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Article(id=1322161563159609975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732204800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793157481230, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793157481230, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793157481230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793157481230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322161562689847927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793157481119, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158854568, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167323411198935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322161562689847927, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=22, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322161563327382136, articleId=1322161563159609975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Mining Scheme and Stability of Isolated Pillar in a Metal Mine Transitioning from Open-Pit to Underground Mining, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to realize the safe and efficient mining of isolated pillars in metal mines transitioning from open-pit to underground mining, Mathews stability diagram method was used to calculate stope parameters. Combined with FLAC3D software, the influence of different mining methods on stope stability was analyzed. Upward drift filling mining method + construction of artificial false roof mining scheme was verified by field test. The results show that the hydraulic radius of the hanging wall of the designed stope is 1.64 m, and the maximum span of the roof without support is 3.5 m, both of which are within the safe range of theoretical calculation. The structural parameters of the stope meet the safety requirements. Under the mining method of skip mining, the maximum compressive stress and maximum tensile stress of the stope are less than the compressive strength and tensile strength of the rock mass, and the formed plastic zone does not penetrate the stope, indicating that the stope is in a stable state. In the field test, the production capacity of a single ore block reaches 100 t/d, the loss rate is 4%, and the dilution rate is 5% after the application of the mining scheme of the upward drift filling mining method + 1.5 m thick reinforced concrete artificial false roof and the mining method of skip mining. The number of ore blocks is stable and the economic benefit is good.

, authors=Limin XIAO1, 2, Peng XIONG1, 2, Xiang DONG1, 2, authorsList=Limin XIAO, Peng XIONG, Xiang DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiang DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322161567777538711, articleId=1322161563159609975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=某露天转地下开采金属矿山隔离矿柱回采方案及稳定性研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现露天转地下开采金属矿山隔离矿柱的安全高效回采，采用Mathews稳定图法计算采场参数，结合FLAC3D软件分析不同回采方式对采场稳定性的影响，通过现场试验验证上向进路充填采矿法+构筑人工假顶的回采方案。结果表明，设计采场的上盘水力半径为1.64 m，顶板无支护最大跨度为3.5 m，均在理论计算的安全范围内，采场结构参数满足安全要求。隔一采一回采方式下，采场的最大压应力与最大拉应力均小于岩体的抗压强度与抗拉强度，形成的塑性区未贯穿采场，采场处于稳定状态。现场试验应用上向进路充填采矿法+1.5 m厚钢筋混凝土人工假顶的回采方案及隔一采一的回采方式后，单个矿块生产能力达100 t/d，损失率为4%，贫化率为5%，回采矿块数量稳定，经济效益良好。

, authors=肖利民1, 2, 熊鹏1, 2, 董翔1, 2, authorsList=肖利民, 熊鹏, 董翔, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董翔, authorNote=

肖利民（1982—），男，湖南衡阳人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿井通风与安全技术研究及咨询设计工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
董翔（1999—），男，江西樟树人，硕士，工程师，主要从事矿山工程咨询与设计工作。E-mail:
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肖利民（1982—），男，湖南衡阳人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿井通风与安全技术研究及咨询设计工作。E-mail:

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肖利民（1982—），男，湖南衡阳人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿井通风与安全技术研究及咨询设计工作。E-mail:

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Mining Research and Development, 2024, 44(11):9-16., articleTitle=Application on panel mechanized small sublevel filling method in deep broken thick deposit, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322161568004031128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322161568012419737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, companyId=1322161568004031128, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322161568020808346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, companyId=1322161568004031128, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Mining scheme of upward drift filling mining method+construction of artificial false roof, figureFileSmall=WLJASwiM9h+D3RNGsRSD6w==, figureFileBig=onOI4dRcKYnK1/HKAVw+Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161571082650300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=CN, label=图1, caption=上向进路充填采矿法+构筑人工假顶的回采方案, figureFileSmall=WLJASwiM9h+D3RNGsRSD6w==, figureFileBig=onOI4dRcKYnK1/HKAVw+Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161571376251581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Relationship curves between stability coefficient and hydraulic radius, figureFileSmall=oxa7npeM8nXl0aFXxPQ7aA==, figureFileBig=/RcmE57ItNBomos0Y9r+tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161571455943358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=CN, label=图2, 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figureFileBig=kugHTUqD8F7R7W7RW//yxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322161572726817487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of rock and filling body

