Article(id=1322161583065780463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157485977, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157485977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157485977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157485977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=37, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161583254524144, articleId=1322161583065780463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization of Open-Pit Bench Blasting Parameters Based on Cylindrical Charge Blasting Crater Test, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the theory of cylindrical charge blasting carter, on-site blasting carter test with variable depth and variable hole spacing were designed and carried out to determine the optimal burial depth and blasting hole spacing. The determined blasting parameters were applied to the coarse sandstone bench of a large open-pit mine in Inner Mongolia. The results indicate that the optimal burial depth range for the cylindrical charge is 1.10 m to 1.16 m, where the energy utilization rate of the charge is high and the volume of the blasting crater is large. The detonation of adjacent cylindrical charges will generate stress wave superposition effect, which gradually weakens and disappears with the increase of hole spacing. The optimal hole spacing is 1.28 m to 1.60 m. The field application results show that the overall shape of the blasting pile is gentle slope, the rock fragmentation is uniform, and the shoveling efficiency is high. Research has confirmed that conducting cylindrical charge blasting crater tests has a guiding significance for optimizing blasting hole network parameters.

, authors=Bo LI1, Yu ZHOU2, 3, Xinlu ZHAO1, Qiang LI3, Tao HU3, Hao WANG3, Jianguo WANG3, 4, authorsList=Bo LI, Yu ZHOU, Xinlu ZHAO, Qiang LI, Tao HU, Hao WANG, Jianguo WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianguo WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161589554368797, articleId=1322161583065780463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于柱状药包爆破漏斗试验的露天台阶爆破参数优化研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于柱状药包爆破漏斗理论,设计并开展了现场单孔柱状药包变孔深和变孔距爆破漏斗试验,得到了较优的药包埋深和爆破孔间距,并将试验确定的爆破参数应用于内蒙古某大型露天矿山粗砂岩台阶。结果表明:药包较优埋深范围为1.10~1.16 m,此时药包能量利用率高,爆破漏斗体积大;相邻柱状药包起爆会产生应力波叠加效应,随着孔间距增大,叠加效应逐渐减弱直至消失,较优孔间距为1.28~1.60 m。现场应用结果表明,爆堆整体呈缓丘状,岩石破碎块度均匀,铲装效率较高。研究证实开展柱状药包爆破漏斗试验对爆破孔网参数优化具有指导意义。

, authors=李波1, 周宇2, 3, 赵鑫璐1, 李强3, 胡涛3, 王浩3, 王建国3, 4, authorsList=李波, 周宇, 赵鑫璐, 李强, 胡涛, 王浩, 王建国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王建国, authorNote=

李波(1979—),男,内蒙古准格尔旗人,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿爆破技术及管理研究工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王建国(1987—),男,河南信阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事爆炸力学、岩石破碎理论与爆破技术应用研究。E-mail:
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李波(1979—),男,内蒙古准格尔旗人,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿爆破技术及管理研究工作。E-mail:

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李波(1979—),男,内蒙古准格尔旗人,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿爆破技术及管理研究工作。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=tDsZErn9HjjjBTiNatg8FQ==, figureFileBig=4a3f8gqNKGRC2AxpfeYoVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161598886695275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=CN, label=图9, caption=现场爆破效果, figureFileSmall=tDsZErn9HjjjBTiNatg8FQ==, figureFileBig=4a3f8gqNKGRC2AxpfeYoVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161598945415532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameters of blasting crater test of single hole with variable depth and actual engineering

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件药柱直径/mm孔深/m药柱高度/m填塞长度/m装药量/kg长径比药包中心埋深/m
实际工程25017.011.06.043244.0011.50
试验322.31.50.81.5(5卷)46.881.55
), ArticleFig(id=1322161599025107309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单孔变孔深爆破漏斗试验与实际工程爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件药柱直径/mm孔深/m药柱高度/m填塞长度/m装药量/kg长径比药包中心埋深/m
实际工程25017.011.06.043244.0011.50
试验322.31.50.81.5(5卷)46.881.55
), ArticleFig(id=1322161599100604782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Charge parameters of blasting crater test of single hole with variable depth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号孔深/m装药量/kg装药高度/m填塞长度/m药包中心埋深/m
2-1#1.71.51.50.20.95
2-2#1.91.51.50.41.15
2-3#2.11.51.50.61.35
2-4#2.31.51.50.81.55
2-5#2.51.51.51.01.75
), ArticleFig(id=1322161599163519343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单孔变孔深爆破漏斗试验装药参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号孔深/m装药量/kg装药高度/m填塞长度/m药包中心埋深/m
2-1#1.71.51.50.20.95
2-2#1.91.51.50.41.15
2-3#2.11.51.50.61.35
2-4#2.31.51.50.81.55
2-5#2.51.51.51.01.75
), ArticleFig(id=1322161599327097200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Data of blasting crater test of single hole with variable depth on the rock bench

