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Article(id=1322161563457409116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725552000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157481301, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157481301, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157481301, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157481301, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=14, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161563662930013, articleId=1322161563457409116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Optimization of Stope Structure Parameters of “Arch Bridge Method” Mining Scheme in a Gold Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the mining problem of orebody under the main transport roadway in the middle section of 790 m of a gold mine, an “Arch Bridge Method” mining scheme was put forward. The top pillar and interval pillar of the stope were simplified into a mechanical model, and the safety thickness of the top pillar under two constraints of fixed support and simple support was calculated as 7.09 m using the Reissner thick plate theory. The rationality of the “Arch Bridge Method” of 6 m width isolation interval pillar was verified using the Bieniawski pillar strength calculation formula. The “Arch Bridge Method” mining scheme with the interval pillar width of 6 m and the top pillar thickness of 6 m, 8 m, 10 m and 12 m respectively was designed. The FLAC3D numerical simulation software was used to simulate the influences of the width of the interval pillar and the thickness of the top pillar on the stability of the stope and the main transport roadway. The results show that based on the analysis of the stress field, displacement field, and plastic zone in the stope, the optimal thickness of top pillar for the “Arch Bridge Method” mining scheme is determined to be 10 meters. In the subsequent production practice, the loss rate, dilution rate and ore grade of the “Arch Bridge Method” mining scheme are similar to those of the upward horizontal layered filling mining method in the same stage. The production capacity of the stope is increased by 94.4%, and the transportation capacity of 900 t/d in the main transport roadway of 790 m is maintained, which provides a solution for the same mine problems.

, authors=Peng ZHANG1, Botao WANG1, Chaoyang BAI1, 2, Shuanping LIU1, Xingming ZHANG1, Peng DENG2, authorsList=Peng ZHANG, Botao WANG, Chaoyang BAI, Shuanping LIU, Xingming ZHANG, Peng DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Botao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161569442680972, articleId=1322161563457409116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=某金矿“拱桥法”开采方案采场结构参数优化, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决某金矿790 m中段主运巷下方矿体开采难题，提出一种“拱桥法”开采方案。将采场顶柱、间柱简化为力学模型，采用Reissner厚板理论计算出固支、简支两种约束状态下顶柱的安全厚度为7.09 m，采用Bieniawski矿柱强度计算公式验证了“拱桥法”6 m宽度隔离间柱的合理性。设计间柱宽度6 m，顶柱厚度分别为6 m、8 m、10 m、12 m的“拱桥法”开采方案，运用FLAC3D数值模拟软件模拟间柱宽度和顶柱厚度对采场和主运巷稳定性的影响。结果表明，从采场应力场、位移场、塑性区结果分析，确定“拱桥法”开采方案最佳顶柱厚度为10 m；“拱桥法”开采方案在后续生产实践过程中损失率、贫化率和出矿品位与同阶段采场采用上向水平分层充填采矿法指标相近，采场生产能力提高了94.4%，且维持了790 m中段主运巷900 t/d的运输能力，为同类型矿山难题提供解决思路。

, authors=张鹏1, 王博涛1, 白朝阳1, 2, 刘拴平1, 张星明1, 邓朋2, authorsList=张鹏, 王博涛, 白朝阳, 刘拴平, 张星明, 邓朋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王博涛, authorNote=

张鹏（1986—），男，四川资中人，高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山采矿技术研究与管理。E-mail:

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王博涛（1983—），男，陕西渭南人，高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山采矿方法研究。E-mail:
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张鹏（1986—），男，四川资中人，高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山采矿技术研究与管理。E-mail:

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张鹏（1986—），男，四川资中人，高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山采矿技术研究与管理。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=qlDzb6eAuW7sLEsmrJ+0Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161576359088330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563457409116, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Plastic zone cloud maps of stope with “Arch Bridge Method” under different thickness of top pillar, figureFileSmall=9kGmis3sFkJ0aqKsAeAchQ==, figureFileBig=ExrEmShhk/iCHe9OJCqWkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161576434585803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563457409116, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同顶柱厚度时“拱桥法”采场塑性区云图, figureFileSmall=9kGmis3sFkJ0aqKsAeAchQ==, figureFileBig=ExrEmShhk/iCHe9OJCqWkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161576514277580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563457409116, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of ore rock in a gold mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/(g/cm3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa
角砾岩2.702.940.1757.494.98
煌斑岩2.762.490.1848.527.99
), ArticleFig(id=1322161576581386445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563457409116, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