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
花岗岩2 5504.160.1917.932.424.9332.00
矿体2 6004.160.1917.932.424.9332.00
潜流纹岩2 3401.280.303.562.293.7039.00
混凝土2 1003.000.2514.301.433.1854.00
充填体
(灰砂比1∶4)		2 1211.500.2315.033.654.6351.57
充填体
(灰砂比1∶8)		1 9681.150.228.463.264.1044.39
), ArticleFig(id=1322161572806509264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩体与充填体的力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
花岗岩2 5504.160.1917.932.424.9332.00
矿体2 6004.160.1917.932.424.9332.00
潜流纹岩2 3401.280.303.562.293.7039.00
混凝土2 1003.000.2514.301.433.1854.00
充填体
(灰砂比1∶4)		2 1211.500.2315.033.654.6351.57
充填体
(灰砂比1∶8)		1 9681.150.228.463.264.1044.39
), ArticleFig(id=1322161572877812433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mining sequence for levels and sublevels (mining one every other one)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开挖顺序开挖/充填矿块
1 步骤开挖 1，3，5，7，9，11，13，15 矿块
2 步骤充填 1，3，5，7，9，11，13，15 矿块
3 步骤开挖 2，4，6，8，10，12，14，16 矿块
4 步骤充填 2，4，6，8，10，12，14，16 矿块
), ArticleFig(id=1322161572986864338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中段与分层的回采顺序 (隔一采一)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开挖顺序开挖/充填矿块
1 步骤开挖 1，3，5，7，9，11，13，15 矿块
2 步骤充填 1，3，5，7，9，11，13，15 矿块
3 步骤开挖 2，4，6，8，10，12，14，16 矿块
4 步骤充填 2，4，6，8，10，12，14，16 矿块
), ArticleFig(id=1322161573049778899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mining sequence for levels and sublevels (mining every sixth level)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开挖顺序开挖/充填矿块开挖顺序开挖/充填矿块
1步骤开挖1，7，13矿块7步骤开挖4，10，16矿块
2步骤充填1，7，13矿块8步骤充填4，10，16矿块
3步骤开挖2，8，14矿块9步骤开挖5，11矿块
4步骤充填2，8，14矿块10步骤充填5，11矿块
5步骤开挖3，9，15矿块11步骤开挖6，12矿块
6步骤充填3，9，15矿块12步骤充填6，12矿块
), ArticleFig(id=1322161573112693460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中段与分层的回采顺序 (隔五采一)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开挖顺序开挖/充填矿块开挖顺序开挖/充填矿块
1步骤开挖1，7，13矿块7步骤开挖4，10，16矿块
2步骤充填1，7，13矿块8步骤充填4，10，16矿块
3步骤开挖2，8，14矿块9步骤开挖5，11矿块
4步骤充填2，8，14矿块10步骤充填5，11矿块
5步骤开挖3，9，15矿块11步骤开挖6，12矿块
6步骤充填3，9，15矿块12步骤充填6，12矿块
), ArticleFig(id=1322161573213356757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistics of numerical simulation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采方式采场最大沉降值/mm采场最大拉应力/MPa采场最大压应力/MPa采场塑性区体积/m3
隔一采一9.9082.19516.90640.859
隔五采一9.1452.05315.73232.970
), ArticleFig(id=1322161573284659926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322161563159609975, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