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号装药量/kg孔深/m药包中心埋深/m爆破漏斗半径/m爆破漏斗深度/m爆破漏斗体积/m3单位炸药爆破漏斗体积/(m3/kg)
2-1#1.51.70.950.480.460.420.28
2-2#1.51.91.150.640.680.610.41
2-3#1.52.11.350.530.530.520.35
2-4#1.52.31.550.530.350.330.22
2-5#1.52.51.750.410.210.150.10
), ArticleFig(id=1322161599402594673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩石台阶单孔爆破漏斗试验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号装药量/kg孔深/m药包中心埋深/m爆破漏斗半径/m爆破漏斗深度/m爆破漏斗体积/m3单位炸药爆破漏斗体积/(m3/kg)
2-1#1.51.70.950.480.460.420.28
2-2#1.51.91.150.640.680.610.41
2-3#1.52.11.350.530.530.520.35
2-4#1.52.31.550.530.350.330.22
2-5#1.52.51.750.410.210.150.10
), ArticleFig(id=1322161599545201010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters of blasting crater test of variable hole spacing on the rock bench

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号孔深/m装药量/kg填塞长度/m药包中心埋深/m孔间距/m
3-1#1.911.50.411.16—
3-2#1.911.50.411.161.28
3-3#1.911.50.411.161.60
3-4#1.911.50.411.161.92
3-5#1.911.50.411.162.24
), ArticleFig(id=1322161599729750387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

岩石台阶变孔距爆破漏斗试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号孔深/m装药量/kg填塞长度/m药包中心埋深/m孔间距/m
3-1#1.911.50.411.16—
3-2#1.911.50.411.161.28
3-3#1.911.50.411.161.60
3-4#1.911.50.411.161.92
3-5#1.911.50.411.162.24
), ArticleFig(id=1322161599817830772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Data of blasting crater test of variable hole spacing on the rock bench

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号孔间距与最佳漏斗直径之比爆破沟槽/岩脊中心宽度/m相邻漏斗的叠加情况描述
3-1#———
3-2#1.000.75(沟槽)叠加效果明显,形成联通的沟槽。
3-3#1.250.16(岩脊)有叠加效果,但中间留有岩脊。
3-4#1.500.51(岩脊)有叠加效果,但不显著,中间岩脊较宽。
3-5#2.161.22(岩脊)无叠加效果,两炮孔独立作用。
), ArticleFig(id=1322161599884939637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

岩石台阶变孔距爆破漏斗试验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号孔间距与最佳漏斗直径之比爆破沟槽/岩脊中心宽度/m相邻漏斗的叠加情况描述
3-1#———
3-2#1.000.75(沟槽)叠加效果明显,形成联通的沟槽。
3-3#1.250.16(岩脊)有叠加效果,但中间留有岩脊。
3-4#1.500.51(岩脊)有叠加效果,但不显著,中间岩脊较宽。
3-5#2.161.22(岩脊)无叠加效果,两炮孔独立作用。
), ArticleFig(id=1322161600157569399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Field blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性孔距/m排距/m孔深/m单孔装药量/kg装药长度/m填塞长度/m孔间延期时间/ms排间延期时间/ms
粗砂岩12.56.01745010.56.542100
), ArticleFig(id=1322161600245649784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161583065780463, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

现场爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性孔距/m排距/m孔深/m单孔装药量/kg装药长度/m填塞长度/m孔间延期时间/ms排间延期时间/ms
粗砂岩12.56.01745010.56.542100
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基于柱状药包爆破漏斗试验的露天台阶爆破参数优化研究
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李波 1 , 周宇 2, 3 , 赵鑫璐 1 , 李强 3 , 胡涛 3 , 王浩 3 , 王建国 3, 4
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(8): 37-44
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (8) : 37 -44
基于柱状药包爆破漏斗试验的露天台阶爆破参数优化研究
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李波(1979—),男,内蒙古准格尔旗人,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿爆破技术及管理研究工作。E-mail:

