Article(id=1322158384615375379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726588800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156723407, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156723407, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156723407, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156723407, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=208, endPage=217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158384871227924, articleId=1322158384615375379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Instability Characteristics and Unsaturated Seepage Characteristics of Rock Slope with Multiple Weak Interlayers, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Weak interlayer is usually the main internal factor of rock slope instability, and rainfall is the main external factor of slope instability. For rock slope with weak interlayer, it is of great significance to study its instability mechanism and seepage characteristics to prevent slope instability. Taking the limestone open-pit slope with multiple weak interlayers in Nanshan, Chibi, Hubei Province as the research object, the instability characteristics of the slope were deeply explored by numerical simulation method, and the unsaturated seepage characteristics of the slope were studied based on the unsaturated seepage theory. Finally, the Morgenstern-price method was used to calculate the safety factor of each potential slip surface under the influence of seepage field. The results show that the weak interlayer is the main reason for the instability and failure of the slope, whether it is the overall instability and failure of the slope along the weak interlayer or the local instability and failure of the step. Under the influence of rainfall, the change of pore water pressure in the slope gradually develops from the surface to the depth, but the influence depth is limited. For the feature points with a certain distance from the slope surface, the increase of pore water pressure and volumetric water content has a “lag” phenomenon. The safety factor of each potential slip surface of the slope decreases, which decreases greatly in the early stage of rainfall, and tends to be stable in the later stage of rainfall.

, authors=Xintao ZHOU1, Dianji ZHANG1, Yuanxu ZHU1, Chao WU1, Zheng NIE1, 2, authorsList=Xintao ZHOU, Dianji ZHANG, Yuanxu ZHU, Chao WU, Zheng NIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zheng NIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158388667073079, articleId=1322158384615375379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=多软弱夹层岩质边坡失稳特性及非饱和渗流特性研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

软弱夹层通常是岩质边坡失稳的主要内部因素,降雨则是边坡失稳的主要外部因素,对于含软弱夹层的岩质边坡,研究其失稳机制及渗流特性对防治边坡失稳具有重要意义。以湖北赤壁南山某含多条软弱夹层石灰岩的露天边坡为研究对象,通过数值模拟方法深入探究边坡失稳特性,基于非饱和渗流理论研究边坡非饱和渗流特性,最后,采用Morgenstern-price法计算渗流场影响下各潜在滑移面的安全系数。研究结果表明:无论是边坡整体沿软弱夹层失稳破坏还是台阶局部失稳破坏,软弱夹层都是导致边坡发生失稳破坏的主要原因;降雨影响下,边坡内孔隙水压力的变化逐渐由地表往深处发展,但影响深度有限;对于距离边坡表面有一定距离的特征点,其孔隙水压力和体积含水率的提高存在“滞后”现象;在降雨影响下,边坡各潜在滑移面的安全系数降低,且在降雨前期降低幅度较大,后期则趋于平稳。

, authors=周新涛1, 张电吉1, 朱元栩1, 伍超1, 聂正1, 2, authorsList=周新涛, 张电吉, 朱元栩, 伍超, 聂正, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=聂正, authorNote=

周新涛(1999—),男,浙江台州人,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿工程开采方法及地下硐室稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:。

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聂正(1999—),男,安徽六安人,博士研究生,主要从事采矿工程、岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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周新涛(1999—),男,浙江台州人,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿工程开采方法及地下硐室稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:。

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周新涛(1999—),男,浙江台州人,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿工程开采方法及地下硐室稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:。

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figureFileSmall=TTLW8LLJeJmvNnn5jbE2Xw==, figureFileBig=1tkCbVOGtFG0WiqqDwGX8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158394534904446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158384615375379, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic mechanical parameters of slope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性弹性模量/MPa泊松比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/(°)抗拉强度/kPa孔隙率容重/(kN/m3)
石灰岩1 4900.241 030311 8000.0227
软弱夹层270.35172310.2717
), ArticleFig(id=1322158394794951295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158384615375379, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

边坡基本力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性弹性模量/MPa泊松比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/(°)抗拉强度/kPa孔隙率容重/(kN/m3)
石灰岩1 4900.241 030311 8000.0227
软弱夹层270.35172310.2717
), ArticleFig(id=1322158394912391808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158384615375379, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic calculation parameters of slope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性容重/(kN/m3)饱和渗透系数/(m/s)饱和体积含水率残余体积含水率
石灰岩277.2×10-70.250.05
软弱夹层171.0×10-60.400.10
), ArticleFig(id=1322158395034026625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158384615375379, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

