Article(id=1322158313530311492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724428800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156706459, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156706459, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156706459, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156706459, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=51, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158313740026693, articleId=1322158313530311492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Ore Rock Block Size and Energy Dissipation of Secondary Crushing in Pulang Copper Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The large blocks of ore rocks with a size exceeding 1.2 m generated during the natural caving mining method of Pulang Copper Mine have caused problems of equipment blockage and increased costs. To address these problems, the block size distribution and energy distribution characteristics of secondary crushing for three typical large ore rocks under different numbers of blast holes were analyzed in detail using finite element numerical simulation. Firstly, the block size distribution data of ore rocks were obtained through image processing and field measurement, and the ore rocks were classified. Secondly, finite element software was used to simulate the evolution of blasting stress, crack propagation, and energy dissipation. The results show that the number of blast holes has a significant effect on the crushing efficiency of large ore rocks. With the increase in the number of blast holes, the stress distribution within the rock becomes more uniform, and the crushing effect is enhanced. When the number of blast holes is the same, the three typical large ore rocks are subjected to similar blasting load pressures at the same distance from the blast holes. The blasting load pressure decays rapidly with the increase of the distance from the blast holes. During multi-hole blasting, the stress value on the central line of two-hole distribution is the maximum, while that on the central line of three-hole distribution is the minimum. With the increase in the number of blast holes, the number of cracks correspondingly increases, forming longer cracks or a more extensive crack network in the ore rock. Moreover, multi-hole blasting creates directional cracks or crack zones. After multi-hole blasting, the block size distribution characteristics of the ore rock are uniform and well-crushed. The number of blast holes is directly proportional to the maximum values of kinetic energy and internal energy. Under the condition of the same number of blast holes, the internal energy of ore rocks of various sizes remains stable, and the ratio of kinetic energy to internal energy of the rock decreases with the increase of the size of large ore rocks. Therefore, in the secondary crushing construction of rocks at Pulang Copper Mine, single-hole blasting can be used for small-sized large ore rocks, while double-hole blasting is suitable for medium-sized and large-sized large ore rocks.

, authors=Zaichun WAN1, Qingtian ZENG2, Heng HUANG3, Zhiju LI3, authorsList=Zaichun WAN, Qingtian ZENG, Heng HUANG, Zhiju LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158318487978866, articleId=1322158313530311492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=普朗铜矿二次破碎的矿岩块度与能量耗散研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决普朗铜矿自然崩落法开采中产生的尺寸超过1.2 m的大块矿岩导致设备堵塞、成本增加的问题,借助有限元数值模拟方法,详细分析了不同炮孔数目下3种典型大块矿岩二次破碎的块度分布及能量分布特征。首先,通过图像处理与现场测量获取了矿岩的块度分布数据,并对矿岩进行分类。其次,利用有限元软件模拟爆破应力演化、裂纹扩展和能量耗散。结果表明,不同炮孔数目对大块矿岩的破碎效果有显著影响。随着炮孔数目的增加,岩石内部应力分布更均匀,破碎效果增强。炮孔数目相同时,3种典型大块矿岩在距离炮孔相同距离时受到相近的爆炸荷载压力。爆炸荷载压力随着与炮孔距离的增加而迅速衰减。多孔爆破时,两孔分布中心线上的应力值最大,三孔分布中心线上的应力值最小。随着炮孔数目的增加,裂纹数量相应增加,并在矿岩中形成更长的裂纹或更广泛的裂纹网络,且多孔爆破形成定向裂纹或裂纹带。多孔爆破后的矿岩块度分布特征表现为均匀且破碎。炮孔数目与动能和内能的最大值成正比,相同炮孔数目条件下,各尺寸矿岩内能保持稳定,岩石的动能和内能之比随着大块矿岩尺寸的增加而降低。因此,在普朗铜矿岩石二次破碎施工中,小型大块矿岩可采用单孔爆破,中型和大型大块矿岩可采用双孔爆破。

