Article(id=1322158315413557927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726243200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156706908, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156706908, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156706908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156706908, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=27, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158315635856040, articleId=1322158315413557927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Mining Scheme and Optimization of Structural Parameters of Residual Pillar Under the Condition of Filling Body Enveloping, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are many residual pillars and top pillars under the condition of filling body enveloping in a high-grade iron mine. In order to recover high-grade iron ore resources as much as possible, a recovery scheme of residual pillar and top pillar was studied. Comparative analysis of the technical and economic indexes between the downward drift filling mining method and the sublevel filling mining method was conducted. And the sublevel filling mining method with simple mining process, high mining intensity and low production cost was selected as the best mining method for residual pillar recovery. Based on the selected mining method, numerical simulation was used to analyze the displacement, stress, and plastic zone distribution of the surrounding rocks and filling materials in the mining area under different structural parameters of mining room. Optimization research was conducted on the structural parameters of mining room under the mining of the 606# inter pillar and the top pillar at -525 m sublevel. The simulation calculation results show that the optimal structural parameter scheme for the mining room under the recovery of 606# inter pillar is a mining room length of 30 m without leaving a top pillar. The maximum displacement of the mining room roof in this scheme is 50.00 mm, and the volume of plastic zone of roof is the minimum, which is 1 534.55 m3. The optimal structural parameter scheme for the mining room under the recovery of top pillar is that the spans of the first and second step mining rooms are 8 m and 10 m, respectively, and the length is 25 m. The maximum displacement of the mining room roof in this scheme is 57.64 mm, and the volume of the plastic zone per unit area of the roof is small, which is 1.02 m3. There is no obvious connection in the plastic zone of the filling body inside the mining area.

, authors=Bin CHENG1, Ning YANG2, 3, Huiming WU1, Zhouyun FU2, 3, Yuejin PENG2, 3, authorsList=Bin CHENG, Ning YANG, Huiming WU, Zhouyun FU, Yuejin PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ning YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158318899024581, articleId=1322158315413557927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=充填体包覆条件下残留矿柱回采方案及结构参数优化研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

某高品位铁矿山局部残留多处由充填体包覆的间柱及顶柱。为尽可能回收高品位铁矿资源,对残留间柱及顶柱的回采方案进行了研究。通过对下向进路充填采矿法与分段充填采矿法进行技术经济指标对比分析,选择回采工艺简单、开采强度高、生产成本低的分段充填采矿法作为回采残留矿柱的最佳采矿方法。根据选择的采矿方法,通过数值模拟手段,分析不同矿房结构参数下的采场围岩及充填体位移、应力、塑性区分布,对606#间柱以及-525 m分段位置顶柱回采的矿房结构参数进行了优化研究。模拟计算结果表明,回采606#间柱的最佳矿房结构参数方案是矿房长度为30 m、不留设顶柱,此方案的矿房顶板位移最大值为50.00 mm,顶板塑性区体积最小,为1 534.55 m3;回采顶柱的最佳矿房结构参数方案是一、二步骤矿房的跨度分别为8 m和10 m、长度为25 m,此方案的矿房顶板位移最大值为57.64 mm,顶板单位面积塑性区体积较小,为1.02 m3,采场内部充填体塑性区无明显的贯通。

, authors=程斌1, 杨宁2, 3, 吴会明1, 符洲云2, 3, 彭跃金2, 3, authorsList=程斌, 杨宁, 吴会明, 符洲云, 彭跃金, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨宁, authorNote=

程斌(1985—),男,山东东平人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及矿山管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨宁(1992—),男,宁夏中卫人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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程斌(1985—),男,山东东平人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及矿山管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

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程斌(1985—),男,山东东平人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及矿山管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

