Article(id=1322161578309436156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728057600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157484842, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157484842, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157484842, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157484842, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=45, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161578636591869, articleId=1322161578309436156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization Design of Open-Pit Mine Road Based on Truck Fuel Consumption Law, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the stripping transportation cost of open-pit mines and realize the efficient flow of stripping materials, the optimization design of open-pit mine road was studied. Firstly, the current situation of open-pit mine road optimization design was analyzed, and an open-pit mine road optimization design method based on truck fuel consumption law was proposed. The fuel consumption equivalent coefficient was introduced to reflect the fuel consumption of trucks under various slope conditions, which was convenient for accurate estimation of fuel consumption cost. Secondly, based on the measured fuel consumption data of trucks in an open-pit mine, the fuel consumption characteristics on heavy-haul uphill and no-load downhill for trucks under different slopes were quantitatively analyzed. Finally, according to the fuel consumption law of MT3700 truck, a design method of combined slope was explored by optimizing the slope and slope length of flat road section, and the optimization strategy of open-pit mine road was proposed. The results show that the truck transportation distance of open-pit mine should be controlled within 3.5 km as much as possible, and about 2 km is the best transportation distance. The fuel consumption generated after exceeding 3.5 km generally increases, and the growth rate is faster. The mine road design should reduce the height difference as much as possible and control the height difference within 160 m, among which the fuel consumption efficiency is the highest when the height difference is 80 m. The slope of the mine road is not sensitive to fuel consumption, so the overall slope of the mine transportation road can be appropriately increased to reduce the transportation distance to reduce fuel consumption.

, authors=Jinlong GAO1, Bahedal REHOLAS1, Zongyi ZHOU1, Bo CAO2, authorsList=Jinlong GAO, Bahedal REHOLAS, Zongyi ZHOU, Bo CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161581912343306, articleId=1322161578309436156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于卡车油耗规律的露天矿山道路优化设计, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了降低露天矿山剥离运输成本,实现剥离物的高效流动,对露天矿山道路优化设计进行研究。首先,分析了目前露天矿道路优化设计现状,提出了一种基于卡车油耗规律的露天矿山道路优化设计方法,通过引入油耗等效系数,反映卡车在各种坡度条件下的油耗,便于油耗成本的准确预估;其次,基于某露天矿现场实测的卡车油耗数据,对不同坡度下卡车重载上坡与空载下坡的油耗特性进行了量化分析;最后,针对MT3700型卡车的油耗规律,通过优化平路段的坡度与坡长,探究了一种组合坡度的设计方法,提出了露天矿山道路优化策略。结果表明:露天矿卡车运距应尽可能地控制在3.5 km以内,2 km左右为最佳运距,超出3.5 km之后所产生的油耗普遍增大,且增速较快;矿山道路设计应尽可能地降低高差,将高差控制在160 m以内,其中高差为80 m时的油耗效率最高;矿山道路坡度对油耗的敏感度不高,因此可适当增加矿山运输道路的整体坡度,减少运距以降低油耗。

, authors=高金龙1, 俄合拉斯·巴合达尔1, 周宗怡1, 曹博2, authorsList=高金龙, 俄合拉斯·巴合达尔, 周宗怡, 曹博, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

高金龙(1987—),男,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,工程师,主要从事露天矿开采系统工程和边坡工程设计方面的工作。E-mail:

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高金龙(1987—),男,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,工程师,主要从事露天矿开采系统工程和边坡工程设计方面的工作。E-mail:

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高金龙(1987—),男,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,工程师,主要从事露天矿开采系统工程和边坡工程设计方面的工作。E-mail:

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Research on speed planning of unmanned driving mining trucks in open-pit mines[J]. Gold Science and Technology, 2022, 30(3):460-469., articleTitle=Research on speed planning of unmanned driving mining trucks in open-pit mines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322161595745157995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=69, pageEnd=85, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=ALAMDARI S, BASIRI M H, MOUSAVI A, journalName=Journal of Mining and Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALAMDARI S, BASIRI M H, MOUSAVI A, et al. Application of machine learning techniques to predict haul truck fuel consumption in open-pit mines[J]. Journal of Mining and Environment, 2022, 13(1):69-85., articleTitle=Application of machine learning techniques to predict haul truck fuel consumption in open-pit mines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322161595812266860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=43, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=39, authorNames=WANG Q, ZHANG R X, LV S K, journalName=Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Q, ZHANG R X, LV S K, et al. Open-pit mine truck fuel consumption pattern and application based on multi-dimensional features and XGBoost[J]. 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articleId=1322161578309436156, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同坡度下总油耗和平均速度与坡长的关系, figureFileSmall=p4CMLIRO1iSuh9//jhAvLw==, figureFileBig=WyeDa5ZknpciaQz/fWZyRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161586551243575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Influence of transportation distance, height difference and slope on fuel consumption, figureFileSmall=pnQScGdI9pJvH4BT6ulZdQ==, figureFileBig=5HSUKSPkuX+6sxJAU23tpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161586626741048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=CN, label=图6, caption=运距、高差以及坡度对油耗的影响, figureFileSmall=pnQScGdI9pJvH4BT6ulZdQ==, figureFileBig=5HSUKSPkuX+6sxJAU23tpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161586698044217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Unit fuel consumption for trucks during heavy-haul uphill under different slopes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号不同坡度下运输单位油耗/(L/m)
00~2%2%~4%4%~6%6%~8%8%~10%
10.001 850.004 570.010 340.016 240.017 380.022 19
20.003 920.005 470.003 340.012 910.016 850.016 01
30.003 100.006 300.005 250.013 690.018 660.015 96
……
5210.003 920.006 300.006 030.009 620.017 610.016 99
5220.003 120.005 360.007 020.009 910.015 890.021 04
5230.003 720.004 890.007 110.013 840.013 250.017 68
), ArticleFig(id=1322161586786124602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同坡度下卡车重载上坡时的运输单位油耗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号不同坡度下运输单位油耗/(L/m)
00~2%2%~4%4%~6%6%~8%8%~10%
10.001 850.004 570.010 340.016 240.017 380.022 19
20.003 920.005 470.003 340.012 910.016 850.016 01
30.003 100.006 300.005 250.013 690.018 660.015 96
……
5210.003 920.006 300.006 030.009 620.017 610.016 99
5220.003 120.005 360.007 020.009 910.015 890.021 04
5230.003 720.004 890.007 110.013 840.013 250.017 68
), ArticleFig(id=1322161586853233467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Unit fuel consumption and fuel consumption equivalent coefficient for trucks during heavy-haul uphill under different slopes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坡度范围/%运输单位油耗/(L/m)油耗等效系数
0.5~1.50.005 261.391
1.5~2.50.007 501.984
2.5~3.50.008 152.156
3.5~4.50.010 342.735
4.5~5.50.010 552.791
5.5~6.50.012 943.423
6.5~7.50.014 083.724
7.5~8.50.018 965.015
8.5~9.50.020 535.431
9.5~10.50.025 106.640
), ArticleFig(id=1322161586941313852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同坡度下卡车重载上坡时的运输单位油耗及油耗等效系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坡度范围/%运输单位油耗/(L/m)油耗等效系数
0.5~1.50.005 261.391
1.5~2.50.007 501.984
2.5~3.50.008 152.156
3.5~4.50.010 342.735
4.5~5.50.010 552.791
5.5~6.50.012 943.423
6.5~7.50.014 083.724
7.5~8.50.018 965.015
8.5~9.50.020 535.431
9.5~10.50.025 106.640
), ArticleFig(id=1322161587016811325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multiple relationship of unit fuel consumption between heavy-haul uphill and no-load downhill for trucks under different slopes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坡度范围/%运输单位油耗/(L/m)倍数关系
重载上坡空载下坡
0.5~1.50.005 260.003 531.490
1.5~2.50.007 500.002 872.613
2.5~3.50.008 150.002 623.110
3.5~4.50.010 340.002 484.169
4.5~5.50.010 550.002 294.606
5.5~6.50.012 940.002 255.751
6.5~7.50.014 080.002 156.548
7.5~8.50.018 960.002 089.115
8.5~9.50.020 530.002 099.822
), ArticleFig(id=1322161587088114494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同坡度下卡车重载上坡与空载下坡时运输单位油耗的倍数关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坡度范围/%运输单位油耗/(L/m)倍数关系
重载上坡空载下坡
0.5~1.50.005 260.003 531.490
1.5~2.50.007 500.002 872.613
2.5~3.50.008 150.002 623.110
3.5~4.50.010 340.002 484.169
4.5~5.50.010 550.002 294.606
5.5~6.50.012 940.002 255.751
6.5~7.50.014 080.002 156.548
7.5~8.50.018 960.002 089.115
8.5~9.50.020 530.002 099.822
), ArticleFig(id=1322161587163611967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Minimum suitable slope length and ideal average speed under different slopes in flat road sections

