Article(id=1322158356471595247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726416000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156716696, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156716696, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156716696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156716696, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=100, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158356639367408, articleId=1322158356471595247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Paste Filling Body Mixed with Calcium Carbonate, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Calcium carbonate can be used as a retarder to increase the flowable time of the filling slurry. In order to study the influence of calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties of paste filling body, the single factor and orthogonal method were used to design the filling body material ratio scheme, and the filling body was prepared. The uniaxial compression test was carried out on the filling body specimen, and the acoustic emission change of the filling body during the loading process was monitored in real time. The microstructure of the crack of the specimen was observed by SEM. The influence law and weight order of each factor on the compressive strength of the filling body were studied, and the failure mechanism of the filling body was analyzed from multiple perspectives. The results show that with the increase of calcium carbonate mass fraction, the strength of filling body decreases first and then increases. After adding calcium carbonate, the influence of mass fraction of fly ash, cement and solid material on the strength of filling body at each curing age (3 d, 7 d, 28 d) is basically the same as that before adding calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate has a weak degradation effect on the compressive strength of filling body, but it has a price advantage and can be used as a retarder for filling materials. Based on the range analysis, the weight order of the influence of each factor on the 28 d strength of the filling body is cement mass fraction>calcium carbonate mass fraction>solid mass fraction>fly ash mass fraction. According to the failure characteristics of filling body, with the increase of curing age, the failure mode of filling body changes from ductile splitting to brittle shear failure. The acoustic emission ringing count changed abruptly before and after the initial compaction of the filling body approaching the elastic deformation stage and the peak stress, which revealed the internal damage evolution process of the filling body.

, authors=Xin HU1, Shengbin YANG1, Xinze CHEN1, Hu RAO1, Zhaoqiang JU2, 3, authorsList=Xin HU, Shengbin YANG, Xinze CHEN, Hu RAO, Zhaoqiang JU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhaoqiang JU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158358480666879, articleId=1322158356471595247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=掺有碳酸钙的膏体充填体力学特性试验研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

碳酸钙可作为缓凝剂来提高充填料浆的可流动时间,为研究碳酸钙对膏体充填体力学特性的影响程度,采用单因素及正交法设计充填体材料配比方案制备充填体,对充填体试件开展单轴压缩试验,实时监测加载过程中充填体的声发射变化,并利用SEM观察试件裂纹处的微观形貌,研究各因素对充填体抗压强度的影响规律及权重顺序,从多角度分析充填体破坏机制。结果表明:随着碳酸钙质量分数的增加,充填体强度先降低后升高,掺加碳酸钙后,粉煤灰、水泥及固料质量分数对各养护龄期(3 d、7 d、28 d)充填体强度的影响规律与未掺之前基本一致,碳酸钙对充填体抗压强度的劣化作用较弱,但具有价格优势,可作为充填材料缓凝剂使用;基于极差分析可知,各因素对充填体28 d强度影响的权重顺序为:水泥质量分数>碳酸钙质量分数>固料质量分数>粉煤灰质量分数;由充填体破坏特征可知,随着养护龄期的增加,充填体破坏形式由延性劈裂向脆性剪切破坏转变;声发射振铃计数在充填体初始压密接近弹性变形阶段及峰值应力前后发生突变,揭示了充填体内部损伤演化过程。

, authors=胡昕1, 杨生彬1, 陈新泽1, 饶虎1, 鞠照强2, 3, authorsList=胡昕, 杨生彬, 陈新泽, 饶虎, 鞠照强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=鞠照强, authorNote=

胡昕(1979—),男,新疆阿勒泰人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土材料微结构力学、测试方法、软土地基处理等。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
鞠照强(1999—),男,山东德州人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山充填开采技术研究工作。E-mail:
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胡昕(1979—),男,新疆阿勒泰人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土材料微结构力学、测试方法、软土地基处理等。E-mail:

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胡昕(1979—),男,新疆阿勒泰人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土材料微结构力学、测试方法、软土地基处理等。E-mail:

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Ratio schemes for performance test of paste filling material

