Article(id=1322158400591483396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156727216, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156727216, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156727216, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156727216, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=199, endPage=207, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158400817975813, articleId=1322158400591483396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Mechanism of Strength Strengthening and Deterioration of Clay-Rich Sandstone Under High Temperature, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the effect of heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties and strength change mechanism of clay-rich sandstone, the clay-rich sandstone specimens were heat treated at 25 ℃, 200 ℃, 400 ℃, 600 ℃ and 800 ℃, respectively, and the physical parameter measurement test and uniaxial compression test were carried out on the specimens after heat treatment.The results show that with the increase of heat treatment temperature, the mass of sandstone specimens decreases continuously, the wave velocity and elastic modulus increase first and then decrease, the porosity and peak strain decrease first and then increase. The strength of the sandstone specimens shows strengthening characteristics at 25 -600 ℃ heat treatment temperature, and shows deterioration characteristics at 600 - 800 ℃ heat treatment temperature. Finally, the strength change mechanism of clay-rich sandstone is revealed from three aspects: particle thermal expansion, mineral dehydration, mineral phase change and thermal decomposition. The research results provide a reference for the study of the thermal characteristics of clay-rich sandstone, and lay a theoretical foundation for the repair and reinforcement of underground space rock engineering under high temperature.

, authors=Wei XIE1, Bin NI1, Wei ZHANG1, Jun WANG1, Li WANG2, authorsList=Wei XIE, Bin NI, Wei ZHANG, Jun WANG, Li WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158403959509537, articleId=1322158400591483396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=高温作用下富黏土砂岩强度强化与劣化机制研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究热处理对富黏土砂岩物理力学特性和强度变化机制的影响,对富黏土砂岩试件进行了温度分别为25 ℃、200 ℃、400 ℃、600 ℃和800 ℃的热处理,并对热处理后的试件进行了物理参数测量试验和单轴压缩试验。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高,砂岩试件的质量不断减小、波速和弹性模量呈现出先增大后减小、孔隙率和峰值应变呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势;砂岩试件的强度在25~600 ℃热处理温度下呈现出强化特性,而在600~800 ℃热处理温度下呈现出劣化特性。最后,从颗粒热膨胀、矿物脱水、矿物相变与热分解3个方面揭示了富黏土砂岩的强度变化机制。研究结果为富黏土砂岩热特性的研究提供了借鉴,为高温作用下地下空间岩石工程的修复加固奠定了理论基础。

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谢伟(1981—),男,四川乐山人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程工作与研究。E-mail:

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王立(1992—),男,甘肃白银人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程工作与研究。E-mail:
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spectrum and porosity of sandstone specimens after heat treatment, figureFileSmall=3etzEIZsvEBFpXZi2ZPzTQ==, figureFileBig=xn1liNwDbNmNGIg8nus7TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158407293981262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158400591483396, language=CN, label=图2, caption=热处理作用后砂岩试件T2谱及孔隙率, figureFileSmall=3etzEIZsvEBFpXZi2ZPzTQ==, figureFileBig=xn1liNwDbNmNGIg8nus7TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158407457559119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158400591483396, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Stress-strain curves of sandstone specimen after heat treatment, figureFileSmall=qFu+WhrCrBPT/8UmPJGgvg==, figureFileBig=kzS3H42cODMzQLZd+60q4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158407545639504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158400591483396, language=CN, label=图3, caption=热处理作用后砂岩试件应力–应变曲线, figureFileSmall=qFu+WhrCrBPT/8UmPJGgvg==, 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figureFileBig=7rWPqEmWWlhFmAV6sVO2QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158407981847124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158400591483396, language=CN, label=图5, caption=高温作用下砂岩的XRD矿物分析结果, figureFileSmall=qeBJcTOYST5stXNCQYw09A==, figureFileBig=7rWPqEmWWlhFmAV6sVO2QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158408082510421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158400591483396, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical parameters of sandstone specimens before and after heat treatment

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热处理前热处理热处理后
直径/mm高/mm密度/(g/cm3)波速/(m/s)质量/g温度/℃波速/(m/s)质量/g
49.40100.102.622 941502.1325——
49.45100.082.622 941504.272003 030502.78
49.40100.092.622 971502.544003 125499.59
49.44100.112.622 941503.956002 041484.50
49.46100.112.632 941505.148001 667482.77
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热处理作用前后砂岩试件的物理参数