边坡基本计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性容重/(kN/m3)饱和渗透系数/(m/s)饱和体积含水率残余体积含水率
石灰岩277.2×10-70.250.05
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多软弱夹层岩质边坡失稳特性及非饱和渗流特性研究
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周新涛 1 , 张电吉 1 , 朱元栩 1 , 伍超 1 , 聂正 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(7): 208-217
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (7) : 208 -217
多软弱夹层岩质边坡失稳特性及非饱和渗流特性研究
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周新涛(1999—),男,浙江台州人,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿工程开采方法及地下硐室稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:。

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周新涛1 , 张电吉1, 朱元栩1, 伍超1, 聂正1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉工程大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 2.东北大学 深部金属矿智能开采与装备全国重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
通讯作者:
聂正(1999—),男,安徽六安人,博士研究生,主要从事采矿工程、岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

周新涛(1999—),男,浙江台州人,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿工程开采方法及地下硐室稳定性方面的研究。E-mail:。

Study on Instability Characteristics and Unsaturated Seepage Characteristics of Rock Slope with Multiple Weak Interlayers
Xintao ZHOU1 , Dianji ZHANG1, Yuanxu ZHU1, Chao WU1, Zheng NIE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources & Safety Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Deep Metal Mining and Equipment, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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软弱夹层通常是岩质边坡失稳的主要内部因素,降雨则是边坡失稳的主要外部因素,对于含软弱夹层的岩质边坡,研究其失稳机制及渗流特性对防治边坡失稳具有重要意义。以湖北赤壁南山某含多条软弱夹层石灰岩的露天边坡为研究对象,通过数值模拟方法深入探究边坡失稳特性,基于非饱和渗流理论研究边坡非饱和渗流特性,最后,采用Morgenstern-price法计算渗流场影响下各潜在滑移面的安全系数。研究结果表明:无论是边坡整体沿软弱夹层失稳破坏还是台阶局部失稳破坏,软弱夹层都是导致边坡发生失稳破坏的主要原因;降雨影响下,边坡内孔隙水压力的变化逐渐由地表往深处发展,但影响深度有限;对于距离边坡表面有一定距离的特征点,其孔隙水压力和体积含水率的提高存在“滞后”现象;在降雨影响下,边坡各潜在滑移面的安全系数降低,且在降雨前期降低幅度较大,后期则趋于平稳。

岩质边坡  /  软弱夹层  /  非饱和渗流  /  边坡稳定  /  边坡失稳特性

Weak interlayer is usually the main internal factor of rock slope instability, and rainfall is the main external factor of slope instability. For rock slope with weak interlayer, it is of great significance to study its instability mechanism and seepage characteristics to prevent slope instability. Taking the limestone open-pit slope with multiple weak interlayers in Nanshan, Chibi, Hubei Province as the research object, the instability characteristics of the slope were deeply explored by numerical simulation method, and the unsaturated seepage characteristics of the slope were studied based on the unsaturated seepage theory. Finally, the Morgenstern-price method was used to calculate the safety factor of each potential slip surface under the influence of seepage field. The results show that the weak interlayer is the main reason for the instability and failure of the slope, whether it is the overall instability and failure of the slope along the weak interlayer or the local instability and failure of the step. Under the influence of rainfall, the change of pore water pressure in the slope gradually develops from the surface to the depth, but the influence depth is limited. For the feature points with a certain distance from the slope surface, the increase of pore water pressure and volumetric water content has a “lag” phenomenon. The safety factor of each potential slip surface of the slope decreases, which decreases greatly in the early stage of rainfall, and tends to be stable in the later stage of rainfall.