数值模拟结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采方式采场最大沉降值/mm采场最大拉应力/MPa采场最大压应力/MPa采场塑性区体积/m3
隔一采一9.9082.19516.90640.859
隔五采一9.1452.05315.73232.970
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某露天转地下开采金属矿山隔离矿柱回采方案及稳定性研究
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肖利民 1, 2 , 熊鹏 1, 2 , 董翔 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(8): 22-29
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (8) : 22 -29
某露天转地下开采金属矿山隔离矿柱回采方案及稳定性研究
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肖利民1, 2 , 熊鹏1, 2, 董翔1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司，湖南　长沙　410012
  • 2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室，湖南　长沙　410012
通讯作者:
董翔（1999—），男，江西樟树人，硕士，工程师，主要从事矿山工程咨询与设计工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

肖利民（1982—），男，湖南衡阳人，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事矿井通风与安全技术研究及咨询设计工作。E-mail:

Study on Mining Scheme and Stability of Isolated Pillar in a Metal Mine Transitioning from Open-Pit to Underground Mining
Limin XIAO1, 2 , Peng XIONG1, 2, Xiang DONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Metal Mine Safety Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25
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摘要
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为实现露天转地下开采金属矿山隔离矿柱的安全高效回采，采用Mathews稳定图法计算采场参数，结合FLAC3D软件分析不同回采方式对采场稳定性的影响，通过现场试验验证上向进路充填采矿法+构筑人工假顶的回采方案。结果表明，设计采场的上盘水力半径为1.64 m，顶板无支护最大跨度为3.5 m，均在理论计算的安全范围内，采场结构参数满足安全要求。隔一采一回采方式下，采场的最大压应力与最大拉应力均小于岩体的抗压强度与抗拉强度，形成的塑性区未贯穿采场，采场处于稳定状态。现场试验应用上向进路充填采矿法+1.5 m厚钢筋混凝土人工假顶的回采方案及隔一采一的回采方式后，单个矿块生产能力达100 t/d，损失率为4%，贫化率为5%，回采矿块数量稳定，经济效益良好。

露天转地下开采  /  隔离矿柱回采  /  采场稳定性  /  上向进路充填采矿法  /  数值模拟

In order to realize the safe and efficient mining of isolated pillars in metal mines transitioning from open-pit to underground mining, Mathews stability diagram method was used to calculate stope parameters. Combined with FLAC3D software, the influence of different mining methods on stope stability was analyzed. Upward drift filling mining method + construction of artificial false roof mining scheme was verified by field test. The results show that the hydraulic radius of the hanging wall of the designed stope is 1.64 m, and the maximum span of the roof without support is 3.5 m, both of which are within the safe range of theoretical calculation. The structural parameters of the stope meet the safety requirements. Under the mining method of skip mining, the maximum compressive stress and maximum tensile stress of the stope are less than the compressive strength and tensile strength of the rock mass, and the formed plastic zone does not penetrate the stope, indicating that the stope is in a stable state. In the field test, the production capacity of a single ore block reaches 100 t/d, the loss rate is 4%, and the dilution rate is 5% after the application of the mining scheme of the upward drift filling mining method + 1.5 m thick reinforced concrete artificial false roof and the mining method of skip mining. The number of ore blocks is stable and the economic benefit is good.