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热处理前热处理热处理后
直径/mm高/mm密度/(g/cm3)波速/(m/s)质量/g温度/℃波速/(m/s)质量/g
49.40100.102.622 941502.1325——
49.45100.082.622 941504.272003 030502.78
49.40100.092.622 971502.544003 125499.59
49.44100.112.622 941503.956002 041484.50
49.46100.112.632 941505.148001 667482.77
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Mechanical parameters of sandstone specimens after heat treatment

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热处理温度/℃强度/MPa峰值应变/%弹性模量/MPa
25122.250.7823.77×103
200125.920.7324.79×103
400136.950.7726.74×103
600164.341.8016.98×103
800135.301.9713.02×103
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热处理作用后砂岩试件力学参数

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热处理温度/℃强度/MPa峰值应变/%弹性模量/MPa
25122.250.7823.77×103
200125.920.7324.79×103
400136.950.7726.74×103
600164.341.8016.98×103
800135.301.9713.02×103
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高温作用下富黏土砂岩强度强化与劣化机制研究
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谢伟 1 , 倪彬 1 , 张伟 1 , 王军 1 , 王立 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(7): 199-207
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (7) : 199 -207
高温作用下富黏土砂岩强度强化与劣化机制研究
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谢伟1 , 倪彬1, 张伟1, 王军1, 王立2
作者信息
  • 1.中国有色金属工业西安勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710061
  • 2.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730099
通讯作者:
王立(1992—),男,甘肃白银人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程工作与研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

谢伟(1981—),男,四川乐山人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程工作与研究。E-mail:

Study on Mechanism of Strength Strengthening and Deterioration of Clay-Rich Sandstone Under High Temperature
Wei XIE1 , Bin NI1, Wei ZHANG1, Jun WANG1, Li WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi'an Engineering Investigation and Design Research Instatute of China National Non-ferrous Metals Industry Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi710061, China
  • 2.Lanzhou Engineering & Research Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy Co., Ltd., Lanzhou, Gansu 730099, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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为了研究热处理对富黏土砂岩物理力学特性和强度变化机制的影响,对富黏土砂岩试件进行了温度分别为25 ℃、200 ℃、400 ℃、600 ℃和800 ℃的热处理,并对热处理后的试件进行了物理参数测量试验和单轴压缩试验。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高,砂岩试件的质量不断减小、波速和弹性模量呈现出先增大后减小、孔隙率和峰值应变呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势;砂岩试件的强度在25~600 ℃热处理温度下呈现出强化特性,而在600~800 ℃热处理温度下呈现出劣化特性。最后,从颗粒热膨胀、矿物脱水、矿物相变与热分解3个方面揭示了富黏土砂岩的强度变化机制。研究结果为富黏土砂岩热特性的研究提供了借鉴,为高温作用下地下空间岩石工程的修复加固奠定了理论基础。

富黏土砂岩  /  热处理  /  物理力学特性  /  强度强化  /  强度劣化

In order to study the effect of heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties and strength change mechanism of clay-rich sandstone, the clay-rich sandstone specimens were heat treated at 25 ℃, 200 ℃, 400 ℃, 600 ℃ and 800 ℃, respectively, and the physical parameter measurement test and uniaxial compression test were carried out on the specimens after heat treatment.The results show that with the increase of heat treatment temperature, the mass of sandstone specimens decreases continuously, the wave velocity and elastic modulus increase first and then decrease, the porosity and peak strain decrease first and then increase. The strength of the sandstone specimens shows strengthening characteristics at 25 -600 ℃ heat treatment temperature, and shows deterioration characteristics at 600 - 800 ℃ heat treatment temperature. Finally, the strength change mechanism of clay-rich sandstone is revealed from three aspects: particle thermal expansion, mineral dehydration, mineral phase change and thermal decomposition. The research results provide a reference for the study of the thermal characteristics of clay-rich sandstone, and lay a theoretical foundation for the repair and reinforcement of underground space rock engineering under high temperature.

