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Article(id=1322158373131374829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156720669, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156720669, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156720669, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156720669, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=127, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158373320118510, articleId=1322158373131374829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation Study on Surface Subsidence Induced by Underground Mining of a Phosphate Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the influence of surface subsidence induced by open stoping with subsequent filling mining on surface industrial site in a phosphate mine, a three-dimensional model of top-down stoping with subsequent filling of ore body was established by FLAC3D. Numerical analysis was conducted on the deformation of overlying strata and surface subsidence in different mining stages, and the distribution laws of surface subsidence under different mining stages were obtained. As the advancement of mining, the cumulative goaf volume increases, and the maximum surface subsidence value gradually increases, showing a characteristic of larger subsidence values in the early and middle stages and smaller subsidence values in the later stage. The maximum surface subsidence value is 72.94 mm. Combining with the calculation results of displacement, inclination, and curvature near the industrial site on the surface, it can be concluded that the deformation values of the selected measuring points meet the protection level requirements of level Ⅰ and level Ⅱ, and the safety impact of designed underground mining scheme on the surface industrial site meets the regulatory requirements. The research results can provide useful references for the study of surface subsidence and ground pressure control during the top-down stage open stoping with subsequent filling process in similar large-scale mines.

, authors=Shangrong WUI, Chaoxiang LII, Banghong CHENI, authorsList=Shangrong WU, Chaoxiang LI, Banghong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Banghong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158376109330693, articleId=1322158373131374829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=某磷矿地下开采诱发地表沉降的数值模拟研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对某磷矿阶段空场嗣后充填法开采诱发地表沉降对地表工业场地的影响问题，利用FLAC3D建立了矿体自上而下分阶段开采后充填的三维模型，对不同开采阶段上覆岩层及地表沉降的变形进行了数值分析，得到了不同开采阶段下地表位移沉降分布规律：随着阶段回采的进行，累计回采空区体积增加，地表最大沉降值也逐渐增加，且呈现前中期沉降值较大、后期较小的特征，地表最大沉降值为72.94 mm。结合地表近工业场地位置位移、倾斜值及曲率计算结果可知，所选测点变形移动值满足Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级的保护等级要求，设计的地下开采方案对地表工业场地安全影响满足规范要求。研究结果可为类似大型矿山自上而下阶段空场嗣后充填法开采过程中地表沉降及地压控制研究提供有益参考。