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坡度/%最小合适坡长/m理想平均速度/(km/h)
112530~33
215030~32
320030~31
), ArticleFig(id=1322161587247498048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

平路段不同坡度下的最小合适坡长和理想平均速度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坡度/%最小合适坡长/m理想平均速度/(km/h)
112530~33
215030~32
320030~31
), ArticleFig(id=1322161587331384129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Optimization results of slope length

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坡度/%最大坡长/m最小合适坡长/m最佳坡长/m合理坡长范围/m平均速度/(km/h)
41 100225≥225225~30030
5900315≥315≥31530
6700350≥350250~38029
7600—300225~30027
8400—125100~12525
9300—150140~17522
), ArticleFig(id=1322161587406881602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

坡长优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坡度/%最大坡长/m最小合适坡长/m最佳坡长/m合理坡长范围/m平均速度/(km/h)
41 100225≥225225~30030
5900315≥315≥31530
6700350≥350250~38029
7600—300225~30027
8400—125100~12525
9300—150140~17522
), ArticleFig(id=1322161587503350595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Partial data of transportation distance, height difference, slope and fuel consumption

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运距/km高差/m坡度/%油耗/L
1.0945.894.2023.27
1.1643.243.7324.43
1.1745.573.8827.17
……
2.0371.633.5337.06
2.0385.694.2241.90
2.0359.772.9441.31
……
3.17137.614.3459.06
3.24136.944.2254.10
3.56154.244.3363.06
……
5.07198.033.9176.63
5.07191.023.7773.50
5.14186.373.6374.75
), ArticleFig(id=1322161587583042372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161578309436156, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

运距、高差、坡度以及油耗的部分数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运距/km高差/m坡度/%油耗/L
1.0945.894.2023.27
1.1643.243.7324.43
1.1745.573.8827.17
……
2.0371.633.5337.06
2.0385.694.2241.90
2.0359.772.9441.31
……
3.17137.614.3459.06
3.24136.944.2254.10
3.56154.244.3363.06
……
5.07198.033.9176.63
5.07191.023.7773.50
5.14186.373.6374.75
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基于卡车油耗规律的露天矿山道路优化设计
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高金龙 1 , 俄合拉斯·巴合达尔 1 , 周宗怡 1 , 曹博 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(8): 45-53
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (8) : 45 -53
基于卡车油耗规律的露天矿山道路优化设计
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高金龙1 , 俄合拉斯·巴合达尔1, 周宗怡1, 曹博2
作者信息
  • 1.国能新疆准东能源有限公司,新疆 昌吉回族自治州 831100
  • 2.辽宁工程技术大学,辽宁 阜新市 123000
作者简介:

高金龙(1987—),男,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,工程师,主要从事露天矿开采系统工程和边坡工程设计方面的工作。E-mail:

Optimization Design of Open-Pit Mine Road Based on Truck Fuel Consumption Law
Jinlong GAO1 , Bahedal REHOLAS1, Zongyi ZHOU1, Bo CAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guoneng Xinjiang Zhundong Energy Co., Ltd., Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang 831100, China
  • 2.Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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为了降低露天矿山剥离运输成本,实现剥离物的高效流动,对露天矿山道路优化设计进行研究。首先,分析了目前露天矿道路优化设计现状,提出了一种基于卡车油耗规律的露天矿山道路优化设计方法,通过引入油耗等效系数,反映卡车在各种坡度条件下的油耗,便于油耗成本的准确预估;其次,基于某露天矿现场实测的卡车油耗数据,对不同坡度下卡车重载上坡与空载下坡的油耗特性进行了量化分析;最后,针对MT3700型卡车的油耗规律,通过优化平路段的坡度与坡长,探究了一种组合坡度的设计方法,提出了露天矿山道路优化策略。结果表明:露天矿卡车运距应尽可能地控制在3.5 km以内,2 km左右为最佳运距,超出3.5 km之后所产生的油耗普遍增大,且增速较快;矿山道路设计应尽可能地降低高差,将高差控制在160 m以内,其中高差为80 m时的油耗效率最高;矿山道路坡度对油耗的敏感度不高,因此可适当增加矿山运输道路的整体坡度,减少运距以降低油耗。

露天矿山  /  卡车油耗规律  /  道路优化设计  /  油耗等效系数

In order to reduce the stripping transportation cost of open-pit mines and realize the efficient flow of stripping materials, the optimization design of open-pit mine road was studied. Firstly, the current situation of open-pit mine road optimization design was analyzed, and an open-pit mine road optimization design method based on truck fuel consumption law was proposed. The fuel consumption equivalent coefficient was introduced to reflect the fuel consumption of trucks under various slope conditions, which was convenient for accurate estimation of fuel consumption cost. Secondly, based on the measured fuel consumption data of trucks in an open-pit mine, the fuel consumption characteristics on heavy-haul uphill and no-load downhill for trucks under different slopes were quantitatively analyzed. Finally, according to the fuel consumption law of MT3700 truck, a design method of combined slope was explored by optimizing the slope and slope length of flat road section, and the optimization strategy of open-pit mine road was proposed. The results show that the truck transportation distance of open-pit mine should be controlled within 3.5 km as much as possible, and about 2 km is the best transportation distance. The fuel consumption generated after exceeding 3.5 km generally increases, and the growth rate is faster. The mine road design should reduce the height difference as much as possible and control the height difference within 160 m, among which the fuel consumption efficiency is the highest when the height difference is 80 m. The slope of the mine road is not sensitive to fuel consumption, so the overall slope of the mine transportation road can be appropriately increased to reduce the transportation distance to reduce fuel consumption.

