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Reasonable mining methods and stope structural parameters are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficient production of mines. According to the characteristics of large thickness variation of a copper ore body, combined with the analysis of rock mass joints and fissures, the evaluation of rock mass integrity, the allowable exposed area of ore rock and the self-stability ability of rock mass, the mining scheme of ore body was optimized. The stress, displacement, and failure laws within the stope mined by the upward horizontal filling mining method with reserved retaining wall were analyzed by FLAC3D numerical simulation software. The results show that the maximum tensile stress during the mining process does not exceed the tensile strength of the ore body. As the mining progresses, the maximum compressive stress migrates from the lower left tip of the goaf to the roof near the upper right tip, and as the stratification increases, the compressive stress at the tip gradually decreases. Under the condition that the exposed area is determined, the smaller the short-side span is, the greater the roof subsidence is. The mining process leads to the intensification of bottom stress and deformation, and the floor heave of the filling body floor and the surrounding rock of the footwall is significant. The shear failure is mainly concentrated at the tip of the goaf and extends to the deep part of the surrounding rock. Due to the presence of the hanging retaining wall, the sidewalls effectively block the expansion of the surrounding rock failure zone into the goaf, thereby enhancing the stability of the stope.

, authors=Juli LIANG1, 2, Qingsong ZHANG1, 2, Weixing LIN1, 2, Yongchao GONG1, 2, Renze OU1, 2, authorsList=Juli LIANG, Qingsong ZHANG, Weixing LIN, Yongchao GONG, Renze OU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingsong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158406744518781, articleId=1322158402952867935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=预留护壁式上向水平充填采矿法采场稳定性研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

合理的采矿方法和采场结构参数对于确保矿山的安全与高效生产至关重要。针对某铜矿矿体厚度变化大的特点,结合岩体节理裂隙分析、岩体完整性评价、矿岩允许暴露面积及岩体自稳能力,优化了矿体回采方案。通过FLAC3D数值模拟软件分析了护壁式上向水平充填采矿法中采场内部的应力、位移与破坏规律。结果表明,回采过程中最大拉应力始终未超过矿体的抗拉强度。随着开采的进行,最大压应力由采空区左下侧尖端迁移至顶板靠近右上尖端,且随着分层的增加,尖端的压应力逐渐减小。在暴露面积确定的条件下,短边跨度越小,顶板下沉量越大。开采进程导致底部应力和变形的加剧,充填体底板与下盘围岩底鼓现象显著。剪切破坏主要集中在采空区尖端,并向围岩深部延伸。侧帮由于上盘护壁的存在,有效隔断了围岩破坏区向采空区的扩展,提高了采场的稳定性。

, authors=梁巨理1, 2, 张庆嵩1, 2, 林卫星1, 2, 龚永超1, 2, 欧任泽1, 2, authorsList=梁巨理, 张庆嵩, 林卫星, 龚永超, 欧任泽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张庆嵩, authorNote=

梁巨理(1996—),男,湖南娄底人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:

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张庆嵩(1998—),男,河北唐山人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:
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articleId=1322158402952867935, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Test stope and filling construction of retaining wall upward horizontal filling mining method, figureFileSmall=gcg5mPbsRF9DgiBlOR9IYw==, figureFileBig=gMcyUo3e6V2RCjEdl3JZPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158412801093827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=CN, label=图13, caption=护壁式上向水平充填采矿法试验采场及充填施工情况, figureFileSmall=gcg5mPbsRF9DgiBlOR9IYw==, figureFileBig=gMcyUo3e6V2RCjEdl3JZPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158412889174212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Survey results of typical joints and fissures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性典型线号节理产状体积裂隙数/ (条/m3)裂隙性
倾向/(°)倾角/(°)
二云母片岩1#2054038强
二云石英片岩2#2352430中等
块状矿3#1068412弱
浸染矿4#215603弱
), ArticleFig(id=1322158412998226117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型节理裂隙调查结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性典型线号节理产状体积裂隙数/ (条/m3)裂隙性
倾向/(°)倾角/(°)
二云母片岩1#2054038强
二云石英片岩2#2352430中等
块状矿3#1068412弱
浸染矿4#215603弱
), ArticleFig(id=1322158415015686342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification results and comprehensive evaluation of rock mass quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性RMR分级Q系统分级BQ分级综合评价
二云母片岩Ⅳ级Ⅳ级Ⅳ级Ⅳ级
(差岩体)(差)(不稳定)(差岩体)
二云石英片岩Ⅲ级Ⅲ级Ⅲ级Ⅲ级
(中等岩体)(中)(中等稳定)(一般岩体)
块状矿Ⅱ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅲ级
(好岩体)(良)(中等稳定)(一般岩体)
浸染矿Ⅱ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅲ级
(好岩体)(良)(中等稳定)(一般岩体)
), ArticleFig(id=1322158415120543943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩体质量分级结果及综合评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性RMR分级Q系统分级BQ分级综合评价
二云母片岩Ⅳ级Ⅳ级Ⅳ级Ⅳ级
(差岩体)(差)(不稳定)(差岩体)
二云石英片岩Ⅲ级Ⅲ级Ⅲ级Ⅲ级
(中等岩体)(中)(中等稳定)(一般岩体)
块状矿Ⅱ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅲ级
(好岩体)(良)(中等稳定)(一般岩体)
浸染矿Ⅱ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅲ级
(好岩体)(良)(中等稳定)(一般岩体)
), ArticleFig(id=1322158415212818632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Structural parameters of retaining wall upward horizontal filling stope under various working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况矿体水平厚度/m采场长度/m中段高度/m
工况一87030
工况二106030
工况三125030
), ArticleFig(id=1322158415317676233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各工况下护壁式上向水平充填采场结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况矿体水平厚度/m采场长度/m中段高度/m
工况一87030
工况二106030
工况三125030
), ArticleFig(id=1322158415447699658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mechanical parameters of ore rock and filling body

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩体名称密度/ (g/cm3)弹性模量/ GPa泊松比抗拉强度/ MPa黏聚力/ MPa内摩擦角/ (°)
二云母片岩2.869.7600.260.1880.7536.12
二云石英片岩2.7124.1920.240.4341.7445.38
块状矿4.0021.9330.210.5642.2642.62
浸染矿3.0722.9040.250.5682.1039.08
充填体2.130.5400.280.3000.4540.30
), ArticleFig(id=1322158415678386379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

矿岩及充填体的力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩体名称密度/ (g/cm3)弹性模量/ GPa泊松比抗拉强度/ MPa黏聚力/ MPa内摩擦角/ (°)
二云母片岩2.869.7600.260.1880.7536.12
二云石英片岩2.7124.1920.240.4341.7445.38
块状矿4.0021.9330.210.5642.2642.62
浸染矿3.0722.9040.250.5682.1039.08
充填体2.130.5400.280.3000.4540.30
), ArticleFig(id=1322158415951016140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Main technical and economic indicators of different mining methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法矿块生产能力/(t/d)损失率/%贫化率/%采切比/(m/kt)采矿成本/(元/t)
两步骤采场护壁式浅孔嗣后充填采矿法80~12010911.75161.40
护壁式上向水平充填采矿法150~1808810.70139.10
护壁式上向进路充填采矿法150~1808810.14178.50
综合2649810.86159.67
), ArticleFig(id=1322158416219451597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158402952867935, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同采矿方法的主要技术经济指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法矿块生产能力/(t/d)损失率/%贫化率/%采切比/(m/kt)采矿成本/(元/t)
两步骤采场护壁式浅孔嗣后充填采矿法80~12010911.75161.40
护壁式上向水平充填采矿法150~1808810.70139.10
护壁式上向进路充填采矿法150~1808810.14178.50
综合2649810.86159.67
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预留护壁式上向水平充填采矿法采场稳定性研究
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梁巨理 1, 2 , 张庆嵩 1, 2 , 林卫星 1, 2 , 龚永超 1, 2 , 欧任泽 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(7): 63-72
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (7) : 63 -72
预留护壁式上向水平充填采矿法采场稳定性研究
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2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012, bio={"content":"

梁巨理(1996—),男,湖南娄底人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:

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梁巨理(1996—),男,湖南娄底人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:

