Article(id=1322158433663570690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156735100, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156735100, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156735100, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156735100, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=227, endPage=233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158433919423235, articleId=1322158433663570690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Hydrochemical Characteristics and Prevention and Control Technology Application of Chambishi Copper Mine Water Inrush, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chambishi Copper Mine is a typical high-water-inrush mine in Africa, and the hydrogeochemical study of its pit water inrush is crucial for groundwater prevention and control engineering. A total of 2 groups of surface river water samples and 16 groups of pit water inrush samples were collected. Using a combination of Piper trilinear diagrams, ionic ratio coefficients, and Phreeqc modeling, the hydrochemical characteristics and main controlling factors were analyzed, the water inrush sources of the main and western ore bodies were revealed, as well as the hydrochemical evolution mechanism. The results show that the hydrochemical type of pit water inrush is mainly SO4−Ca⋅Mg type, and the hydrochemical composition is mainly controlled by the dissolution of gypsum and dolomite, with a small amount derived from the dissolution of feldspar. The chert dolomite aquifer, serving as the main water filling source, is continuously distributed within the regional scope. Within the mining area, groundwater flows from the western ore body area to the main ore body area. Affected by the caving mining method in the main ore body area, the chert dolomite aquifer directly recharges the ore body aquifer. The quartzite aquiclude is unevenly distributed, with thinning or absence in some sections. Under natural conditions, there is a hydraulic connection between the chert dolomite aquifer and the ore body aquifer. Combining the current situation of the mining area and the hydrochemical characteristics of water inrush, the prevention and control strategy of “blocking as the main approach and drainage as the auxiliary” has been proposed, providing a basis for underground water prevention and safety production.

, authors=Bing ZHANG1, Mengzhao ZHANG2, Quanyu LIANG1, Yong FAN2, Wei SUN2, Han QIAN2, authorsList=Bing ZHANG, Mengzhao ZHANG, Quanyu LIANG, Yong FAN, Wei SUN, Han QIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mengzhao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158439892112186, articleId=1322158433663570690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=谦比希铜矿涌水水化学特征及防治技术应用, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

谦比希铜矿是非洲典型的高涌水量矿山,其矿坑涌水水文地球化学研究对地下水防治工程至关重要。采集地表河水样2组,矿坑涌水样16组,结合Piper三线图、离子比例系数、Phreeqc模拟等方法,解析了水化学特征及主控因素,揭示了主矿体、西矿体涌水水源以及水化学演化机制。结果表明,矿坑涌水水化学类型以SO4-Ca·Mg型为主,水化学组成主要受石膏和白云岩的溶解控制,少量源于长石的溶解;燧石白云岩含水层作为主要充水水源,区域范围内分布连续;矿区范围内地下水从西矿体区域向主矿体区域径流,主矿体区域受崩落法采矿影响,燧石白云岩含水层直接补给矿体含水层;石英岩隔水层分布不均,部分区段存在厚度变薄或缺失的情况,自然条件下燧石白云岩含水层与矿体含水层存在水力联系。结合矿区现状和涌水水化学特征提出“封堵为主,疏排为辅”的防治对策,为井下防治水及安全生产提供依据。

, authors=张兵1, 张梦昭2, 梁权宇1, 樊勇2, 孙伟2, 钱涵2, authorsList=张兵, 张梦昭, 梁权宇, 樊勇, 孙伟, 钱涵, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张梦昭, authorNote=

张兵(1969—),男,安徽芜湖人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深部采矿方法技术研究。E-mail:

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张梦昭(1997—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事矿山防治水技术研究。E-mail:
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张兵(1969—),男,安徽芜湖人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深部采矿方法技术研究。E-mail:

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张兵(1969—),男,安徽芜湖人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深部采矿方法技术研究。E-mail:

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Test result of water chemical composition of mine gushing water