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方案固料质量分数粉煤灰质量分数水泥质量分数碳酸钙质量分数煤矸石质量分数
1851810354
2852210350
385208354
4852012350
5852010154
6852010550
7832010350
8872010354
9852010352
), ArticleFig(id=1322158363178287420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158356471595247, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

膏体充填材料性能试验配比方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案固料质量分数粉煤灰质量分数水泥质量分数碳酸钙质量分数煤矸石质量分数
1851810354
2852210350
385208354
4852012350
5852010154
6852010550
7832010350
8872010354
9852010352
), ArticleFig(id=1322158363270562109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158356471595247, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Compressive strength of gangue gypsum filling body specimens

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方案3 d抗压强度测试值/MPa7 d抗压强度测试值/MPa28 d抗压强度测试值/MPa抗压强度确定值/MPa
试件1试件2试件3试件1试件2试件3试件1试件2试件33 d7 d28 d
10.750.750.472.001.701.815.575.854.380.751.845.57
20.930.930.872.532.452.585.846.436.590.912.526.29
30.530.690.631.791.351.893.713.363.410.631.793.49
41.030.991.053.262.923.286.777.658.141.023.157.52
50.870.860.951.912.072.046.967.237.070.892.017.09
60.900.830.922.612.542.447.928.567.740.882.538.07
70.460.540.501.841.881.425.685.265.210.501.845.38
81.091.031.092.172.102.067.978.688.691.072.118.45
90.750.720.871.881.982.066.976.156.900.781.976.67
), ArticleFig(id=1322158363371225406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158356471595247, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

矸石膏体充填体试件抗压强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案3 d抗压强度测试值/MPa7 d抗压强度测试值/MPa28 d抗压强度测试值/MPa抗压强度确定值/MPa
试件1试件2试件3试件1试件2试件3试件1试件2试件33 d7 d28 d
10.750.750.472.001.701.815.575.854.380.751.845.57
20.930.930.872.532.452.585.846.436.590.912.526.29
30.530.690.631.791.351.893.713.363.410.631.793.49
41.030.991.053.262.923.286.777.658.141.023.157.52
50.870.860.951.912.072.046.967.237.070.892.017.09
60.900.830.922.612.542.447.928.567.740.882.538.07
70.460.540.501.841.881.425.685.265.210.501.845.38
81.091.031.092.172.102.067.978.688.691.072.118.45
90.750.720.871.881.982.066.976.156.900.781.976.67
), ArticleFig(id=1322158363467694399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158356471595247, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Orthogonal experimental design schemes and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案X1/%X2/%X3/%X4/%28 d抗压强度/MPa
18181833.34
28205856.20
38223873.88
4101858710.69
510203835.42
610221857.05
712183855.81
812201877.86
912225836.28
), ArticleFig(id=1322158363555774784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158356471595247, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交试验设计方案及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案X1/%X2/%X3/%X4/%28 d抗压强度/MPa
18181833.34
28205856.20
38223873.88
4101858710.69
510203835.42
610221857.05
712183855.81
812201877.86
912225836.28
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掺有碳酸钙的膏体充填体力学特性试验研究
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胡昕 1 , 杨生彬 1 , 陈新泽 1 , 饶虎 1 , 鞠照强 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(7): 100-108
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (7) : 100 -108
掺有碳酸钙的膏体充填体力学特性试验研究
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胡昕(1979—),男,新疆阿勒泰人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土材料微结构力学、测试方法、软土地基处理等。E-mail:

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胡昕(1979—),男,新疆阿勒泰人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土材料微结构力学、测试方法、软土地基处理等。E-mail:

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胡昕1 , 杨生彬1, 陈新泽1, 饶虎1, 鞠照强2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国电力工程顾问集团西北电力设计院有限公司,陕西 西安 710075
  • 2.山东科技大学 矿山灾害预防控制国家重点实验室培育基地,山东 青岛市 266590
  • 3.山东科技大学 矿业工程国家级实验教学示范中心,山东 青岛市 266590
通讯作者:
鞠照强(1999—),男,山东德州人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山充填开采技术研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