某金矿矿岩物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/(g/cm3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa
角砾岩2.702.940.1757.494.98
煌斑岩2.762.490.1848.527.99
), ArticleFig(id=1322161576740769998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563457409116, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of technical and economic indexes of two mining schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开采方案采场生产能力/(t/d)贫化率/%损失率/%出矿品位/(g/t)
“拱桥法”开采方案7007.728.352.65
上向水平分层充填采矿法3606.597.312.72
), ArticleFig(id=1322161576820461775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563457409116, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两种开采方案技术经济指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开采方案采场生产能力/(t/d)贫化率/%损失率/%出矿品位/(g/t)
“拱桥法”开采方案7007.728.352.65
上向水平分层充填采矿法3606.597.312.72
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某金矿“拱桥法”开采方案采场结构参数优化
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张鹏 1 , 王博涛 1 , 白朝阳 1, 2 , 刘拴平 1 , 张星明 1 , 邓朋 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(8): 14-21
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (8) : 14 -21
某金矿“拱桥法”开采方案采场结构参数优化
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张鹏1 , 王博涛1 , 白朝阳1, 2, 刘拴平1, 张星明1, 邓朋2
作者信息
  • 1.陕西太白黄金矿业有限责任公司，陕西　宝鸡市　721000
  • 2.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院，北京　100083
通讯作者:
王博涛（1983—），男，陕西渭南人，高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山采矿方法研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张鹏（1986—），男，四川资中人，高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山采矿技术研究与管理。E-mail:

Optimization of Stope Structure Parameters of “Arch Bridge Method” Mining Scheme in a Gold Mine
Peng ZHANG1 , Botao WANG1 , Chaoyang BAI1, 2, Shuanping LIU1, Xingming ZHANG1, Peng DENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shaanxi Taibai Gold Mining Co., Ltd., Baoji, Shaanxi 721000, China
  • 2.School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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为解决某金矿790 m中段主运巷下方矿体开采难题，提出一种“拱桥法”开采方案。将采场顶柱、间柱简化为力学模型，采用Reissner厚板理论计算出固支、简支两种约束状态下顶柱的安全厚度为7.09 m，采用Bieniawski矿柱强度计算公式验证了“拱桥法”6 m宽度隔离间柱的合理性。设计间柱宽度6 m，顶柱厚度分别为6 m、8 m、10 m、12 m的“拱桥法”开采方案，运用FLAC3D数值模拟软件模拟间柱宽度和顶柱厚度对采场和主运巷稳定性的影响。结果表明，从采场应力场、位移场、塑性区结果分析，确定“拱桥法”开采方案最佳顶柱厚度为10 m；“拱桥法”开采方案在后续生产实践过程中损失率、贫化率和出矿品位与同阶段采场采用上向水平分层充填采矿法指标相近，采场生产能力提高了94.4%，且维持了790 m中段主运巷900 t/d的运输能力，为同类型矿山难题提供解决思路。

“拱桥法”采矿  /  采场结构参数  /  顶柱安全厚度  /  Reissner厚板理论  /  数值模拟

To solve the mining problem of orebody under the main transport roadway in the middle section of 790 m of a gold mine, an “Arch Bridge Method” mining scheme was put forward. The top pillar and interval pillar of the stope were simplified into a mechanical model, and the safety thickness of the top pillar under two constraints of fixed support and simple support was calculated as 7.09 m using the Reissner thick plate theory. The rationality of the “Arch Bridge Method” of 6 m width isolation interval pillar was verified using the Bieniawski pillar strength calculation formula. The “Arch Bridge Method” mining scheme with the interval pillar width of 6 m and the top pillar thickness of 6 m, 8 m, 10 m and 12 m respectively was designed. The FLAC3D numerical simulation software was used to simulate the influences of the width of the interval pillar and the thickness of the top pillar on the stability of the stope and the main transport roadway. The results show that based on the analysis of the stress field, displacement field, and plastic zone in the stope, the optimal thickness of top pillar for the “Arch Bridge Method” mining scheme is determined to be 10 meters. In the subsequent production practice, the loss rate, dilution rate and ore grade of the “Arch Bridge Method” mining scheme are similar to those of the upward horizontal layered filling mining method in the same stage. The production capacity of the stope is increased by 94.4%, and the transportation capacity of 900 t/d in the main transport roadway of 790 m is maintained, which provides a solution for the same mine problems.