Rock slope  /  Weak interlayer  /  Unsaturated seepage  /  Slope stability  /  Slope instability characteristic
周新涛, 张电吉, 朱元栩, 伍超, 聂正. 多软弱夹层岩质边坡失稳特性及非饱和渗流特性研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 208 -217 .
Xintao ZHOU, Dianji ZHANG, Yuanxu ZHU, Chao WU, Zheng NIE. Study on Instability Characteristics and Unsaturated Seepage Characteristics of Rock Slope with Multiple Weak Interlayers[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 208 -217 .
对于含有软弱夹层的岩质边坡,降雨极易诱发滑坡[1-6]。一方面,当雨水入渗时,引起边坡内孔隙水压力增大,造成边坡有效应力降低,同时坡体内含水率的升高使得边坡自重增加;另一方面,与其他岩层相比,软弱夹层强度低[7],遇水易软化、泥化[8-9],导致其强度大幅降低,边坡下滑力增大,抗滑力减弱,当下滑力大于抗滑力时,边坡便会沿软弱夹层发生失稳破坏。因此,许多学者对降雨条件下含软弱夹层边坡稳定性展开了研究,王增强[10]通过研究某水库含软弱夹层边坡,发现软弱夹层的存在改变了边坡内原有的渗流特征,软弱夹层内的渗流路径与边坡内的其余部位有所不同。宋洋等[11]研究了软弱夹层倾角与边坡坡角及裂隙位置的情况,推导出了不同降雨强度下降雨对边坡滑移临界长度的影响的公式,且利用该公式计算得出的数据与实测值较为吻合。刘杨等[12]以某石灰石矿山高边坡为研究对象,基于强度折减法计算了降雨对该边坡的影响,并实时记录了边坡内孔隙水压的变化,结果表明,由于软弱夹层的存在,降雨24 h后边坡便处于不稳定状态。杨启帆等[13]对四川某含缓倾软弱夹层石灰石矿山边坡展开研究,发现在应力场和渗流场的作用下,软弱夹层的倾角越小,边坡越稳定;软弱夹层越厚,边坡越不稳定。
现有的研究中,对于含多条软弱夹层的边坡,尤其是对该类型边坡非饱和渗流特性的研究颇少。而降雨过程是由不饱和到饱和的过程,其渗流规律遵循非饱和渗流理论。基于此,本研究以赤壁南山某含多条软弱夹层石灰岩的露天矿边坡为研究对象,通过数值模拟方法,结合非饱和渗流理论,系统研究该类型边坡的失稳特性及渗流特性。研究结果可为同类型边坡的防治提供理论指导。
湖北赤壁南山石灰岩露天矿矿区属低山丘陵地貌,山脉总体呈近东西走向。矿区属亚热带季风性气候区,雨量充沛,气候温和,四季分明。年平均气温为17 ℃,极端最高气温为40.7 ℃,极端最低气温为-14.6 ℃;年平均湿度为79%;年降水量一般为1 407~1 935 mm,平均降水量为1 589.3 mm,日最大降水量为216.8 mm。
基于地质、水文勘察,建立了所研究边坡的计算模型,如图1所示。边坡高171 m,宽301 m,有14处台阶,台阶高度分别为10 m、25 m、31 m、40 m、55 m、70 m、76 m、89 m、102 m、114 m、116 m、133 m、150 m、160 m。边坡存在3条平行的软弱夹层,倾角约为18.3°,上部与下部软弱夹层厚度均为3 m,中间软弱夹层厚度为2 m,为了方便叙述,将3条软弱夹层由上往下依次命名为:软弱夹层1、软弱夹层2和软弱夹层3。
通过勘察发现,3条软弱夹层的力学性质基本一致,边坡石灰岩风化程度均匀,节理、裂隙发育也较为均匀,故在计算时,3条软弱夹层选取相同参数,边坡各处石灰岩假定为均质连续体,则计算参数相同。通过查阅该矿山地质报告并结合室内试验,确定边坡基本力学参数见表1。