, authors=万再春1, 曾庆田2, 黄恒3, 李志钧3, authorsList=万再春, 曾庆田, 黄恒, 李志钧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

万再春(1981—),男,云南保山人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及管理技术研究。E-mail:

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万再春(1981—),男,云南保山人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及管理技术研究。E-mail:

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万再春(1981—),男,云南保山人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及管理技术研究。E-mail:

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rfOrder=0, authorNames=XU Peng, YANG Renshu, ZUO Jinjing, journalName=International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Peng, YANG Renshu, ZUO Jinjing, et al. 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Study on crack propagation and evolution characteristics of hard rock under dynamic and static loads of secondary blasting[D]. Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology, 2023., articleTitle=Study on crack propagation and evolution characteristics of hard rock under dynamic and static loads of secondary blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322158328009049049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=170, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=44, authorNames=LI Xudong, LIU Kewei, YANG Jiacai, journalName=International Journal of Impact Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Xudong, LIU Kewei, YANG Jiacai, et al. Numerical study on blast-induced fragmentation in deep rock mass[J]. 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Computers and Geotechnics, 2023, 157:105312., articleTitle=Numerical investigation on rock fragmentation under decoupled charge blasting, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322158323626001324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, awardId=202402AB080010, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202402AB080010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322158318810940275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322158318823523188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, companyId=1322158318810940275, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Yunnan Copper Co., Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650033, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322158318831911797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, 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label=null, caption=Block size distribution of natural caving in Pulang Copper Mine, figureFileSmall=2PHq8ncHw+WZRfPTF0z2Rw==, figureFileBig=CVlCTv2NQw409yfRGDJDdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158321541432217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=CN, label=图1, caption=普朗铜矿自然崩落块度分布, figureFileSmall=2PHq8ncHw+WZRfPTF0z2Rw==, figureFileBig=CVlCTv2NQw409yfRGDJDdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158321772118938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Numerical calculation model for secondary crushing of typical large ore rocks, figureFileSmall=uUrHqWyA9XmIbCtYheDjcQ==, figureFileBig=y4fBUg85w5cliYZ3JJfLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158321847616411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=CN, label=图2, caption=典型大块矿岩二次破碎数值计算模型, figureFileSmall=uUrHqWyA9XmIbCtYheDjcQ==, figureFileBig=y4fBUg85w5cliYZ3JJfLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158321948279708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Numerical simulation results of stress evolution during secondary crushing of three typical large ore blocks, figureFileSmall=dnhYAJpJgzfFlOHRx0CnQg==, figureFileBig=l25IuxyWlBvQwbggu9FgKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322044748701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3种典型大块矿岩二次破碎应力演化数值模拟结果, figureFileSmall=dnhYAJpJgzfFlOHRx0CnQg==, figureFileBig=l25IuxyWlBvQwbggu9FgKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322145411998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Pressure