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梁巨理1, 2 , 张庆嵩1, 2 , 林卫星1, 2, 龚永超1, 2, 欧任泽1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
通讯作者:
张庆嵩(1998—),男,河北唐山人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

梁巨理(1996—),男,湖南娄底人,硕士,工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:

Research on Stope Stability of Upward Horizontal Filling Mining Method with Reserved Retaining Wall
Juli LIANG1, 2 , Qingsong ZHANG1, 2 , Weixing LIN1, 2, Yongchao GONG1, 2, Renze OU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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合理的采矿方法和采场结构参数对于确保矿山的安全与高效生产至关重要。针对某铜矿矿体厚度变化大的特点,结合岩体节理裂隙分析、岩体完整性评价、矿岩允许暴露面积及岩体自稳能力,优化了矿体回采方案。通过FLAC3D数值模拟软件分析了护壁式上向水平充填采矿法中采场内部的应力、位移与破坏规律。结果表明,回采过程中最大拉应力始终未超过矿体的抗拉强度。随着开采的进行,最大压应力由采空区左下侧尖端迁移至顶板靠近右上尖端,且随着分层的增加,尖端的压应力逐渐减小。在暴露面积确定的条件下,短边跨度越小,顶板下沉量越大。开采进程导致底部应力和变形的加剧,充填体底板与下盘围岩底鼓现象显著。剪切破坏主要集中在采空区尖端,并向围岩深部延伸。侧帮由于上盘护壁的存在,有效隔断了围岩破坏区向采空区的扩展,提高了采场的稳定性。

护壁式上向水平充填采矿法  /  采场结构参数  /  采场稳定性  /  数值模拟

Reasonable mining methods and stope structural parameters are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficient production of mines. According to the characteristics of large thickness variation of a copper ore body, combined with the analysis of rock mass joints and fissures, the evaluation of rock mass integrity, the allowable exposed area of ore rock and the self-stability ability of rock mass, the mining scheme of ore body was optimized. The stress, displacement, and failure laws within the stope mined by the upward horizontal filling mining method with reserved retaining wall were analyzed by FLAC3D numerical simulation software. The results show that the maximum tensile stress during the mining process does not exceed the tensile strength of the ore body. As the mining progresses, the maximum compressive stress migrates from the lower left tip of the goaf to the roof near the upper right tip, and as the stratification increases, the compressive stress at the tip gradually decreases. Under the condition that the exposed area is determined, the smaller the short-side span is, the greater the roof subsidence is. The mining process leads to the intensification of bottom stress and deformation, and the floor heave of the filling body floor and the surrounding rock of the footwall is significant. The shear failure is mainly concentrated at the tip of the goaf and extends to the deep part of the surrounding rock. Due to the presence of the hanging retaining wall, the sidewalls effectively block the expansion of the surrounding rock failure zone into the goaf, thereby enhancing the stability of the stope.