胡昕(1979—),男,新疆阿勒泰人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为岩土材料微结构力学、测试方法、软土地基处理等。E-mail:

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Paste Filling Body Mixed with Calcium Carbonate
Xin HU1 , Shengbin YANG1, Xinze CHEN1, Hu RAO1, Zhaoqiang JU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Northwest Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
  • 2.Mining Disaster Prevention and Control-Ministry of State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
  • 3.National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mining Engineering Education, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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碳酸钙可作为缓凝剂来提高充填料浆的可流动时间,为研究碳酸钙对膏体充填体力学特性的影响程度,采用单因素及正交法设计充填体材料配比方案制备充填体,对充填体试件开展单轴压缩试验,实时监测加载过程中充填体的声发射变化,并利用SEM观察试件裂纹处的微观形貌,研究各因素对充填体抗压强度的影响规律及权重顺序,从多角度分析充填体破坏机制。结果表明:随着碳酸钙质量分数的增加,充填体强度先降低后升高,掺加碳酸钙后,粉煤灰、水泥及固料质量分数对各养护龄期(3 d、7 d、28 d)充填体强度的影响规律与未掺之前基本一致,碳酸钙对充填体抗压强度的劣化作用较弱,但具有价格优势,可作为充填材料缓凝剂使用;基于极差分析可知,各因素对充填体28 d强度影响的权重顺序为:水泥质量分数>碳酸钙质量分数>固料质量分数>粉煤灰质量分数;由充填体破坏特征可知,随着养护龄期的增加,充填体破坏形式由延性劈裂向脆性剪切破坏转变;声发射振铃计数在充填体初始压密接近弹性变形阶段及峰值应力前后发生突变,揭示了充填体内部损伤演化过程。

碳酸钙  /  膏体充填体  /  力学特性  /  声发射  /  破坏机制

Calcium carbonate can be used as a retarder to increase the flowable time of the filling slurry. In order to study the influence of calcium carbonate on the mechanical properties of paste filling body, the single factor and orthogonal method were used to design the filling body material ratio scheme, and the filling body was prepared. The uniaxial compression test was carried out on the filling body specimen, and the acoustic emission change of the filling body during the loading process was monitored in real time. The microstructure of the crack of the specimen was observed by SEM. The influence law and weight order of each factor on the compressive strength of the filling body were studied, and the failure mechanism of the filling body was analyzed from multiple perspectives. The results show that with the increase of calcium carbonate mass fraction, the strength of filling body decreases first and then increases. After adding calcium carbonate, the influence of mass fraction of fly ash, cement and solid material on the strength of filling body at each curing age (3 d, 7 d, 28 d) is basically the same as that before adding calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate has a weak degradation effect on the compressive strength of filling body, but it has a price advantage and can be used as a retarder for filling materials. Based on the range analysis, the weight order of the influence of each factor on the 28 d strength of the filling body is cement mass fraction>calcium carbonate mass fraction>solid mass fraction>fly ash mass fraction. According to the failure characteristics of filling body, with the increase of curing age, the failure mode of filling body changes from ductile splitting to brittle shear failure. The acoustic emission ringing count changed abruptly before and after the initial compaction of the filling body approaching the elastic deformation stage and the peak stress, which revealed the internal damage evolution process of the filling body.