time-history curves during secondary crushing of three typical large 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figureFileBig=LDGfeFeuT8NLkEHG5Q4Akw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322459984802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Energy dissipation laws during secondary crushing of three typical large ore rocks, figureFileSmall=GorQfpgy/FJalZ4z6onwkg==, figureFileBig=/uqU39DwL17fxadjBO010Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322548065187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=CN, label=图6, caption=3种典型大块矿岩二次破碎能量耗散规律, figureFileSmall=GorQfpgy/FJalZ4z6onwkg==, figureFileBig=/uqU39DwL17fxadjBO010Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322644534180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Characteristics of block size distribution during secondary crushing of three typical large ore blocks, figureFileSmall=E2APz9sRkKqPLrUQK4HrRA==, figureFileBig=gCIs9enIP7oi+lZmbdb3Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322745197477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3种典型大块矿岩二次破碎块度分布, figureFileSmall=E2APz9sRkKqPLrUQK4HrRA==, figureFileBig=gCIs9enIP7oi+lZmbdb3Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158322858443686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Typical size of large ore rocks in Pulang Copper Mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分界线小型大块矿岩/mm中型大块矿岩/mm大型大块矿岩/mm
短轴1 6912 1232 353
中轴2 4142 7732 997
长轴2 9193 2593 707
), ArticleFig(id=1322158322963301287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

普朗铜矿典型大块矿岩尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分界线小型大块矿岩/mm中型大块矿岩/mm大型大块矿岩/mm
短轴1 6912 1232 353
中轴2 4142 7732 997
长轴2 9193 2593 707
), ArticleFig(id=1322158323114296232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main rock mechanics parameters of Pulang Copper Mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(g/cm3)纵波速度/(m/s)弹性模量/GPa泊松比单轴抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
2.765 54158.680.25185.6712.2922.7041.18
), ArticleFig(id=1322158323219153833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

普朗铜矿主要岩石力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(g/cm3)纵波速度/(m/s)弹性模量/GPa泊松比单轴抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
2.765 54158.680.25185.6712.2922.7041.18
), ArticleFig(id=1322158323391120298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material parameters of rock RHT model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度 ρ0/(kg/m3)初始孔隙度α破坏面参数A破坏面参数N残余面参数Af残余面参数Nf损伤因子D1损伤因子D2抗压强度fc/MPa
2 7601.02.590.821.620.620.041.0185.67
孔隙度指数NP弹性剪切模量/GPa侵蚀塑性应变剪切模量减小因子压缩应变率相关指数βC拉伸应变率相关指数βtEOS多项式参数T1/MPaEOS多项式参数T2/MPa孔隙坍塌压力Pcrush/MPa
3.023.472.00.50.0070.01084.740.0123.78
孔隙压实压力Pcomp/GPa最小损伤残余应变拉伸体积塑性应变分数Hugoniot多项式系数A1/GPaHugoniot多项式系数A2/GPaHugoniot多项式系数A3/GPa相对抗剪强度相对抗拉强度洛德角相关参数Q0
6.00.0120.00184.74103.3821.720.280.070.68
洛德角相关参数BEOS多项式参数B0EOS多项式参数B1压缩屈服面参数拉伸屈服面参数破坏压缩应变率破坏拉伸应变率参考压缩应变率参考拉伸应变率
0.051.221.220.50.73.0E253.0E253.0E-53.0E-6
), ArticleFig(id=1322158323500172203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158313530311492, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩石 RHT 模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度 ρ0/(kg/m3)初始孔隙度α破坏面参数A破坏面参数N残余面参数Af残余面参数Nf损伤因子D1损伤因子D2抗压强度fc/MPa
2 7601.02.590.821.620.620.041.0185.67
孔隙度指数NP弹性剪切模量/GPa侵蚀塑性应变剪切模量减小因子压缩应变率相关指数βC拉伸应变率相关指数βtEOS多项式参数T1/MPaEOS多项式参数T2/MPa孔隙坍塌压力Pcrush/MPa
3.023.472.00.50.0070.01084.740.0123.78
孔隙压实压力Pcomp/GPa最小损伤残余应变拉伸体积塑性应变分数Hugoniot多项式系数A1/GPaHugoniot多项式系数A2/GPaHugoniot多项式系数A3/GPa相对抗剪强度相对抗拉强度洛德角相关参数Q0
6.00.0120.00184.74103.3821.720.280.070.68
洛德角相关参数BEOS多项式参数B0EOS多项式参数B1压缩屈服面参数拉伸屈服面参数破坏压缩应变率破坏拉伸应变率参考压缩应变率参考拉伸应变率
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普朗铜矿二次破碎的矿岩块度与能量耗散研究
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万再春 1 , 曾庆田 2 , 黄恒 3 , 李志钧 3