“Arch Bridge Method” mining  /  Stope structure parameter  /  Safety thickness of top pillar  /  Reissner thick plate theory  /  Numerical simulation
张鹏, 王博涛, 白朝阳, 刘拴平, 张星明, 邓朋. 某金矿“拱桥法”开采方案采场结构参数优化. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 14 -21 .
Peng ZHANG, Botao WANG, Chaoyang BAI, Shuanping LIU, Xingming ZHANG, Peng DENG. Optimization of Stope Structure Parameters of “Arch Bridge Method” Mining Scheme in a Gold Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 14 -21 .
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0　引言
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随着浅部资源的枯竭，深部开采成为我国矿产资源开发利用的主流方向，采场结构参数是地下开采工艺的核心参数，采场结构参数的合理性与矿山生产效率及采场作业安全密不可分。
采场结构参数的设计需兼顾开采安全技术要求和生产经济效益，目前常用的采场结构参数的研究方法有理论计算法和数值模拟法。朱晨迪等[1]优选出不同矿体赋存条件下的矿柱回采方案后，通过数值模拟分析对采场长度以及预留顶柱厚度进行优化，确定了采场长度为50 m且预留5 m厚的顶柱较为合理。柴红等[2]基于Mathews稳定图表法对缓倾斜厚大矿体采场结构参数进行计算，利用数值模拟软件对不同宽度方案进行模拟，从应力和位移结果选出最优采场结构参数。周宝坤等[3]建立了响应面模型，研究了崩落法采场结构参数与废石混入率之间的关系，运用响应面分析法优化了崩落法采场结构参数。罗来和等[4]利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对3种充填采矿法进行模拟，根据模拟结果结合一系列矿山开采技术经济指标得到最优采场结构参数。徐帅等[5]基于正交试验设计了16个模拟方案，根据数值模拟结果建立了采场结构参数与采场稳定性指标之间的关系，将两者关系导入SOM模型，得到深埋厚大矿体的最佳采场结构参数。兰明等[6]通过理论计算的方法确定不同跨度下顶柱厚度参数，并采用TOPSIS法综合考虑采场结构参数与力学响应的关系来确定采场最佳开采参数。邹平等[7]采用Bieniawski矿柱强度计算公式对采场结构参数进行优化，根据三维数值模拟分析结果确定了某缓倾斜铁矿最优开采顺序和采场结构参数。
本文以陕西某金矿为工程背景，首先，根据矿体与井下构筑物（主运巷）之间特殊的位置关系，提出一种“拱桥法”开采方案（分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法）；其次，采用理论计算法得出“拱桥法”开采方案顶柱厚度，通过理论分析验证了6 m煌斑岩脉作为间柱宽度的合理性，对“拱桥法”开采方案进行数值模拟；最后，根据应力场和位移场以及塑性变形区结果确定最佳采场结构参数。
1　工程概况
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某金矿位于秦岭南坡，矿体及围岩为块状角砾岩，稳固性好，属坚硬半坚硬岩层为主的非层状矿床，矿床工程地质条件属简单型。矿区无地震灾害，矿体总体厚度小，自上而下分中段开采，通过合理预留矿柱可以防止坍塌和塌陷。由于早期探矿技术手段落后，矿区在后续开采过程中探明790 m中段2~6线主运巷正下方存在KT6矿体，KT6矿体赋存于2~6线720~790 m水平，矿体厚度为2~23 m，平均厚度18 m，走向110°，倾角51°~82°，矿体沿走向长度75 m，上部存在分支，整体形态规整，矿体中间存在两条均为6 m厚的煌斑岩脉，煌斑岩脉单轴抗压强度为32.5 MPa（实测均值）。金矿体品位为1.11~2.89 g/t，平均品位为2.13 g/t。790 m分段以上部分矿体已开采，开采区域北侧为主运巷，矿体与主运巷间的距离较近。KT6矿体具体揭露工程如图1所示。