Open-pit mine  /  Truck fuel consumption law  /  Road optimization design  /  Fuel consumption equivalent coefficient
高金龙, 俄合拉斯·巴合达尔, 周宗怡, 曹博. 基于卡车油耗规律的露天矿山道路优化设计. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 45 -53 .
Jinlong GAO, Bahedal REHOLAS, Zongyi ZHOU, Bo CAO. Optimization Design of Open-Pit Mine Road Based on Truck Fuel Consumption Law[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 45 -53 .
我国露天矿山正在向大规模生产能力和高度机械化的方向发展,大型电铲和汽车运输成为露天矿坑的主流作业方式[1]。与铁路运输和胶带运输相比,矿用卡车具有机动性强、爬坡能力强、道路要求不高、制动距离短等优点[2]。在一些矿业发达国家的露天矿生产中,汽车运输量占总剥采运量的70%以上。在单一汽车运输的露天矿中,购买矿用卡车费用约占露天矿设备总投资的40%~60%,矿用卡车的运输成本约占总运营成本的50%,由此可见,矿用卡车在露天矿的生产经营中占据着重要的地位[3]。随着我国矿用卡车产品的进一步成熟,国产矿用卡车占比将进一步呈现增大趋势。
露天煤矿开采过程中需要排弃大量剥离的土岩,而我国大多数露天煤矿采用卡车运输排弃物料[4-5],为此花费的运输费用往往约占原煤总生产成本的50%,对露天矿山的经济效益有着重要影响。以中煤平朔集团有限公司小松930E型卡车为例,按出动率0.7计算,单台车的年油耗费用接近600 万元。因此,在当前露天矿山建设工作中,与解决卡车“无人化”的问题相比,解决卡车油耗以及矿山道路优化设计等问题更能产生重大的经济价值与社会效益[6]。
在进行露天矿矿山道路优化设计时,相关学者提出了不同的方法。例如,BAEK等[7]基于栅格的最小成本路径分析优化露天矿道路布局,应用Douglas-Peucker算法简化锯齿形路段。PARHIZKAR[8]提出了一个数学模型来优化道路出口,从而降低了运输成本,该模型提供了矿坑周边道路出口的最佳和实用位置,运输成本最低。朱明海[9]提出了基于道路价值模型和遗传算法的矿山道路智能选线方法。宋双杰等[10]通过对露天矿山道路不设超高圆曲线半径和最小圆曲线半径下的横向力系数进行计算,提出了露天矿山道路设计过程中控制性圆曲线半径的设置建议。柴森霖等[11]、李学现等[12]、韩明峰[13]基于露天矿现有运输道路网络,综合考虑载重、行驶速度、道路滚动阻力系数、道路坡度和运距等因素,以矿用自卸车时变运输功率最小为目标,基于改进的遗传算法搜索得到矿用自卸车最优的运输路径。田凤亮等[14]为高效调配露天矿卡车运输,进一步降低矿山企业运输成本,提出了一种基于NSGA-Ⅲ和道路运输能力饱和度的露天矿卡车调度优化方法。黄金彪等[15]实现了矿山路径几何拓扑连通性与标量目标值约束解耦,并完成了对露天矿复杂路径条件下寻径问题的快速求解。田凤亮等[16]针对露天矿道路的复杂性,及卡车优化调度系统只实现调度而非优化的问题,提出了一种基于速度场的露天矿卡车多路段行程时间组合预测模型。卢才武等[17]通过场景重建和识别获得准确的场景几何信息,提出了基于露天矿三维点云的非结构化道路语义分割方法。王忠鑫等[18]介绍了露天矿运输系统的构成及分类,明确了露天矿智能运输系统是以露天矿煤岩高效运输为应用场景。李震等[19]为了解决当前露天矿道路网数据管理中可视化水平不高、使用维护不便的弊端,在分析道路网功能需求和数据需求的基础上,完成了道路网数据库概念结构、逻辑结构和物理结构的设计。王鹏飞等[20]针对露天矿通行场景的特殊性,结合无人驾驶矿用卡车可精准执行规划速度的优点,提出了一种基于时间距离约束消解车间冲突和采用自适应梯形速度规划方法优化行驶速度的矿用卡车全程无冲突协同通行速度规划方法。