为系统分析含多条软弱夹层边坡的失稳特性,通过数值模拟计算边坡在自然工况下的位移及塑性区分布情况,为后续确定边坡危险滑移面提供依据。在计算时,假定各岩土层为理想弹塑性材料,本构模型采用摩尔–库伦理想弹塑性模型。边坡在自然工况下的位移情况如图2所示。由于软件默认水平方向向右、竖直方向向上为正,故本研究中水平方向与竖直方向位移值均为负值。
从图2(a)可以看出,边坡的最大水平位移发生在133 m平台的坡脚处,133~150 m平台之间发生的水平位移明显高于周围岩体,可以初步判断,133~150 m平台之间的岩体稳定性较低,极有可能发生小规模滑坡,该处台阶处于不稳定状态,有待进一步分析;76~89 m平台之间的水平位移明显高于周围岩体,在76 m平台坡脚处发生了局部大位移,表明该处岩体稳定性较差,有发生滑坡的可能性,需进一步展开分析。总体上,软弱夹层3以下部分岩体发生水平位移极小,而软弱夹层3以上部分岩体水平位移明显高于软弱夹层3以下部分岩体,且位移呈现一定的规律性,软弱夹层1上部岩体水平位移随着高程的降低逐渐增大,最大水平位移发生在133 m平台的坡脚处,该处也是软弱夹层与边坡台阶的相交处;软弱夹层1与软弱夹层2的中间部分岩体、软弱夹层2与软弱夹层3的中间部分岩体的水平位移发展规律大致相同,表现为水平位移随着高程的降低逐渐增大,且最大水平位移均发生在软弱夹层与边坡台阶相交处。上述分析表明,软弱夹层的存在极大地影响了边坡的整体稳定,边坡整体有沿3条软弱夹层中任一条发生顺层滑坡的可能性,需进一步展开分析。
从图2(b)可以看出,软弱夹层3以下部分岩体仅发生极小竖直方向位移,而软弱夹层3以上部分岩体竖直位移明显高于软弱夹层3以下部分岩体,可见软弱夹层的存在极大地增加了边坡的竖向位移,且整体上软弱夹层1以上部分岩体发生的竖向位移显著大于软弱夹层1与软弱夹层2之间、软弱夹层2与软弱夹层3之间的岩体。因此,高程越大,竖向位移总体上越大;最大竖向位移发生在133 m平台与坡顶之间。表明软弱夹层的存在极大地影响了边坡的整体稳定性,且软弱夹层1对边坡整体的影响高于软弱夹层2和软弱夹层3。
从图2(c)可以看出,76~116 m平台处产生了局部大位移,该处有发生局部滑坡的风险;软弱夹层2与边坡相交处的位移高于周围岩体,可能引发局部失稳;边坡最大位移发生在软弱夹层1上部133 m平台与坡顶之间,且软弱夹层1以上部分岩体位移显著高于其余部分岩体,故软弱夹层1上部岩体有发生整体失稳或局部失稳的可能性。
综上所述,软弱夹层的存在极大地影响了边坡的整体稳定,在软弱夹层与边坡相交处存在局部大位移的现象,有发生局部失稳的可能性。此外,软弱夹层1对边坡的影响大于软弱夹层2和软弱夹层3,边坡整体有沿3条软弱夹层中任一条发生顺层滑坡的可能性。
边坡岩体塑性区的分布如图3所示。从图3可以看出,76~89 m平台间的台阶存在局部塑性贯通区,存在局部失稳的可能;软弱夹层1上部岩体存在大规模塑性区,且从133 m平台至坡顶已形成塑性贯通区,存在失稳的可能;软弱夹层1和软弱夹层2近似形成塑性贯通区,软弱夹层3已形成塑性贯通区,故3条软弱夹层均有可能成为边坡整体失稳的滑移面。
通过分析边坡位移规律及塑性区的分布情况,发现边坡可能沿着任意一条软弱夹层发生顺层滑坡,且边坡若干平台之间的台阶存在局部失稳的可能。为了进一步探究含软弱夹层岩质边坡的失稳特性,需通过定量方法对上述的潜在失稳滑体做进一步分析。
安全系数能够直接定量描述边坡在荷载作用下的承载能力和抵抗破坏能力。Morgenstern-price法作为众多极限平衡法中的一种,不仅可以满足条件的力矩平衡,还适用于任意形状的边坡破坏形式,在边坡问题中得到了广泛应用。通过上文的分析可知,该边坡可能沿3条软弱夹层整体滑移或沿台阶发生局部失稳。因此,本研究基于Morgenstern-price法,从边坡沿软弱夹层整体稳定性和台阶局部稳定性两个角度出发,搜索边坡最危险滑移面并计算其安全系数,得出的结果分别如图4、图5所示。