, authors=武尚荣I, 李超相I, 陈帮洪I, authorsList=武尚荣, 李超相, 陈帮洪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈帮洪, authorNote=

武尚荣（1984—），男，云南保山人，高级工程师，主要从事采矿及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈帮洪（1998—），男，四川乐山人，硕士研究生，主要从事地下开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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武尚荣（1984—），男，云南保山人，高级工程师，主要从事采矿及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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武尚荣（1984—），男，云南保山人，高级工程师，主要从事采矿及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=ZMiJ9qTmvMyQC0dmNm3Opg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158380295246128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=CN, label=图7, caption=1 030~1 170 m阶段回采及充填后地表沉降情况, figureFileSmall=MFZ3nKt2kDEgbgCZfV4FEQ==, figureFileBig=ZMiJ9qTmvMyQC0dmNm3Opg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158380584653105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Monitoring points of surface deformation movement value, figureFileSmall=5LsmCBLrKkKnfntSe794ww==, figureFileBig=Ohx+bB0qdX0jrHW0teS5JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158380697899314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=CN, label=图8, caption=地表变形移动值测点, figureFileSmall=5LsmCBLrKkKnfntSe794ww==, figureFileBig=Ohx+bB0qdX0jrHW0teS5JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158381008277812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Rock mass mechanical parameters of numerical calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型弹性模量E/GPa泊松比υ黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)抗拉强度σt/MPa密度ρ/(kg/m3)
围岩47.720.2813.3047.2513.882 785
麦地坪组41.270.2010.0042.357.622 926
矿体41.270.2010.0042.357.622 926
充填体0.200.400.0120.000.021 850
), ArticleFig(id=1322158381121524021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值计算岩体力学参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型弹性模量E/GPa泊松比υ黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)抗拉强度σt/MPa密度ρ/(kg/m3)
围岩47.720.2813.3047.2513.882 785
麦地坪组41.270.2010.0042.357.622 926
矿体41.270.2010.0042.357.622 926
充填体0.200.400.0120.000.021 850
), ArticleFig(id=1322158381222187318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Goaf volume in each mining stage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采阶段标高范围/m空区体积/m3
阶段一1 790~1 93014 027
阶段二1 590~1 77028 431
阶段三1 390~1 57023 393
阶段四1 190~1 37019 469
阶段五1 030~1 1702 843
