Article(id=1322158342701700033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724774400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156713414, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156713414, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156713414, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156713414, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=152, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158342903026626, articleId=1322158342701700033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Roof Deformation Monitoring in Mine Working Faces Based on LiDAR, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the requirement of high accuracy of roof deformation monitoring in mine working face under complex environment, a set of foof deformation of working face monitoring system based on LiDAR was designed, and the matching deformation monitoring data algorithm was developed, and the deformation risk was evaluated. The monitoring system employed time-lapse scanning to acquire two phase point cloud data of the mine working face. Following preprocessing steps such as angular transformation and ICP registration, high-precision triaxial tilt sensors was used to real-time calibrate the LiDAR attitude, enabling precise extraction of the point cloud morphology of roof. Subsequently, the Delaunay triangulation mesh division was applied to process the two phase point clouds, and innovatively incorporated a point-to-plane monitoring algorithm to calculate the distance between the central points of the second phase and the triangular facets of the first phase, thereby enhancing the accuracy of deformation monitoring. Furthermore, based on the DBSCAN clustering algorithm, the deformation point cloud density clustering filtering algorithm was proposed to identify and mark the deformation area, and on this basis, the risk level assessment was conducted to realize the intelligent monitoring of roof deformation. Field research results demonstrate that the deformation displacement range of 0−5 mm in April and July 2024 is in the middle risk level, which needs to be paid attention to and corresponding monitoring and management measures should be taken. The deformation displacement range of 5−10 mm is in the low risk level, which needs to be continuously monitored to prevent the risk from escalating. The monitoring system achieve a monitoring accuracy range from 1 mm to 5 mm, which is significantly improved compared to traditional monitoring methods, and can achieve visual and accurate marking of deformation areas. The research results provide strong technical support for mine safety production, further enhancing the safety and reliability of mining operations.

, authors=Jiacheng YU1, Anxin QUAN1, Jiang CHEN1, Manqing LIN2, Lun XIONG1, Yongxiong LU1, authorsList=Jiacheng YU, Anxin QUAN, Jiang CHEN, Manqing LIN, Lun XIONG, Yongxiong LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongxiong LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158348649223163, articleId=1322158342701700033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=基于激光雷达的矿山工作面顶板形变监测研究, columnId=1226462295417598973, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=矿山安全与环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对复杂环境下矿山工作面顶板形变监测高精确度要求,设计了一套基于激光雷达的工作面顶板形变监测系统,开发了配套形变监测数据算法,并对形变风险进行评估。监测系统采用间隔时差扫描获取矿山工作面两期点云数据,经角度变换和ICP配准等预处理后,结合高精度三轴倾角传感器实时校准激光雷达姿态,精确提取顶板点云形态;再利用Delaunay三角网格划分处理两期点云,并创新性地融入点–面监测算法,计算第二期中心点与第一期三角面的距离,以提高形变监测精度;最后基于DBSCAN聚类算法提出了形变点云密度聚类滤波算法,识别并标记形变区域,并在此基础上作出风险等级评估,实现顶板形变的智能监测。现场研究结果表明,2024年4月和7月0~5 mm的形变位移范围内处于中风险等级,需要引起关注并采取相对应的监测和管理措施,5~10 mm的形变位移范围内处于低风险等级,需持续监测以防止风险升级;该监测系统在监测精度上达到了1~5 mm的范围,相较于传统监测方法,其精度显著提升,且能够实现形变区域的可视化精准标记。研究结果为矿山安全生产提供了强有力的技术支撑,进一步增强了矿山作业的安全性与可靠性。

, authors=於家成1, 权安鑫1, 陈江1, 吝曼卿2, 熊伦1, 卢永雄1, authorsList=於家成, 权安鑫, 陈江, 吝曼卿, 熊伦, 卢永雄, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卢永雄, authorNote=

於家成(2000—),男,湖北黄冈人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为智慧感知。E-mail:

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卢永雄(1976—),男,湖北通城人,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为智慧感知。E-mail:
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articleId=1322158342701700033, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=The proportion of point clouds with different deformation displacements in April 2024, figureFileSmall=46NDB2ZF83pzcTQXI8kvYw==, figureFileBig=qu0oW1fkX233RuZt6RFZww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158354751934532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158342701700033, language=CN, label=图13, caption=2024年4月不同形变位移点云占比, figureFileSmall=46NDB2ZF83pzcTQXI8kvYw==, figureFileBig=qu0oW1fkX233RuZt6RFZww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158354923900997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158342701700033, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=The proportion of point clouds with different deformation displacements in July 2024, figureFileSmall=JrskGWHrV93uezgSCz5jew==, figureFileBig=zbfRpM1ev/KA7FhxNwCkLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158355041341510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158342701700033, language=CN, label=图14, caption=2024年7月不同形变位移点云占比, figureFileSmall=JrskGWHrV93uezgSCz5jew==, figureFileBig=zbfRpM1ev/KA7FhxNwCkLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158355171364935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158342701700033, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Analysis results of roof deformation monitoring in mine working faces

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形变位移/mm4月形变点云占比/%7月形变点云占比/%形变区域标记相对平均形变位移/mm风险等级评估
0~56563一般2.3中风险
5~102827一般1.9低风险
10~1557准确1.6无
15+23准确7.0无
), ArticleFig(id=1322158355301388360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158342701700033, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿山工作面顶板形变监测分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形变位移/mm4月形变点云占比/%7月形变点云占比/%形变区域标记相对平均形变位移/mm风险等级评估
0~56563一般2.3中风险
5~102827一般1.9低风险
10~1557准确1.6无
15+23准确7.0无
), ArticleFig(id=1322158355381080137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158342701700033, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison between lidar monitoring and traditional roof deformation monitoring

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测方法监测精度/mm形变可视化受限因素
人工监测法受主观判断不准确主观经验
传统机械传感器法5~50不准确制造工艺
图像处理法10~100不准确外部环境
激光雷达法1~5准确雷达精度
), ArticleFig(id=1322158355469160522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158342701700033, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

激光雷达监测与传统顶板形变监测方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测方法监测精度/mm形变可视化受限因素
人工监测法受主观判断不准确主观经验
传统机械传感器法5~50不准确制造工艺
图像处理法10~100不准确外部环境
激光雷达法1~5准确雷达精度
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基于激光雷达的矿山工作面顶板形变监测研究
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於家成 1 , 权安鑫 1 , 陈江 1 , 吝曼卿 2 , 熊伦 1 , 卢永雄 1
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(7): 152-160
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矿业研究与开发 |矿山安全与环保 2025 , 45 (7) : 152 -160
基于激光雷达的矿山工作面顶板形变监测研究
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於家成1 , 权安鑫1, 陈江1, 吝曼卿2, 熊伦1, 卢永雄1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉工程大学 光电信息与能源工程学院,湖北 武汉 430205
  • 2.武汉工程大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
通讯作者:
卢永雄(1976—),男,湖北通城人,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为智慧感知。E-mail:
作者简介:

於家成(2000—),男,湖北黄冈人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为智慧感知。E-mail:

Roof Deformation Monitoring in Mine Working Faces Based on LiDAR
Jiacheng YU1 , Anxin QUAN1, Jiang CHEN1, Manqing LIN2, Lun XIONG1, Yongxiong LU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Optical Information and Energy Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, China
  • 2.School of Resources & Safety Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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针对复杂环境下矿山工作面顶板形变监测高精确度要求,设计了一套基于激光雷达的工作面顶板形变监测系统,开发了配套形变监测数据算法,并对形变风险进行评估。监测系统采用间隔时差扫描获取矿山工作面两期点云数据,经角度变换和ICP配准等预处理后,结合高精度三轴倾角传感器实时校准激光雷达姿态,精确提取顶板点云形态;再利用Delaunay三角网格划分处理两期点云,并创新性地融入点–面监测算法,计算第二期中心点与第一期三角面的距离,以提高形变监测精度;最后基于DBSCAN聚类算法提出了形变点云密度聚类滤波算法,识别并标记形变区域,并在此基础上作出风险等级评估,实现顶板形变的智能监测。现场研究结果表明,2024年4月和7月0~5 mm的形变位移范围内处于中风险等级,需要引起关注并采取相对应的监测和管理措施,5~10 mm的形变位移范围内处于低风险等级,需持续监测以防止风险升级;该监测系统在监测精度上达到了1~5 mm的范围,相较于传统监测方法,其精度显著提升,且能够实现形变区域的可视化精准标记。研究结果为矿山安全生产提供了强有力的技术支撑,进一步增强了矿山作业的安全性与可靠性。