Upward horizontal filling mining method with reserved retaining wall  /  Stope structure parameter  /  Stope stability  /  Numerical simulation
梁巨理, 张庆嵩, 林卫星, 龚永超, 欧任泽. 预留护壁式上向水平充填采矿法采场稳定性研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 63 -72 .
Juli LIANG, Qingsong ZHANG, Weixing LIN, Yongchao GONG, Renze OU. Research on Stope Stability of Upward Horizontal Filling Mining Method with Reserved Retaining Wall[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 63 -72 .
采场稳定性是采场结构在采矿过程中能够抵抗外部压力和内部破坏的能力[1],是确保矿山安全开采的重要因素。采场稳定性受矿山水文地质条件、应力分布、采场规模以及采场形状等多方面因素的影响。除了受矿山固有性质的影响外,采用合理的采矿方法和结构参数同样能够有效减轻地表下沉和应力集中,支撑顶板和侧帮。因此,选择合适的采矿方法和结构参数对于提高采场的稳定性至关重要。
复杂的地质条件导致采场结构参数有所差异,这不仅影响矿山开采的安全性和稳定性,还对技术经济指标产生影响。因此,采场结构参数的选择必须在复杂地质条件下同时满足矿山开采的安全技术要求和经济要求[2]。针对采场结构参数对采场稳定性的影响,国内外学者已经进行了大量的研究。展卫露等[3]针对锡铁山铅锌矿由空场法转充填法开采存在的安全隐患,提出了3种技术上可行的采矿方法,综合技术经济条件及数值模拟结果,优选确定了适宜的采矿方法和采场结构参数,极大地提高了矿山的生产能力。王玉丁等[4]依据Mathews稳定图法设计了盘区两步骤采场跨度方案,并利用MIDAS/GTS和FLAC3D对采场跨度方案进行了数值模拟,最后基于Critic赋权法对采场跨度方案进行安全性和经济效益综合评价,得到了在现场工业试验中取得较好效益的方案。朱晨迪等[5]通过对比各采矿方法的经济技术指标,优选了残矿回采方案,并利用数值模拟分析了不同结构参数的采场周边围岩及充填体内的应力和位移分布,确定了最佳的采场结构参数,避免了资源浪费,为矿山创造了巨大的经济效益。SHNORHOKIAN等[6]基于实测数据,根据脆性剪切比和最大主应力两个失稳指标对“危险矿石”进行定性评价,使用不稳定性指标对不同开采顺序进行定量比较,通过数值模拟结果确定了最佳顺序以及采场中“危险矿石”的体积,为规划和验证采场开采顺序的稳定性提供了依据。还有众多学者通过多种手段,优化了采场结构参数,在保障采场稳定的同时,提高了矿山的生产效率及经济效益[7-9]。
针对某铜矿矿体的产状、赋存条件等特征,依据矿岩的允许暴露面积和岩体自稳能力,对不同厚度的矿体进行了相应的采矿方法优化选择。在确定采矿方法主要参数的基础上,采用数值模拟的方法,分析了不同工况下护壁式上向水平充填采矿法的采场稳定性,验证了采矿方法及采场结构参数的合理性,为相似矿山的安全开采及地压控制提供了重要参考。
某铜矿矿区划分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号3个矿带,矿体主要受穹窿南西翼转折端沿S3面理形成的滑脱、虚脱构造控制,总体呈层状-似层状展布,走向北西至南东,倾向南西,均为露头藏身的隐伏矿体,规模较大,产状稳定,结构简单,品位较富。在采矿权范围内分别有Ⅰ1、Ⅰ2、Ⅰ3、Ⅱ4号矿体,其中Ⅰ1、Ⅰ3号矿体是矿山的主采矿体,Ⅰ1号矿体标高为2 890~3 272 m,埋深为500~1 130 m,倾角为25°~43°,矿体厚度为0.59~14.75 m,矿体Cu平均品位为2.90%,Zn平均品位为1.04%。I3号矿体标高3 038~3 570 m,倾角为30°~40°,矿体厚度为0.9~14.66 m,矿体Cu平均品位为2.95%,Zn平均品位为0.97%。