Transition from open-pit to underground mining  /  Isolated pillar mining  /  Stope stability  /  Upward drift filling mining method  /  Numerical simulation
肖利民, 熊鹏, 董翔. 某露天转地下开采金属矿山隔离矿柱回采方案及稳定性研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (8) : 22 -29 .
Limin XIAO, Peng XIONG, Xiang DONG. Study on Mining Scheme and Stability of Isolated Pillar in a Metal Mine Transitioning from Open-Pit to Underground Mining[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (8) : 22 -29 .
正文
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0　引言
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随着矿体埋藏深度增加，原先采用的露天开采方式已经不能满足经济合理剥采比的要求，需转入地下开采。为确保地下开采的安全，需留设隔离矿柱[1-3]。许多学者针对露天转地下开采中隔离矿柱的留设厚度进行了研究，解析计算方法主要有平板梁理论、K.B.鲁别涅伊特理论、普氏拱理论法、荷载传递线交汇法、厚跨比法等[4-5]，而对隔离矿柱回采的研究较少。国内利用人工假顶回采矿石的实践可追溯到大水清金矿，该矿利用钢筋混凝土人工假顶回采矿柱，并在人工假顶处留设4个通风口，假顶两侧留设堑沟排水，通风条件较好，但是冬季易造成冻井危害。还有学者采用不扩帮延伸开采技术，向下延伸开采露天坑底矿石，采用上向进路胶结充填采矿法回采，结束后逐步充填，形成3 m厚人工假顶及9 m充填体，形成复合型人工境界矿柱以替代天然矿柱，达到提前回采境界矿柱资源的目的[6-7]。该方法的缺点为复合型人工境界矿柱较厚，成本较高，且须在露天开采阶段提前回采隔离层。孙文武等[8]利用下向水平进路充填采矿法和下向倾斜进路充填采矿法回采保安矿柱，取得了较好的经济效果，但该方法充填成本高，工艺要求高。雷明礼等[9]用空场法对露天坑底矿柱进行回采，利用当量暴露面积法计算采场极限跨度尺寸，提出总体的回采方案，并分析采空区的稳定性，现场实施结果表明，矿柱处于稳定状态，该方法的缺点是永久间柱不回采，损失率相对较大。
本文以某金属矿山隔离矿柱回采方案的研究为背景，通过方案设计与初选，采用理论分析与数值模拟研究，给出了经济合理、安全可靠的回采方案，为矿山安全高效回采隔离矿柱提供参考。
1　工程概况
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某金属矿山露天开采结束后转入地下开采多年，目前地下开采也即将结束。为延长矿山服务年限，充分利用矿产资源，为企业和社会创造更多的效益，亟需对露天转地下开采时留设的露天坑底隔离矿柱进行回采。
1.1　矿山概况
1.1.1　露天采场现状
某金属矿山前期采用露天开采，露天坑底标高为213 m，开采最大深度为67 m。台阶高为12 m，台阶坡面角为37°~70°，最终边坡角为西帮40°、东帮26°。
1.1.2　地下开采现状
该矿山转入地下开采后，在213~185 m标高留设了28 m高隔离矿柱。在185~25 m标高间划分了6个中段，主要采用阶段空场嗣后胶结充填采矿法开采。目前，矿山大部分中段矿体已回采结束，剩余服务年限已不足两年。
1.2　隔离矿柱概况
隔离矿柱矿体走向为315°~0°, 倾向南西，倾角为70°~89°, 矿体平均厚度为6.7 m。预留的隔离矿柱矿石量较多，品位较高，经济价值高。
1.3　岩体与充填体力学参数