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Structural parameter design and stability analysis of deep stope in metal mine[D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2020., articleTitle=Structural parameter design and stability analysis of deep stope in metal mine, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322158326071284509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, awardId=2023YFC2907404, language=CN, fundingSource=“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322158319129711302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322158319142294215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, companyId=1322158319129711302, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Shandong Jinzhao Mining Co., Ltd., Zibo, Shandong 255000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322158319159071432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sublevel filling mining method, figureFileSmall=gBRlckYie0l+uvlHjj3+KQ==, figureFileBig=e7Ym+QgjxwdGU4mIRA9PPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322447405816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=图1, caption=分段充填采矿法, figureFileSmall=gBRlckYie0l+uvlHjj3+KQ==, figureFileBig=e7Ym+QgjxwdGU4mIRA9PPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322644538105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Three-dimensional numerical model, figureFileSmall=ncxeTknZEEPmFbM3cnXIQA==, figureFileBig=xM5mi2w3FtNul9FYFxpxTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322732618490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三维数值模型, figureFileSmall=ncxeTknZEEPmFbM3cnXIQA==, 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figureFileBig=43hjJrCk7w8YcLO7JfoMFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158323126883070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=图4, caption=矿房长度为30 m条件下的最小主应力云图, figureFileSmall=kGJiIP4u3APGu4xgeOaM8w==, figureFileBig=43hjJrCk7w8YcLO7JfoMFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158323244323583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Vertical displacement cloud diagrams under mining room length of 30 m, figureFileSmall=Sl0k1n/uVRSIkdewpIrnoQ==, figureFileBig=EDMmZvSNzywc0dzB3ZU2sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158323454038784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=图5, caption=矿房长度30 m条件下的竖向位移云图, figureFileSmall=Sl0k1n/uVRSIkdewpIrnoQ==, figureFileBig=EDMmZvSNzywc0dzB3ZU2sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158323537924865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Maximum vertical displacement under different mining room lengths, figureFileSmall=tF4aaWWbUjbz/m3KC0w3/A==, figureFileBig=sEaahhu2JTBGhe28Np8dkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158323609228034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同矿房长度条件下的最大竖向位移, figureFileSmall=tF4aaWWbUjbz/m3KC0w3/A==, figureFileBig=sEaahhu2JTBGhe28Np8dkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158323693114115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Cloud diagrams of plastic zone under mining room length of 30 m, figureFileSmall=zZM6ULtms74/WkZR04e0Og==, figureFileBig=1FlXstMoojrGPnYbI8m9+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158323789583108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Cloud diagrams of plastic zone under the condition of 45 m mining room length, figureFileSmall=Dqt/DQKMibM8lg57QVwLgQ==, figureFileBig=0XsGi6frebh2nCyoN/0Z0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158325043680018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=图14, caption=矿房长度45 m条件下塑性区云图, figureFileSmall=Dqt/DQKMibM8lg57QVwLgQ==, figureFileBig=0XsGi6frebh2nCyoN/0Z0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158325123371795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=

Technical and economic indicators comparison between the two mining methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法损失率/%贫化率/%出矿品位/%采矿金属量/万 t选矿金属量/万 t吨矿成本/(元/t)生产成本/万元销售收入/万元利润总额/万元
分段充填采矿法121637.8412.4111.50160.375 256.9310 521.655 264.72
下向进路充填采矿法6642.3413.2512.28206.096 448.5611 239.044 790.48
), ArticleFig(id=1322158325224035092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两种采矿方法的技术经济指标比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采矿方法损失率/%贫化率/%出矿品位/%采矿金属量/万 t选矿金属量/万 t吨矿成本/(元/t)生产成本/万元销售收入/万元利润总额/万元
分段充填采矿法121637.8412.4111.50160.375 256.9310 521.655 264.72
下向进路充填采矿法6642.3413.2512.28206.096 448.5611 239.044 790.48
), ArticleFig(id=1322158325316309781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Schemes of stope structure parameters for mining pillar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案序号矿房长度/m矿房跨度/m顶柱厚度/m
130140
230142
330143
430144
545140
645142
745143
845144
990140
1090142
1190143
1290144
), ArticleFig(id=1322158325416973078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

回采矿柱的采场结构参数方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案序号矿房长度/m矿房跨度/m顶柱厚度/m
130140
230142
330143
430144
545140
645142
745143
845144
990140
1090142
1190143
1290144
), ArticleFig(id=1322158325509247767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of materials in the numerical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型密度/(g/cm3)弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)泊松比
灰岩(上盘)2.727.140.641.8631.260.23
闪长岩(下盘)2.8319.351.323.5636.250.26
矿体4.0915.671.252.9735.860.24
充填体1.803.760.402.7835.000.18
), ArticleFig(id=1322158325588939544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

数值模型的材料物理力学参数

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材料类型密度/(g/cm3)弹性模量/GPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)泊松比
灰岩(上盘)2.727.140.641.8631.260.23
闪长岩(下盘)2.8319.351.323.5636.250.26
矿体4.0915.671.252.9735.860.24
充填体1.803.760.402.7835.000.18
), ArticleFig(id=1322158325681214233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Structural parameter schemes of mining room