Calcium carbonate  /  Paste filling body  /  Mechanical property  /  Acoustic emission  /  Failure mechanism
胡昕, 杨生彬, 陈新泽, 饶虎, 鞠照强. 掺有碳酸钙的膏体充填体力学特性试验研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 100 -108 .
Xin HU, Shengbin YANG, Xinze CHEN, Hu RAO, Zhaoqiang JU. Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Paste Filling Body Mixed with Calcium Carbonate[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 100 -108 .
膏体充填开采是一种符合绿色开采理念的采矿方法[1],充填材料是充填技术的核心要素之一,对充填开采的经济成本具有决定性影响。因此,为降低技术成本,充填材料一般选用工业生产后的固体废弃物作为原材料[2-4]。充填材料的配比及其物理特性决定着充填体的力学特性和充填工艺的最终充填效果[5],因此,研究不同配比方案下膏体充填体的力学特性对膏体充填技术应用具有重要意义。
目前相关学者针对充填材料的配比优化和力学试验做了大量研究。王树帅等[6-7]在确定矸石粒径最优配比的基础上,采用RSM-BBD法设计试验,研究了水泥、粉煤灰、固料质量分数等单一因素及其交互作用对充填体强度的影响,结果表明,水泥对充填体前期的影响最为显著,水泥与固料质量分数会相互促进两者对充填体强度的增强。杨宝贵等[8]通过试验发现,在无添加剂条件下,普通硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰、矸石、水质量比为1:2:5:2时,充填材料性能较为理想。赵兵朝等[9]研究了充填体在受载过程中的损伤机制与能量演化规律,发现水泥质量分数的增加不仅会提高充填体抗压强度,还会改变充填体的破坏模式。郭育霞等[10]、冯国瑞等[11]、赵永辉等[12]以矸石、粉煤灰、水泥等为原材料制备不同规格的充填体,并探讨尺寸效应对充填体力学特性的影响,发现充填体的破坏形式随尺寸的增大从劈裂破坏逐渐转化为剪切破坏。李永亮等[13]研究了不同材料配比的膏体充填体的流动特性与强度变化规律,且取得了良好的工程应用效果。
由以上研究可知,膏体充填材料在试验研究与工程应用中较为广泛,然而膏体充填材料在料浆状态输送时容易发生堵管事故[14]。为解决这一难题,除了制备均质化充填料浆之外[15],还可以在充填材料中添加葡萄糖酸钠、柠檬酸盐、硼酸盐等[16]缓凝剂。王成等[17]通过试验发现,碳酸钙可减缓胶凝产物生成,提高充填材料的可流动时间。同时,考虑到碳酸钙价格具有优势,可将其作为缓凝剂使用,但碳酸钙在作为缓凝剂使用时可能会对充填体强度造成影响,因此,有必要研究在掺有碳酸钙的情况下,各材料质量分数变化对充填体性能的影响规律。基于此,本文采用单因素分析及正交试验设计材料配比方案制备充填体,并对其进行单轴压缩试验,实时监测加载过程中声发射的变化情况。利用SEM观察试件裂纹处的微观形貌,以研究各因素对充填体抗压强度的影响规律及权重顺序,从多角度分析充填体的破坏机制。
本次试验选用煤矸石、粉煤灰、水泥、碳酸钙及水作为原料制备膏体充填体试件,分别以X1、X2、X3、X4表示水泥、粉煤灰、碳酸钙及固料质量分数。考虑到膏体充填固料质量分数最高可达85%[14],可将其设定为中心水平。其他影响因素参数水平见表1[12]。
其中,水泥为P·C 42.5复合硅酸盐水泥,碳酸钙为普通碳酸钙,粉煤灰为Ⅱ级粉煤灰,煤矸石取自柴里煤矿,通过小型颚式破碎机进行二级破碎至颗粒直径≤15 mm。对破碎后的矸石颗粒级配进行人工调整,具体粒径配比服从泰波理论级配系数,即n=0.5[6],水为实验室自来水。充填固料经机械拌和均匀后,加水搅拌成料浆,将其浇筑于模具内制成尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×100 mm的标准试件,振动去除试件内部气泡,待24 h后脱模,将试件放入标准养护室中分别养护3 d、7 d、28 d,各配比方案和养护龄期下的试件均制作3块。