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编号采样位置pHCa2+Mg2+Na+K+ Cl-F-
Z01主矿体500 m 1560勘探线泄水7.3325.2028.50<0.019.20179.05.00.61<0.011<0.05537
Z02主矿体500 m 1980勘探线泄水7.65143.2032.30<0.019.00149.0<5.02.21<0.01113.730351
Z03主矿体500 m 1380勘探线泄水7.93292.8026.80<0.016.8059.0<5.01.07<0.011<0.055772
Z04主矿体650 m 43#溜井泄水7.6172.4046.10<0.0117.4036.010.11.90<0.01112.838320
Z05主矿体683 m泄水钻孔7.2340.6033.60<0.017.80<5.0<5.00.45<0.011<0.055237
Z06主矿体700 m风井泄水8.38646.3095.306.5520.65174.0<5.05.200.15011.0971 559
Z07主矿体800 m 2760勘探线钻孔7.58227.0029.00<0.018.00231.0<5.00.97<0.011<0.055483
Z08主矿体800 m 800勘探线泄水7.84373.0029.40<0.018.60133.0<5.04.06<0.0112.308913
Z09主矿体829 m东端四号采联7.57441.0024.80<0.0117.00138<5.04.41<0.0111.0341 044
Z10主矿体878 m 71#溜井旁7.8598.1935.30<0.014.0056.020.20.34<0.011<0.055306
Z11主矿体878 m 73#拦水坝蓄水8.13139.3436.70<0.013.60210.010.10.43<0.0116.858299
Z12主矿体878 m水仓7.91155.2074.90<0.016.00<5.0<5.01.99<0.01123.753660
X01西矿体600 m 4380勘探线钻孔7.34146.005.10<0.014.20138.0<5.00.22<0.011<0.055267
X02西矿体700 m 4080勘探线钻孔7.13253.0047.40<0.014.00103.0<5.00.35<0.011<0.055719
X03西矿体700 m 4200勘探线钻孔7.29109.3614.90<0.014.80210.010.10.49<0.011<0.055148
X04西矿体700 m 3000勘探线钻孔7.62101.8033.20<0.016.00267.010.10.04<0.011<0.055159
H01Lusala河7.72135.2018.10<0.014.40144.0<5.01.10<0.0110.397288
H02Chambishi河7.95392.8034.20<0.015.40215.0<5.00.570.088<0.055910
), ArticleFig(id=1322158445093049205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158433663570690, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿坑涌水水化学组分测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号采样位置pHCa2+Mg2+Na+K+ Cl-F-
Z01主矿体500 m 1560勘探线泄水7.3325.2028.50<0.019.20179.05.00.61<0.011<0.05537
Z02主矿体500 m 1980勘探线泄水7.65143.2032.30<0.019.00149.0<5.02.21<0.01113.730351
Z03主矿体500 m 1380勘探线泄水7.93292.8026.80<0.016.8059.0<5.01.07<0.011<0.055772
Z04主矿体650 m 43#溜井泄水7.6172.4046.10<0.0117.4036.010.11.90<0.01112.838320
Z05主矿体683 m泄水钻孔7.2340.6033.60<0.017.80<5.0<5.00.45<0.011<0.055237
Z06主矿体700 m风井泄水8.38646.3095.306.5520.65174.0<5.05.200.15011.0971 559
Z07主矿体800 m 2760勘探线钻孔7.58227.0029.00<0.018.00231.0<5.00.97<0.011<0.055483
Z08主矿体800 m 800勘探线泄水7.84373.0029.40<0.018.60133.0<5.04.06<0.0112.308913
Z09主矿体829 m东端四号采联7.57441.0024.80<0.0117.00138<5.04.41<0.0111.0341 044
Z10主矿体878 m 71#溜井旁7.8598.1935.30<0.014.0056.020.20.34<0.011<0.055306
Z11主矿体878 m 73#拦水坝蓄水8.13139.3436.70<0.013.60210.010.10.43<0.0116.858299
Z12主矿体878 m水仓7.91155.2074.90<0.016.00<5.0<5.01.99<0.01123.753660
X01西矿体600 m 4380勘探线钻孔7.34146.005.10<0.014.20138.0<5.00.22<0.011<0.055267
X02西矿体700 m 4080勘探线钻孔7.13253.0047.40<0.014.00103.0<5.00.35<0.011<0.055719
X03西矿体700 m 4200勘探线钻孔7.29109.3614.90<0.014.80210.010.10.49<0.011<0.055148
X04西矿体700 m 3000勘探线钻孔7.62101.8033.20<0.016.00267.010.10.04<0.011<0.055159
H01Lusala河7.72135.2018.10<0.014.40144.0<5.01.10<0.0110.397288
H02Chambishi河7.95392.8034.20<0.015.40215.0<5.00.570.088<0.055910
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谦比希铜矿涌水水化学特征及防治技术应用
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张兵 1 , 张梦昭 2 , 梁权宇 1 , 樊勇 2 , 孙伟 2 , 钱涵 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(7): 227-233
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (7) : 227 -233
谦比希铜矿涌水水化学特征及防治技术应用
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张兵1 , 张梦昭2 , 梁权宇1, 樊勇2, 孙伟2, 钱涵2
作者信息
  • 1.中色非洲矿业有限公司,赞比亚 基特韦 50100
  • 2.中国恩菲工程技术有限公司,北京 100038
通讯作者:
张梦昭(1997—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事矿山防治水技术研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张兵(1969—),男,安徽芜湖人,硕士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿山深部采矿方法技术研究。E-mail:

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Prevention and Control Technology Application of Chambishi Copper Mine Water Inrush
Bing ZHANG1 , Mengzhao ZHANG2 , Quanyu LIANG1, Yong FAN2, Wei SUN2, Han QIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.NFC Africa Mining Plc, Kitwe 50100, Zambia
  • 2.China ENFI Engineering Corporation, Beijing 100038, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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谦比希铜矿是非洲典型的高涌水量矿山,其矿坑涌水水文地球化学研究对地下水防治工程至关重要。采集地表河水样2组,矿坑涌水样16组,结合Piper三线图、离子比例系数、Phreeqc模拟等方法,解析了水化学特征及主控因素,揭示了主矿体、西矿体涌水水源以及水化学演化机制。结果表明,矿坑涌水水化学类型以SO4-Ca·Mg型为主,水化学组成主要受石膏和白云岩的溶解控制,少量源于长石的溶解;燧石白云岩含水层作为主要充水水源,区域范围内分布连续;矿区范围内地下水从西矿体区域向主矿体区域径流,主矿体区域受崩落法采矿影响,燧石白云岩含水层直接补给矿体含水层;石英岩隔水层分布不均,部分区段存在厚度变薄或缺失的情况,自然条件下燧石白云岩含水层与矿体含水层存在水力联系。结合矿区现状和涌水水化学特征提出“封堵为主,疏排为辅”的防治对策,为井下防治水及安全生产提供依据。

谦比希铜矿  /  水化学特征  /  充水水源  /  防治技术

Chambishi Copper Mine is a typical high-water-inrush mine in Africa, and the hydrogeochemical study of its pit water inrush is crucial for groundwater prevention and control engineering. A total of 2 groups of surface river water samples and 16 groups of pit water inrush samples were collected. Using a combination of Piper trilinear diagrams, ionic ratio coefficients, and Phreeqc modeling, the hydrochemical characteristics and main controlling factors were analyzed, the water inrush sources of the main and western ore bodies were revealed, as well as the hydrochemical evolution mechanism. The results show that the hydrochemical type of pit water inrush is mainly SO4−Ca⋅Mg type, and the hydrochemical composition is mainly controlled by the dissolution of gypsum and dolomite, with a small amount derived from the dissolution of feldspar. The chert dolomite aquifer, serving as the main water filling source, is continuously distributed within the regional scope. Within the mining area, groundwater flows from the western ore body area to the main ore body area. Affected by the caving mining method in the main ore body area, the chert dolomite aquifer directly recharges the ore body aquifer. The quartzite aquiclude is unevenly distributed, with thinning or absence in some sections. Under natural conditions, there is a hydraulic connection between the chert dolomite aquifer and the ore body aquifer. Combining the current situation of the mining area and the hydrochemical characteristics of water inrush, the prevention and control strategy of “blocking as the main approach and drainage as the auxiliary” has been proposed, providing a basis for underground water prevention and safety production.