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案序号一步骤矿房跨度/m二步骤矿房跨度/m矿房长度/m
16825
26830
36845
481025
581030
681045
7101225
8101230
9101245
), ArticleFig(id=1322158325756711706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

矿房结构参数方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案序号一步骤矿房跨度/m二步骤矿房跨度/m矿房长度/m
16825
26830
36845
481025
581030
681045
7101225
8101230
9101245
), ArticleFig(id=1322158325836403483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Numerical simulation results of deformation and stress of surrounding rock under different structural parameters of mining room

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案序号顶板竖向位移最大值/mm底板竖向位移最大值/mm最大主应力/MPa顶板塑性区体积/m3顶板单位面积塑性区体积/m3
155.6553.0435.524 676.100.93
255.7953.8435.394 786.920.95
358.8355.5636.594 931.330.98
457.6454.7031.394 971.141.02
558.1755.1233.935 223.851.07
661.2958.4432.095 434.971.12
763.3560.1232.106 387.071.08
863.5761.0432.966 793.231.14
967.5463.0032.917 124.841.20
), ArticleFig(id=1322158325941261084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158315413557927, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同矿房结构参数下的围岩变形与应力数值模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案序号顶板竖向位移最大值/mm底板竖向位移最大值/mm最大主应力/MPa顶板塑性区体积/m3顶板单位面积塑性区体积/m3
155.6553.0435.524 676.100.93
255.7953.8435.394 786.920.95
358.8355.5636.594 931.330.98
457.6454.7031.394 971.141.02
558.1755.1233.935 223.851.07
661.2958.4432.095 434.971.12
763.3560.1232.106 387.071.08
863.5761.0432.966 793.231.14
967.5463.0032.917 124.841.20
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充填体包覆条件下残留矿柱回采方案及结构参数优化研究
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程斌 1 , 杨宁 2, 3 , 吴会明 1 , 符洲云 2, 3 , 彭跃金 2, 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(7): 27-35
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (7) : 27 -35
充填体包覆条件下残留矿柱回采方案及结构参数优化研究
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程斌(1985—),男,山东东平人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及矿山管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

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程斌(1985—),男,山东东平人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及矿山管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

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程斌1 , 杨宁2, 3 , 吴会明1, 符洲云2, 3, 彭跃金2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.山东金召矿业有限公司,山东 淄博市 255000
  • 2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 3.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
通讯作者:
杨宁(1992—),男,宁夏中卫人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

程斌(1985—),男,山东东平人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及矿山管理等方面的工作。E-mail:

Study on Mining Scheme and Optimization of Structural Parameters of Residual Pillar Under the Condition of Filling Body Enveloping
Bin CHENG1 , Ning YANG2, 3 , Huiming WU1, Zhouyun FU2, 3, Yuejin PENG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Shandong Jinzhao Mining Co., Ltd., Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
  • 2.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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某高品位铁矿山局部残留多处由充填体包覆的间柱及顶柱。为尽可能回收高品位铁矿资源,对残留间柱及顶柱的回采方案进行了研究。通过对下向进路充填采矿法与分段充填采矿法进行技术经济指标对比分析,选择回采工艺简单、开采强度高、生产成本低的分段充填采矿法作为回采残留矿柱的最佳采矿方法。根据选择的采矿方法,通过数值模拟手段,分析不同矿房结构参数下的采场围岩及充填体位移、应力、塑性区分布,对606#间柱以及-525 m分段位置顶柱回采的矿房结构参数进行了优化研究。模拟计算结果表明,回采606#间柱的最佳矿房结构参数方案是矿房长度为30 m、不留设顶柱,此方案的矿房顶板位移最大值为50.00 mm,顶板塑性区体积最小,为1 534.55 m3;回采顶柱的最佳矿房结构参数方案是一、二步骤矿房的跨度分别为8 m和10 m、长度为25 m,此方案的矿房顶板位移最大值为57.64 mm,顶板单位面积塑性区体积较小,为1.02 m3,采场内部充填体塑性区无明显的贯通。