), ArticleFig(id=1322158381444485431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各回采阶段空区体积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采阶段标高范围/m空区体积/m3
阶段一1 790~1 93014 027
阶段二1 590~1 77028 431
阶段三1 390~1 57023 393
阶段四1 190~1 37019 469
阶段五1 030~1 1702 843
), ArticleFig(id=1322158381549343032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The maximum surface deformation values of each mining stage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采阶段最大沉降值/mm倾斜值i/(mm/m)曲率k/(×10–3 m–1)水平变形ε/(mm/m)
1 790~1 930 m8.810.0200.0120.014
1 590~1 770 m34.820.0280.0180.017
1 390~1 570 m57.050.0300.0210.020
1 190~1 370 m71.450.0370.0290.030
1 030~1 170 m72.940.0420.0340.037
), ArticleFig(id=1322158381687755065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各回采阶段地表最大变形值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回采阶段最大沉降值/mm倾斜值i/(mm/m)曲率k/(×10–3 m–1)水平变形ε/(mm/m)
1 790~1 930 m8.810.0200.0120.014
1 590~1 770 m34.820.0280.0180.017
1 390~1 570 m57.050.0300.0210.020
1 190~1 370 m71.450.0370.0290.030
1 030~1 170 m72.940.0420.0340.037
), ArticleFig(id=1322158381771641146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Calculation results of deformation and movement value of surface facilities in a phosphate mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点下沉值W/mm倾斜值i/(mm/m)曲率值k/(×10－3 m－1)稳定等级
K1300.1320.177Ⅰ级
K2200.1440.088Ⅰ级
P1300.1490.235Ⅱ级
P2200.1630.114Ⅰ级
), ArticleFig(id=1322158381859721531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158373131374829, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

某磷矿地表设施变形移动值计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点下沉值W/mm倾斜值i/(mm/m)曲率值k/(×10－3 m－1)稳定等级
K1300.1320.177Ⅰ级
K2200.1440.088Ⅰ级
P1300.1490.235Ⅱ级
P2200.1630.114Ⅰ级
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某磷矿地下开采诱发地表沉降的数值模拟研究
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武尚荣 I , 李超相 I , 陈帮洪 I
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(7): 127-133
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (7) : 127 -133
某磷矿地下开采诱发地表沉降的数值模拟研究
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武尚荣I , 李超相I, 陈帮洪I
作者信息
  • 昆明有色冶金设计研究院股份公司，云南　昆明　650202
通讯作者:
陈帮洪（1998—），男，四川乐山人，硕士研究生，主要从事地下开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

武尚荣（1984—），男，云南保山人，高级工程师，主要从事采矿及岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Numerical Simulation Study on Surface Subsidence Induced by Underground Mining of a Phosphate Mine
Shangrong WUI , Chaoxiang LII, Banghong CHENI
Affiliations
  • Kunming Engineering & Research Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy Co., Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650202, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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摘要