Chambishi Copper Mine  /  Hydrochemical characteristic  /  Water filling source  /  Prevention and control technology
张兵, 张梦昭, 梁权宇, 樊勇, 孙伟, 钱涵. 谦比希铜矿涌水水化学特征及防治技术应用. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 227 -233 .
Bing ZHANG, Mengzhao ZHANG, Quanyu LIANG, Yong FAN, Wei SUN, Han QIAN. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Prevention and Control Technology Application of Chambishi Copper Mine Water Inrush[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 227 -233 .
非洲由于地形平坦、地质构造复杂、降雨充沛等,出现了众多的大水矿山。谦比希铜矿作为水文地质条件复杂的大水矿山,其地下水涌水问题给矿山开采和安全带来了严峻挑战,加之高昂的排水费用,对社会、经济和环境都造成一定程度的影响。为了有效预防水害事故发生,保证矿山的正常开采,节约排水成本,必须查明矿区地下水的补径排条件和矿坑充水因素,并采取针对性的防治水措施[1]。
地下水的水化学组分作为其天然标记,携带着记录地下水形成和演化过程的重要地球化学信息。水文地球化学研究是分析地下水的补给来源和径流途径的有效手段[2],目前已应用到众多矿区充水条件研究和充水水源识别的工程实践中[3-7]。谦比希主矿体、西矿体作为典型的大水复杂矿山,由于其独特的地理位置与样品测试的局限性,目前对涌水来源及演化机制的研究还很缺乏,无法采取针对性的防治水措施。随着矿区继续向深部开采,水头差与排水量不断增大成为制约矿山开发的主要因素。因此,亟需查明矿区充水来源与径流途径,建立水文地质概念模型,以指导矿山防治水和安全生产工作,并为同类型矿区提供参考借鉴。
研究区属于内陆热带草原气候,全年平均气温为19.9~21 ℃,年平均降雨量为1 118.7 mm,最大降雨量为1 734 mm,最小降雨量为885.2 mm,月最大降雨量为569. 5 mm,降雨集中在11月中旬至次年4月。降雨过程多为阵雨,降雨量为10~40 mm。矿区内主要河流为穆瓦巴希(Mwambashi)河以及3条分支溪流,分别为Chambishi河、Lusala河和Luela河。
谦比希盆地构成区域水文地质单元,盆地周边的基底隔水层形成区域隔水边界。主矿区、西矿区位于谦比希盆地的北部。矿区北侧(下盘)为区域隔水边界的一部分,靠近地表水和地下水的补给区。矿区东、西、南三面均有连续含水层分布。地表水和大部分地下水接受大气降雨补给,通过蒸发蒸腾,或由当地溪沟汇入。采矿产生的露天坑和崩落裂隙带增加了地下水的补给途径,主矿区崩落裂隙带贯通上、下罗恩含水层,形成“统一含水体”,使其水文地质条件变得更加复杂。
矿区主要含水层为穆瓦夏亚群页岩和白云岩互层含水层、上罗恩亚群的燧石白云岩含水层、具构造角砾的白云岩含水层和含硬石膏的白云岩含水层,以及下罗恩亚群的矿体与邻近的上、下盘围岩组成的矿体含水层。上、下罗恩亚群含水层之间不连续,被下罗恩亚群顶部的上部石英岩隔水层相隔。对矿坑充水有直接影响的含水层为燧石白云岩含水层和矿体含水层[8]。