残留矿柱  /  分段充填法  /  充填体  /  矿房结构参数  /  数值模拟

There are many residual pillars and top pillars under the condition of filling body enveloping in a high-grade iron mine. In order to recover high-grade iron ore resources as much as possible, a recovery scheme of residual pillar and top pillar was studied. Comparative analysis of the technical and economic indexes between the downward drift filling mining method and the sublevel filling mining method was conducted. And the sublevel filling mining method with simple mining process, high mining intensity and low production cost was selected as the best mining method for residual pillar recovery. Based on the selected mining method, numerical simulation was used to analyze the displacement, stress, and plastic zone distribution of the surrounding rocks and filling materials in the mining area under different structural parameters of mining room. Optimization research was conducted on the structural parameters of mining room under the mining of the 606# inter pillar and the top pillar at -525 m sublevel. The simulation calculation results show that the optimal structural parameter scheme for the mining room under the recovery of 606# inter pillar is a mining room length of 30 m without leaving a top pillar. The maximum displacement of the mining room roof in this scheme is 50.00 mm, and the volume of plastic zone of roof is the minimum, which is 1 534.55 m3. The optimal structural parameter scheme for the mining room under the recovery of top pillar is that the spans of the first and second step mining rooms are 8 m and 10 m, respectively, and the length is 25 m. The maximum displacement of the mining room roof in this scheme is 57.64 mm, and the volume of the plastic zone per unit area of the roof is small, which is 1.02 m3. There is no obvious connection in the plastic zone of the filling body inside the mining area.