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李波(1979—),男,内蒙古准格尔旗人,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿爆破技术及管理研究工作。E-mail:

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李波1 , 周宇2, 3, 赵鑫璐1, 李强3, 胡涛3, 王浩3, 王建国3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.国能准能集团有限责任公司 黑岱沟露天煤矿,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯市 010300
  • 2.国能准能集团有限责任公司 哈尔乌素露天煤矿,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯市 010300
  • 3.昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
  • 4.云南省教育厅爆破新技术工程研究中心,云南 昆明 650093
通讯作者:
王建国(1987—),男,河南信阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事爆炸力学、岩石破碎理论与爆破技术应用研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

李波(1979—),男,内蒙古准格尔旗人,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿爆破技术及管理研究工作。E-mail:

Optimization of Open-Pit Bench Blasting Parameters Based on Cylindrical Charge Blasting Crater Test
Bo LI1 , Yu ZHOU2, 3, Xinlu ZHAO1, Qiang LI3, Tao HU3, Hao WANG3, Jianguo WANG3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Heidaigou Open-Pit Coal Mine, CHN Energy Zhunneng Group Co., Ltd., Ordos, Inner Mongolia 010300, China
  • 2.Haerwusu Open-Pit Coal Mine, CHN Energy Zhunneng Group Co., Ltd., Ordos, Inner Mongolia 010300, China
  • 3.Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
  • 4.Advanced Blasting Technology Engineering Research Center of Yunnan Province Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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基于柱状药包爆破漏斗理论,设计并开展了现场单孔柱状药包变孔深和变孔距爆破漏斗试验,得到了较优的药包埋深和爆破孔间距,并将试验确定的爆破参数应用于内蒙古某大型露天矿山粗砂岩台阶。结果表明:药包较优埋深范围为1.10~1.16 m,此时药包能量利用率高,爆破漏斗体积大;相邻柱状药包起爆会产生应力波叠加效应,随着孔间距增大,叠加效应逐渐减弱直至消失,较优孔间距为1.28~1.60 m。现场应用结果表明,爆堆整体呈缓丘状,岩石破碎块度均匀,铲装效率较高。研究证实开展柱状药包爆破漏斗试验对爆破孔网参数优化具有指导意义。

柱状药包  /  爆破漏斗试验  /  露天台阶爆破  /  相似准则  /  参数优化

Based on the theory of cylindrical charge blasting carter, on-site blasting carter test with variable depth and variable hole spacing were designed and carried out to determine the optimal burial depth and blasting hole spacing. The determined blasting parameters were applied to the coarse sandstone bench of a large open-pit mine in Inner Mongolia. The results indicate that the optimal burial depth range for the cylindrical charge is 1.10 m to 1.16 m, where the energy utilization rate of the charge is high and the volume of the blasting crater is large. The detonation of adjacent cylindrical charges will generate stress wave superposition effect, which gradually weakens and disappears with the increase of hole spacing. The optimal hole spacing is 1.28 m to 1.60 m. The field application results show that the overall shape of the blasting pile is gentle slope, the rock fragmentation is uniform, and the shoveling efficiency is high. Research has confirmed that conducting cylindrical charge blasting crater tests has a guiding significance for optimizing blasting hole network parameters.