矿山上部老采区残采和首采区使用全面法采矿,全面法采矿暂留设的条形矿柱基本上无法回收,损失率达30%,并且在矿山实际工程对矿体进行二次圈定过程中,发现Ⅰ3矿体西侧矿体变薄程度较大,矿体厚度分布情况如图1所示。结合矿山实际情况,现有的采矿方法已完全不适应3 000~3 200 m范围内Ⅰ1、Ⅰ3号矿体的开采,因此,结合该铜矿的开采现状及工程现状,对3 000~3 200 m范围内Ⅰ1、Ⅰ3号矿体的采矿方法及采场结构参数进行优化。
岩体中的结构面,如节理、裂隙等,是其重要组成部分,结构面的存在破坏了岩体的连续性与完整性,从而对岩体的破坏机制产生显著影响[10]。因此,需要重点调查矿区3 000~3 200 m中段穿脉巷道范围内矿体及其上下盘围岩的节理裂隙情况,并根据岩体类别对节理裂隙进行分类统计[11]。对3 000~3 200 m中段的26处关键位置进行统计分析,典型节理裂隙调查结果见表1。调查结果表明,3 000 m中段各调查点体积裂隙数范围为3~32条/m3,平均值为17.1条/m3,岩体裂隙性属于“中等裂隙性”类型;3 200 m中段各调查点体积裂隙数范围为4~41条/m3,平均值为20.8条/m3,岩体裂隙性也属于“中等裂隙性”类型。通常情况下,在同一地点只有1~2组节理,节理面大多为闭合状,不夹泥质物。节理面一般平直,极少呈波状,粗糙度从光滑至一般不等。巷道顶板一般无滴水现象,只有极个别巷道存在滴水现象。巷道帮壁基本干燥,一般不湿润。
本文对3 000 m中段和3 200 m中段节理裂隙的产状情况进行分析,绘制了相应的节理极点图、节理等密度图以及节理玫瑰花图,如图2所示。通过对节理面的产状进行聚类分析,确定了矿区岩体的优势节理面。调查区域内的优势节理面共分为4组,其产状分别为213°∠29°,237°∠26°,139°∠74°,68°∠67°。
岩体波速的变异性是岩石内部物理特性的一种表征,其受岩石的弹性模量、密度、孔隙度和裂纹密度等因素的综合影响[12]。岩体在受到外部应力或内部构造变化(如裂缝、孔隙破损)时,波速会发生相应变化。因此,通过监测和分析岩体波速,可以有效评估岩体的破损程度及其内部结构的变化。通过对现场岩体进行波速测试,根据岩石试块的纵波测试结果,可以计算岩体的完整性系数,具体计算公式如下。
式中:kv为岩体完整性系数;vp为岩体纵波速度,m/s;vpR为岩石试块纵波速度,m/s。
岩体完整性评价结果如图3所示。根据《工程岩体分级标准》(GB/T 50218—2014)中划分岩体完整程度的标准,确定了不同岩体的完整程度。具体结果如下:二云母片岩的岩体完整性系数为0.22,属于“破碎”类型;二云石英片岩的完整性系数为0.42,属于“较破碎”类型;块状矿和浸染矿的岩体完整性系数分别为0.72和0.69,均属于“较完整”类型。这些结果表明,不同岩体的破碎程度有显著差异,影响其在工程应用中的稳定性评估。
采矿方法的选择与矿体的产状、赋存条件等开采技术经济条件紧密相关,不同厚度、倾角、品位的矿体适用于不同的采矿方法。I1、I3号矿体属于缓倾斜-倾斜的薄至中厚矿体,为优选出适合3 000~3 200 m中段矿体的采矿方法,需对矿岩进行质量分级与稳固性评价,以此来为采矿方法及采场结构参数的选取提供依据[13-14]。对该铜矿的二云母片岩、二云石英片岩、块状矿、浸染矿4种主要矿岩同时采用节理岩体的RMR分级法、Q系统分级法和岩体基本质量分级(BQ分级)法3种主要的岩体质量分级方法进行了岩体分级和质量评价,评价结果见表2。
综合的分级结果如下:二云石英片岩、块状矿和浸染矿的质量类别均为Ⅲ级,属于“一般岩体”类型;二云母片岩的岩体质量类别为Ⅳ级,属于“差岩体”类型。矿体顶、底板大部分岩性为二云母石英片岩和二云母片岩,为Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级围岩,矿体主要为Ⅲ级围岩。