Clay-rich sandstone  /  Heat treatment  /  Physical and mechanical property  /  Strength strengthening  /  Strength degradation
谢伟, 倪彬, 张伟, 王军, 王立. 高温作用下富黏土砂岩强度强化与劣化机制研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 199 -207 .
Wei XIE, Bin NI, Wei ZHANG, Jun WANG, Li WANG. Study on Mechanism of Strength Strengthening and Deterioration of Clay-Rich Sandstone Under High Temperature[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 199 -207 .
随着浅部资源日趋枯竭,深部资源开采已逐渐成为常态[1]。砂岩作为一种常见的沉积岩,是许多矿山中主要的围岩类型之一。随着采矿深度的增加以及某些特定的热处理过程(如深部开采、地热能开发、核废料处置等),岩石会受到较高的温度影响[2]。因此,研究高温作用下砂岩的力学性能演化特征具有重要意义。
众多学者对高温作用下岩石物理与力学性质的演化规律进行了大量研究,并取得了丰硕的研究成果。例如,热处理可以影响砂岩的物理性质,如表观颜色[3]、质量[3-4]、波速[3-6]、体积[4-5]、孔隙率[6]、热膨胀系数[7]、渗透率[8]和热导率[9]等。基于这些物理参数,可以对砂岩力学性质的变化进行定量或定性分析。通常认为,随着热处理温度的不断升高,砂岩力学性质会表现出显著的热劣化现象[10],即砂岩的抗压强度和弹性模量会随着温度的升高而逐渐减小[11-15],且劣化速率存在由慢到快的温度阈值,这与砂岩的矿物成分及结构构造有关。热劣化的产生机制可以总结为:矿物颗粒的热膨胀促进了砂岩内部裂纹的发育,以及高温触发了砂岩矿物发生热分解反应,导致砂岩发生不可逆转的结构破坏。但是,砂岩在热处理作用后并不仅仅表现为热劣化,在某些温度区间内,砂岩的强度和弹性模量也会逐渐增大,这种现象被称为热强化。苏承东等[16]发现粗砂岩在经过100~500 ℃热处理作用后,试件的强度和弹性模量逐渐增加,而当热处理温度超过500 ℃后,试件的承载能力和抗变形能力逐渐减弱。于鑫等[17]对高温后致密砂岩物理力学特性进行了研究,发现试件强度随温度的升高呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,400 ℃为该砂岩强度变化的温度阈值,认为热强化机制与水分蒸发和颗粒热膨胀有关。此外,不少学者[18-21]也发现了砂岩热强化的特性。
由上述文献分析可知,砂岩在热处理作用下会表现出热劣化和热强化两种特性。岩石由矿物颗粒、孔洞、微裂缝和弱胶结界面组成,砂岩物理性质和宏观力学性质均随温度的变化,可以归因于热处理对岩石的矿物成分和微观结构的改造。以往研究主要分析砂岩在高温作用后的热劣化机制,而有关热处理后砂岩热强化机制的研究成果较少,尤其是富黏土砂岩,其物理力学性质对温度更加敏感。基于此,本文对25~800 ℃热处理作用后的富黏土砂岩进行单轴压缩试验,分析热处理对富黏土砂岩的质量、波速、孔隙率、孔隙分布、强度、弹性模量和峰值应变的影响,并从颗粒热膨胀、矿物脱水、矿物相变和热分解等方面揭示热劣化和热强化的产生机制。研究结果可作为高温环境下地下空间工程稳定性研究及支护设计的参考依据。