从图4可以看出,该边坡沿3条软弱夹层发生破坏的最危险滑移面形状大致相同,呈折线形楔体破坏。沿软弱夹层1破坏的最危险滑移面的安全系数为1.136,沿软弱夹层2破坏的最危险滑移面的安全系数为1.295,沿软弱夹层3破坏的最危险滑移面的安全系数为1.514。从图5可以看出,边坡台阶共存在6处危险滑移面,其中软弱夹层以上部分存在5处危险滑移面,且滑移面的底部滑移线均沿软弱夹层,滑移面形状均呈折线形;软弱夹层以下部分的台阶最危险滑移面形状呈近似圆弧形。为了方便叙述,将图5(a)至图5(f)的滑移面依次命名为H1、H2、H3、H4、H5、H6。在不考虑其余外界因素的条件下,软弱夹层的存在是导致边坡台阶局部失稳的主要因素,如H1至H5,其滑移面的底部滑移线均与软弱夹层位于同一直线上;软弱夹层的存在极大地降低了边坡台阶的局部稳定性,H6没有受到软弱夹层的影响,其安全系数为3.966,远大于受软弱夹层影响的H1至H5;H1和H2主要受软弱夹层3的影响,H3主要受软弱夹层2的影响,H4主要受软弱夹层1的影响,H5受软弱夹层1和软弱夹层2的共同影响。
大量试验研究及工程应用表明,降雨是导致边坡失稳破坏的主要因素之一,而在地下水位线以上,降雨的过程实际上是岩土体从非饱和到饱和的过程,其渗流规律遵循非饱和渗流理论。本文将裂隙岩体视为等效连续介质,非饱和渗流本构模型选用van Genuchten模型,依据以往大量研究[14-19],拟合得到适用于本研究的体积含水率、渗透系数与基质吸力的关系曲线,如图6所示,边坡各材料的基本计算参数见表2。
在进行非饱和渗流计算时,整个渗流过程依然符合达西定律,但渗透系数不再是常数,其值由上述van Genuchten模型拟合得到。渗流控制方程遵循Richards方程,见式(1)。
式中:kx为水平方向渗透系数,m/s;ky为垂直方向渗透系数,m/s,假定岩土体具有各向同性,则kx=ky;h为总水头,m;γw为水的容重,γw=9.8 kN/m3;mw为水的密度,其表达式见式(2)。
式中:θw为体积含水率;(ua-uw)为基质吸力,kPa;ua为空隙气压力,kPa;uw为空隙水压力,kPa。
大量工程实践证明,摩尔–库伦有效应力强度准则只适用于饱和岩土体。计算时采用非饱和抗剪强度公式,见式(3)。
式中:c′为有效黏聚力,MPa;σ为破坏时破坏面上的法向应力,MPa;φ′为有效内摩擦角,(°);φb为基质吸力(ua-uw)对应的抗剪强度曲线斜率确定的角度,(°)。
对于模型的边界条件,边坡模型的底部设为不透水边界,两侧地下水位线以下设置为定水头边界,地下水位线以上设为零流量边界。边坡地表边界根据设置的降雨强度施加降雨边界,当降雨强度大于岩体渗透性时,降雨边界按照水头边界计算;当降雨强度小于岩体渗透性时,降雨边界按照流量边界计算,以此来满足模拟的合理性与真实性。
一方面,降雨直接影响岩土体的抗剪强度,造成岩土体的强度“弱化”;另一方面,降雨入渗使得岩土体含水率升高,孔隙水压力增大,岩土体的有效应力降低,导致边坡整体稳定性受到影响。将南山矿区近30年最大降水量作为降雨边界条件,其值为1.16 × 10-6 m/s,降雨时长设置为24 h。依据地下水位线的情况,计算得到边坡的初始渗流场,如图7所示。
为了方便后文叙述,在3条软弱夹层上各选取一个特征点,分别命名为特征点1、特征点2和特征点3;在边坡上选取3个特征点,分别命名为特征点A、特征点B和特征点C。分别记录降雨6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h后边坡内孔隙水压力的变化情况,结果如图8所示。
从图8可以看出,随着降雨的持续进行,边坡内孔隙水压力的变化逐渐由地表向深处发展,但影响深度有限,降雨24 h后,影响深度为20~30 m,而更深处的岩土体并为受到影响,孔隙水压力几乎无变化。可见降雨发生时,降雨对边坡的影响主要集中在坡体表面,而对更深处的岩体几乎不产生影响。此外,降雨入渗时,各软弱夹层上形成了“滞水层”,导致软弱夹层上的水难以向垂直向下方向入渗;降雨24 h后,软弱夹层3上的水才开始突破垂直向下方向的岩体,而软弱夹层1和软弱夹层2上的水依旧没有突破垂直方向的岩体,形成了“暂态储水区”。以软弱夹层2为例,边坡内的水流失量图如图9所示。