目前矿坑涌水量约为51 000 m3/d,矿坑涌水基本不受季节影响,主矿体矿坑涌水量约为43 000 m3/d,西矿体矿坑涌水量约为8 000 m3/d。矿区主要的防治水措施为疏干排水,排水费用高昂,主矿体区域地下水位基本位于770 m水平,为矿区最低水位,东西端水位均处于较高位置。
为查明主矿体、西矿体涌水来源与地下水的演化过程,对矿区周边地表河流以及井下主要中段矿坑涌水进行取样分析,在不同深度、不同位置进行矿坑涌水取样,采样点的平面和空间范围尽可能全面覆盖主矿体和西矿体。共采集地表河流样品2组,井下矿坑涌水16组(其中主矿体矿坑涌水12组、西矿体矿坑涌水4组)。每个采样点采集3瓶水样,其中一瓶加入优级纯HNO3至pH低于1,用于阳离子分析;一瓶用于阴离子分析;一瓶备用。温度、pH、电导率(EC)和总溶解性固体(TDS)均在现场测定。F-、Cl-、Br-、、等阴离子含量采用离子色谱仪测定(检测限为0.01 mg / L);和按照《地下水分析方法第1部分:一般要求》(DZ/T 0064.1—2021)要求进行滴定法测定。金属和类金属元素含量采用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪测定(检测限为0.01 mg / L)。矿坑涌水水化学组分测试结果见表1,阴、阳离子电荷平衡误差基本控制在± 5%以内。
Piper三线图因标准化程度高、可比性强,被广泛用于水化学类型划分及水化学演变过程分析[9-10]。图1为Piper三线图,由图1可知,主矿体矿坑涌水、西矿体矿坑涌水和地表河流水样均以SO4-Ca·Mg型为主,其次为HCO3· SO4-Ca· Mg型,基本上所有样品中的Ca2+毫克当量百分数在80%以上,绝大多数样品的 毫克当量百分数在50%以上,说明Ca2+和 是研究区控制水化学演化的主导因子。
Schoeller图是一种常用的水化学特征图示方法(见图2),可用来分析水样中主要离子浓度变化和水化学变化趋势[11-12]。从图2可以看出,地表河流与主矿体、西矿体矿坑涌水主要阴、阳离子含量的波动趋势基本一致,说明三者在水化学组分上具有很高的相似性,推测三者具有一定的水力联系且补给来源密切相关。
主矿体、西矿体矿坑涌水主要水化学组分含量箱型图如图3所示。由图3可知,主矿体矿坑涌水中Ca2+、Mg2+ 和 含量整体上略高于西矿体,而含量则显著低于西矿体。主矿体矿坑涌水与西矿体矿坑涌水水力联系密切,结合矿区地下水的水位分析,矿区范围内地下水从西矿体区域流向主矿体区域。主矿体区域因崩落法开采破坏隔水层,燧石白云岩含水层与矿体含水层形成直接水力相通,导致涌水中燧石白云岩含水层地下水贡献比例显著升高。而西矿体区域燧石白云岩与矿体含水层之间的石英岩隔水层未受采矿扰动,保持完整隔水性。因此,西矿体矿坑涌水以矿体含水层为主。两矿体水文地质结构的差异导致两者水化学组分上存在一定差异。
大气降水、区域地质构造、水动力条件及人类活动等因素共同影响着地下水的水化学特征,反过来,水化学特征又能储存和逆向反映以上复杂的信息[13]。地下水与含水层岩石之间进行着长期的水-岩相互作用,该过程中离子的比值关系可以揭示水环境中主要离子来源及演化过程[14-15]。
通过水化学类型分析得知,Ca2+和是研究区控制水化学演化的主导因子。从主矿体矿坑涌水样品中Ca2+和的比值图(见图4)来看,绝大多数样品位于1:1比值线以上。其原因为上罗恩组燧石白云岩和石膏地层在同时发生溶解的过程中,石膏(CaSO4)的溶解增大了Ca2+的含量,导致白云岩溶解达到饱和,从而析出CaCO3沉淀形成钙化,由于一部分Ca2+离子沉淀,的含量略大于Ca2+。溶解方程式如下:
其中Z07样品位于1:1比值线以下。其原因为该水样采集于800 m 2760勘探线钻孔出水,钻孔未揭露燧石白云岩含水层,涌水主要来源于矿体含水层,主要矿物成分为云母、石英和长石,长石的溶解导致Ca2+含量增大。溶解方程式如下:
从西矿体矿坑涌水样品中Ca2+和比值图(见图4)来看,大部分样品位于1:1比值线以下。这是因为西矿体涌水点均为钻孔出水,主要含水层为下罗恩组矿体含水层,长石溶解导致Ca2+含量增大。其中样品X02位于1:1比值线上方,与上罗恩组含水层地下水水化学特征类似,由于该区域附近未受崩落法采矿的影响,推测该处的矿体含水层与燧石白云岩含水层两者之间的石英岩隔水层厚度薄,两含水层有直接水力联系。
地表河流样品均位于1:1比值线附近,与主矿体、西矿体矿坑涌水水化学特征相似,说明周边地表河流与矿区地下水水力联系十分密切。天然条件下矿区地下水沿地形坡向由北向南径流,最终排泄于穆瓦巴希河。但由于矿区多年进行地下水疏干,地下水位大幅下降,周边河流同时会对矿区地下水进行补给,地表河流与矿坑涌水在水化学特征上高度相似。
饱和指数(Saturation Index, SI)可用于判断和研究矿物相对于地下水的饱和状态。为了更好地判断矿坑涌水的来源,通过Phreeqc对样品中白云石的饱和指数(见图5)进行模拟计算,同时考虑水质分析存在一定的误差,一般认为矿物平衡状态饱和指数SI范围为-0.5~0.5[16]。由图5可知,主矿体矿坑涌水中大多数样品白云石饱和指数大于0,处于饱和和过饱和状态,其中样品Z06和样品Z11饱和指数SI很高,在采样时发现该区域有明显的钙化现象,说明结果是可靠的,再次论证了主矿体矿坑涌水主要来自上罗恩组,主要流经的岩层为白云岩和石膏。主矿体矿坑涌水样品Z01和Z04中白云石未达到饱和状态,推测这两个样品中混合了多个含水层的来水,导致白云石未达到饱和状态。
西矿体矿坑涌水中白云石大部分位于未饱和区,仅X04样品处于过饱和区。由X04样品取样位置靠近主矿体崩落裂隙带区域,与燧石白云岩含水层水力联系较为密切,涌水中白云石呈现过饱和状态。其他样品距离主矿体区域较远,而且主要为矿体含水层地下水,主要溶解矿物为硅酸盐类矿物,故白云石处于未饱和状态。
地表河流中白云石均位于未饱和区。前文分析得知,矿坑涌水与地表河流水力联系密切,但由于地表河流直接接受大气降水的补给,对水化学组分具有一定的稀释作用,相对于矿坑涌水,地表河流的水化学组分含量较低。H02样品相较于H01样品距离矿区更近,受矿坑涌水的影响更大,因此与矿坑涌水的水化学组分更为接近。
根据对矿区基础水文地质条件以及涌水数据的梳理,结合水化学特征的解译和讨论,建立旨在表示矿区主要充水水源和充水途径的水文地质概念图[17],如图6所示。
矿区的主要补给来源有大气降水和地表河流。大气降水中有一部分通过地表崩落裂隙带下渗补给地下水,由于矿坑涌水量基本不随季节发生变化,说明矿区范围内大气降水不直接补给上罗恩组燧石白云岩含水层,而是通过局部流动系统补给上部含水层。矿区东、西、南三面均连续分布有含水层,矿区不是独立的地下水流系统,因此,矿区燧石白云岩含水层主要通过区域流动系统接受地下水补给。主矿体区域由于崩落法开采导致燧石白云岩含水层和矿体含水层之间的石英岩隔水层被破坏,燧石白云岩含水层与矿体含水层发生直接水力联系。
由于西矿体区域地下水位高于主矿体区域,矿区内地下水从西矿体区域向主矿体区域流动。西矿体涌水受区域地下水补给,涌水水化学特征与燧石白云岩地下水具有一定的相似性,说明天然状态下矿体含水层与燧石白云岩含水层之间的石英岩隔水层并不是连续分布,在部分区段存在厚度变薄或缺失的情况,导致燧石白云岩含水层直接或间接补给矿体含水层。
区域地下水沿区域水力梯度由北向南径流,最终排泄于穆瓦巴希河,但由于矿区多年进行地下水疏干,地下水位大幅下降,周边河流同时会对矿区地下水进行补给。