激光雷达  /  顶板形变监测  /  点–面监测算法  /  顶板风险评估  /  Delaunay三角网格划分  /  DBSCAN密度聚类

Aiming at the requirement of high accuracy of roof deformation monitoring in mine working face under complex environment, a set of foof deformation of working face monitoring system based on LiDAR was designed, and the matching deformation monitoring data algorithm was developed, and the deformation risk was evaluated. The monitoring system employed time-lapse scanning to acquire two phase point cloud data of the mine working face. Following preprocessing steps such as angular transformation and ICP registration, high-precision triaxial tilt sensors was used to real-time calibrate the LiDAR attitude, enabling precise extraction of the point cloud morphology of roof. Subsequently, the Delaunay triangulation mesh division was applied to process the two phase point clouds, and innovatively incorporated a point-to-plane monitoring algorithm to calculate the distance between the central points of the second phase and the triangular facets of the first phase, thereby enhancing the accuracy of deformation monitoring. Furthermore, based on the DBSCAN clustering algorithm, the deformation point cloud density clustering filtering algorithm was proposed to identify and mark the deformation area, and on this basis, the risk level assessment was conducted to realize the intelligent monitoring of roof deformation. Field research results demonstrate that the deformation displacement range of 0−5 mm in April and July 2024 is in the middle risk level, which needs to be paid attention to and corresponding monitoring and management measures should be taken. The deformation displacement range of 5−10 mm is in the low risk level, which needs to be continuously monitored to prevent the risk from escalating. The monitoring system achieve a monitoring accuracy range from 1 mm to 5 mm, which is significantly improved compared to traditional monitoring methods, and can achieve visual and accurate marking of deformation areas. The research results provide strong technical support for mine safety production, further enhancing the safety and reliability of mining operations.