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(7): 51-62
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (7) : 51 -62
普朗铜矿二次破碎的矿岩块度与能量耗散研究
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万再春1 , 曾庆田2, 黄恒3, 李志钧3
作者信息
  • 1.云南铜业股份有限公司,云南 昆明 650033
  • 2.西藏金龙矿业有限公司,西藏 拉萨 859200
  • 3.云南迪庆有色金属有限责任公司,云南 迪庆藏族自治州 674408
作者简介:

万再春(1981—),男,云南保山人,高级工程师,主要从事采矿技术及管理技术研究。E-mail:

Study on Ore Rock Block Size and Energy Dissipation of Secondary Crushing in Pulang Copper Mine
Zaichun WAN1 , Qingtian ZENG2, Heng HUANG3, Zhiju LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Yunnan Copper Co., Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650033, China
  • 2.Xizang Jinlong Mining Co., Ltd., Lhasa, Xizang 859200, China
  • 3.Yunnan Diqing Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd., Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan 674408, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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为解决普朗铜矿自然崩落法开采中产生的尺寸超过1.2 m的大块矿岩导致设备堵塞、成本增加的问题,借助有限元数值模拟方法,详细分析了不同炮孔数目下3种典型大块矿岩二次破碎的块度分布及能量分布特征。首先,通过图像处理与现场测量获取了矿岩的块度分布数据,并对矿岩进行分类。其次,利用有限元软件模拟爆破应力演化、裂纹扩展和能量耗散。结果表明,不同炮孔数目对大块矿岩的破碎效果有显著影响。随着炮孔数目的增加,岩石内部应力分布更均匀,破碎效果增强。炮孔数目相同时,3种典型大块矿岩在距离炮孔相同距离时受到相近的爆炸荷载压力。爆炸荷载压力随着与炮孔距离的增加而迅速衰减。多孔爆破时,两孔分布中心线上的应力值最大,三孔分布中心线上的应力值最小。随着炮孔数目的增加,裂纹数量相应增加,并在矿岩中形成更长的裂纹或更广泛的裂纹网络,且多孔爆破形成定向裂纹或裂纹带。多孔爆破后的矿岩块度分布特征表现为均匀且破碎。炮孔数目与动能和内能的最大值成正比,相同炮孔数目条件下,各尺寸矿岩内能保持稳定,岩石的动能和内能之比随着大块矿岩尺寸的增加而降低。因此,在普朗铜矿岩石二次破碎施工中,小型大块矿岩可采用单孔爆破,中型和大型大块矿岩可采用双孔爆破。

二次破碎  /  多孔爆破  /  块度特征  /  能量耗散

The large blocks of ore rocks with a size exceeding 1.2 m generated during the natural caving mining method of Pulang Copper Mine have caused problems of equipment blockage and increased costs. To address these problems, the block size distribution and energy distribution characteristics of secondary crushing for three typical large ore rocks under different numbers of blast holes were analyzed in detail using finite element numerical simulation. Firstly, the block size distribution data of ore rocks were obtained through image processing and field measurement, and the ore rocks were classified. Secondly, finite element software was used to simulate the evolution of blasting stress, crack propagation, and energy dissipation. The results show that the number of blast holes has a significant effect on the crushing efficiency of large ore rocks. With the increase in the number of blast holes, the stress distribution within the rock becomes more uniform, and the crushing effect is enhanced. When the number of blast holes is the same, the three typical large ore rocks are subjected to similar blasting load pressures at the same distance from the blast holes. The blasting load pressure decays rapidly with the increase of the distance from the blast holes. During multi-hole blasting, the stress value on the central line of two-hole distribution is the maximum, while that on the central line of three-hole distribution is the minimum. With the increase in the number of blast holes, the number of cracks correspondingly increases, forming longer cracks or a more extensive crack network in the ore rock. Moreover, multi-hole blasting creates directional cracks or crack zones. After multi-hole blasting, the block size distribution characteristics of the ore rock are uniform and well-crushed. The number of blast holes is directly proportional to the maximum values of kinetic energy and internal energy. Under the condition of the same number of blast holes, the internal energy of ore rocks of various sizes remains stable, and the ratio of kinetic energy to internal energy of the rock decreases with the increase of the size of large ore rocks. Therefore, in the secondary crushing construction of rocks at Pulang Copper Mine, single-hole blasting can be used for small-sized large ore rocks, while double-hole blasting is suitable for medium-sized and large-sized large ore rocks.