Residual pillar  /  Sublevel filling mining method  /  Filling body  /  Structure parameter of mining room  /  Numerical simulation
程斌, 杨宁, 吴会明, 符洲云, 彭跃金. 充填体包覆条件下残留矿柱回采方案及结构参数优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 27 -35 .
Bin CHENG, Ning YANG, Huiming WU, Zhouyun FU, Yuejin PENG. Study on Mining Scheme and Optimization of Structural Parameters of Residual Pillar Under the Condition of Filling Body Enveloping[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 27 -35 .
随着采矿技术的发展,地下金属矿原先残留的间柱、顶柱等资源的回采具备了一定的技术可行性,这些残留资源的回收利用也得到了矿山企业的重视。某铁矿山的铁矿资源品位高,在以往的开采过程中留下了大量用以维持采场稳定性的间柱和顶柱,这部分残留的高品位铁矿资源的安全高效回采已成为该矿山亟需解决的问题。为最大程度回采残留的间柱与顶柱,提高矿石回采效率与安全性,降低回采过程中的矿石损失贫化率,需要选择合适的采矿方法,设计合理的采场结构参数[1-3]。
针对残留矿柱回采方式及回采稳定性问题,诸多学者通过经验公式、理论分析、数值模拟、相似材料试验及现场工业试验等方式开展了研究[4-7]。陈顺满等[8]为优化矿柱结构参数,减少矿柱回采过程中的矿石损失率,用BIENIAWSKI强度公式计算矿柱安全系数,获取最佳方形矿柱结构。刘洋等[9]基于临界冒落跨度理论,为内蒙某铁矿残矿回采和采空区治理提出了解决方案。CHEN等[10]应用突变理论分析矿柱顶板-条形矿柱结构系统的失稳机理,获得不同结构系统下矿柱宽度与系统稳定性的关系。朱晨迪等[11]通过对各采矿方法技术经济指标进行对比,结合数值模拟手段,获得了某钼矿矿柱采场的最佳结构参数。林敏等[12]通过数值模拟手段,研究盘区矿柱回采方式与充填体稳定性的关系,提升了龙桥铁矿矿柱综合回采率。LI等[13]进行室内矿柱回采相似材料试验,通过数字散斑系统监测模型在回采过程中的位移。董世华[14]为冬瓜山矿床隔离矿柱的开采提出了三步骤回采技术方案,并通过合理布孔及采用梯段爆破,对矿柱回采方案进行了优化,取得了盘区隔离矿柱回采率超80%的效果。
本文根据某铁矿山的矿体赋存状态以及开采现状,为在保持安全的前提条件下最大程度回采残留的高品位矿石,选择合适的采矿方法并设计回采方案,使用FLAC3D有限元分析软件对各方案的围岩应力变化趋势、位移演变规律及塑性区贯通状态进行数值模拟和分析,选出最佳的间柱、顶柱回采方案。
某矿山的主矿体为Ⅰ号矿体,矿石为致密块状磁铁矿,矿体形态呈透镜状。矿石单轴抗压强度为50.2~102.3 MPa,岩体质量为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。矿体走向长625 m,厚度为1.11~135.57 m,倾角为50°~65°,矿体TFe平均品位为51.81%。矿体顶板以结晶灰岩为主,岩体完整,岩体质量为Ⅰ级。矿体底板以透辉石矽卡岩为主,岩体完整,岩体质量为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。
矿山前期采用分段凿岩阶段出矿嗣后充填采矿法,局部区域采用浅孔留矿嗣后充填法。但民采、盗采活动使井下遗留有大量采空区,且部分区域产生了不同程度的垮落,矿山现已对大部分采空区进行了充填处理。现阶段需对-513~ -525 m分段留下的606#间柱及南侧大范围顶柱进行回采,该处矿体厚度约90 m,倾角为80°,606#间柱宽14 m,四周均被充填体包裹,南侧顶柱上下侧亦为充填体。
根据前期矿山的开采现状,为严格控制废石混入和矿石的损失,提高出矿品位,初步选择采用下向进路充填采矿法和分段充填采矿法回采残留矿柱。
(1)下向进路充填采矿法。该方法采用进路间隔回采顺序,进路回采后立即进行充填,以减少采空区暴露时间与暴露面积。因该采矿法不留设矿柱且能适应各类形态的产状复杂矿体,可以极大程度降低回采过程的矿石损失贫化。回采时沿矿体走向设置矿块,矿块长50~60 m,宽度依照矿体厚度而定,中段高度60 m,分段及中段间不留矿柱,高度为12 m。进路沿走向布置,宽4.0 m,高4.0 m,长25~30 m。
(2)分段充填采矿法。如图1所示,该方法的特点为分两步骤连续回采,各步骤内都有独立的出矿巷,分段内为后退式回采,在出矿巷内钻凿上向扇形孔中深孔并逐排爆破,利用矿柱或充填体支撑围岩,完成矿房出矿后立即充填采空区。该方法采用中深孔落矿,生产效率高,整个过程集中凿岩爆破、强采快充,减少围岩暴露时间,安全性较好。采场垂直矿体走向设置,中段高度为60 m,分段高度为12 m,采场宽度为矿体厚度。