2　“拱桥法”开采方案
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针对720~790 m中段2~6线矿体赋存的复杂情况，设计一种“拱桥法”开采方案开采矿体。该方案设计在主运巷下部留设一定厚度的隔离顶柱保护主运巷，在采空区内依据煌斑岩脉赋存情况留设两条6 m厚的间柱作为支撑，将大跨度采空区分割为3个独立的小采空区，依次开采，降低对顶柱和主运巷的影响。“拱桥法”开采方案将顶柱视为桥梁结构的桥面，间柱视为桥梁结构的桥墩，顶柱作为采空区顶板承受应力拱，间柱将荷载传递至下部基岩，改善顶柱应力集中现象，达到保护主运巷的目的。“拱桥法”开采示意如图2所示。
3　“拱桥法”采场结构参数理论计算
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3.1　顶柱厚度理论计算
“拱桥法”留设的顶柱是开采方案的主要安全保障，顶柱安全厚度的研究方法有半定量理论计算法、数值模拟验证法[8]，由于“拱桥法”开采方案中影响顶柱稳定性的因素众多，在实际运用中，将理论计算方法与数值模拟方法相互结合，互相验证，以期得到更合理的计算结果。
半定量理论计算法在“拱桥法”方案应用中可将采场结构简化为力学模型，具体针对由矿房和矿柱组成的采空区，采空区顶板由两侧矿柱支撑，可将3个独立的小采空区顶板简化为厚板模型。其中顶柱长度为a，宽度为b，顶柱厚度为h，顶柱上覆岩层荷载为q(x,y)，根据厚板理论[9-10]计算方法，顶柱模型存在固支和简支两种物理模型，需要对这两种物理力学模型的顶柱分情况进行讨论，以此确定“拱桥法”合理的顶柱厚度。采空区顶柱简化模型如图3所示。
对于这种中厚板模型，Reissner厚板理论的平衡微分方程为：
式中：D为顶柱抗弯刚度，kN·m2；;∇2为拉普拉斯因子，;∇4为双调和算子，;w为顶柱的挠度，mm;E为顶柱岩石弹性模量，Pa;μ为顶柱岩石泊松比；φ为顶柱应力函数；h为顶柱的厚度，m。
利用厚板理论单元体应力分析可得到顶板的剪应力公式、弯矩公式和挠度公式分别为：
式中：Qx为顶板x方向剪应力，MPa;Qy为顶板y方向剪应力，MPa;Mx为顶板x方向弯矩，N·m;My为顶板y方向弯矩，N·m;wx为顶板x方向挠度，mm;wy为顶板y方向挠度，mm。
拱桥顶板的边界约束存在两种情况：一种是顶板未破坏前的四周边界变形很小，可看作边界处于固支状态；另一种是顶板边缘发生破坏，但不会立刻发生整体失稳，此时的边界处于简支状态。基于边界状态确定的两种边界条件：
设顶板上覆岩层为均布荷载q，得到的挠度曲线函数：
将两种挠度曲线函数代入式(1)中，推导出两种挠度曲线的参数c1、c2：
两种边界状态简支、固支挠度最大值均出现在顶板中心位置，将式(8)分别代入式(3)得到的两种状态顶板弯矩为：
式中：Mx1、Mx2分别是简支、固支两种状态顶板x方向弯矩，N·m；My1、My2分别是简支、固支两种状态顶板y方向弯矩，N·m。
由式(9)可知，固支状态下的顶板四边中点处(a/2,0)弯矩最大，而简支状态下的顶板中心处(a/2,b/2)弯矩最大，材料力学中弯矩和应力的关系为：
式中，M(x,y)max是顶板最大弯矩，N·m。
当顶板两种状态最大应力大于顶板岩体许用应力时，顶板将直接破坏，当顶板最大应力小于顶板岩体许用应力时，顶板不会立刻发生破坏，而是发生蠕变破坏。以顶板抗拉强度σt作为顶板许用应力，则计算所得顶板理论安全厚度h为：
以某金矿2~6线720~790 m采场的参数进行厚板简化力学模型计算，其顶柱长为40 m，宽为30 m，泊松比为0.17，上覆荷载约为8 MPa，顶板抗拉强度为3.3 MPa，最后计算得出的顶柱极限安全厚度h为7.09 m。