在隔离矿柱区域选取花岗岩、潜流纹岩、矿层各20个试样，对这些试样进行单轴压缩试验、圆盘劈裂试验、三轴压缩变形试验得到岩石力学参数，通过折减法处理得到岩体物理力学参数。充填体力学参数的获取为现场进行取样后，将试样加工成标准试件，并在实验室内进行单轴抗压强度试验、巴西劈裂试验、充填体直剪试验等，岩体与充填体的力学参数见表1。
1.4　工程难点
本项目的难点在于隔离矿柱的安全高效回采，尤其是在露天开采转入地下开采后，隔离矿柱范围内会产生更为复杂的次生应力场。而隔离矿柱的开挖可能造成围岩与边坡失稳，导致巷道变形与露天边坡滑坡等灾害。此外，境界矿柱的回采若控制不当，可能造成露天与井下空间贯通，进而导致地表水涌入井下、井下漏风、冬季冻井等问题。
开展本研究的核心目的在于安全高效地回采隔离矿柱，研究适合该矿山现状条件的回采方案以及安全保障措施，以期为后续安全高效回采隔离矿柱提供技术支撑。
2　回采方案
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185~213 m隔离层矿体属于急倾斜矿体，厚度薄至中厚，形态与产状比较简单，总体为急倾斜大脉状，矿体品位较高。根据该部分矿体的赋存特征，现提出3个回采方案。方案一为上向进路充填采矿法+构筑人工假顶。方案二为下向深孔嗣后充填采矿法，此方案会导致露天与地下空间贯通，造成地下开采通风困难，冬季有冻井风险。方案三为露天扩帮开采，根据《有色金属采矿设计规范》7.6.1条对最小工作平台宽度的要求进行扩帮处理，但扩帮后的露天境界将超出矿权范围，导致隔离矿柱无法全部回采。故推荐方案一作为该矿山隔离矿柱回采方案。
该方案需事先在露天坑底构筑钢筋混凝土人工假顶，待人工假顶形成后，再在井下采用上向进路充填采矿法回采185~213 m隔离矿柱。根据《有色金属采矿设计规范》，人工假顶厚度取1.5 m。上向进路充填采矿法+构筑人工假顶的回采方案如图1所示。
（1）开拓运输方案及新增井巷工程。
利用现有的斜坡道开拓，在矿体下盘195.5 m和206 m标高分别新增一条分段平巷，连通北侧新增的北回风井进行回风，人工假顶上不设通风口，以防止冬季冻井。
（2）上向进路充填采矿法采场布置。
沿矿体走向布置采场矿块，矿块长50 m，高28 m，宽为矿体厚度，分段高10.5 m；进路沿走向布置，长25~30 m，宽3.0~3.5 m，高3.0~3.5 m。
上向进路充填采矿法单个采场生产能力为100 t/d，损失率、贫化率分别为4%和5%，均低于其他采矿方法，能最大程度地回采隔离矿柱。
3　回采方案下采场稳定性研究及方案选择
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3.1　理论计算的采场稳定性分析
3.1.1　矿岩允许的暴露面积
采场极限暴露面积主要采用经验类比法和Mathews稳定图法确定[10-15]，稳定性系数与水力半径的关系曲线如图2所示。
Mathews稳定性系数的计算公式[16]如下：
式中：N′为稳定性系数；Q为修正后的岩体质量指标；A为岩石应力系数；B为节理方位系数；C为重力调整系数。
Q的计算公式如下：
式中：RQD为岩石质量指标，花岗岩取60;Jr为节理粗糙度，取1.5;Jn为节理组数，取12;Ja为节理蚀变状态指标，取1.5。计算得出Q为5.0。
岩石应力系数A表示岩体在高应力下能够保持稳定的能力，主要与采空面边界上岩石单轴抗压强度σc与最大诱导应力σi的比值有关。本文根据矿山实际情况，取A=1.0。
B值根据控制性节理与采场表面的相对方位确定，本次矿体接近于垂直，取B=0.3。
重力调整系数C和采场表面倾角β的关系式如下：
式中，β为上盘围岩暴露面平均倾角，取80°。计算得出C为6.96，则N′为10.44。
水力半径RH的计算公式如下：
式中：S为采空区暴露面的横截面积；L为采空区暴露面的周长。回采采场长50 m，高3.5 m，计算得出RH为1.64 m。
通过计算出的稳定性系数N′，得到在稳定性区间的最大水力半径极限值为6.5 m。对比本次回采方案采场上盘水力半径与理论计算结果，理论计算的水力半径为1.64 m，小于最大水力半径极限值6.5 m，说明采场在上盘方向能保持稳定。