综上所述,区域燧石白云层含水层分布连续,且其地下水与西矿体涌水水化学特征具有一定的相似性。矿区范围地下水受大气降水、周边地表河流及区域地下水的补给,地下水由西矿体区域向主矿体区域径流,区域地下水由北向南径流最终排泄于穆瓦巴希河。主矿体区域燧石白云岩含水层直接补给矿体含水层,西矿体区域仅在部分区段存在燧石白云岩含水层补给矿体含水层。
目前,谦比希铜矿主矿体、西矿体主要的防治水措施为井下疏干。综合前文分析,矿区水文地质条件复杂,主矿体区域受崩落法采矿影响,燧石白云岩含水层与矿体含水层水力联系密切,加上矿区降雨丰富、地表河流众多、地下水补给充足,燧石白云岩含水层连续分布且富水性、导水性良好,因此难以有效疏干。基于此,建议矿区调整防治水策略,采取“以帷幕注浆为主,井下疏干为辅”的综合防治措施。
尽管矿体含水层与燧石白云岩含水层之间存在天然的石英岩隔水层,但主矿体区域隔水层已遭严重破坏,且西矿体区域地下水水化学特征显示其亦受到燧石白云岩含水层影响。表明天然隔水层的连续性差、厚度不均,部分区段存在厚度薄或缺失的情况。因此,有必要在矿体侧面(平行于矿体走向)构筑注浆帷幕。
此外,由图6可知,燧石白云岩含水层还会通过崩落裂隙带对矿体含水层进行垂向补给。因此,还需在崩落裂隙带区域构筑顶板截水帷幕,才能全面切断燧石白云岩与矿体含水层的水力联系。实施上述侧向帷幕与顶板帷幕工程后,矿区深部开采时仅需疏干矿体含水层内部的水即可,这将显著降低后期生产中的排水压力和排水成本,从根本上改善矿区水文地质条件,实现长期稳定的防治水目标。
(1)谦比希铜矿主矿体、西矿体矿坑涌水和周边地表河流的主要水化学类型为SO4-Ca·Mg型水,Ca2+和 是研究区控制水化学演化的主导因子。主矿体涌水、西矿体涌水和周边地表河流的水化学特征具有高度相似性,表明三者之间存在密切的水力联系。
(2)矿坑涌水主要来源于上罗恩组燧石白云岩含水层,一部分来源于矿体含水层。其中,上罗恩组的白云岩和石膏的溶解是控制水化学特征与演化的主导因素;矿体含水层中硅酸盐类矿物(如长石)的溶解对水化学组分的形成也有一定贡献。
(3)矿区地下水受大气降水、周边地表河流区域地下水的补给。主矿体区域燧石白云岩含水层与矿体含水层存在直接水力联系;在西矿体区域,燧石白云岩含水层仅在石英岩隔水层厚度薄或缺失的区段补给矿体含水层。矿区范围地下水由西矿体区域向主矿体区域径流。
(4)矿坑涌水主要有两个来源:一是上部含水层通过崩落裂隙带垂向直接入渗补给矿坑;二是燧石白云岩含水层侧向径流补给矿坑。鉴于燧石白云岩含水层不易疏干,需要分别针对上述垂向入渗和侧向径流两个补给路径实施帷幕注浆,才能达到良好的防治水效果。
  • 非洲典型大水地采矿山地下水一体化防治关键技术与示范项目(YZ2306)
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2025年第45卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
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非洲典型大水地采矿山地下水一体化防治关键技术与示范项目(YZ2306)
作者信息
    1.中色非洲矿业有限公司,赞比亚 基特韦 50100
    2.中国恩菲工程技术有限公司,北京 100038

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张梦昭(1997—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事矿山防治水技术研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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