综上所述,当前在进行露天矿山运输路径设计时,大多关注路面材料以及运距等方面,而忽略了道路对油耗的影响,另外,道路设计过程中未利用卡车油耗规律来指导道路优化设计,露天矿道路上坡、下坡、平路段的设置规则以及道路坡度的选取等问题亟需解决,为此,本文提出了一种基于卡车油耗规律的露天矿山道路优化设计方法,以降低卡车运输成本,进一步提高矿山生产效益。
在露天矿山的运输系统中,运输卡车在不同坡度下克服相同的高差,其运距及油耗不同[21-22]。为了能够精确地反映卡车在各种坡度条件下的油耗,引入油耗等效系数这一概念,即满载运输卡车在特定坡度上行驶单位长度所需消耗的燃油量,这一量值可以转换为卡车在平路段条件下能够行驶的相应距离。通过这一系数,可以将不同坡度条件下的油耗进行标准化比较,从而为运输路线规划和成本效益分析提供数据基础。
通过调取某露天矿MT3700型卡车的坡度、水平运距、油耗数据库,并深入分析水平运距、油耗数据,获得了523条不同坡度下卡车重载上坡时的运输单位油耗数据(见表1),运输单位油耗的频数分布如图1所示。
由图1可知,在0~2%和6%~10%的坡度范围内,运输单位油耗的分布相对集中,具有一定的规律性;然而,在2%~6%的坡度范围内,运输单位油耗的分布相对分散,表明燃油效率可能受到多种因素的影响。不同坡度下卡车重载上坡时运输单位油耗及等效系数见表2,卡车重载上坡时等效系数与坡度的拟合曲线如图2所示。
拟合结果显示,相关系数达到0.94,模型预测值与实际观测值之间具有较高的吻合度。由此得出一个油耗预测模型,用以估算不同坡度下卡车重载上坡时的油耗等效系数。该预测公式为无直接观测数据时的油耗估计提供了可靠方法。
在油耗等效系数与坡度拟合的基础上,为更直观地显示运输单位油耗随坡度的变化情况,采用斜率(k)方法,对运输单位油耗与坡度之间的关系进行深入的定量分析,如图3所示。
在该模型中,当坡度在低区间(0~4%)时,运输单位油耗的增加相对平缓,显示出较低的油耗增长斜率,在此坡度区间内,重载卡车的动力系统能够较为有效地适应坡度变化,其动力性能与燃油效率表现出一定的弹性。而当坡度逐渐接近中等区间(5%~6%)时,运输单位油耗的增幅较小,随着坡度的升高,重载卡车对动力输出的需求开始递增,而燃油经济性开始出现下降的趋势。在更高坡度区间(7%~10%),特别是在坡度为7%~8%和9%~10%的区间内,重载卡车的运输单位油耗呈现出显著增长的趋势,增长的斜率达到了相对较高的水平。这说明在陡峭的坡度上,卡车的油耗效率受到严重影响,主要是由于过大的坡度增加了发动机负荷和卡车的滚动阻力,油耗大幅度提升。这种情况下,卡车动力系统需要提供更多牵引力以克服坡道阻力,油耗也随之增加。
在露天矿山运输系统的燃油效率研究中,对不同坡度下的重载上坡与空载下坡燃油消耗特性进行量化分析具有重要意义。通过测定卡车在不同坡度条件下的运输单位油耗,得到了重载与空载状态下卡车油耗特性的数据,此数据对于指导矿山运输路径设计和提高能源管理效率具有重要的实际意义。
为此,本研究划分了9个坡度区间,每个区间宽度为1%,系统地记录了相应坡度下重载上坡和空载下坡的油耗情况,见表3。由表3可知,随着坡度的递增,重载上坡时的运输单位油耗呈现出上升的趋势,空载下坡时的运输单位油耗呈现出下降的趋势,其中重载状态下的运输单位油耗增长更为显著。
在重载上坡过程中,卡车克服坡道阻力时所需的动力显著增加。值得注意的是,在高坡度区间,运输单位油耗的增幅尤为突出,在陡峭坡道上,车辆运行的油耗特别大。空载下坡状态下的运输单位油耗有所下降,但其变化幅度较重载上坡时更为平缓。卡车在空载下坡过程中受到的重力作用较小,对动力输出的依赖相对较低,因而运输单位油耗受到了较大的抑制。
在露天矿山的运输道路设计中,一条高效、安全且经济的道路对于整个矿山的运营至关重要。针对MT3700型卡车油耗规律,优化平路段坡度与坡长,以实现油耗与平均速度的最佳配合。
通过调用坡度、油耗、速度以及运距数据库的112条数据,研究平路段不同坡度下总油耗、平均速度与坡长的关系,如图4所示。