本文试验岩石取自四川省内江市某煤矿煤层底板,其主要组成矿物成分为石英、高岭石、云母和伊利石。按照国际岩石力学学会(ISRM)室内试验标准对岩样进行加工处理,制备成高度为100 mm、高径比为2:1的标准圆柱形试件,打磨和抛光至端面平整度小于0.02 mm、端面与轴向垂直角度小于0.25°。在进行热处理之前,测得试件体积范围为191.82~192.36 cm3,质量处于502.13~505.14 g之间,密度为2.62~2.63 g/cm3,纵波波速为2 941~2 971 m/s,具体数值见表1。
为了探究热处理对砂岩物理力学参数的影响,首先采用热处理(在力学加载试验前对试件完成高温处理)和炉内自然冷却的方法对砂岩试件进行热处理试验。热处理试验设备采用KSL-1200X-M型高温箱式马弗炉,目标温度分别设置为200 ℃、400 ℃、600 ℃和800 ℃, 25 ℃作为常温对照组,即未进行热处理试验。本文以5 ℃/min的升温速率将砂岩试件加热至目标温度,达到目标温度后继续恒温4 h,随后在马弗炉内自然冷却至室温。同时,为避免常温对照组砂岩试件内部自由水对力学试验结果产生干扰,对砂岩试件进行了干燥处理。
为了研究热处理后砂岩试件的物理力学性质演化规律,利用RMT-150C型岩石力学加载系统对不同温度热处理后砂岩试件进行单轴压缩试验。试验过程中,为了尽可能排除端部效应对试验结果的影响,在试件和承载平台、加载压头之间分别垫一块厚度为0.3 mm的四氟乙烯垫片,并在垫片与试件接触部位涂抹一层凡士林。本试验选择力控制的加载方式,加载速率设置为0.2 kN/s,操纵加载系统施加荷载,直至试件发生失稳破坏。
砂岩试件物理性质会因为热处理作用而发生改变,因此,有必要探究热处理作用后砂岩试件质量、波速、孔隙率及孔隙分布的演化特征。首先,对热处理试验前后砂岩试件质量进行测量,结果统计见表1。
根据表1中的数据,利用公式(1)和公式(2)对砂岩试件纵波速度变化率η和质量损失率δ进行计算,并绘制二者随温度变化的拟合曲线,如图1所示。
式中:η为砂岩试件的纵波速度变化率;ν为热处理后砂岩试件的纵波速度;ν0为热处理前砂岩试件的纵波速度。η为正时表示纵波速度增大,反之则减小。
式中:δ为砂岩试件的质量损失率;Δ m为热处理后砂岩试件的质量损失量;m0为热处理前砂岩试件的质量。
由表1和图1可知,相较于未经过热处理试验(25 ℃对照组)的砂岩试件,200 ℃和400 ℃条件下砂岩试样纵波波速缓慢增长,变化率分别为3.03%和5.18%,质量损失也较缓慢,损失率分别为0.30%和0.60%;当砂岩试件经过600 ℃和800 ℃热处理后,砂岩试件纵波波速急剧减小,变化率分别为-30.60%和-43.32%,质量损失急剧增大,损失率分别为3.86%和4.43%。分别对砂岩试件的纵波波速变化率和质量损失率的试验值进行拟合,发现二者分别收敛于Logistic函数和Boltzmann函数,相关系数R2分别为0.973和0.998。
为了探究热处理作用对砂岩试件孔隙率及孔隙分布的影响,利用核磁共振仪(NMR)对砂岩试件进行测试。测试前采用自然浸泡法对热处理砂岩试件进行48 h以上的饱水试验,待其质量不再随时间继续增长时,认为砂岩试件处于饱和状态,方可进行NMR孔隙率及孔隙分布的测试。根据核磁弛豫机制[19,22],岩石中不同类型孔隙中的流体具有不同的弛豫时间,在T2谱曲线上分布在不同位置。T2值越小,说明砂岩中微裂纹、孔隙及节理等微观缺陷结构的尺寸越小。峰面积反映了砂岩中微裂纹、孔隙及节理等微观缺陷结构的数量,峰宽反映了某一种微观缺陷结构的分布,峰的数量则反映了不同微观缺陷结构之间的孔隙连续性。砂岩试件T2谱和孔隙率随热处理作用的变化曲线如图2所示。对砂岩试件孔隙率φ进行拟合,发现其收敛于Nelder函数,相关系数R2为0.997。
由图2(a)可知,当热处理温度处于25~400 ℃范围内时,砂岩试件T2谱的微孔峰比较明显,中孔峰和大孔峰发育不全,表明此时砂岩试件以微孔为主。随着热处理温度的升高,微孔峰的孔隙度分量不断减小,表明微孔数量随着温度升高在不断减小,这使得图2(b)中孔隙率由2.367% (25 ℃)不断减小至2.331% (200 ℃)和2.198% (400 ℃)。