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针对某磷矿阶段空场嗣后充填法开采诱发地表沉降对地表工业场地的影响问题，利用FLAC3D建立了矿体自上而下分阶段开采后充填的三维模型，对不同开采阶段上覆岩层及地表沉降的变形进行了数值分析，得到了不同开采阶段下地表位移沉降分布规律：随着阶段回采的进行，累计回采空区体积增加，地表最大沉降值也逐渐增加，且呈现前中期沉降值较大、后期较小的特征，地表最大沉降值为72.94 mm。结合地表近工业场地位置位移、倾斜值及曲率计算结果可知，所选测点变形移动值满足Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级的保护等级要求，设计的地下开采方案对地表工业场地安全影响满足规范要求。研究结果可为类似大型矿山自上而下阶段空场嗣后充填法开采过程中地表沉降及地压控制研究提供有益参考。

磷矿  /  阶段空场嗣后充填法  /  地表沉降  /  地下开采  /  数值模拟

Aiming at the influence of surface subsidence induced by open stoping with subsequent filling mining on surface industrial site in a phosphate mine, a three-dimensional model of top-down stoping with subsequent filling of ore body was established by FLAC3D. Numerical analysis was conducted on the deformation of overlying strata and surface subsidence in different mining stages, and the distribution laws of surface subsidence under different mining stages were obtained. As the advancement of mining, the cumulative goaf volume increases, and the maximum surface subsidence value gradually increases, showing a characteristic of larger subsidence values in the early and middle stages and smaller subsidence values in the later stage. The maximum surface subsidence value is 72.94 mm. Combining with the calculation results of displacement, inclination, and curvature near the industrial site on the surface, it can be concluded that the deformation values of the selected measuring points meet the protection level requirements of level Ⅰ and level Ⅱ, and the safety impact of designed underground mining scheme on the surface industrial site meets the regulatory requirements. The research results can provide useful references for the study of surface subsidence and ground pressure control during the top-down stage open stoping with subsequent filling process in similar large-scale mines.

Phosphate mine  /  Stage open stoping with subsequent filling  /  Surface subsidence  /  Underground mining  /  Numerical simulation
武尚荣, 李超相, 陈帮洪. 某磷矿地下开采诱发地表沉降的数值模拟研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 127 -133 .
Shangrong WU, Chaoxiang LI, Banghong CHEN. Numerical Simulation Study on Surface Subsidence Induced by Underground Mining of a Phosphate Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 127 -133 .
正文
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0　引言
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地下采矿活动会引发矿区地表沉降[1]，在回采过程中，矿体被采出后，采区周围岩体内部的力学平衡状态受到破坏，导致岩层移动、变形和破坏，进而波及地表，形成地表沉降[2]。这一现象不仅破坏了地表土地和植被，还威胁到地表建筑物、交通设施及地下管线的安全，同时影响地下水位，对农业灌溉和居民生活用水构成威胁。因此，深入研究矿区地表沉降的影响，对于制定有效的防治措施、保护生态环境、保障居民安全及促进矿区可持续发展具有重要意义。