以-513~ -525 m分段南侧大范围顶柱为例,该区域可采地质矿量31.29 万 t,地质品位45.05%,矿山选矿回收率为92.7%,对分段充填采矿法和下向进路充填采矿法技术经济指标进行对比分析,见表1。应用分段充填采矿法开采,预计采出金属量12.41 万 t,销售收入达10 521.65 万元,利润总额5 264.72 万元。应用下向进路充填采矿法开采,预计采出金属量13.25 万 t,销售收入达11 239.04 万元,利润总额4 790.48 万元。综上所述,分段充填采矿法的生产成本更低,利润总额更高,利润总额比采用下向进路采矿法高474.24 万元,而且该方法回采工艺简单,开采强度高,因此选择分段充填采矿法。采用分段采矿法回采606#间柱,该间柱的可采地质矿量为6.18 万 t,预计利润总额为1 040.51 万元。将-513~ -525 m分段残留矿柱回采后,累计可为矿山产生利润6 305.23万元。
为确定606#间柱合理的回采尺寸及合适的预留顶柱厚度,需要对-513 m分段及-525 m分段周边的充填体进行稳定性分析。
根据矿山的生产经验,在回采被充填体包覆的矿柱时,周边充填体的稳定性主要受采场长度及留设顶柱厚度的影响。在矿柱高度及宽度确定的条件下,分别取矿房长度为30 m、45 m、90 m,取顶柱厚度为0、2 m、3 m及4 m,共有12个回采矿柱的采场结构参数方案,见表2。应用FLAC3D有限元数值模拟软件对各方案回采后的充填体位移、应力及塑性区等进行模拟计算和对比。
根据矿山的实际工程条件及矿体赋存产状,结合表2中的采场结构参数方案,对606#间柱进行建模,模型长400 m、宽400 m、高250 m,如图2所示。对数值模型顶部施加垂直均布荷载模拟上部覆岩的自重,在模型侧面施加梯度水平应力,模型底部约束位移,同时对地质条件进行了简化,模型中主要分为上盘灰岩、下盘闪长岩、铁矿体及充填体,其各类材料的物理力学参数见表3。
在606#间柱周边皆为充填体的条件下,从矿柱上盘开始按一定矿房长度分步对矿柱进行回采,模拟获得矿房附近充填体及顶柱的最大主应力、竖向位移及塑性区云图。下面以矿房长度30 m为例进行分析。
图3和图4所示的数值模拟结果表明,矿房回采并充填后,其周边充填体及顶柱岩体的应力会重新分布,在矿房顶板与两帮边缘交界位置出现小范围应力集中,矿房顶板及底板出现大面积卸压区,充填体的应力远小于原岩应力。在矿房长度一定的条件下,矿房最大主应力随顶柱厚度的增大而增大。在顶柱厚度一致的条件下,矿房最大主应力随矿房长度的增大而增大。在矿房长度分别为30 m、45 m及90 m的条件下,随顶柱厚度从0增大到4 m,矿房最大主应力的最大增值分别为10.22 MPa、10.46 MPa、10.51 MPa,最大增幅为35.33%、36.12%、36.27%。
矿房长度30 m条件下的竖向位移云图如图5所示。由图5可知,矿房周边位移主要集中在顶板和底板位置,顶柱厚度对一步骤矿房的顶板位移具有较大的影响。由统计结果可知,顶板竖向位移随顶柱厚度的增大而减小,随矿房长度的增大而增大。底板竖向位移随顶柱厚度的增大略微减小,随矿房长度的增大而增大。不同矿房长度下的顶、底板最大竖向位移如图6所示。由图6(a)可知,在矿房长度分别为30 m、45 m及90 m的条件下,随着顶柱厚度从0增至4 m,顶板最大沉降量分别从50.00 mm降至33.39 mm、51.09 mm降至35.23 mm、52.01 mm降至36.22 mm,降幅分别为33.22%、31.04%、30.36%;在顶柱厚度分别为0、2 m、3 m和4 m的条件下,随矿房长度由30 m增至90 m,顶板最大沉降量分别增大了2.01 mm、1.92 mm、2.81 mm及2.83 mm,增幅分别为4.02%、4.53%、7.49%及8.48%。
矿房长度30 m条件下的塑性区云图如图7所示。由图7可知,各方案的充填体内部并未出现大面积塑性破坏区域,塑性区主要出现在矿房采空区边界及矿房充填体靠近矿体下盘的位置。随着顶柱厚度的增大,矿房顶板由原有的拉剪混合破坏逐渐转变为以剪破坏为主,对于采空区而言,顶板的拉伸破坏是影响矿房上部稳定性的主要原因。
顶板塑性区体积的统计结果见图8。由图8可知,随着顶柱厚度及矿房长度的增大,顶板塑性区体积也逐渐增大。
矿房长度分别为30 m、45 m及90 m条件下,随着顶柱厚度从0增至4 m,顶板塑性区体积分别从1 534.55 m3增至1 914.96 m3、1 689.97 m3增至2 053.66 m3、1 834.66 m3增至2 190.51 m3,增幅分别为24.79%、21.52%、19.40%。在顶柱厚度分别为0、2 m、3 m和4 m的条件下,当矿房长度由30 m增大至90 m时,顶板塑性区体积分别增大了300.11 m3、223.22 m3、152.37 m3及175.55 m3,增幅分别为19.56%、13.25%、8.32%及9.17%。
依据分段充填采矿法设计,对南侧顶柱采用两步骤矿房进行回采,因采区上下两侧为充填体,为确保回采作业的安全性以及保证各矿房的回采互不干扰,以“隔三采一”的形式对采区进行回采,每步骤矿房回采并充填后再进行后续步骤回采。一步骤矿房的跨度分别为6 m、8 m、10 m,二步骤矿房的跨度分别为8 m、10 m、12 m,具体方案见表4,数值模型建立及材料参数赋值同上,将原矿柱两侧充填体材料改换为矿体即可。