Cylindrical charge  /  Blasting crater test  /  Open-pit bench blasting  /  Similarity criterion  /  Parameter optimization
李波, 周宇, 赵鑫璐, 李强, 胡涛, 王浩, 王建国. 基于柱状药包爆破漏斗试验的露天台阶爆破参数优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 37 -44 .
Bo LI, Yu ZHOU, Xinlu ZHAO, Qiang LI, Tao HU, Hao WANG, Jianguo WANG. Optimization of Open-Pit Bench Blasting Parameters Based on Cylindrical Charge Blasting Crater Test[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 37 -44 .
爆破作为一种高效率、低成本的施工方法,被广泛应用于矿山开采中。目前大型露天矿山主要采用深孔台阶爆破进行剥离和开采作业,且普遍采用柱状药包装药方式。实践证明,与集中装药方式相比,柱状装药能更有效地促进爆破能量的均匀分布与充分利用,从而更精确地实现预期爆破效果。然而,药包几何形状的改变显著增加了爆破反应过程中的不均匀性,导致其爆破作用机制与效应更为复杂多变[1]。学者们采用理论分析、室内模型试验、数值模拟等方法对柱状药包的爆破特点进行了研究。郭洋等[2]借助高速摄影技术与数值模拟方法,深入探究了在不同起爆位置下柱状药包爆破所产生的裂纹扩展路径以及由此引发的损伤破坏效应之间的差异。雷涛等[3]基于Starfield迭加原理,开展柱状药包迭加应力场及岩体裂隙分布数值模拟研究,得到柱状药包的应力波沿着传爆方向叠加较强,裂隙分布范围也随着传爆方向逐渐增大,揭示了柱状药包不同传爆方向下岩体裂隙分布的方向效应机制。袁本胜等[4]通过对某露天矿山进行爆破应力实测,并将理论分析与现场试验相结合,得出了在露天矿山中使用柱状药包进行爆破时,爆破应力波有所衰减的结论。
爆破漏斗理论是岩土爆破的基础理论,通过在爆破现场开展系列爆破漏斗试验可得到炸药与岩石的匹配关系,进而对孔网参数和炸药单耗进行优化设计。杜镀[5]通过小比例模型试验结合数值模拟方法,对不同长径比的柱状药包在给定填塞长度条件下爆破漏斗的体积、单耗变化以及飞散物抛掷速度进行了研究。张津鹏等[6]基于利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论进行高寒地区现场冻煤层爆破漏斗试验,采用灰色关联度方法分析出装药量、孔深等不同爆破参数对爆破漏斗效果的影响程度。马俊杰等[7]采用柱状药包对某锡矿地下采场进行系列爆破漏斗试验,优化了原爆破参数并取得了良好的实际应用效果。许登伟等[8]针对某露天采场的3种岩性的矿岩分别开展了系列爆破漏斗试验,获得了不同岩性条件下炸药的最佳埋深及相应爆破漏斗的最佳半径等关键数据,并依据相似准则换算得到了合理的爆破参数组,现场应用后爆破效果得到了显著提升。
由上述研究成果可知,尽管柱状药包与集中药包在爆破破碎的基本原理上差异性较小,但两者在爆破应力波的传播特性上存在显著的差异,具体表现在应力波衰减规律、参数特征、应力空间分布以及最终形成的爆破漏斗形状与体积等方面[9-10]。目前,大多数爆破漏斗试验基于集中药包开展,由此获得的炸药最佳埋深、最佳爆破漏斗半径、最佳孔间距等参数不能直接应用于采用柱状药包的露天台阶深孔爆破。同时,由于集中药包爆破漏斗试验无法严格按照相似准则开展,其试验数据与工程实际之间的对应关系存在一定的局限性。本文基于柱状药包爆破漏斗理论,设计并开展了符合相似准则的柱状药包爆破漏斗试验,旨在建立柱状药包爆破漏斗试验数据与露天台阶深孔爆破参数之间的对应关系,为露天台阶爆破参数优化提供指导。