从图9可以看出,在降雨初期,除了地表径流,雨水极大部分垂直向下入渗;当雨水入渗到软弱夹层时,软弱夹层的岩体含水率不断升高,此时雨水难以继续向软弱夹层垂直向下方向的岩体入渗,而是沿一定角度渗流,软弱夹层充当了暂态的“隔水层”。造成这个现象的原因是不同岩层边界含水率存在差异,导致产生了较大的渗透系数差。根据非饱和渗流理论及van Genuchten模型可知,非饱和渗流时,岩土体的渗透系数与含水率等因素有关,当石灰岩体及软弱夹层中的孔隙裂隙充满水时,软弱夹层以上部分的岩土体接近饱和状态,其渗透系数接近各材料的饱和渗透系数,远大于下部含水率低的石灰岩体,雨水难以再垂直向下渗流,而是向渗透系数大的岩体方向产生迁移,在软弱夹层与下部石灰岩体的相交界面形成暂时的“隔水层”。随着降雨的继续,下部石灰岩体的含水率不断提高,渗透性随之提高,当达到某一界限时,“隔水”现象消失,垂直向下渗流再次成为渗流的主要方向,这解释了图8(d)中软弱夹层 3 在降雨24 h后的“突破下渗”现象。相比于软弱夹层 1 和软弱夹层 2,软弱夹层 3所处的位置更低,从上部经过的地表径流更多,因此软弱夹层 3下部分的石灰岩体含水率提升更快,这是软弱夹层 3部位产生“突破下渗”现象,而软弱夹层 1 和软弱夹层 2没有的原因,这也与实际情况相符。通常均质边坡的坡脚处更容易受到降雨的影响,且含水率提升较快。需要说明的是,上述现象与论述还需要进一步的理论及试验研究,探讨其合理性和相关机制。
孔隙水压力和岩土体含水率是影响边坡稳定性的一个重要指标。降雨入渗会导致边坡内岩土体孔隙水压力升高,有效应力降低,边坡的整体强度与稳定性降低。此外,含水率的升高会降低岩体的强度,进而影响边坡的整体稳定性,因此,研究降雨情况下边坡内孔隙水压和岩土体含水率的变化规律十分必要。图10和图11分别为6个特征点的体积含水率、孔隙水压力随时间的变化规律。
从图10可以看出,6个特征点的体积含水率均随着降雨时长的增加而升高。由于特征点1、特征点2和特征点3距离边坡表面有一定距离,雨水的入渗需要一定时间,降雨发生2 h后体积含水率才开始升高。降雨8 h后,特征点A、特征点B和特征点C均达到了接近饱和状态。降雨10 h后,特征点1、特征点2和特征点3均达到了接近饱和状态。此外,特征点A达到接近饱和状态所需的时间大于特征点B,特征点B达到接近饱和状态所需的时间大于特征点C,这说明降雨对坡脚处的影响大于边坡的其他部位,岩土体更容易达到饱和,这与前文的论述相符。从图11可以看出,特征点A、特征点B和特征点C在降雨发生短时间内的孔隙水压力急剧提高,随后上升趋势开始平缓;由于特征点1、特征点2和特征点3距离边坡表面有一定距离,孔隙水压力的提高存在“滞后”现象,降雨发生2~6 h时孔隙水压力才开始急剧上升,但其上升趋势没有特征点A、特征点B和特征点C强烈,降雨发生6 h后,孔隙水压力呈平缓的上升趋势。分析认为,降雨后边坡岩土体含水率提高,并在边坡表面一定深度内存在饱和区,导致岩土体强度降低;在降雨初期,边坡表面一定深度的孔隙水压力急剧上升,影响了边坡的稳定性,相较于其他部位,边坡坡脚处受到降雨的影响程度更大。
为了分析降雨时间对含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性的影响,结合潜在滑移面,基于Morgenstern-price法,得到各危险滑移面安全系数随降雨时间的关系曲线,如图12、图13所示。
从图12可以看出,降雨导致边坡沿软弱夹层失稳的3处危险滑移面的安全系数降低,在降雨初期(0~6 h), 3处危险滑移面安全系数的降低幅度均大于后续降雨时期;降雨对边坡沿软弱夹层1失稳的影响较大,沿软弱夹层2次之,对沿软弱夹层3失稳的影响最小。降雨24 h后,边坡沿软弱夹层1失稳的安全系数降低到0.904,边坡沿软弱夹层2失稳的安全系数降低到1.155,边坡沿软弱夹层3失稳的安全系数降低到1.432。从图13可以看出,降雨对边坡台阶局部失稳的各危险滑移面的影响较大,对于滑移面H1至H5,在降雨时间为0~8 h时,安全系数急剧降低,随后下降趋势开始平缓;对于滑移面H6,在降雨时间为0~10 h时,安全系数急剧下降,随后呈平缓下降趋势。