为保证矿山的安全、高效开采,综合矿体的产状、赋存条件等开采条件和矿岩质量分级及稳固性评价,对不同厚度的矿体选取不同的采矿方法。不同采矿方法的采场结构参数也不相同,由于顶板围岩稳固性较差,为保证采场的稳定性,矿石层顶板均留有0.5 m的护顶矿柱。综上所述,在保证安全回采的前提下,结合矿岩的允许暴露面积和岩体自稳能力,具体的采矿方法选取如下:矿体水平厚度小于8 m,采用两步骤采场护壁式浅孔房柱嗣后充填法;矿体水平厚度为8~12 m,采用护壁式上向水平充填采矿法;矿体水平厚度大于12 m,采用护壁式上向进路充填采矿法。
依据矿岩的允许暴露面积和岩体自稳能力对采场结构参数进行优选,矿体岩体质量等级为Ⅲ级,允许暴露面积为200~600 m2,当矿房跨度小于5 m时,采场基本稳定;跨度为5~10 m时,可稳定数月;跨度为10~20 m时,可稳定数日至1个月[15-16]。
(1)两步骤采场护壁式浅孔嗣后充填采矿法。该方法适合于水平厚度在8 m以下矿体的开采。矿块沿矿体走向布置,长50~60 m,中段高度为30 m,宽为上下中段倾向斜长,采场不留底柱,上部留设斜宽为3~4 m的顶柱。矿块内矿房矿柱间隔布置,一步采矿房跨度为5 m,二步采矿柱跨度为5 m。在靠近矿体顶板处留设约0.5 m厚的护顶矿层。采场跨度为5 m<10 m,暴露面积439 m2<600 m2,可稳定数月,发生局部块体位移及中小型塌方,其跨度与暴露面积均远小于Ⅲ级围岩标准,稳定程度较好。
(2)护壁式上向水平充填采矿法。矿体水平厚度为8~12 m,采用护壁式上向水平充填采矿法。矿块长50~70 m,宽为矿体厚度,中段高度为30 m,在靠近矿体顶板处留设约0.5~1 m厚的护顶矿层。上向水平充填采矿法对应不同的矿体厚度,通过控制采场长度,保证暴露面积不大于600 m2。水平厚度为8 m时,采场长度为70 m;水平厚度为10 m,采场长度为60 m;水平厚度为12 m,采场长度为50 m,采场暴露面积接近600 m2。水平厚度为10~12 m,可稳定数日至1月,发生中小型塌方,关于上向水平充填采场的采场结构参数应做进一步研究,以保证回采的安全性。
(3)护壁式上向进路充填采矿法。矿体水平厚度为12~22 m,采用护壁式上向进路充填采矿法。矿块长50~80 m,宽为矿体厚度,中段高度为30 m,进路长7 m。回采过程中在靠近矿体顶板处留设约0.5~1.0 m厚的护顶矿层。进路跨度为7 m<10 m,最大暴露面积560 m2<600 m2,可稳定数月,发生局部块体位移及中小型塌方。进路跨度与暴露面积均小于Ⅲ级围岩标准,稳定程度较好。
综上所述,两步骤采场护壁式浅孔嗣后充填采矿法与护壁式上向进路充填采矿法确定的采场结构参数整体稳定性较好,护壁式上向水平充填采矿暴露面积接近Ⅲ级围岩的限值,为进一步验证采场结构参数的合理性,对护壁式上向水平充填采场稳定性开展分析。
根据岩石力学的基本原则,开挖工程的影响区域一般为工程开挖半径的3~5倍。采场长度为50~70 m,水平厚度8~12 m,为了消除开挖空间长度不足所产生的影响,模型长×宽为350 m×60 m,高为实际埋深,取大值750 m。由于矿体位于深部,不需要考虑对地表影响,模型矿体上部取100 m,下部取50 m,上部施加均匀650 m的自重应力以还原模型上部荷载情况,三维数值模型如图4所示。
由上节确定的护壁式上向水平充填采场结构参数:矿体水平厚度8~12 m,通过控制采场长度,保证暴露面积不大于600 m2,采场长度50~70 m,中段高为30 m,留有3 m顶柱,自下而上共9个分层。因此,本次模拟分以下3种工况进行模拟,见表3,以研究护壁式上向水平充填采场的稳定性。
矿体顶、底板大部分岩性为二云母石英片岩、二云母片岩,根据矿山岩石力学试验和岩体强度参数分析结果,最终确定数值模拟模型的矿岩及充填体力学参数,见表4。
本次模拟边界条件采用位移约束,即模型四周平面中,X、Y法向平面施加水平约束,底面施加垂直约束,顶面为自由面,不施加约束。模型顶面施加均匀的650 m岩石自重应力,自重应力σv为17.615 MPa。矿区最大水平主应力随埋深分布情况如图5所示,回归曲线最大水平应力σh, max=0.040 02H+4.040 48, R2=0.731 8, H为深度650 m,因此施加的最大水平应力为30.053 5 MPa,侧压系数λ=σh, max/σv,取1.71。
