动较多,会出现如图6(b)所示的现象,上层水的絮团逐渐汇聚形成大絮团且无法下沉。这是由于此时尾砂浆已基本密实,相较于上层水,超声波振动以及空化效应在尾砂浆中的效果较小,且由于介质的连续性,上层水也受超声波振动的直接作用,其砂仓顶部特别是仓壁相连处受应力大,导致上层水沿上到下出现“大—小—大”的受力情况,即出现如图5(c)所示的“通道”。
图9为不同步长下流体流速云图。从图9可以发现,尾砂浆在沉砂内部主导流向为向下,在上层澄清水的主导流为向上,在尾砂浆内部的流速变化以换能器为中心逐渐向四周扩散,而在砂仓上层流速变化由砂仓壁交界处向砂仓中心扩散。
图10为不同步长下砂仓下层沉砂内部水流流速云图。从图10可以看出,尾砂浆中絮团向下沉降,水向上排出,且在不同步长下向上和向下流动区域大部分不同,即由于排水通道的形成和破灭,不同时间段排水通道出现的位置也不同[15]。
(1)在不同沉降时刻施加超声波均能有效提高尾砂浆沉降速度,与自由絮凝沉降相比,在沉降0 min、1 min、3 min、5 min时施加5 min频率为28 kHz、功率为100 W的超声波,固液面沉降高度分别提高了2.33%、35.19%、77.78%、45.45%。
(2)不同沉降时间固液面高度变化随着排水通道的无序生成、破灭呈凹凸起伏状,具体表现为:在已形成的砂层中,絮团受压而排水,形成排水通道,加速尾砂浆沉降;而当砂层过高,排水通道受压过大或是周围絮团排出水无法维持排水通道,排水通道关闭,尾砂浆沉降受阻;待水压足够时,絮团进一步排水形成新的贯通式水道,加速絮凝沉降。
(3)在超声波作用下,下层尾砂浆发生不规则的布朗运动向上产生扰动,带动上层尾砂浆中的小絮团向上运动而出现“浮砂”现象,且上层水顶部会出现小絮团,不断碰撞、对流形成大絮团。超声导流不仅可加快尾砂浆的沉降速率,还对持续絮凝沉降有潜在的优势。
(4)料浆制备是充填工业核心工艺,而超声波技术能显著提高细尾砂等难处理骨料的固液分离效率,同时降低絮凝剂消耗量,对提升充填效率和降低成本具有重要意义。后续可进一步探究超声波作用下的颗粒、絮团运动规律及砂仓内尾砂浓度变化规律,开展工业试验,推进工业化应用研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907203)
  • 长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司科创项目(ZX24J070)
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2025年第45卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-13
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907203)
长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司科创项目(ZX24J070)
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    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.湖南省矿山固废综合利用工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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