20世纪50年代,LⅣINGSTON通过系统的集中药包爆破漏斗试验,建立了以能量分配为核心的利氏爆破漏斗理论。该理论指出,在炸药量恒定时,随着药包埋深减小,岩石吸收的爆破能量占比降低,而空气逸散能量占比增加。具体表现为:当药包埋深较浅时,爆炸能量高效作用于钻孔周边岩石,产生岩石抛掷并形成典型爆破漏斗;随着药包埋深增加,此漏斗状破坏区的体积呈先增大后减小的趋势;药包埋深进一步增加,爆破能量将完全作用于岩石,不再形成可观测的漏斗状破坏形态[11]。
利氏爆破漏斗理论定义了两种关键的埋置深度:爆破作用仅引起岩石表面产生细微裂痕,而未能显著形成爆破漏斗时,此时药包的埋置深度称为临界埋深;爆破作用使得漏斗体积达到最大值,此时的药包埋置深度称为最佳埋深[12]。其计算见式(1)、式(2)。
式中:Le为药包临界埋深,m;Q为药包质量,kg;Eb为岩石的弹性变形系数;Lj为药包最佳埋深,m;Qj为最佳药量,kg;Δj为最佳深度比,即最佳埋深与临界埋深的比值,对于特定岩石,Δj为一个定值。
相较于集中药包,柱状药包在爆破作用上具有两个显著特征:一是冲击波阵面呈柱面波形态,能量主要沿垂直于药包轴线的方向扩散,其能流密度随距离呈平方反比衰减,这一特性使得柱状药包在均匀介质中产生的爆炸效应及其相关物理量表现出明显的轴对称分布特征;二是在不考虑重力、黏聚力等外部因素影响条件下,柱状药包的爆炸作用遵循几何相似规律和平方根比例定律。
对此,基于利氏爆破漏斗理论,重新定义柱状药包爆破漏斗理论的相关参数[13-14],见式(3)至式(5)。
式中:He为柱状药包临界埋深,m;q为柱状药包线装药密度,kg/m;Hj为柱状药包最佳埋深,m;W为最小抵抗线,m。
内蒙古某大型露天矿岩石台阶1 060 m平盘主要岩性为粗砂岩,钻孔直径为250 mm,采用铵油炸药进行爆破。为便于计算和选取材料,以几何相似比为7.8为基础设计单孔变孔深爆破漏斗试验。由于铵油炸药临界直径较大(炸药厂要求孔径大于76 mm),因此选择直径为32 mm的乳化炸药药卷进行装药。具体装药流程如下:首先将5卷直径为32 mm的乳化炸药药卷装入内径为45 mm、长度为1.5 m的PVC管内,制成总药量为1.5 kg的柱状药包;将数码电子雷管插入最底端药卷中,并将制作好的柱状药包放入炮孔并固定在孔中部位置;最后用炮泥进行填塞。装药结构如图1所示。
由于试验与实际工程使用不同炸药,因此炸药单耗和线装药密度需使用爆力值进行动力相似换算[15]。试验的爆破动力相似常数e为:
式中:qlm、qlp分别为试验和实际工程的线装药密度,kg/m;Am、Ap分别为试验和实际工程炸药的爆力值,mL;c为换算系数。
试验采用2#岩石乳化炸药,其爆力值为260 mL,实际工程中使用的多孔粒状铵油炸药爆力值为320 mL,得到换算系数c=1.23。实际工程中每孔铵油炸药的装药量为432 kg,依据上述几何相似和动力相似原理,可得爆破漏斗试验中乳化炸药的等效装药量为1.12 kg。分析表明,当试验装药量为1.12 kg时,装药高度几何相似比约为9.17。装药高度反映了药包中心埋深(抵抗线)这一关键参数,经综合考虑,为优先保证药包中心埋深(抵抗线)满足7.8 的几何相似比,最终确定试验装药高度为1.5 m(5 卷炸药), 此时各项参数 (见表1) 均能较好地满足相似性要求。
本次单孔变深孔爆破漏斗试验共设置5种孔深工况,分别为1.70 m、1.90 m、2.10 m、2.30 m和2.50 m,药包中心埋深范围为0.95~1.75 m,具体装药参数见表2。为避免相邻炮孔间应力波叠加对爆破漏斗成型造成不利影响,将相邻炮孔间距设为5.0 m。试验采用数码电子雷管实施逐孔起爆,孔间延期时间为500 ms。
单孔变孔深爆破漏斗试验布孔如图2所示。
基于单孔变孔深爆破漏斗试验确定的最佳药包中心埋深,开展变孔距爆破漏斗试验,求出在炮孔联合作用下的最小单位炸药消耗量和最佳孔间距。
试验时,炮孔深度为单孔爆破漏斗试验的最佳埋深,炮孔间距依次设置为单孔爆破最佳漏斗直径D的1.0倍、1.25倍、1.50倍和1.75倍[16]。各孔装药量、装药结构与单孔爆破漏斗试验一致,采用数码电子雷管一次同段起爆。炮孔布置如图3所示。