(1)最大主应力。各工况下的应力分布云图规律相似,故仅展示了工况一在一、五、九分层回采时的结果,如图6所示。在回采第一分层时,最大主应力主要集中在采空区的上下顶底板处,此时顶板和底板的支撑需求较高。随着开采的推进,应力分布模式随之调整。在回采第五和第九分层时,上盘围岩的应力状态发生变化,最大拉应力出现在采空区的顶板,尤其是靠近上盘围岩的尖端。这反映了随着开采分层的增加,围岩应力状态的转变对支护设计的影响。不同工况下最大拉应力对比如图7所示。由图7可知,回采过程中最大拉应力均未超过矿体的极限抗拉强度,说明回采过程中的稳定性较好。
(2)最小主应力。图8为工况一充填采场分层回采最主主应力云图。由图8可知,在回采第一分层时,由于采空区和矿体的应力释放,最大压应力集中在采空区左下侧尖端。随着开采深入,矿体和围岩的应力状态发生变化,最大压应力转移至采空区顶板靠近右上尖端。这是由于开采后尖端区域易形成应力集中,而应力在采动过程中不断集中、传递、释放和重分布,最终达到稳定平衡,因此会出现应力集中区域的转移现象[17]。不同工况下最大压应力对比如图9所示。由图9可知,随着分层增加,尖端压应力逐渐降低。尽管局部尖端的压应力超出矿体抗压强度,但由于其为局部现象,整体采场的顶板和侧帮应力均在安全范围内,因此整体稳定性良好。这一趋势突显了开采过程中应力重新分布的复杂性,并需注意局部应力集中及其对采场安全的潜在影响。
图10为工况一充填采场分层回采竖向位移云图。由图10可知,在回采第一分层时,最大下沉量出现在采空区的顶板处,整体顶板的下沉量较小。然而,底板矿体与下盘围岩出现了不同程度的底鼓。随着开采的推进,回采第五和第九分层时,最大下沉量转移至采空区顶板的中间位置,且已充填的底板充填体出现了显著的底鼓。这表明开采进程导致顶板区域的应力和变形加剧,充填体本身的性质造成支撑效果不够理想,底鼓现象明显[18]。不同工况下竖向位移对比如图11所示。由图11可知,3种工况下的顶板下沉量普遍较小,顶板的稳定性相对较好,但顶板下沉量会随着工况的变化逐渐增大。这表明在暴露面积确定的情况下,采场短边跨度越小,顶板下沉量越大。此外,充填体底板的底鼓现象也较为严重,因此在回采第一分层后,施工过程中需要特别关注充填体的底鼓问题。对于底鼓严重的区域,应采取有效措施进行处理,如进行补充充填或加固,以确保采掘设备的安全稳定运行,并防止底鼓问题对采场安全产生负面影响。
图12为工况一充填采场分层回采塑性区分布云图。由图12可知,采空区周边主要出现了剪切破坏(红色区域,颜色标识见电子版)。这种剪切破坏主要集中在采空区的尖端区域,并向围岩的深处延伸。在矿体的上下盘区域,剪切破坏的面积较大,这主要是由于围岩的强度较低,从而易于发生剪切破坏。在采空区的顶板与侧帮靠近尖端的部分,剪切破坏区域相对较多,然而,该区域与顶板贯穿的范围较小,因此不会导致大面积的顶板垮塌现象,可能仅会出现小范围的顶板冒落。侧帮由于上盘护壁的存在,有效地隔断了围岩剪切破坏区向采空区的扩展,因此剪切破坏未形成贯通。护壁的存在在一定程度上保护了顶板,避免了进一步的破坏。为此,需特别注意加强护壁的设置,避免揭穿上盘围岩。同时,下盘围岩的剪切破坏对采场的安全回采影响较小。因此,建议在靠近采空区尖端的区域加强顶板与侧帮的支护,以确保回采过程的安全与稳定。
综上所述,在回采第一分层时,最大拉应力主要集中于采空区的上下顶底板位置,而最大压应力则集中于采空区左下侧的尖端区域。最大下沉量出现在采空区的顶板处,顶板下沉量相对较小,底板矿体与下盘围岩均表现出一定程度的底鼓现象。在回采的第三、第五、第七和第九分层中,最大拉应力依然位于采空区的顶板,且靠近上盘尖端。与此同时,最大压应力则集中在采空区顶板的右上尖端附近。最大下沉量同样位于采空区顶板中间,但其下沉量相对较小,已充填的底板充填体出现显著的底鼓。整个开采过程中,最大拉应力均未超过矿体的抗拉强度。尽管尖端的压应力集中在局部区域,采场顶板与侧帮的压应力也均未超过矿体的抗压强度。虽然采空区顶板的最大下沉量较小,但在首层开采之后,需特别关注底鼓现象的发生。采空区周边的剪切破坏主要分布在采空区尖端并向围岩深处延伸,由于上盘护壁的存在,顶板的贯穿范围较小,可能导致小范围的顶板冒落现象。
因此,综合考虑应力场、位移场和塑性区分布等因素,护壁式上向水平充填采矿法采场回采过程的稳定性较好。然而,在回采过程中,应强调强采、强出、强充的充填采矿工艺,并在矿岩不稳固区域加强支护,以确保采场的安全回采。