Secondary crushing  /  Multi-hole blasting  /  Block size characteristic  /  Energy dissipation
万再春, 曾庆田, 黄恒, 李志钧. 普朗铜矿二次破碎的矿岩块度与能量耗散研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 51 -62 .
Zaichun WAN, Qingtian ZENG, Heng HUANG, Zhiju LI. Study on Ore Rock Block Size and Energy Dissipation of Secondary Crushing in Pulang Copper Mine[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 51 -62 .
矿山开采过程中,岩石的物理力学特性与爆破设计条件之间的差异导致初次爆破难以充分破碎所有岩石[1],增加了二次破碎的工程量。近年来,随着矿山环境保护和安全要求的提高,通过优化爆破参数实现高效、安全、环保的开采已成为矿山工程领域的研究重点。自20世纪以来,矿山爆破技术不断发展,但在实际应用中仍面临诸多挑战。目前井下矿山开采爆破方式多采用裸露药包爆破法和凿岩爆破法[2]。裸露药包爆破法存在炸药消耗量大、爆破能量利用率低、爆破震动强烈且对巷道等底部结构工程的破坏性较大等问题,限制了其在精细开采中的应用。程超等[3]通过现场试验,研究了不同装药量和炮孔相对位置对破碎效果的影响,初步阐明了裸露药包爆破方法即“糊炮”破碎大块矿岩的机理。徐振洋等[4]针对哈密市巴里坤露天煤矿台阶爆破出现的大块矿岩问题,采用有聚能穴的裸露药包聚能爆破方法对大块矿岩进行了破碎,并通过优化爆破设计参数提高了爆破能量利用率。由于裸露药包爆破法破坏性大,近年来凿岩爆破法被广泛应用于井下矿山开采。凿岩爆破法[5]适用范围广、成本低、爆破能量利用率高,但爆破产生的噪声和震动对周围环境影响大。张兵等[6]通过现场单孔爆破漏斗试验以及变孔距多孔同段爆破漏斗试验优化了爆破参数,以减少炸药消耗并控制震动。王忠康等[7]在原爆破方案基础上增设卫星孔,在减少了震动和粉尘的同时解决了新疆金宝矿业露天深孔台阶爆破大块率高的问题。张艾华[8]提出了小排距大孔底距的设计,使得爆破时能量分布更加均匀。然而,凿岩爆破法在复杂地质条件下依然存在局限,尤其是对于硬度较高的岩石,二次破碎需求较为频繁[9]。为解决这些问题,静态破碎技术逐渐成为研究焦点[10],与传统爆破技术相比,静态破碎法的特殊膨胀破裂性能使其爆破过程中不会出现爆破震动、飞石、噪音、粉尘和有毒有害气体[11],具有操作简单、爆破工效高、环保性、安全稳定性高和适用范围广等优点。杨熙华[12]通过测试静态破碎剂水化反应过程前后的高度差,获得了静态破碎剂水化反应的最优水剂比和温度,并基于此开展了不同内径的薄壁钢管膨胀压力试验。郝大宽等[13]用RFPA软件模拟了平面条件下不同距离的双钻孔模型,研究了静态破碎剂膨胀压力作用下的裂隙发育和扩展规律,并对此过程的声发射特征进行了分析。李广东[14]通过试验研究了静态破碎剂钻孔不同切槽形状下的裂隙扩展方向和扩展规律。然而多数静态破碎效率较低,操作时间相对较长,成本较高,破碎效果远没有凿岩爆破的效果好。因此对凿岩爆破二次破碎[15]进行参数优化分析以避免三次破碎和有效减小爆破震动具有重要的工程实践意义。