试验测试系统由加载设备和声发射监测设备组成。加载设备为MTS-CMT5305型万能试验机,声发射监测设备为AMSY-6声发射系统。试件单轴压缩采用位移加载,速率设置为0.3 mm/min[18]。声发射试验需要清理干净试件表面以布置声发射探头,门槛值设为50 dB以屏蔽外界噪音,与加载系统同步进行,以便后期数据处理与分析。为保证试验效果,除涂抹凡士林之外,还需利用强磁环固定探头,最后用胶水将磁环粘到试件表面。
参考相关规范[19],单因素试验中矸石膏体充填体实测抗压强度见表2。
当X1、X2、X3、X4等单因素线性变化时,各养护龄期下充填体抗压强度的变化规律如图1所示。由图1(a)可知,充填体在各养护龄期下的抗压强度均与X1呈正相关关系。当X1从8%增大至12%时,充填体3 d强度增长了61.9%,充填体7 d强度增长了76.0%,充填体28 d强度增长了115.5%,表明养护龄期的延长会促进水泥质量分数X1对充填体强度的增强作用。这是因为充填体作为一种多相复合材料,其基体材料主要由水泥生成,水泥与水发生水化反应生成各种硅酸基胶凝产物,这些产物一方面与骨料形成空间网状结构,另一方面持续填充充填体内部孔隙,提升充填体密实度,二者共同作用提高充填体强度。当X1保持不变,充填体养护龄期由3 d延长至28 d时,X1为8%的充填体强度增长了454.0%;X1为10%的充填体强度增长了755.1%;X1为12%的充填体强度增长了637.3%。可知当X1小于10%时,随着养护龄期的增长,X1的增加会促进充填体强度增长;当X1大于10%时,随着养护龄期的增长,X1的增加会抑制充填体强度的增强。充填体强度的增长率随着水泥质量分数的增加呈先增大后减小的变化趋势。
由图1(b)可知,充填体早期(3 d、7 d)、后期强度(28 d)随X2增加的变化趋势不同,在早期阶段,充填体强度随着X2的增加呈增长趋势,在后期阶段,充填体强度先增加后降低。随着X2增加,充填体3 d、7 d强度的增长率分别为21.3%、37.0%,28 d强度峰值较初始强度增幅仅为19.7%,表明充填体强度随X2的变化较X1并不明显。这是因为粉煤灰对充填体强度的影响既存在物理作用,又存在化学作用[7,20]。在早期阶段(3 d、7 d),物理作用占主导地位,随着粉煤灰质量分数增加,粉煤灰颗粒逐渐填充到矸石骨架的空隙中,优化骨料级配,从而提高充填体强度;到了后期阶段(28 d),化学作用开始占主导地位,碳酸钙使火山灰活性对充填体强度的作用由促进改为抑制,具体表现为碳酸钙破坏了粉煤灰水化产物的AFt结构,使充填体强度降低。
由图1(c)可知,随着X3的增加,各养护龄期充填体的抗压强度呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势。分析认为,当X3低于3%时,碳酸钙会减缓水化钙矾石及其他水化物的生成,增大钙矾石结构体的空间空隙,使充填体强度降低。当X3高于3%时,一方面,水泥水化放出的热量促进碳酸钙参与水化反应,并在一定程度上生成C—H,从而激发粉煤灰活性,提升充填体的抗压强度;另一方面,碳酸钙作为充填材料的一部分,可以优化充填体颗粒级配或通过碳化作用直接提高充填体强度。对此,利用XRD方法测得煤矸石与充填体的X射线衍射图谱,如图2所示,侧面验证了碳酸钙对充填体抗压强度的影响。
另外,X3=3%时,充填体抗压强度最低,表明此时碳酸钙对充填体强度的不利影响达到最高,充填体3 d、7 d、28 d强度分别降低了12.3%、3.5%、6.3%,可见碳酸钙对充填体抗压强度的劣化作用较为微弱。但碳酸钙具有价格优势,并不影响其作为缓凝剂正常使用。
由图1(d)可知,各养护龄期下,充填体强度均随着X4的增加而增大,这是因为随着固料质量分数增加,水泥和粉煤灰等胶凝材料的含量相对增加,生成了更多水化产物,进一步提高了充填体密实度,使得充填体强度增大。
由上述分析可知,掺入碳酸钙后,X1、X2、X4等影响因素对充填体强度的影响规律与未掺入碳酸钙前[7]基本一致,表明碳酸钙对充填体强度的影响较小,劣化作用微弱。