起爆后,待炮烟散去且爆区解除警报,方可进入试验区域,用铁锹清理爆破漏斗内已破碎的岩块及漏斗周围的浮石。在测量爆破漏斗半径时,按照45°的间隔分别量取了8个不同角度下的漏斗半径R[17],取其平均值作为该爆破漏斗的半径。
计算爆破漏斗体积时先按抛物线法计算漏斗各断面的面积Si,再按棱台体计算爆破漏斗体积V[18]。如图4所示,将爆破漏斗按照100 mm间距等分为m个棱台,每个棱台的上下表面为一个测量断面,第j个棱台上、下表面的面积分别为Sj、Sj+1;将上述爆破漏斗断面按100 mm间距等分为n份(n为偶数),并以垂直炮孔轴线的平面作为基准面,分别在爆破前后按100 mm的间距测量原始自由面和漏斗轮廓距基准面的距离,其差值即为各测点爆破深度,记为y0、y1、…、yn。
各断面的面积为:
式中:Sj为第j个断面的面积(j=1,2,…,m+1),m2;B为等分间距,B=100 mm。
求出各断面面积后,计算各棱台体积:
式中:Vj为第j个棱台体积,m3;h为棱台高度,h=100 mm。
则爆破漏斗体积V为:
为提高爆破漏斗各断面深度测量精度,制作了100 mm×100 mm的半透明网格布,采用户外专用高精度激光测距仪进行测量,现场测量如图5所示。
单孔变孔深爆破漏斗试验效果如图6所示。
通过现场测量和计算,得到岩石台阶单孔变孔深爆破漏斗试验数据,见表3。
由表3可知,当炮孔深度为2.5 m(药包中心埋深为1.75 m)时,爆破漏斗体积为0.15 m3,未能显著形成爆破漏斗,此时岩石表面未发生破坏,通过回归计算,确定临界埋深He为2.0 m。
为了更精确地表征爆破漏斗的特性,基于表3试验数据,分别以单位炸药爆破漏斗体积V/Q、爆破漏斗半径R、爆破漏斗深度L为纵坐标,埋深比Δ(各药包中心埋深Hj与临界深度He之比)为横坐标,绘制到岩石台阶的爆破特性曲线,如图7所示。
基于最小二乘法原理对试验数据进行回归分析,求得单位炸药爆破漏斗体积与埋深比、爆破漏斗半径与埋深比、漏斗深度与埋深比的多项表达式为:
多项表达式相关系数均超过0.99,说明相关性较好。
从图7可以看出,单位炸药爆破漏斗体积、爆破漏斗半径和爆破漏斗深度与埋深比的拟合曲线均呈中间凸起、两端下落的形态,其中最佳药包埋深为单位炸药爆破漏斗体积变化的转折点,此时药包能量利用率最高,所形成的爆破漏斗体积最大。
对多项式求导确定极值点,得到炸药的最佳埋深为1.16 m,爆破漏斗体积为0.61 m3,炸药单耗为2.46 kg/m3,最大爆破漏斗半径为0.64 m,最大爆破漏斗深度为0.69 m,最佳深度比为 0.58。
综合上述分析,试验条件下药包的最佳埋深为1.16 m,较优埋深范围为1.10~1.16 m。依据相似准则及柱状药包爆破漏斗的平方根相似率计算可得,实际生产过程中,对于250 mm孔径工况,最佳抵抗线为6.53 m,较优抵抗线范围为6.19~6.53 m。
基于单孔变孔深爆破漏斗试验确定的最佳药包埋置深度和最佳爆破漏斗半径,得到变孔距爆破漏斗试验参数,见表4。
按照表4方案钻孔、装药、填塞起爆后,清理爆破漏斗内已经破碎的岩块和爆破漏斗周围的浮石,爆破漏斗形态如图8所示。
测量并统计每组试验的爆破漏斗深度、漏斗直径、爆破沟槽/脊柱中心宽度等数据,见表5。
由图8和表5可知,当孔距为1.00D时,相邻炮孔爆破后的爆破漏斗应力波叠加效应显著,炮孔间不存在明显岩脊隔断,在沿炮孔中心的连线上形成了贯通的沟槽,沟槽宽度为0.75 m,大于1倍最佳漏斗半径,岩石破碎效果较好(图8(a));随着炮孔间距离的增大,沟槽的宽度和深度会随之减小,当孔距增大到1.25D时,两孔间炸药爆炸产生的应力波也产生了叠加效应,但不足以使两个爆破漏斗联通,在两孔之间形成了宽度为0.16 m的岩脊(图8(b));当孔距增大到1.5D时,两孔间形成的岩脊宽度为0.51 m,仍小于两个单孔独立作用下的岩脊宽度,该现象表明两孔间存在应力波的叠加效应,有助于增强岩石破碎(如图8(c)),但此时两孔间的炸药能量不足,在实际爆破作业中容易产生大块和根底;随着孔间距继续增大至1.75D,两孔间应力波叠加效应消失,相邻炮孔间会形成明显的岩脊,爆破漏斗之间相互独立且未连接成槽(见图8(d))。