LiDAR  /  Roof deformation monitoring  /  Point-to-plane monitoring algorithm  /  Roof risk assessment  /  Delaunay triangulation mesh division  /  DBSCAN density clustering
於家成, 权安鑫, 陈江, 吝曼卿, 熊伦, 卢永雄. 基于激光雷达的矿山工作面顶板形变监测研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 152 -160 .
Jiacheng YU, Anxin QUAN, Jiang CHEN, Manqing LIN, Lun XIONG, Yongxiong LU. Roof Deformation Monitoring in Mine Working Faces Based on LiDAR[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 152 -160 .
矿山地质条件差异大,在开采过程中,由于矿层倾角的存在,巷道受到覆岩的剪切作用[1],导致工作面顶板区域出现应力集中,进而引发形变,且控制难度较大。目前,矿山工作面顶板形变监测仍然以采用人工巡检方式为主[2],并依靠经验对可能冒顶的顶板进行锚网加固。该方式受限于主观因素影响,存在人为误差,并且工作量繁重,监测范围仅限于当前位置及邻近区域,无法实现全局覆盖。矿山工作面顶板危岩形变不仅严重威胁矿山的生产安全,而且大大降低了开采经济效益[3]。因此,及时、科学、准确地监测矿山工作面顶板形变,掌握顶板状态及形变趋势,对保障矿山的安全生产具有十分重要的意义[4-5]。
形变监测是在不同时段同一形变区域上进行监测,并把得到的监测数据进行分析,判断形变区域的位置、大小以及预测未来的形变趋势,它主要用来监测形变体是否处于安全状态中[6]。王黎明等[7]、王长江等[8]通过三维扫描技术对矿山巷道进行形变监测,为固定点位静态扫描,需要放置标靶,无法实现实时监测;姜阔胜等[9]基于单线激光雷达技术对矿井巷道形变进行了在线监测,但其技术研究方案仅为离散型的比对,无法对巷道进行连续性监测;周竹峰[10]采用手持式激光扫描仪进行巷道围岩变形监测,不仅操作难度高,劳动强度大,且需要分段扫描采集数据,再进行人工拼接,监测效率低。此外,国外学者对激光雷达的应用也进行了研究,如MEZAAL等[11]、POURG-HASEMI等[12]以及BOOTH等[13]通过三维激光雷达扫描构建地图模型时,在场景特征选取、深度学习预警分析和扫描数据重复等方面采用针对性的算法原理进行了改进,从而更好地完成形变监测,然而对于矿山内部复杂场景以及特征点较为相似的场景无法应用。
各国学者在形变监测研究中均取得了一定的成效,但也存在不足之处[14]。传统的顶板监测方法依赖于工作人员主观经验,且监测区域小,监测精度低,因此本文提出一种基于激光雷达的矿山工作面顶板形变监测系统,从数据预处理、三维建模和形变监测算法、形变风险评估4个方面进行研究,用具体的形变数据对矿山工作面顶板进行形变预测[15],监测精度范围控制在1~5 mm之间,并且实现形变区域可视化精准标记。该系统无需人员干预,可以高效、准确、连续地监测矿山工作面顶板形态变化。
在复杂的矿山内部环境中,三维点云数据的准确性会直接影响后期形变监测的精确度和效率[16],因此需要选用合适的激光雷达对矿山工作面顶板进行点云数据采集。本文选用Livox-Mid_70激光雷达对矿山工作面顶板进行扫描,该激光雷达具有广阔的视场角和较小的角分辨率,并且精度高、点云密度大、包含反射强度等信息[17],能以每秒100 000个点的速率建立精度较高的三维点云数据[18]。在此基础上,配合高精度倾角传感器和点云迭代最近点(ICP)配准算法[19-20]、Delaunay三角网格划分以及点–面算法,实现对矿山工作面顶板的形变监测和预警。监测系统总体架构如图1所示。
自主研发的便携式矿山工作面顶板监测设备可以较好地适用于矿山内部复杂的环境,监测装置扫描示意见图2。启动激光雷达和倾角传感器以及可见光摄像头,按照激光雷达特定的点云发射速率对工作面进行扫描,但获取到的数据并不能直接进行解算,需要借用ROS操作系统及其兼容的激光雷达系统驱动将原始点云数据转换成标准化的PCD格式。通过点云叠帧处理,将采集到的多帧点云数据叠加成一个完整的工作面三维点云模型,从而消除单帧数据中的噪声和盲区,如图3所示。监测装置在扫描工作面顶板的时候需要上仰一定的角度,因此需要配合倾角传感器实时获取它的上仰角和航向角,以对采样点进行角度矫正。在预处理过程中,如果扫描区域中存在激光雷达自身发射口附近可能出现的少量点云,而非扫描出来的工作面点云,则认为这些点云为干扰点云,可将其剔除,避免在计算和配准过程中干扰点对结果产生影响。