通过单轴压缩试验得到不同养护龄期充填体的全应力-应变曲线(以方案9为例),如图3所示。从图3可以看出,不同养护龄期下,充填体试件的应力–应变曲线均可分为压密、弹性、塑性和破坏4个阶段,但各阶段的应变在总应变中的占比有所不同。随着充填体养护龄期的增加,充填体弹性模量(由应力–应变曲线的斜率表示)随之增加,塑性阶段对应的应变量逐渐降低,抗压强度提高,峰值强度所对应的应变值呈下降趋势;在峰后阶段,曲线由“轻缓”式跌落逐渐转变为“陡峭”式骤降,试件破坏速率加剧。这表明随着养护龄期的增加,充填体抵抗变形能力得到提高,破坏模式由延性破坏向脆性破坏转变,脆性特征逐渐增强。此外,早期阶段的充填体在经历峰值应力后仍然具有较高的残余强度,这是因为充填体内部的水化物尚未完全固化[7],材料黏聚力较高,仍可承受较大载荷,有利于工程应用。
基于单因素试验,得到了不同养护龄期充填体抗压强度与X1、X2、X3、X4的关系,然而,哪种因素对充填体抗压强度的影响占据主导地位尚需进一步探讨。因此,在前期试验的基础上,设计4因素3水平正交试验,并引入极差分析法进行深入分析。以28 d强度为例,探究影响充填体抗压强度的主导因素,表3为正交试验设计方案及结果,图4为X1、X2、X3、X4影响下的Kavg值与极差R值。其中,1, 2,3水平分别代表水泥质量分数X1为8%、10%、12%,粉煤灰质量分数X2为18%、20%、22%,碳酸钙质量分数X3为1%、3%、5%,固料质量分数X4为83%、85%、87%。Kavg值表示在某一影响因素的特定水平下,所有试验结果的平均值。
由图4(a)可知,当X4增大时,充填体28 d强度也随之增大;当X2处于第2水平时,充填体28 d强度达到最大值;当X3处于第2水平时,充填体28 d强度达到最小值;随着X1的水平增大,充填体28 d强度先增大后减小,但整体呈增加趋势,该结论与前文的试验结果基本吻合。由图4(b)可知,最“优”因子为水泥质量分数X1,R值为3.72,其次为碳酸钙质量分数X3,R值为2.21,再次为固料质量分数X4,R值为1.97,最后为粉煤灰质量分数X2,R值为1.22, 4因子优劣排序为:X1>X3>X4>X2。
为研究单轴压缩试验中不同养护龄期膏体充填体的破坏形式,以单因素设计方案中的第9组配比充填体为例,选取该配比条件下不同养护龄期充填体试件破坏后的典型破坏面,如图5所示。由图5可知,不同养护龄期充填体在应力峰值处均出现微裂纹,而破坏后的贯通主裂纹是微裂纹进一步发育的结果。当养护龄期为3 d时,充填体试件表面存在两条贯通主裂纹,一条主裂纹与加载方向近乎平行,表明该区域承受拉伸应力,另一条主裂纹起始于纵向主裂纹中部,与加载方向存在一定角度的偏差,表明该区域主要承受剪切应力,此时充填体破坏形式表现为剪切破坏与劈裂破坏的复合形式;当养护龄期为7 d时,充填体试件上有2条处于充填体边缘且与加载方向平行的主裂纹,以及1条联通纵向主裂纹且与加载方向垂直的主裂纹,横向主裂纹的出现表明该区域主要承受剪切应力,此时充填体破坏形式同样表现为剪切破坏和劈裂破坏的复合形式;当养护龄期为28 d时,充填体试件的主裂纹大致呈“V”状,还存在部分塌陷区,“V”状裂纹通常与剪切应力有关,故此时充填体破坏形式表现为剪切破坏。因此,随着养护龄期的增加,充填体破坏模式由劈裂破坏逐渐转变为剪切破坏。
从能量角度可以充分反映充填体试样的损伤演化过程[21-22]。充填体试件声发射振铃计数–应力–时间的关系如图6所示,改变碳酸钙质量分数而其他影响因素保持不变,通过充填体单轴压缩过程中的振铃计数变化情况分析其内部损伤演化过程。
从图6中可以看出,充填体试件均在峰值应力前后达到振铃计数最大值,此外,在初始压密阶段向弹性变形阶段过渡时,出现了显著的振铃计数突变。这是因为当外荷载作用于充填体试件时,充填体作为人工造物,其内部原有微裂纹和孔隙的闭合过程中伴随着能量释放,产生可检测的声发射信号。在弹性变形阶段,根据Kaiser效应[23],每一次声发射信号的微波动都意味着新的微裂纹的产生或已有裂纹的进一步扩展,活跃的声发射振铃计数表明充填体内部密实度不高,微裂隙或空隙数量较多;在弹塑性变形能大量积聚后,试件于应力峰值附近发生剧裂能量释放,导使第二次声发射突变发生,声发射信号强度突增并超过峰值,宏观表现为充填体内部原有微裂隙迅速扩张形成贯穿整个充填体的主裂纹。具体而言,当应力达到一定阈值时,微裂纹的快速扩展导致声发射振铃计数急剧上升,这与在试验中观察到的现象一致。