当热处理温度达到600 ℃和800 ℃时,T2谱曲线除了微孔峰外,还出现了明显的中孔峰。微孔峰的孔隙度分量和宽度在逐渐减小,而中孔峰的孔隙度分量和宽度在逐渐增大,表明微孔在热处理作用下不断演变为中孔,平均孔径增大。虽然600 ℃热处理后中孔数量有所增加,但T2谱曲线下的面积是5个热处理温度组里最小的,对应的孔隙数量也最少,孔隙率为2.188%(600 ℃)。800 ℃热处理后,砂岩试件T2谱的中孔峰最明显,表明此时砂岩试件以中孔为主,孔隙度达到了试验结果的最大值3.686%。微孔峰和中孔峰之间没有明显的边界,连通性较好;而中孔峰和大孔峰之间出现了明显界限,甚至是零值区域。大孔峰T2谱曲线下面积很小,且与中孔峰的连续性不好,表明砂岩试件的大孔独立且数量很少。
对经过25~800 ℃热处理的砂岩试件进行单轴压缩试验并绘制全应力–应变曲线,如图3所示。由图3可知,以800 ℃热处理为例,砂岩应力–应变曲线可分为4个阶段:压密阶段(AB段),由于砂岩试件初始裂纹和热处理造成的热裂纹被压密,曲线呈现明显的上凹非线性特征;线弹性阶段(BC段),该阶段理想状态下不会萌生新裂纹,应力–应变曲线近似为直线段;塑性变形阶段(CD段),随着施加载荷的增大,砂岩试件内部新裂纹开始萌生、扩展和贯通,应力–应变曲线开始偏离直线,且曲线斜率越来越小;破坏阶段(DE段),应力–应变曲线达到峰值后,砂岩试件表面出现肉眼可见的宏观裂纹,发生失稳破坏的瞬间伴有强烈的音爆声。
在25~400 ℃间,随着热处理温度的升高,应力–应变曲线的压密阶段逐渐变短,表明热处理使得砂岩内部颗粒产生热膨胀,颗粒之间的微裂纹得到一定的修复,导致压密阶段变形量越来越小;弹性变形阶段逐渐变长,且没有明显的塑性变形,整个加载过程中应变很小,砂岩试件表现出典型的脆性破坏特征。而对于600 ℃和800 ℃热处理后的砂岩试件,应力–应变曲线的压密阶段明显变长,表明该热处理温度使得岩石内部损伤严重,微孔隙和微裂纹增多,使得裂纹孔隙被完全压密,需要更大的变形;弹性变形阶段较短,峰值强度之前具有很明显的塑性变形,峰值之后试件表现出延性破坏特征。
将图3中各热处理作用后砂岩试件应力–应变曲线D点对应的应力值记为强度,D点对应的应变值记为峰值应变,并根据BC段(弹性阶段)斜率计算弹性模量。热处理作用后砂岩试件力学参数见表2。
根据表2中的各组力学参数统计数据,绘制出砂岩试件强度、峰值应变及弹性模量与热处理温度的变化曲线,如图4所示,对应的拟合公式见式(3)至式(5)。
由表2与图4可知,砂岩试件的强度随温度的升高呈现出强度强化和强度劣化两种效应,在25~600 ℃范围内,强度由122.25 MPa(25 ℃)分别增加到125.92 MPa(200 ℃)、136.95 MPa(400 ℃)和164.34 MPa(600 ℃),强度最大提高了34.43%,表现出显著的强度强化效应;而当温度从600 ℃上升到800 ℃时,强度由164.34 MPa降低至135.30 MPa,强度降低了17.67%,表现出强度劣化效应。并对砂岩试件强度的试验值进行拟合,发现其收敛于Logistpk函数,相关系数R2为0.990。砂岩试件的峰值应变随温度的升高先平缓过渡再快速增长,200 ℃和400 ℃热处理后,砂岩试件的峰值应变略小于25 ℃;而当热处理温度大于400 ℃后,峰值应变成倍增长,这是因为高温使得砂岩试件逐渐由脆性向延性转变。并对砂岩试件峰值应变的试验值进行拟合,发现其收敛于Boltzmann函数,相关系数R2为0.997。另外,在400 ℃前后,砂岩试件的弹性模量表现出截然相反的两种变化趋势,在25~400 ℃范围时,弹性模量缓慢增大,由23.77 GPa(25℃)分别增加到24.79 GPa(200 ℃)和26.74 GPa(400 ℃);当热处理温度超过400 ℃后,弹性模量快速减小,由26.74 GPa(400 ℃)分别减小到16.98 GPa (600 ℃)和13.02 GPa(800 ℃)。并对砂岩试件弹性模量的试验值进行拟合,发现其收敛于Holliday函数,相关系数R2为0.841。