监测设备每次采集点云数据时其具体位置以及姿态均不重复,但是进行矿山工作面顶板监测时,需要将两次获取到的点云数据进行对比计算,因此局部的点云配准显得尤为关键。通过旋转和平移修正点云位置,从而达到配准要求。将不同坐标系下的点云经过一系列的刚性变换[20],实现在同一坐标系下输出两次扫描的点云模型。利用ICP算法对两期点云施加初始变换矩阵运算,首先需要计算第一期与第二期点云的质心,并将点云转换到质心坐标系下,然后构造一个3×3的矩阵H,其元素为(其中和分别为第一期和第二期点云在质心坐标系下的点),采用公式(1)对原始矩阵H进行奇值分解:
式中:U和V代表正交矩阵;Σ代表对角矩阵。
则最优旋转矩阵R可由公式(2)计算得出:
式中,U1和V1分别代表原始矩阵H的左右奇异向量矩阵。
同时最优平移向量t可由公式(3)计算得出:
式中,和分别为第一期和第二期点云的质心。
最后不断将第一期点云和第二期点云进行迭代,并将对应点之间的距离平方和作为损失函数D(R, t),如公式(4)所示:
式中:和分别为第一期和第二期点云中的对应点。通过迭代,找到使损失函数D(R, t)最小的R和t,从而求解出最优变换矩阵,利用最优变换矩阵最终得到迭代最近点配准后的点云。
矿山工作面三维点云模型构建完成后,需要提取工作面顶板点云,用于后期顶板形变监测。由于激光雷达采集的点云是以三轴坐标形式进行保存,每个点都具有X, Y, Z三轴的具体坐标值,因此可以根据该信息对顶板点云进行单独提取。首先利用倾角传感器获取到的三轴角度值对点云模型进行角度矫正,将倾斜的雷达坐标系转换成世界坐标系,同时扫描到的点云坐标值也会随之变化。根据变换后的坐标系来确定工作面顶板与工作面两侧巷道壁的坐标位置,设置X, Y, Z三轴的范围来将顶板分割出来,实现矿山工作面顶板点云数据的提取。
Delaunay(德劳内)三角网格划分主要是对2D和2.5D模型进行三角网格划分,但经过对顶板点云数据的提取,将三维点云模型分割后只包含一个顶板平面,因此仍然可以用Delaunay三角网格划分对其进行处理。Delaunay三角网格是一系列相连但不重叠的三角形的集合,而且这些三角形的外接圆不包含这个面域的其他任何点,这就是外接圆准则。首先将顶板整体点云构建一个包围核,并在包围核外形成一个大的多边体,要求该多边体能够包含该片顶板的所有点云,再将其他点逐个插入进去,每插入一个点就与其他点分别建立三角形。建立过程遵循局部优化算法,该算法通过交换四边形的对角线,保留短的那条对角线,使三角网中所有三角形的最小角度最大化,同时划分后的每个三角形都需要满足外接圆准则,按照该方法插入所有的点,如图4所示。
在形成完整的三角网格后,需要对边界进行处理,去除位于剖分区域外部的“多余”三角形,从而得到最终的Delaunay三角网格顶板模型。
由于两次的测试扫描点云位姿的不可重复性,且两次采集的点云数量不同,无法找出一一对应的实际对应点对。
因此本文研究了点–面算法,两次扫描的点云经过配准后,进行Delaunay三角网格划分,都转换成三角网格面。为了增加第二期点云的密度,提高后面的点云-三角网格模型计算的精确度,需要对其进行三角网格面的中心点提取计算。计算公式为:
式中:x1, y1, z1;x2, y2, z2;x3, y3, z3分别为三角形三个顶点的三轴坐标值,m; x, y, z为三角形的中心点三轴坐标,m。
采用点–面模型配准,通过点到面距离的优化算法计算形变量。首先对第二期扫描的点云数据进行预处理、角度变换矫正、干扰点剔除,再将其与第一期点云三维模型进行ICP配准,使两期点云统一在一个坐标系下。通过KD-tree(K维树)遍历第二期三角网格中心点点云,并通过最近面判断算法找到与其在第一期点云构建的三角网格模型中最近的一个三角网格面。最近面判断算法是将第二期中心点云中的某一个点与第一期点云中三角网格面的三个顶点进行连接,形成一个多面体,其中包含多个三角形,如图5所示。
利用最近三角面判断算法首先计算大三角形网格ABD的面积S1,三角形BCD的面积S2,以及第一个四面体中三角形ABP的面积S3、三角形ADP的面积S4、三角形BDP的面积S5;第二个四面体中三角形BCP的面积S6、三角形DCP的面积S8。设置足够小的阈值ξ,如果计算结果为S3、S4、S5的和与S1非常接近,即|(S3+S4+S5)-S1|< ξ,便可以判断距离P点最近的三角面是ABD,如果计算结果为S6、S5、S8的和与S2非常接近,即|(S6+S5+S8)-S2|< ξ,便可以判断距离该P点最近的三角面是三角形BCD。判断出与之对应的最近三角面后,便需要进行中心点-三角网格面的距离计算。其三角网格面拟合方程如公式(6)所示:
式中,A、B、C、E为各项系数。
最后再计算点到面的距离d,计算公式为:
式中,x0、y0、z0为第一期点云中某一点的三维坐标,m。
形变点云聚类的主要作用是对其进行数据压缩和数据挖掘,从形变数据中发现规律和模式,以便更好地理解数据并做出准确的形变预测和评估。