对各个方案模拟开挖过程中围岩位移量最大的开挖步骤矿房进行位移云图剖切,剖切位置为该开挖步骤矿房的中部,同时在完成所有矿房的回采和充填后在同样位置获取塑性区剖面。模拟结果统计数据见表5,位移及塑性区云图如图9至图14所示。
表5中的数值模拟结果表明,各方案的顶板及底板最大位移在53.00~68.00 mm的范围内,根据矿房围岩位移与矿房稳定性的关系可知[15],在此位移范围内矿房周边围岩基本可以保持稳定,但会存在潜在的稳定性问题。
因此,在后续选择最佳矿房结构参数时,应选择顶板及底板位移超过50 mm的区域范围尽量小的方案。
在两步骤矿房的跨度分别为6 m、8 m的条件下,随着矿房长度由25 m增大到45 m,最大主应力平均值约为35.8 MPa,最大主应力集中位置主要在左右两侧边缘矿房与围岩交界处,矿房顶板下沉量增大了3.18 mm,增大了5.7%,顶板塑性区体积增大了255.23 m3,增幅为5.46%,单位面积上的塑性区体积平均值约为0.95 m3。在两步骤矿房跨度分别为8 m、10 m的条件下,随着矿房长度由25 m增大到45 m,最大主应力平均值约为32.5 MPa,其顶板下沉量增大了3.65 mm,增幅为6.33%,顶板塑性区体积增大了463.83 m3,增幅为9.33%,单位面积上的塑性区体积平均值约为1.07 m3。在两步骤矿房跨度分别为10 m、12 m的条件下,随着矿房长度由25 m增大到45 m,最大主应力平均值约为32.7 MPa,顶板下沉量增大了4.19 mm,增幅为6.61%,顶板塑性区体积增大了737.77 m3,增大了11.55%,单位面积上的塑性区体积平均值约为1.14 m3。
由图9至图11可知,当一、二步骤矿房的跨度分别为6 m和8 m时,即矿房结构参数方案1至方案3,二步骤矿房的顶、底板竖向位移超过50.00 mm的区域面积最小,且影响深度最浅。当一、二步骤矿房跨度分别为10 m和12 m时,即矿房结构参数方案7至方案9,矿房顶、底板都存在大面积的位移超过50.00 mm的区域,且影响深度最深。
由图12至图14可知,回采区域边缘两侧矿房主要为剪切破坏,矿房顶板临近充填体位置以混合破坏为主,向外侧发展为剪切破坏。一步骤矿房回采并充填后,在回采二步骤矿房时,一步骤矿房内部主要产生拉伸破坏,若充填体失稳,则其内部破坏主要是剪切破坏造成的。一、二步骤矿房跨度分别为6 m和8 m时,回采区域中心位置的一步骤矿房中部区域出现大面积的塑性区贯通,以剪切破坏为主,此时无法保证二步骤矿房回采时的稳定性。其余方案未见明显的大范围塑性贯通区域。
综上所述,为保证一步骤矿房充填体不失稳及二步骤矿房回采时周边围岩尽可能稳定,选择一、二步骤矿房的跨度分别为8 m和10 m的方案。同时为保证顶板单位面积上的塑性区体积最小,且尽可能减少矿房顶部有垮落风险的区域范围,综合考虑应力、位移及塑性区指标,选择矿房长度为25 m。
(1)通过对下向进路充填采矿法与分段充填采矿法进行技术经济指标对比分析,选择回采工艺简单、生产成本低的分段充填采矿法回采残留矿柱。预计采用该方法回采矿柱可为矿山创造约6 305.23 万元的经济效益。
(2)留设顶柱能减少矿房顶板受拉区的范围,改变顶板塑性区破坏模式,同时可以对顶板沉降起到明显控制作用。矿房长度的增大会导致矿房顶板位移及塑性区增大。综合考虑经济效益及矿柱回采安全性,选择不留设顶柱、矿房长度为30 m的方案回采某铁矿的606#间柱,模拟结果表明,采用此方案回采矿柱时,矿房顶板位移不超过50.00 mm,基本不会出现矿房围岩垮落,且顶板塑性区体积最小,仅为1 534.55 m3。
(3)一、二步骤矿房跨度分别为6 m和8 m的条件下,在回采二步骤矿房时,一步骤矿房充填体中部塑性区贯通,充填体失稳,无法起到支撑作用。一、二步骤矿房跨度分别为10 m和12 m的条件下,整个顶、底板范围内存在潜在不稳定区域。一、二步骤矿房跨度分别为8 m和10 m时,顶板最大竖向位移在58 mm左右,顶板单位面积上的塑性区体积约为1.07 m3,且充填体内无塑性区贯通。基于数值模拟结果综合考虑,认为一步骤矿房8 m、二步骤矿房跨度10 m、矿房长度25 m是最合适的顶柱开采方案。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-14
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“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907404)
作者信息
    1.山东金召矿业有限公司,山东 淄博市 255000
    2.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    3.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012

通讯作者:

杨宁(1992—),男,宁夏中卫人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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