此外,普朗铜矿的水文地质以及工程地质条件为简单至中等,矿体具有矿石品位较低、矿岩性质分布均匀、崩落面积足够、节理裂隙发育良好、总体可崩性较好等[16]特点,因而可以形成连续的崩落。此外,矿石无自燃性和黏结性,地表允许塌陷。基于以上特点,经综合经济比较,最终选择采用自然崩落法进行开采。但矿岩裂隙发育,采矿拉低巷道断面较大,特别是前期,自然崩落掉落的大块矿岩较多,因此造成二次破碎的概率增加。二次破碎的效率直接影响矿山的生产成本和生产效率[17-19]。因此,研究炮孔数目对大块矿岩二次破碎效果的影响具有重要的经济意义。
本文旨在通过数值模拟的方法研究炮孔数目对大块矿岩二次破碎效果的影响,进而为矿山开采过程中破碎参数的优化提供科学依据。具体研究内容包括:建立数值模拟模型,分析不同炮孔数目条件下的应力分布和破碎效果,确定3种典型大块矿岩的最优炮孔数目。通过分析数值模拟结果,本文提出了优化炮孔参数的具体建议,以提高破碎效率和碎块均匀性,以期为矿山实际操作提供理论支持和数据参考。
通过整理现场测得的3个爆堆大块矿岩尺寸数据,获得了普朗铜矿不同堑沟和轴向的矿岩体积累计频率曲线的变化趋势,如图1所示。由图1可以看出,曲线在岩石尺寸大于1.2 m后骤然上升,表示该尺寸范围内的矿岩分布集中。对尺寸超过1.2 m的大块矿岩,分别以体积累计频率的30%、50%、80%作为分类线进行块度分类。30%为小型大块矿岩,50%为中型大块矿岩,80%为大型大块矿岩,普朗铜矿典型大块矿岩尺寸见表1。
本文采用有限元法建立数值模拟模型。有限元法(Finite Element Method, FEM)是一种求解连续介质力学问题的有效数值方法,通过将复杂的连续介质离散化为有限数量的单元,可以精确地模拟和分析结构和材料在各种载荷和边界条件下的响应。有限元法在岩石力学和工程力学领域得到了广泛应用,尤其适用于解决岩石爆破、应力分布、裂纹扩展等复杂问题。本文选择了ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件进行数值模拟。LS-DYNA是一个通用的有限元分析程序,特别适用于模拟复杂的爆破和冲击问题。该软件集成了显式求解器和隐式求解器,能够处理非线性、大变形和复杂接触等问题。
借助多模块高精度建模软件Hyper Mesh建立数学模型。根据表1中典型大块矿岩的尺寸,建立了普朗铜矿大块矿岩的单孔和多孔起爆数值计算模型,如图2所示。表1中大块矿岩的长轴、中轴、短轴分别对应图2中数值计算模型的长边、中边和短边。炮孔长度为模型短边长度的2/3,炮孔低端装药1卷,分别设置1个、2个或3个炮孔为一组进行爆破。每个模型外边界设置为自由面。模拟计算过程中,有限单元网格中的应力、变形和材料移动通过Lagrange、Euler和Arbitrary-Lagrange-Euler(ALE)算法求解。其中,岩石材料采用Lagrange算法,炸药和空气材料采用ALE算法,并使用多物质组关键字*ALE_MULTI_MATERIAL_GROUP。此外,将岩石材料设置为固体组,炸药和空气材料设置为流体组,耦合固体和流体单元[20]使用关键字*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID。爆破模拟计算使用MPPLS-DYNA求解器,运行使用32核和256 GB内存工作站。计算至没有新的爆生裂纹生成和爆生裂纹不再继续生长时终止。