3.1.2　顶板允许跨度分析
无支护最大跨度S的计算公式如下：
式中，E为支护比，对于E的取值，根据开挖类别，永久性矿山巷道取1.6，临时性矿山巷道取3~5，因此取E=1.6[17]。根据上文Q=5.0，采用式(5)计算得出S为6.09 m，而本次回采方案设计的无支护最大跨度为3.5 m，小于最大跨度理论计算值，因此，矿房尺寸设计能满足巷道跨度要求。
3.2　数值模拟分析
本文采用FlAC3D软件对前文所述的上向进路充填采矿法+构筑人工假顶方案进行数值模拟分析，以验证该回采方案的安全可靠性。
（1）岩体与充填体的模拟计算参数。对1.3章节得到的岩体与充填体的力学参数进行计算分析。
（2）模拟计算方案及步骤。本次数值模拟过程为：构建矿山模型，生成地下应力场；清除初始位移；根据矿山实际开采顺序模拟矿体回采，并对其及时进行充填。
（3）数值模型及边界条件。数值模型节点与单元数量需保持在合理的范围内，将扰动应力场的边界效应控制在计算所允许的范围内，以保证计算效率。根据弹塑性力学理论，计算选择的模型范围一般为开采扰动区域的3~5倍。根据矿山实际情况，对模型进行了一定程度的简化，建立的数值模型如图3所示。
模型垂直矿体走向(X方向)长度为1 000 m，沿矿体走向(Y方向)长度为1 500 m，竖向(Z方向)长度为400 m，模型共划分195 141个节点和1 088 900个单元。模型四周与底部边界采用位移约束，顶部(地表)为自由面。
3.3　采场回采稳定性分析
本文对上向进路充填采矿法+构筑人工假顶开采过程中的采场稳定性进行研究，并将隔一采一与隔五采一的回采方式进行分析对比，以选择最优回采方式。
3.3.1　回采顺序分析
矿山145 m中段、65 m中段、105 m中段和25 m中段采用阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法进行回采。213~185 m隔离矿柱采用上向进路充填采矿法回采[18-19]，回采前在露天坑底构筑1.5 m厚钢筋混凝土假顶，回采进路高度为3.5 m，共划分8个分层，从上到下分别命名为A至H分层。沿矿体走向每隔50 m划分一个矿块，每层共划分16个矿块，如图4所示。本次模拟按矿山实际开采顺序推进，使模拟结果更加贴合矿山实际。矿体开采顺序如图5所示。
各中段和分层分别采用隔一采一和隔五采一的方式进行回采，回采顺序分别见表2、表3。
3.3.2　数值模拟结果分析
（1）监测点位移分析。本次数值模拟在人工假顶中间布置3个监测点，监测开挖过程中假顶位移情况，监测点布置及人工假顶沉降曲线如图6所示。
由图6可知，随着回采的进行，前期回采185 m以下矿体时，人工假顶的沉降量较小，之后回采隔离矿柱时沉降量增加。在监测点1处沉降幅度最大，隔一采一和隔五采一方式下的最大沉降量分别为9.06 mm和8.85 mm。其次沉降较大的为监测点2，监测点3的沉降最小，基本趋势均为隔一采一方式的沉降量略大于隔五采一方式。监测点1人工假顶位置下需要回采的矿柱厚度大，假顶下方会形成回采单元，造成监测点1的沉降量最大。而监测点3回采的矿柱厚度小，回采矿体还有围岩支撑，造成监测点3的沉降量最小。
（2）地表、矿体位移分析。不同回采方式下地表和矿体在Z方向上的位移云图如图7所示。
由图7可知，隔一采一方式下地表最大位移出现在露天坑底中部，其次在云图北面端部位置，依次为9.349 mm和8.965 mm，隔五采一方式下地表最大位移出现在云图北面端部位置，其次为露天坑底中部，依次为8.845 mm和8.606 mm。隔一采一和隔五采一回采方式下矿体最大位移均出现在坑底中部位置，依次为9.908 mm和9.145 mm。
（3）应力分析。不同回采方式下地表和矿体的最大主应力、最小主应力云图分别如图8、图9所示。