矸石膏体充填体作为一种人工制备的多相复合材料,内部具有较多气孔、孔隙。通过对其裂纹区域取样,采用分散粉末粘到导电胶上并作喷金处理,采用蔡司sigma 300扫描电镜进行多尺度观测。取样粉末在扫描电镜下分别放大100倍、500倍和1 000倍,得到的微观形貌如图7所示。由图7可知,放大100倍时,可以明显看出充填体内存在水泥水化物、骨料颗粒等;放大500倍时,发现充填体内呈球状的粉煤灰颗粒与不规则骨料颗粒被C–S–H凝胶包裹,两者通过水化产物形成互锁结构;放大1 000倍时,被水化产物黏结的骨料颗粒间存在微小孔隙,颗粒表面存在类绒毛结构,这些类绒毛结构黏结各种骨料颗粒,使充填体具有较高强度。试件加载后,气孔及微裂纹在荷载作用下形成微裂隙,传递至充填体表面并迅速发育,形成宏观的贯通主裂纹和塌陷区,导致结构失稳破坏。
(1)基于单轴压缩试验,得到了不同养护龄期充填体抗压强度与粉煤灰、水泥、碳酸钙、固料质量分数的关系,发现掺有碳酸钙后,粉煤灰、水泥及固料质量分数对充填体强度的影响规律与未掺之前基本一致。
(2)随着碳酸钙质量分数增加,充填体强度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,碳酸钙对充填体强度的劣化作用微弱,考虑到其具有价格优势,可作为膏体充填体的缓凝剂使用。
(3)基于极差分析结果,各因素对充填体28 d强度影响的权重排序为:水泥质量分数>碳酸钙质量分数>固料质量分数>粉煤灰质量分数。
(4)充填体破坏形式与养护龄期密切相关,随着养护龄期的增加,充填体在单轴压缩试验下的破坏模式由延性劈裂逐渐转变为脆性剪切。因此,在设计和施工过程中,必须特别关注材料的养护条件和龄期,以确保结构的可靠性和安全性。
(5)声发射振铃计数在充填体初始压密阶段向弹性变形阶段过渡及峰值应力前后出现突变,这与试验中观察到的微裂纹快速扩展现象相对应,该研究结果揭示了充填体内部损伤演化过程。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YFC0604702)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51379119)
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2021ME086)
  • 中国能建重大科技项目(CEEC2021-ZDYF-18)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第45卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-16
基金
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YFC0604702)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51379119)
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2021ME086)
中国能建重大科技项目(CEEC2021-ZDYF-18)
作者信息
    1.中国电力工程顾问集团西北电力设计院有限公司,陕西 西安 710075
    2.山东科技大学 矿山灾害预防控制国家重点实验室培育基地,山东 青岛市 266590
    3.山东科技大学 矿业工程国家级实验教学示范中心,山东 青岛市 266590

通讯作者:

鞠照强(1999—),男,山东德州人,硕士研究生,主要从事矿山充填开采技术研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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