为了揭示热处理作用后富黏土砂岩强度的变化机制,对砂岩试件的质量、波速、孔隙率和孔隙分布、峰值应变及弹性模量进行了研究,从宏–细–微观层次解析砂岩力学性能的变化规律。本文主要探讨砂岩矿物颗粒热膨胀、黏土矿物脱水、矿物的物相与热分解这3个因素对砂岩强度的影响。
(1)第一重效应。热膨胀促使砂岩试件结构更加致密。砂岩内部存在大量非均匀分布的原生微裂纹和孔隙缺陷,这些微观缺陷结构会对砂岩的热膨胀行为产生影响,导致主要造岩矿物石英颗粒具有较高的体积膨胀率,富含石英矿物的岩石通过热膨胀获得更致密的结构[23]。因此,当热处理温度小于500 ℃时,初始热膨胀致使砂岩试件内部原生的微裂纹和缺陷逐渐闭合,抑制原生微裂纹连通,从而使得砂岩试件内部结构的致密度逐渐增大[5,17]。当热处理温度为25~400 ℃时,砂岩试件的波速不断增大,孔隙度分量和孔隙率均降低,表明矿物颗粒的热膨胀促使砂岩试件拥有更致密的结构。而在单轴压缩过程中,矿物颗粒界面的摩擦剪切阻力增加,这在力学性质结果中体现为砂岩试件强度和弹性模量不断增大、峰值应变略有减小(见表2和图4)。因此,热膨胀促使砂岩试件结构更加致密,是热处理温度为25~400 ℃时砂岩试件的强度呈现出强化效应的主要原因。
(2)第二重效应。热膨胀诱导微裂纹发育和扩展。原生裂纹的扩展或新裂纹的发育归因于矿物的热膨胀,不同矿物颗粒、颗粒与胶结物热膨胀率的不同会促进矿物接触处微裂纹的产生[5,23]。同时,单个矿物热膨胀的各向异性也会导致晶内微裂纹的发育[23-24]。而当砂岩试件被加热到500 ℃以上时,这类热膨胀损伤效应才会逐渐占据主导地位[25]。孔隙率和波速都是表征孔隙结构的重要参数,当砂岩试件经过600 ℃热处理后,波速减小,孔隙度分量和孔隙率略微降低,表明600 ℃热处理作用下,热膨胀诱导微裂纹发育和扩展的作用有限,但并不能作为强度和峰值应变增大,弹性模量减小的主导因素。当砂岩试件经过800 ℃热处理作用后,波速急剧减小,孔隙度分量和孔隙率急剧增加,表明800 ℃下热膨胀诱导微裂纹发育和扩展,峰值应变增大,强度和弹性模量迅速减小的作用明显。值得注意的是,热膨胀诱导微裂纹如果是取向不利的,可能会抑制应力诱导微裂纹的萌生和合并[23,26],这是600 ℃热处理作用下砂岩试件强度发生强化效应的部分原因。
除了微观结构的变化外,砂岩试件成分的变化也会导致其力学性质发生改变,黏土砂岩具有丰富的胶结物,使其力学性质对温度的变化更加敏感。不同状态的水(自由水、结合水、结晶水和结构水)会从温度升高的砂岩黏土矿物(高岭石、伊利石和云母)中逐渐析出[23]。黏土矿物在脱水过程会对岩石力学性能产生双重影响。
(1)第一重影响。脱水硬化增加了颗粒之间的摩擦力。表1和图1(b)中质量的降低很好地解释了砂岩试件在热处理过程中的脱水现象。热处理温度为100 ℃左右时,高岭石中的自由水被排出,自由水的蒸发会暂时增大有效应力[11],使岩石表面的微孔隙暴露,为岩石提供了更多的压密空间,热膨胀的压密作用更加显著,新裂纹萌生所需要的温度水平更高,从而导致岩石强度增大。热处理温度为400 ℃左右时,高岭石中的结合水和结晶水开始析出[26-27],同时云母在200~600 ℃温度区间发生脱水反应[26,28],都增加了砂岩试件矿物颗粒之间的摩擦力。因此,当热处理温度处于25~600 ℃范围内时,高岭石和云母矿物脱水硬化增加颗粒之间的摩擦力是砂岩试件强度强化效应产生的另一个原因。
(2)第二重影响。脱水收缩导致结构解体[23]。热处理温度为550 ℃左右时,高岭石中的结构水脱出,并发生分解反应变成偏高岭石[27],分解过程见式(6)。