常见的聚类算法有均值漂移、K-Mean以及DBSCAN(基于密度的带噪声的空间聚类应用方法)密度聚类等。均值漂移聚类是基于窗口的一种质心算法,不需要类组数量,因此受到均值的影响小;K-Means聚类算法具有计算速度快等优点,但是必须提前知道类组数量;DBSCAN密度聚类算法是基于密度程度的聚类算法,相比于前两种算法,DBSCAN密度聚类算法能够在类组数量未知的情况下,依据不同的点云密度对数据进行分类,因此适用于顶板形变点云的滤波处理。
在对顶板进行形变计算后,标记出形变的点云,找出形变的区域,再利用DBSCAN密度聚类对这些形变点云进行聚类处理。在形变点云聚类过程中,将其中一个形变点以及周围核心对象作为基点建立簇,然后合并核心对象关联的对象,直到遍历所有核心对象。在该过程中,如果核心对象是唯一的,便认为该区域是一簇离群点,可以作为形变的区域;如果核心对象有多个,便将对象较少的簇剔除,剩下的离群簇便作为形变区域。图6为DBSCAN密度聚类示意图,其中A、B、C、D、E为核心对象,F点则不是核心对象,将其剔除。
通过中心点-三角网格面距离计算将形变点云提取出来之后,形成一个形变点云簇,再利用DBSCAN密度聚类算法将形变点云簇进行区域密度聚类,从而划分出很多个不同区域的形变点云簇。工作面顶板某区域发生形变时其应力会随之变化,并且周边区域也会受到影响,因此顶板形变基本是集中在某一区域,基本不会呈现离散式分布,所以需要将这些形变点云簇经过密度滤波处理,形变点云簇数量较少的、密度较为稀疏的点云可认为是干扰点云,可以进行排除,最后保留下来的形变点云簇则认为是该矿山工作面顶板发生形变区域的点云。
试验地点为湖北宜昌某磷矿开采工作面。首先利用激光雷达以10 帧/s、每帧10 000个点的速率对矿山工作面进行两次扫描,第一期与第二期点云数据采集时中间间隔30 d。采集到矿山工作面的数据后,将其进行解析后叠加100 帧用于后续点云处理,最终获得一个完整的点云三维模型。图7为第一期和第二期采集到的矿山工作面三维点云模型,其中红色为第一期,蓝色为第二期(颜色标识见电子版)。
根据前文提出的点云预处理方法,将第二期的点云进行角度变换矫正以及滤波处理,预处理后得到的两期点云数据如图8所示.
经过预处理后的两期点云数据再利用ICP迭代最近点配准算法进行配准,结果如图9所示。
将配准完的点云进行工作面顶板分割提取,提取后的两期顶板点云都进行Delaunay三角网格划分,得到三角网格面模型,如图10所示。
计算第二期顶板点云三角网格模型中每个三角形的中心点,生成一个新的只包含中心点的点云,然后将中心点点云与第一期三角网格面模型进行中心点-三角网格面距离计算,计算完成后对超过阈值的离群点进行标记,如图11所示,其中绿色点为形变在5 mm以内、蓝色点为形变在5~10 mm范围内、黄色点为形变在10~15 mm范围内、红色点为形变在15 mm以上(颜色标识见电子版)。
将形变点云通过DBSCAN的形变密度聚类算法进行处理,此处仅针对形变在10~15 mm的点云进行分簇处理,不同的颜色表示不同的形变点云簇。然后设置阈值滤除对象较少的干扰点云簇,如图12所示。最后再计算剩余形变点云簇中的形变点到最近三角网格面的距离值,即可得到工作面顶板形变位移量。
以2024年3月扫描数据为基准,对2024年4月和7月扫描的矿山工作面顶板点云数据进行预处理、两期点云ICP配准、Delaunay三角网格划分、中心点生成、中心点-三角网格面距离计算,采用DBSCAN对形变进行密度聚类,去除一些干扰点云,最后标记工作面顶板形变的准确区域用于形变计算和分析。本文两期采集到形变监测的工作面顶板的原始点云数量均为1 094 807个,经过Delaunay三角网格面划分后,提取第二期三角网格模型中心点,其点云个数增加到2 182 965个,相比于原始第二期点云,数量上大约增加了一倍。通过中心点云与三角网格面的精细距离分析,计算并统计第二期点云中每个点相比于第一期三角网格模型之间的距离。将其定义为4种形变范围,分别为0~5 mm、5~10 mm、10~15 mm、15 mm以上,2024年4月点云数据每个形变范围内的点占整片点云的比例如图13所示。通过计算得出0~5 mm、5~10 mm、10~15 mm、15 mm以上形变区间的平均形变位移分别为2.3 mm、6.9 mm、11.6 mm、27 mm。
2024年7月点云数据每个形变范围内的点占整片点云的比例如图14所示,通过计算得出0~5 mm、5 ~10 mm、10~15 mm、15 mm以上形变区间的平均形变位移分别为4.6 mm、8.8 mm、13.2 mm、34 mm。
将多期工作面顶板点云进行上述监测算法分析,每次对比后计算相对平均形变位移,形变风险评估按照形变区间中的相对平均形变位移来划分。在4个形变区间中,若某一区间形变点云比例超过25%,并且相对平均形变位移在0~ 1 mm内定义为无风险;相对平均形变位移在1~2 mm内定义为低风险;相对平均形变位移在2~4 mm内定义为中风险;相对平均形变位移在4 mm及以上定义为高风险,具体结果详见表1。