3.2　间柱宽度理论计算
由于“拱桥法”采场间柱高度明显大于其宽度，采场隔离间柱在横向上的整体稳定性是隔离间柱参数设计需考虑的重点。根据采场间柱形变规律，在理论分析计算法中可将其简化为压杆变形问题。在实际理论计算分析过程中，“拱桥法”采场间柱赋存环境及间柱本身材料的复杂性和各向异性进行了简化，需要对“间柱压杆”两端具体约束状态进行讨论。
在“拱桥法”采场顶板传递的上覆岩层压力下，间柱的顶端在承载过程中倾向于发生水平变形，顶端纵向变形较小，可忽略不计，因此间柱顶端可简化为简支约束状态。在间柱底端，由于底板刚度远远大于间柱的刚度，可忽略转动及线位移的影响，因此间柱底端可简化为固支约束状态。间柱简化模型如图4所示，其中H为间柱高度，S为间柱承压过程中的挠度。
根据Bieniawski矿柱强度理论计算间柱宽度。
式中：K为矿山许用安全系数；σP为矿柱承载应力，MPa;σc为矿岩强度，MPa;B为间柱宽度，m;α为计算参数，在间柱高度与厚度之比大于5时取1.4，小于5时取1.0。
以某金矿生产资料为依据，按《冶金矿山采矿设计规范》（GB50017—2017）二级构筑物取值，K取1.2,σP取1.8 MPa,σc取5 MPa，计算得出间柱宽度为5.49 m，煌斑岩脉计划留设的6 m宽度间柱符合要求。
4　“拱桥法”采场结构参数数值模拟
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4.1　数值模型建立
根据采场结构参数理论计算，采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件模拟顶柱厚度和间柱宽度对采场和主运巷稳定性的影响。
间柱宽度固定为6 m，设置顶柱厚度分别为6 m、8 m、10 m和12 m。模型的边界条件如下：底面采用x、y、z全方向固定，四周约束垂直于自身面方向的水平位移，顶部取自由边界[11]。模型施加重力场，重力设置为9.8 m/s2，模型在自重作用下达到平衡状态后开挖主运巷，再次达到平衡后开始计算。采用Mohr-Coulomb本构模型[12-13]进行数值模拟，矿岩及充填体的物理力学参数见表1。利用FLAC3D软件建立某金矿720~790 m中段2~6线矿体数值计算模型，如图5所示。
4.2　数值计算结果分析
4.2.1　位移分析
各顶柱厚度下“拱桥法”采场竖直位移云图如图6所示。由图6可知，开采时留设不同顶柱厚度的采空区最大竖直位移均出现在顶底板，6 m顶柱采空区顶板竖直位移最大，顶板下沉量为3.13 cm, 12 m顶柱采空区顶板竖直位移最小，顶板下沉量为3.06 cm。
4.2.2　应力分析
不同顶柱厚度时“拱桥法”采场主应力云图如图7所示。通过观察应力变化可知，开采导致围岩发生二次扰动，应力在矿体周围重新分布，在采场的尖角位置出现应力的集中现象。6 m顶柱采场最大主应力约为15.4 MPa, 隔离间柱出现了约0.7 MPa的拉应力，但整体上仍在岩体的强度承受范围内;8 m顶柱采场最大主应力约为14.7 MPa, 隔离间柱出现了约0.6 MPa的拉应力，但整体上仍在岩体的强度承受范围内;10 m顶柱采场最大主应力约14.3 MPa, 隔离间柱出现了0.6 MPa的拉应力；12 m顶柱采场最大主应力约14.5 MPa，隔离间柱出现了0.6 MPa的拉应力。
4.2.3　塑性区分析
不同顶柱厚度时“拱桥法”采场塑性区云图如图8所示。6 m顶柱采场塑性区状态分布结果显示，破坏主要发生在隔离间柱(煌斑岩脉内)，以剪切破坏为主，顶柱(角砾岩)基本上没有发生破坏。8 m顶柱采场塑性区状态分布结果显示，采场以剪切破坏为主，出现在隔离间柱内，且剪切塑性区向中间采空区尖角部位贯通，意味着在后续开采过程中，隔离间柱可能失去承载能力。10 m顶柱采场塑性区状态分布结果显示，采场以剪切破坏为主，隔离间柱内出现少量拉伸破坏，间柱仍具备承载能力。12 m顶柱采场塑性区状态分布结果显示，采场完全以剪切破坏形式呈现，且破坏只局限于隔离间柱内，剪切塑性区未贯通隔离间柱，隔离间柱进入过屈服阶段但未发生破坏。