结合岩体的产状、赋存条件、节理裂隙条件及岩体完整性,针对不同厚度的矿体选择了相应的采矿方法(两步骤采场护壁式浅孔嗣后充填采矿法、护壁式上向水平充填采矿法、护壁式上向进路充填采矿法)。在此基础上,根据矿山规模、选定的采矿方法、回采工艺、生产时期采掘比以及所需的采掘设备效率,确定了主要使用的采矿运输设备为掘进台车、2 m3电动铲运机、10 t矿卡。同时,基于回采设计,开展了现场工业试验,试验采场效果如图13所示。从图13中可以看出,由于存在护顶矿柱,矿体上盘的采场顶板表现出良好的稳固性。在采矿完成后的试验中,采场整体未出现任何塌落或冒顶现象,满足采场稳定性的要求。
在对试验采场的工业数据进行统计分析后,发现两步骤采场护壁式浅孔房柱嗣后充填法、护壁式上向水平充填采矿法、护壁式上向进路充填采矿法的技术经济指标整体较优。不同采矿方法的主要技术经济指标见表5。优化后的3种采矿方法能够满足该矿山3 000~3 200 m中段不同矿体厚度的安全高效开采要求,为矿山的后续生产决策提供了科学依据。
依据矿体的产状、赋存条件等特征,针对不同厚度的矿体优选了相应的采矿方法。同时,结合FLAC3D数值模拟分析,验证了护壁式上向水平充填采矿法采场结构参数的合理性。通过研究这一方法在回采过程中的应力、位移与破坏规律,为相似矿山的安全开采及地压控制提供了重要参考。得出以下主要结论。
(1)依据岩体节理裂隙分布情况、岩体完整性情况、矿岩的允许暴露面积和岩体自稳能力对采场结构参数进行优选,矿体厚度在8 m以下选用两步骤采场护壁式浅孔嗣后充填采矿法;矿体厚度为8~12 m选用护壁式上向水平充填采矿法;矿体厚度在12 m以上选用护壁式上向进路充填采矿法。
(2)回采过程中最大拉应力均未超过矿体的抗拉强度。随着开采的进行,采动过程中应力不断集中、传递、释放和重分布,最大压应力由采空区左下侧尖端转移至采空区顶板靠近右上尖端。随着分层增加,尖端压应力逐渐降低,局部尖端的压应力超出矿体抗压强度,但由于其为局部现象,整体采场的顶板和侧帮应力均在安全范围内。
(3)采场最大下沉量出现在采空区的顶板处,顶板下沉量相对较小,在暴露面积确定的情况下,采场短边跨度越小,顶板下沉量越大。开采进程导致底部应力和变形加剧,充填体底板与下盘围岩底鼓现象明显。
(4)由于围岩的强度较低,采空区周边易发生剪切破坏,剪切破坏主要集中在采空区的尖端区域,并向围岩的深处延伸。侧帮由于上盘护壁的存在,有效地隔断了围岩剪切破坏区向采空区的扩展,因此剪切破坏未形成贯通,在一定程度上保护顶板,避免了进一步的破坏。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907201)
  • 长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司科创项目(ZX24J074)
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2025年第45卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11
基金
“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907201)
长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司科创项目(ZX24J074)
作者信息
    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    2.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012

通讯作者:

张庆嵩(1998—),男,河北唐山人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事金属矿山采矿方法及工艺研究工作。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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