从表1可以看出,在0~5 mm的形变位移范围内,4月和7月的形变点云占比较高,分别为65%和63%,且相对平均位移为2.3 mm,处于中风险等级。这表明该范围内的顶板形变情况较为普遍,且存在一定的风险,需要引起关注并采取相对应的监测和管理措施。在5~10 mm的形变位移范围内,形变点云占比相对较低,4月和7月分别占28%和27%,相对平均位移为1.9 mm,处于低风险等级。这说明该区域的顶板形变情况相对较轻,但仍需持续监测以防止风险升级。针对矿山巷道顶板形变监测结果作出科学的风险等级评估,为矿山的安全生产提供了坚实的数据支撑,有助于提前发现潜在的风险并采取有效的预防措施。
将基于激光雷达的矿山工作面顶板形变监测数据算法与其他传统顶板形变监测方法进行全方位对比,结果见表2。
相较于其他3种传统顶板形变监测方法,基于激光雷达的矿山工作面顶板形变监测方法的监测精度和适用范围显著提高。具体而言,人工监测法受主观判断影响,难以保证结果的客观性;传统机械传感器法监测精度在5~50 mm之间,且受到产品制造工艺等因素影响;图像处理法监测精度为10~100 mm,且非常依赖外部环境。以上传统形变监测方法的监测精度大多为厘米级,误差范围较大,而且均不能对形变区域进行精准标记,基于激光雷达的矿山工作面形变监测算法实现了毫米级(1~5 mm)的监测精度,且能够实时对形变区域进行可视化精准标记,为矿山的安全生产提供了一种新的、有效的技术支撑。
(1)针对矿山工作面顶板形变监测并提供风险评估等问题,提出了一种基于激光雷达的矿山工作面顶板形变监测算法并进行研究。将监测装置放置在复杂的矿山内部工作面,隔时差采集矿山工作面的原始数据并进行预处理,完整地构建出矿山工作面的三维点云模型,并对顶板进行精准分割提取,再将两期点云数据进行分析对比,进而判断出矿山工作面顶板是否发生形变,并及时做出风险评估。
(2)在形变监测数据算法中利用Delaunay三角网格分割对两期点云进行三角网格划分,以此将两期点云模型转化为最佳的三角网格面模型。然后对第二期点云形成的三角网格模型进行中心点提取,增加其点云密度,同时也提高后续中心点-三角网格面距离计算的精确度。再利用最近三角网格面判定算法,将中心点点云与三角网格模型对比,设定形变阈值以提取形变点云。之后采用基于DBSCAN的形变密度聚类滤波算法剔除干扰点云,仅保留有效的形变点云。最后计算4种范围的形变位移量,在不同形变位移量的点云占比的基础上,按照相对平均形变位移量来评估顶板形变风险等级,实现矿山工作面顶板形变监测与评估。
(3)现场通过计算矿山工作面顶板4种范围形变位移量(0~5 mm、5~10 mm、10~15 mm、15 mm以上),并基于每个形变区间位移量的点云占比,将多期顶板点云进行对比分析,计算出每个形变区间的相对平均位移形变量,从而建立风险等级划分标准。相较于传统形变监测,基于激光雷达的顶板形变监测方法监测精度提高为毫米级(1~5 mm),且可以对形变区域进行可视化精准标记,为矿山安全生产提供精细化、可视化技术支持,强化安全风险评估与预测的数据基础,为行业可持续发展与安全生产构建更坚固的技术屏障。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52174085)
  • 湖北省安全生产专项资金科技项目(SJZX20220910)
  • 国家磷资源开发利用工程技术研究中心开放基金项目(NECP2022-08)
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2025年第45卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-28
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52174085)
湖北省安全生产专项资金科技项目(SJZX20220910)
国家磷资源开发利用工程技术研究中心开放基金项目(NECP2022-08)
作者信息
    1.武汉工程大学 光电信息与能源工程学院,湖北 武汉 430205
    2.武汉工程大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

卢永雄(1976—),男,湖北通城人,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为智慧感知。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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