云南普朗铜矿位于云南省西南部,地处高原山区。矿区内铜矿资源丰富,是我国重要的铜矿资源基地之一。普朗铜矿岩石种类主要为石英二长斑岩、闪长玢岩、大理岩和角岩。通过炮孔岩芯和坑壁取岩两种方式取样,采用标准的岩石物理力学测试测定闪长玢岩的参数,普朗铜矿主要岩石力学参数见表2。在以往模拟中岩石材料通常采用弹塑性模型或损伤模型,而炸药材料则采用高能材料模型。因此本研究二次破碎爆破的模拟岩石材料使用损伤力学模型RHT连续材料模型模拟[21],连续材料模型参数采用理论计算和参考相关文献的方法确定[22]。岩石RHT模型材料参数见表3。
在LS-DYNA软件中,通过高能炸药连续模型HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN以及Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL)状态方程模拟爆炸后产物压力与体积的关系:
式中:PE为爆炸压力;V为相对体积;为炸药爆炸的单位体积内能;AE、BE、R1、R2、ω为材料常数,炸药材料模型参数参考文献[20]。
大块矿岩二次破碎采用空气耦合装药,炮孔不堵塞。在LS-DYNA软件中,空气介质使用NULL模型结合线性多项式状态方程模拟。通过线性多项式方程定义空气压力,密度和内能的关系为[19]:
式中:PA表示气体压力;为气体单位体积内能;μ为动态黏度系数;ρ和ρ0分别为空气的当前密度和初始密度;γ表示比热系数;空气材料常数设置为C0=C1=C2=C3=C6=0, C4=C5=γ-1,空气材料模型参数参考文献[20]。
使用当前构建的大块矿岩二次破碎数值计算模型,模拟计算了3种典型大块矿岩不同炮孔数目下二次破碎应力演化和径向裂纹传播过程。爆炸压力演化和距离炮孔不同距离处爆炸压力时程曲线分别如图3和图4所示。
在爆破过程中,炮孔内的炸药爆炸产生高压气体,形成的冲击波向周围岩石传播,导致复杂的应力分布。爆破产生的应力波包括压缩波和拉伸波,这些波在岩石内部传播时会引发复杂的应力场变化。
从图3可以看出,随着炮孔数目的增加,3种典型大块矿岩内部的应力分布趋于均匀,破碎效果显著增强。尤其是在炮孔数目增加至3个时,岩石的应力集中现象显著减弱,破碎范围明显扩大。炮孔数目相同时,3种典型大块矿岩在爆炸应力波向外传播的过程中,距离炮孔相同距离的岩石受到相近的爆破荷载压力。对于小型大块矿岩,在单孔爆破中,应力集中区主要形成于孔壁周围,整体破裂效果较为有限。双孔爆破时,应力集中区不仅出现在孔壁周围,还延伸至两炮孔之间的区域。三孔爆破则在三孔的应力相交区域形成应力集中区,这种分布模式下岩石的破碎程度更高,但也更容易引发飞石。对于中型大块矿岩,单孔爆破的应力集中范围较小,破裂主要发生在岩石内部,远离孔壁的区域所受应力较小。双孔爆破时,应力集中区域向岩石外侧扩展,整体破碎效果更佳。三孔爆破则表现出应力均匀分布,岩石破碎效果显著提高。对于大型大块矿岩,单孔爆破引发的破裂集中在局部,远离孔壁的区域受影响较小。双孔爆破时,炮孔附近及两孔之间的区域破碎程度较大。三孔爆破的整体破碎效果最佳,应力分布均匀,应力集中区域不明显。