随着充填理论与技术的发展，目前已逐步形成了一套体系完善的充填采矿法，既可吸收采场应力以控制地压、降低地表沉降、减少矿石损失贫化，又构建了完整的回采工艺。学者们对矿区地表沉降问题进行的研究主要集中在定性描述岩层及地表移动的规律[3]，随后逐渐发展为基于实测数据和理论模型，通过数值模拟进行定量分析和预测[4-6]。例如，杨胜利等[7]以赵固二矿为工程背景，综合运用室内试验、理论分析和现场实测等方法研究深埋厚冲积层薄基岩煤层开采中地表沉陷与覆岩运动的关系、地表沉陷演化特征和地表沉陷预测方法。徐伟兰等[8]通过FLAC3D软件建立三维数值仿真模型，结合有限元理论，针对某露天矿转地下开采过程中的地表沉降问题进行了研究，发现随着充填率的增加，顶板最大主应力和竖向位移均呈现出降低的趋势。贾林刚等[9]采用FLAC3D数值模拟方法，对充填开采不同充填率条件下地表沉降规律进行了模拟计算，得出充填率与下沉系数呈指数关系，与水平变形和倾斜变形呈二次函数关系，与曲率变形呈指数关系。徐锋等[10]通过建立某钨矿地下矿体数值模型，计算分析矿体开采到不同深度时地表沉降和围岩位移的变化规律，探讨了深部矿体开采对地表稳定性的影响。李俊平等[11]基于数值模拟研究了充填采矿法地表沉陷区圈定方法。王玉富等[12]通过对张庄铁矿充填采矿法不同顶柱厚度进行模拟，得出该矿山顶柱安全厚度为15~20 m的结论。高玉倩等[13]通过室内试验结合数值模拟分析了不同充填率对采空区稳定性的影响。
虽然众多学者对充填采矿方法引起的地表沉降与地压控制进行了研究[14-16]，但是针对不同回采阶段下矿山全生命周期不同开采中段引起的地表沉降规律以及针对复杂矿体赋存条件下自上而下阶段回采充填地表沉降规律的研究较少。为探究某磷矿空场嗣后充填采矿后的地表沉降情况，本研究在岩土力学试验的基础上，建立磷矿地下开采三维数值模型，得到了开采至不同阶段时地表沉降分布及岩体位移变化规律，并根据规范对地表构筑物稳定性进行了判定。
1　矿区概况
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某磷矿矿体为缓倾斜矿体，矿区磷矿层分布于司机坪背斜西翼，为单斜构造，倾向280°~310°，倾角较缓，一般为15°~25°，局部达30°，总体上由南向北逐渐变陡。矿区矿体厚度为1.14~16.74 m，平均厚度为11.6 m，矿层间夹石厚1.0~3.14 m，平均厚度为1.53 m。矿区地层岩性主要为麦地坪组白云岩、磷块岩、泥质白云岩，岩石较为坚硬，完整性较好。
矿山设计采用平硐斜井开拓，分段空场嗣后充填法开采，开采标高范围为+1 000~+1 985 m，矿块沿走向布置，矿块长100 m，矿块宽度为矿体厚度。分段高度为20 m，矿块间沿走向和倾向留隔离矿柱，矿柱宽4~6 m。采场回采结束后，应及时采用废石及尾砂对空区进行充填。地下开采区域由上往下划分为5个中段，如图1所示，分别为1 770 m、1 570 m、1 370 m、1 170 m及1 170 m以下中段。
2　矿区地表沉降数值模型方案
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2.1　数值计算参数确定
岩石是一种脆性材料，当承受荷载达到屈服强度后将发生破坏、弱化，属于弹塑性体。本次计算研究范围涉及的岩体、矿体及充填体均属弹塑性材料，因此，模拟计算可采用理想弹塑性本构模型—莫尔—库仑（Mohr-Coulomb）屈服准则判断岩体的破坏[17]，计算公式如下：
式中：σ1为第一主应力，MPa；σ3为第三主应力，MPa；c为黏聚力，MPa；φ为内摩擦角，(°)。
在FLAC3D计算过程中采用的参数主要有体积模量和剪切模量，通过如下公式换算得到：
式中：K为体积模量，GPa；E为弹性模量，GPa；υ为泊松比。
式中，G为剪切模量，GPa。
岩体被开挖或剥落后形成的采空区应力为0，建模时用空模型（Null)来表示回采后的空区，这些单元上无重力的作用，模拟过程中，空单元可以在任何阶段转化为不同特性材料的单元，可以用来模拟开挖后的回填过程[18]。矿体以及围岩的力学参数取值参考室内试验的结果，同时考虑到现场岩体存在节理裂隙等不利条件，对室内试验结果进行了一定程度的Hoek-Brown强度准则折减，计算过程中矿体、围岩以及充填体岩体力学参数的具体取值见表1。
2.2　数值模型建立及应力初始化
为了对矿区回采过程中地表沉降情况进行模拟分析，依据设计的矿体回采方法，综合考虑现场实际以及硬件计算能力，在对地层等部分属性进行概化处理的情况下，选取矿区范围内3 800 m×4 500 m×900 m的区域建立数值模型，同时依据回采方法切割矿体模型，如图2所示。矿山模型主要利用Rhino软件建立，划分网格后导入FLACD3D中计算，整个模型包括4种材料类型，即围岩、麦地坪组、矿体和充填体。假设围岩及充填体均为均质各向同性材料，采场开挖、充填工艺均为一次性完成，计算过程中不考虑时间效应[19-20]。
基于上述构建的模型，对矿体三维模型进行应力初始化，施加边界条件：对x方向0 m和3 800 m平面进行固定；y方向0 m和4 500 m平面进行固定；z方向对0 m平面进行固定，设置重力加速度为9.81 m/s2。所选典型剖面的位置如图3所示，其中，A—A剖面切割的主要分段为1 570 m中段，B—B剖面基本从矿体顶部标高切割到矿体底部标高。通过对数值模型进行应力初始化，得到两个典型剖面位置最大主应力分布如图4所示。
通过应力初始化的结果可以看出，研究的开采矿体区域属高地应力区，应力分布具有一定的分带性，在浅部主要表现为垂直应力与水平应力的迭加，向深部静水压力逐渐占主导；开挖区域的主应力大小与其埋深有密切关系，随埋深不同，地应力的量值大小不同。从A—A剖面可以看出，1 570 m中段矿体赋存区域最大主应力为17.5~22.5 MPa；从B—B剖面可以看出，矿体从顶部标高到底部标高的最大主应力为5~45 MPa。
2.3　回采顺序数值计算
基于建立的数值模型以及上述选取的岩体力学参数，按照设计回采顺序对矿体回采以及空区充填开展数值模拟，数值模拟回采顺序及回采后的空区体积见表2。
3　数值模拟结果与分析
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3.1　地表沉降模拟结果分析