由图4可知,在坡度为0~3%、坡长为40~400 m的条件下,卡车的总油耗偏低,维持在0~2 L之间,而平均速度随着坡长的改变存在较大的差异,最小平均速度约为10 km/h,最大平均速度达到33 km/h。
平路段不同坡度下的最小合适坡长和理想平均速度见表4,为兼顾油耗与效率两个因素的影响,平路段坡度在1%时的最小坡长应为125 m;平路段坡度在2%时的最小坡长应为150 m;平路段坡度在3%时的最小坡长应为200 m。在0~3%坡度范围内,当坡长超出各自坡度对应的最小坡长时,应考虑加大坡度,即当坡长大于200 m时,应首先考虑修建3%的坡度;当坡长大于150 m时,应首先考虑修建2%的坡度;当坡长大于125 m时,应首先考虑修建1%的坡度,以此来代替平路段。在1%、2%、3%坡度下,理想平均速度分别为30~33 km/h、30~32 km/h、30~31 km/h,在卡车运输效率大幅提升的同时,柴油消耗量相比之前增加较少或者不增加。
自2018年11月1日起实施的《煤炭工业露天矿矿山运输工程设计标准》明确规定,纵坡坡度10%的坡长不得超过200 m;坡度9%的坡长不得超过300 m;坡度8%的坡长不得超过400 m;坡度7%的坡长不得超过600 m;坡度6%的坡长不得超过700 m;坡度5%的坡长不得超过900 m;坡度4%的坡长不得超过1 100 m。
在设计露天矿山的运输路线时,为了确保运输的安全性,针对干线及支线的连续坡道,标准规定需要在设计纵坡的最大长度限制内设置缓坡段,以减少坡度急剧变化的情况。
在已知不同坡度的最大坡长限制下,结合卡车运输效率和油耗的双重因素,得出总油耗、平均速度与坡长的关系,如图5所示。
由图5(a)至图5(c)可知,在4%~6%坡度范围内,随着坡长的增加,卡车的平均速度会稳定在29~31 km/h。坡度为4%、坡长大于等于225 m时,卡车可达到最大平均速度,当坡长大于300 m时,平均速度降低的同时,总油耗增幅也会加快,因此针对MT3700型卡车,坡度为4%时的最佳坡长为225 m,合理坡长范围为225~300 m。坡度为5%、坡长小于135 m时,卡车的平均速度极不稳定,最大值为32 km/h,最小值为6 km/h,不利于卡车运输;坡长在135~315 m时,随着坡长的增加,卡车的平均速度稳定提升,但总油耗增幅偏小;当坡长大于315 m时,卡车可达到最大稳定平均速度(30 km/h左右),此时总油耗不增反降,说明MT3700型卡车在坡度为5%时的最小坡长为315 m。坡度为6%、坡长小于150 m时,卡车的平均速度和总油耗数据分布分散;在坡长为350 m时,平均速度已达最大值,同时总油耗增幅较小;当坡长大于350 m时,卡车油耗增幅较大,因此,MT3700型卡车在坡度为6%时的最小坡长为350 m。
由图5(d)至图5(f)可知,在坡度为7%~9%时,随着坡度的增加,卡车所能达到的最大平均速度并不会随着坡长的增加而增大,但总油耗随着坡长的增加显著增大。考虑卡车的运输效率和柴油消耗量两大因素,坡度为7%时的最佳坡长约为300 m,坡度为8%时的最佳坡长约为125 m,坡度为9%时的最佳坡长为140~175 m。
综上所述,坡长优化结果见表5。
组合坡度优化是实现运输效率与安全性最大化的关键策略之一,其核心在于综合考虑各个坡度下的最佳坡长和合理坡长范围,设计出既能保证运输车辆安全行驶,又能优化能耗的道路坡度组合。在保证安全生产的前提下,根据表4和表5,燃油效率优化的坡度组合策略如下。
(1)低坡度优先。在可能的情况下,优先考虑低坡度(0~3%或者4%~6%)路段。低坡度可以减少卡车上坡时的发动机负荷,从而降低燃油消耗。同时,避免频繁加速和减速,保持车速的相对稳定,有助于提升燃油效率。
(2)渐进坡度变化。在必须进行坡度变化时,应尽量保持渐进式的坡度变化,避免坡度突然增大。平稳的坡度过渡可以减少卡车在上坡过程中的能量损耗,实现更佳的燃油经济性。
(3)最小合适坡长调整。依据最小合适坡长进行路段设计,尤其是在较高坡度(7%~9%)的路段,确保卡车能够以尽可能低的能量损耗完成上坡。这意味着在满足安全和操作性要求的前提下,选择最小合适坡长以减少油耗。