由图8、图9可知，隔一采一和隔五采一回采方式下矿体所达到的最大拉应力分别为2.195 MPa和2.053 MPa，均小于矿体的抗拉强度2.419 MPa；最大压应力分别为16.906 MPa和15.732 MPa，均小于矿体的抗压强度17.925 MPa。隔一采一和隔五采一回采方式下地表的最大拉应力分别为2.032 MPa和2.020 MPa, 均小于花岗岩的最大拉应力 2.419 MPa; 最大压应力分别为15.968 MPa 和 17.754 MPa, 均小于花岗岩的最大压应力 17.925 MPa。模拟结果表明，隔离矿柱回采后，地表露天边坡仍处于稳定状态。
（4）塑性区分析。不同回采方式下地表和矿体的塑性区分布云图如图10所示。
两种回采方式下采场均未产生明显塑性区，隔一采一和隔五采一方式下的塑性区体积仅为40.859 m3和32.970 m3，分布区域很小且未形成塑性区贯穿，因此，两种回采方式下的采场均处于稳定状态。
数值模拟计算结果统计见表4。由表4可知，隔五采一方式下采场的位移、应力和塑性区体积均低于隔一采一方式，且两种方式下采场的位移、应力和塑性区体积均较小，采场均处于稳定状态。
综上所述，推荐采用上向进路充填采矿法+构筑人工假顶的回采方案回采隔离矿柱。同时采用隔一采一的回采方式，既能满足回采稳定性的要求，又具有较优的回采效率。
4　现场应用与建议
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针对某露天转地下开采的金属矿山，采用上向进路充填采矿法+1.5 m厚钢筋混凝土人工假顶的回采方案，并结合隔一采一的回采方式进行现场试验，取得了单个矿块生产能力达100 t/d、损失率为4%、贫化率为5%的效果，该方案可保证同时稳定回采4个矿块，保障了矿山的生产能力，经济效益良好。隔离矿柱回采期间，露天边坡和井下采场均未发生滑坡、坍塌等灾害，实现了露天转地下开采金属矿山隔离矿柱安全高效回采的预期目标。
该矿山露天东帮边坡因靠近潜流纹岩区域，稳定性较差，为减小地下开采对边坡的影响，其采场结构参数选取应留有一定富余。其他类似矿山可结合自身围岩性质，在确保安全开采的前提下，进一步优化采场结构参数。
5　结论
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（1）通过Mathews稳定图法计算得出，采场上盘稳定水力半径RH的极限值为6.5 m；结合顶板允许跨度分析，顶板无支护最大跨度S为6.09 m。而对本次设计的上向进路充填采矿法采场，其上盘RH为1.64 m,S为3.5 m，均在理论计算的安全范围内，表明采场结构参数满足安全要求。
（2）数值模拟结果表明，隔一采一和隔五采一回采方式下地表和矿体的位移均较小，采用隔一采一回采方式后，采场的最大压应力与最大拉应力均小于岩体抗压强度与抗拉强度，形成的塑性区未贯穿采场，采场处于稳定状态。
（3）在某露天转地下开采金属矿山，采用上向进路充填采矿法+1.5 m厚钢筋混凝土人工假顶的回采方案，并结合隔一采一的回采方式开展现场试验应用，取得了单个矿块生产能力达100 t/d、损失率为4%、贫化率为5%的效果，实现了露天转地下开采金属矿山隔离矿柱安全高效回采的预期目标。

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2025年第45卷第8期
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  • 接收时间：2024-11-22
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-08-25
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    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司，湖南　长沙　410012
    2.金属矿山安全技术国家重点实验室，湖南　长沙　410012

通讯作者:

董翔（1999—），男，江西樟树人，硕士，工程师，主要从事矿山工程咨询与设计工作。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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