伊利石在500~750 ℃温度区间发生脱水反应[26,29],脱水反应过程见式(7)。
当热处理温度超过500 ℃后,砂岩试件中的高岭石和伊利石矿物开始收缩,更高的热处理温度作用下,砂岩试件的波速急剧降低(800 ℃)、孔隙率增大,说明黏土矿物收缩导致岩体结构严重解体。因此,脱水收缩导致结构解体是造成800 ℃砂岩试件在宏观上强度劣化的原因之一。
化学反应在较低温度范围内是不活跃的,更高的热处理温度会触发和促进矿物的热反应,加速矿物结构解体,高温作用下砂岩的XRD矿物分析结果如图5所示。
573 ℃高温作用下,石英晶体从α-石英转变为β-石英[29-30]。
黏土矿物的热分解也会导致其发生不可逆转的结构破坏,当热处理温度超过700 ℃时,偏高岭石会完全热分解为Al2O3 · 3SiO2[27],分解过程见式(8)。
砂岩试件的波速降低和孔隙率增大都是石英的相变和偏高岭石的热分解导致其结构解体破坏的结果。因此,矿物的相变和热分解导致结构解体是造成800 ℃砂岩试件在宏观上强度劣化的另一个主要原因。
本研究对25~800 ℃热处理后的富黏土砂岩进行了物理参数测量试验和单轴压缩试验,分析了热处理后砂岩试件物理力学性质的演化规律。发现砂岩试件的强度随温度升高呈现出强度强化和强度劣化两种特性,并从颗粒热膨胀、矿物脱水及矿物的物相和热分解3个方面揭示了强度变化机制。主要研究结论如下。
(1)随着热处理温度升高,砂岩试件的质量不断减小,波速和弹性模量呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,孔隙率和峰值应变呈先减小后增大的变化趋势。
(2)热处理温度为25~400 ℃时,砂岩试件的强度由122.25 MPa(25 ℃)分别增加到125.92 MPa(200 ℃)和136.95 MPa(400 ℃),表现出显著的强度强化特性。其机制为:石英颗粒热膨胀促使砂岩试件结构更加致密,以及高岭石和云母的脱水硬化增加了颗粒之间的摩擦力。
(3)热处理温度为400 ~600 ℃时,砂岩试件的强度由136.95 MPa增加到164.34 MPa,表现出显著的强度强化特性。其机制为:热膨胀微裂纹取向不利,抑制了应力诱导微裂纹的扩展,以及云母的脱水硬化增加了颗粒之间的摩擦力。在富黏土砂岩中,二者的强化作用大于石英相变的劣化作用。
(4)热处理温度为600~800 ℃时,砂岩试件的强度由164.34 MPa降低至135.30 MPa,表现出显著的强度劣化特性。其机制为:伊利石脱水收缩和偏高岭石热分解导致砂岩试件内部结构解体。
(5)热处理作用导致矿物发生热膨胀、脱水、相变和热分解,均对富黏土砂岩强度变化产生了显著影响,可考虑将该影响机制推广到富黏土沉积岩热特性的研究中。
  • 江西省教育厅科研基金资助项目(GJJ210859)
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2025年第45卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
基金
江西省教育厅科研基金资助项目(GJJ210859)
作者信息
    1.中国有色金属工业西安勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710061
    2.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730099

通讯作者:

王立(1992—),男,甘肃白银人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程工作与研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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