整体上,H1至H6受降雨影响的变化趋势大致相同,在降雨初期安全系数降低幅度较大,而后降低趋势放缓;降雨24 h后,滑移面H1的安全系数降低到0.926,滑移面H2的安全系数降低到1.112,滑移面H3的安全系数降低到0.958,滑移面H4的安全系数降低到0.887,滑移面H5的安全系数降低到0.945,滑移面H6的安全系数降低到3.748。可以看出,降雨对边坡整体失稳的安全系数降低幅度小于边坡台阶局部失稳,说明降雨对边坡台阶的影响程度要大于边坡整体。
在实际工程中,降雨强度也会对边坡产生影响。通过计算发现,不同降雨强度下边坡渗流规律与前文所得规律基本一致,因此仅分析不同降雨强度对边坡安全系数的影响。设置降雨强度分别为1.16 × 10-6 m/s、2.32 × 10-6 m/s和3.48 × 10-6 m/s,降雨时长均为24 h,以潜在滑移面H1至H3为例,记录不同降雨强度下安全系数随时间的变化曲线,如图14所示。
从图14可以看出,3种降雨强度下,滑移面H1~H3在降雨0~8 h内的安全系数快速降低,8 h之后,降雨强度对3个滑移面安全系数的影响很小,这说明降雨强度仅在降雨前期对边坡产生影响,而超过这段时间之后,降雨强度对边坡的影响急剧减小。因此,对于强降雨,边坡通常在降雨前期某时刻发生失稳破坏,而对于稍弱的降雨,边坡一般在降雨持续稍长一段时间后失稳破坏,该研究结果符合实际经验。
(1)通过数值模拟计算了湖北赤壁南山石灰岩含多条软弱夹层岩质边坡的位移场和塑性区分布情况,在此基础上,基于Morgenstern-price法计算得到了9处潜在滑移面及其安全系数,其中3处沿软弱夹层分布,6处位于边坡台阶处。
(2)在不考虑其余外界因素的条件下,软弱夹层的存在是导致边坡发生失稳的主要原因,9处潜在滑移面中有8处与软弱夹层有关,表明软弱夹层极大地威胁了边坡的稳定性,在实际工程中应当重点关注。
(3)基于非饱和渗流理论,采用van Genuchten非饱和渗流本构模型,计算得出了不同降雨时长下边坡的渗流场,发现降雨导致边坡内孔隙水压力的变化逐渐由地表往深处发展,但影响深度有限,在降雨24 h后,影响深度约为20~30 m,更深处的岩土体则并未受到影响。特征点的孔隙水压力及体积含水率在降雨初期快速提高,其中特征点1、特征点2和特征点3由于距离边坡表面有一定距离,孔隙水压力和体积含水率的提高存在“滞后”现象。
(4)降雨强度一定时,降雨前期各滑移面的安全系数快速下降,随后均呈缓慢下降趋势;降雨强度越大,降雨前期(0~8 h)滑移面的安全系数下降的越快,降雨8 h后,降雨强度对滑移面安全系数的影响很小,这说明降雨强度仅在降雨前期的某段时间内对边坡产生影响,超过这段时间后,降雨强度对边坡的影响急剧减小。
  • 湖北省中央引导地方科技发展专项项目(2017ZYYD007)
  • 武汉工程大学研究生教育创新基金项目(CX2022593)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-18
基金
湖北省中央引导地方科技发展专项项目(2017ZYYD007)
武汉工程大学研究生教育创新基金项目(CX2022593)
作者信息
    1.武汉工程大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    2.东北大学 深部金属矿智能开采与装备全国重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819

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聂正(1999—),男,安徽六安人,博士研究生,主要从事采矿工程、岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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