随着矿山开采进入深部，采空区的岩体不仅要承受高地应力，还要承受由采空区引起的巨大支承压力，因此，受到采矿扰动影响的采空区的围岩压力比原岩应力增加数倍甚至近十倍。矿体回采后，通过对采空区进行充填，使充填体有效阻止采空区边界关键块体的变形，从而有效遏制采场围岩空间上的渐进破坏，提高了矿山的区域稳定性。提高充填体的充填率可有效减少顶板暴露面积，增加充填体对顶板的支承作用，从而提高采场的安全性。根据自上而下的开挖顺序，模拟1 170~1 790 m不同阶段回采及充填后的地表沉降变化情况，截取阶段一、阶段三、阶段五矿体回采充填后的地表沉降变化结果，如图5所示。
从计算结果可以看出，随着矿山回采范围及深度的增加，地表沉降范围逐渐增大。当1 790~1 930 m阶段回采及充填结束后，矿区地表最大沉降值为0.881 cm，此时矿体回采对地表沉降影响相对较小；当1 590~1 770 m阶段回采及充填结束后，矿区地表最大沉降值约为3.482 cm；当1 390~1 570 m阶段回采及充填结束后，矿区地表最大沉降值约为5.705 cm；当1 190~1 370 m阶段回采及充填结束后，矿区地表最大沉降值约为7.145 cm；当1 030~1 170 m阶段回采及充填结束后，矿区地表最大沉降值约为7.294 cm。
图6为不同回采阶段空区体积大小及地表最大沉降值变化情况。
从图6中可以看出，随着矿体回采的不断推进，累计回采空区体积不断增大，地表最大沉降值不断增大，矿山地表沉降总体呈现出前中期变化较大、后期变化较小的规律。分析其原因是充填体强度远低于原岩强度，回采阶段前、中期充填体自身的变形和沉降使充填体承压作用降低，地表发生较快沉降，后期随着充填体沉积硬化，强度稳定，提供了较好的承压作用，所以地表沉降速度减小。可以看出空区体积与地表沉降变化是同步的，因此在阶段回采充填时，回采空区体积越大，越需要高强度的充填体以保证充填质量。
3.2　矿体开采对地表设施影响分析
在矿山开采过程中，需对地表沉降开展相应的沉降监测，并依据现场监测结果对数值模拟进行反演修正。
根据图5可知，矿山阶段五开采结束后，矿区内地表受采矿活动的影响，发生了均匀的沉降，局部区域最大的沉降位移为72.94 mm。在开采过程中，为保护地表工业场地安全，相应保留部分矿体作为保安矿柱。图7为1 030~1 170 m阶段回采及充填后地表变形云图。从图7可以看出，地表沉降呈现椭圆形。在保留保安矿柱的情况下，地表移动范围有效避开了地表工业场地所在区域，矿体回采对地表工业场地基本没有影响。各个阶段矿体回采中心变形最大地表倾斜值、曲率及水平变形值见表3，可以看出各回采阶段地表沉降变形等参数均处于较安全范围内。
为了分析矿体开采对地表工业场地的影响，分别在地表工业场地附近选择了K1、K2以及P1、P2四个测点（具体见图8）对倾斜值、曲率进行计算，其中P2距离地表工业场地边界85.3 m, K2距离地表工业场地边界120.3 m，计算得到各点变形移动值见表4。
该磷矿工业场地距离采区较近的一次筛分车间以及原矿仓为钢筋混凝土框架结构的工业厂房，属Ⅱ级保护等级的地表建(构)筑物。根据《冶金矿山采矿设计规范》（GB 50830－2013），从计算结果可以看出，所选测点位置变形移动值满足Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级的保护等级要求，且所选测点与工业场地仍间隔一定距离，表明地下开采对地表工业场地安全影响满足规范要求。
4　结论
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（1）根据矿区地质地形条件、岩石力学参数及矿体回采工艺建立了三维地表沉降计算模型，发现矿山地表沉降总体呈现出前、中期变化较大，后期变化较小的规律，随着回采向深部推进，空区充填体积逐步增大，地表沉降变化同步变大，因此空区需要及时采用强度更高的充填体进行充填，同时优化回采顺序，控制采场地压。
（2）各个阶段矿体回采中心变形最大位置地表倾斜值、曲率及水平变形值均较小，对地表建(构)筑物影响较小，选取的4个测点的变形移动值满足Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级的保护等级要求，表明地下开采对地表工业场地安全影响满足规范要求。
（3）矿体竖向分布高差大，在开采到深部时矿体埋深接近1 000 m，虽然矿体回采时地表最大沉降值仅为72.94 mm，但深部存在的片帮、冒顶等问题很难及时在地表显现，因此在开采到深部区域时不仅要防止岩爆的发生，还要适当增大保安矿柱留设尺寸以保证采场安全。
（4）根据数值模拟结果，矿区充填空区的体积与地表沉降变化是一致的，因此在矿体开采时应尽快开展地下相关岩石和充填体力学试验，测试出该岩石和充填体的抗拉强度、抗压强度、抗剪强度等参数，进一步建立数值分析模型，进而确定合理的保安矿柱留设厚度，提出合理的盘区结构参数及开采顺序，以指导生产。
（5）根据最终地表沉降的模拟结果，建议建立合适的地压观测网，如在4 cm沉降等值线四周以及地表主要设施附近布置沉降位移监测点，以监测地表沉降范围的移动，并保证地表工业场地设施的安全。

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2025年第45卷第7期
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  • 接收时间：2024-09-10
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-10
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    昆明有色冶金设计研究院股份公司，云南　昆明　650202

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陈帮洪（1998—），男，四川乐山人，硕士研究生，主要从事地下开采方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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