5　工程应用
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从安全性和经济性[14]两方面考虑，采用“拱桥法”开采方案时顶柱厚度设定为10 m，以期在某金矿790 m中段2~6线KT6回采工程实践中达到降本增效[15]的目标。为更直观体现“拱桥法”开采方案在某金矿实际工程中的应用效果，将“拱桥法”开采方案（分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法）与同阶段具有参考价值的35~39线采场开采方案（上向水平分层充填采矿法）的经济效益进行对比，结果见表2。
由表2可知，“拱桥法”开采方案与同阶段采场的上向水平分层充填采矿法相比，二者的采场矿石贫化率、矿石损失率、出矿品位基本相近，可以实现矿体金属量衔接。“拱桥法”开采方案的采场生产能力要优于同阶段采场的上向水平分层充填采矿法，提高了94.4%，且拱桥法开采方案保障了矿体正上方主运巷900 t/d的运输能力，满足了矿山安全高效生产的需求。
6　结论
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（1）针对某金矿复杂的井下构筑物及矿体赋存情况，设计了“拱桥法”开采方案，既在790 m中段主运巷下方留设顶柱作为“拱桥”桥面，留设煌斑岩脉隔离间柱作为“拱桥”桥墩，起到支撑桥面及分割主运巷下方大采空区的作用。
（2）采用理论计算方法将“拱桥法”顶柱、间柱简化为力学模型，通过Reissner厚板理论计算出顶柱两种约束状态(固支、简支)下的理论厚度，选取最小理论厚度7.09 m作为顶柱设计参考值，通过Bieniawski矿柱强度理论对间柱宽度进行计算，得出“拱桥法”隔离间柱宽度为5.49 m，原计划留设的6 m煌斑岩矿柱既能减小矿石贫化，又符合间柱安全宽度要求。
（3）设计出间柱宽度为6 m，顶柱厚度分别为6 m、8 m、10 m、12 m的“拱桥法”方案，通过FLAC3D数值模拟软件对“拱桥法”进行开挖模拟。从位移场角度分析，4种“拱桥法”开采方案最大竖直位移均出现在顶底板处，且6 m隔离顶柱沉降量最大，为3.13 cm。从应力场角度分析，4种“拱桥法”开采方案隔离间柱均出现拉应力，10 m隔离顶柱采场最大主应力最小，为14.3 MPa。从塑性区角度分析，4种“拱桥法”开采方案中塑性区主要出现在隔离间柱内，8 m隔离顶柱方案剪切塑性区已贯通，在后续生产过程中可能出现失稳现象；12 m顶柱方案虽塑性区最小，但矿山损失率增加17.3%。综合采场稳定性与经济效益两方面考虑，选取10 m隔离顶柱厚度作为“拱桥法”方案最优采场结构参数。
（4）将“拱桥法”方案应用于某金矿790 m中段2~6线KT6矿体开采中，取得了良好的技术经济效益，与同阶段采场的上向水平分层充填法相比，二者的损失率、贫化率和出矿品位相近，采场生产能力提高了94.4%，且该开采方案在提升生产能力的同时也保障了790 m中段主运巷900 t/d的运输能力。

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  • 接收时间：2024-09-06
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-08-25
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    1.陕西太白黄金矿业有限责任公司，陕西　宝鸡市　721000
    2.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院，北京　100083

通讯作者:

王博涛（1983—），男，陕西渭南人，高级工程师，主要研究方向为金属矿山采矿方法研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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