(4)合理坡长范围优化。在给定的坡度下,根据合理坡长范围来设计道路,可以在保证运输效率的同时,最大限度地降低燃油消耗。合理的坡长范围内,应考虑运输频率、卡车负载等因素,灵活调整坡长。
(5)动态坡度调整技术适配。采用动态坡度调整技术,根据实际运输任务和环境条件,动态调整坡度。例如,在重载运输时,选择较低的坡度以降低燃油消耗;在空载返回时,可以选择较高的坡度以提高返回效率。
露天采矿中,运距、高差和坡度是影响卡车油耗的综合因素。单独考虑这些因素时,普遍认为油耗随着运距的增加、高差的增大和坡度的增加呈正相关增大,然而实际情况并非如此。
露天矿运距、高差与坡度是相互关联的。较短的运距可能意味着卡车需要在较大的坡度上行驶,而较大的高差可能会导致更陡峭的坡度。为此,统计了重载运输过程中运距、高差、坡度、油耗的372条数据,部分数据见表6,运距、高差与坡度对油耗的影响如图6所示。
图6中的横、纵坐标分别表示卡车的运距和高差,颜色不同代表道路坡度不同(颜色标识见电子版),散点的大小代表油耗的高低。结合表6及图6可知,随着运距的增加,油耗增大,但并非呈线性增加,例如,在运距为1.09 km时,油耗为23.27 L,而运距在5.14 km时,油耗为74.75 L;在其他运距上,油耗变化较小,运距对油耗的影响并不是唯一的决定因素。高差对油耗也有一定的影响,较大的高差会增加卡车对重力的克服力,从而导致更高的油耗。不同的坡度对油耗的影响不明显。
当运距为1.5~2.5 km时,高差的变化对油耗的影响相对较小;当运距为2.5~3.5 km、3.5~4.5 km时,油耗约为运距1.5~2.5 km时的2倍、3倍,随着高差的增加,油耗增加较快;当运距为4.5~5.5 km时,高差和油耗均已达到峰值,与运距为1.5~2.5 km相比,运距增加了2~3倍,高差增加了2~3倍,油耗提升了3~4倍。
坡度对油耗的敏感度较低,当运距或者高差增加1倍或2倍时,油耗势必会增加1~2倍甚至更多,但坡度的成倍增加并不会引起油耗的成倍增加,例如,在运距为1.5~2.5 km、高差为70~100 m时,坡度由2.94%增加至4.99%甚至是5.81%,而油耗的增加并不明显。因此,运距、高差与坡度的优化策略如下。
(1)运距优化。运距尽可能地控制在3.5 km以内,2 km左右为最佳运距,超出3.5 km之后所产生的油耗普遍增大,且增速较快。
(2)高差优化。矿山道路设计应尽可能地降低高差,并将高差控制在160 m以内,其中高差为80 m时油耗效率最高;
(3)坡度增加。坡度对油耗的敏感度不高,可适当增加矿山运输道路的整体坡度,减少运距从而降低柴油的消耗。
(1)本文开展了不同坡度下露天矿道路的卡车油耗标定研究,通过研究不同坡度下卡车重载运输的油耗等效系数,能够更准确地预测和评估卡车在不同坡度条件下的油耗。
(2)在平路段(0~3%坡度)进行最佳设计,并给出不同坡度下卡车的理想平均速度;探究组合坡度(4%~9%)的设计方法,通过优化坡长,得出不同坡度下的最佳坡长、合理坡长范围等参数,并提出燃油效率优化的坡度组合策略。
(3)通过分析露天矿运距、高差与坡度3个因素的相互关系,对运距、高差和坡度进行综合优化设计,并分别提出优化策略:运距应尽可能地控制在3.5 km以内,2 km左右为最佳运距,超出3.5 km之后所产生的油耗普遍增大,且增速较快;矿山道路设计应尽可能地降低高差,将高差控制在160 m以内,其中高差为80 m时的油耗效率最高;坡度对油耗的敏感度不高,可适当增加矿山运输道路的整体坡度,减少运距以降低油耗。

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2025年第45卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-05
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    1.国能新疆准东能源有限公司,新疆 昌吉回族自治州 831100
    2.辽宁工程技术大学,辽宁 阜新市 123000
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