综合变孔距爆破漏斗试验的爆破效果、爆破体积及相邻炮孔孔间沟槽、岩脊的变化,确定试验条件下岩石台阶较优孔间距为1.28~1.60 m,该范围内相邻炮孔炸药爆炸产生的应力波能够有效叠加,炸药爆炸能量得到充分利用,且岩石破碎效果较好,不易产生大块和根底。
根据相似原理,确定实际爆破工程中的最佳孔间距为9.98~12.48 m。
将上述系列爆破漏斗试验确定的较优爆破参数应用于内蒙古某露天矿山1 075 m平台粗砂岩生产区域进行现场验证,现场试验参数见表6。采用WipFrag软件对爆堆形态进行处理,如图9所示。
现场爆破质量要求工作平盘保持平顺,采挖100 m范围内不存在高度超过0.5 m的伞檐,且大块数量不得超过5块;采挖50 m范围内不存在高度超过1.5 m或面积大于5 m2的根底;爆堆整体形态应呈缓丘状,隆起高度不超过3.0 m(最佳隆起高度为1.2 m),爆堆前伸距离应小于12 m。
矿山采用WK-55电铲进行采掘作业,根据设备斗容和最小单边尺寸参数要求,岩石块度不得超过2.90 m。通过对爆破效果进行跟踪观察发现,爆堆整体呈缓丘状,松散程度适中,能够随着铲装作业的进行自然散落;岩石破碎块度均匀,未出现影响铲装效率的大块。实测数据显示,电铲单次作业循环时间为44.76 s,铲装效率较高。
基于柱状药包爆破漏斗理论,在内蒙古某大型露天矿山岩石台阶开展了单孔变孔深及变孔距爆破漏斗试验,根据试验结果得到了适用于现场的爆破孔网参数,并进行了现场验证,得出以下主要结论。
(1)单孔变孔深爆破漏斗试验结果表明,孔深较大时不能形成爆破漏斗,单位炸药爆破漏斗体积、爆破漏斗半径、爆破漏斗深度与埋深比的爆破特性拟合曲线均呈中间凸起、两端下落的形态,最佳药包埋深为单位炸药爆破漏斗体积变化的转折点,此时药包能量利用率最高,所形成的爆破漏斗体积最大。试验条件下较优埋深范围为1.10~1.16 m,确定实际爆破工程中较优抵抗线范围为6.19~6.53 m。
(2)变孔距爆破漏斗试验结果表明,相邻柱状药包起爆会产生应力波叠加效应,岩石破碎效果好,随着孔间距增大,叠加效应逐渐减弱直至消失。试验条件下岩石台阶较优孔间距为1.28~1.60 m,确定实际爆破工程中孔间距为9.98~12.48 m。
(3)将试验确定的爆破参数应用于现场爆破,爆堆整体呈缓丘状,松散程度适中,岩石破碎块度均匀,显著减少了影响铲装的大块,铲装效率得到提升。开展柱状药包爆破漏斗试验对爆破孔网参数优化具有指导意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52274083)
  • 云南省基础研究计划面上项目(202201AT070178)
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2025年第45卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52274083)
云南省基础研究计划面上项目(202201AT070178)
作者信息
    1.国能准能集团有限责任公司 黑岱沟露天煤矿,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯市 010300
    2.国能准能集团有限责任公司 哈尔乌素露天煤矿,内蒙古 鄂尔多斯市 010300
    3.昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
    4.云南省教育厅爆破新技术工程研究中心,云南 昆明 650093

通讯作者:

王建国(1987—),男,河南信阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事爆炸力学、岩石破碎理论与爆破技术应用研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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