从图4可以观察到,单孔爆破时,随着与炮孔距离的增加(X1、X2、X3分别表示距离单孔起爆点的长轴距离),爆炸压力呈现出快速衰减的趋势。相比之下,在多孔爆破情况下,两孔分布中心线上的应力值明显较高。这是由于两个炮孔产生的应力集中效应会相互叠加,导致中心线附近的应力值增加。而三孔分布的情况下,由于孔的分布更为分散,导致应力波的相互作用减少,从而减轻了应力集中效应,使得中心线上的应力值相对较低。此外,随着炮孔数目的增加,岩块的整体刚度降低,从而使得矿岩更易变形,进而导致应力值降低。在炮孔数目相同的情况下,矿岩的尺寸越大,其应力最大值则相应较小。
图5展示了3种典型大块矿岩二次破碎时爆生裂纹演化的数值模拟结果。炸药起爆后,爆炸产生的应力波中的拉伸应力会超过岩石的抗拉强度,导致在炮孔壁处开始生成径向裂纹,并向自由面扩展[23]。随着反射应力波的强度超过岩石的抗拉强度,除了径向裂纹网络的形成外,还会在炮孔垂直方向的自由面附近产生大量裂纹。裂纹网络在矿岩中径向和环向逐步发展,导致矿岩被破碎成更小的块状,从而实现了理想的二次破碎效果。在多孔爆破情况下,随着炮孔数目的增加,裂纹数量也相应增加。爆炸产生的应力波在多孔环境中更容易传播,形成更长的裂纹或更广泛的裂纹网络。多个爆破点的裂纹相互作用,形成更为复杂的裂纹网络。在多孔爆破中,裂纹的方向可能发生变化,初始炮孔附近的裂纹有可能向相邻炮孔扩展,从而形成定向裂纹或裂纹带。相同炮孔数目下,矿岩尺寸越大,裂纹在矿岩与空气界面(自由面)反射到岩块中的爆炸应力强度越低,导致径向裂纹向外传播的数量和长度减少,同时剥离损伤也降低。
图5的爆破裂纹演化结果表明,单孔爆破时,二次破碎仅能勉强破碎小型大块矿岩。双孔爆破时,二次破碎能够破碎小型、中型和大型的大块矿岩。三孔爆破时,小型、中型和大型的大块矿岩被破碎得过于严重,有可能引发飞石,破坏围岩和巷道设施。因此,在普朗铜矿岩石二次破碎施工中,在只钻取单个炮孔的情况下,小型大块矿岩应该采用单孔爆破。中型和大型大块矿岩应该采用双孔爆破。若遇到更大尺寸的大块矿岩,可以尝试采用三孔爆破进行大块矿岩二次破碎施工。
不同炮孔数目下,3种典型大块矿岩二次破碎能量耗散规律如图6所示。在矿岩二次破碎过程中,炸药起爆生成的能量以动能和内能的形式传递至岩石。动能主要由被抛掷的碎岩携带。内能主要消耗于生成岩石裂纹。动能与内能可以用于评估炸药能量在岩石破碎中的利用效率,动能与内能的比值越低,岩石被破碎得越充分,炸药能量利用效率越高。
从图6中可以看出,炸药起爆后,矿岩中动能和内能均快速上升,且炮孔数目越多,岩石中动能和内能的最大值越大,炮孔数目与动能和内能的最大值成正比。这表明更多的炮孔能够更有效地传递炸药的能量,使得矿岩在爆破过程中能够获得更多的动能和内能。同时,大块矿岩的尺寸越大,矿岩中的动能越低,表明矿岩破裂的程度和碎石抛掷的现象随矿岩尺寸的增大而减弱。另外,相同炮孔数目条件下,各尺寸矿岩内能保持稳定,岩石的动能和内能之比随着大块矿岩尺寸的增加而降低,表明从炸药传递到矿岩中的内能仅和炮孔数目有关。这意味着,在较大的矿岩中,虽然碎石抛掷现象减弱,但裂纹的生成仍由炮孔数目主导。因此,在大块矿岩中,提高炮孔数目仍然是增强破碎效果的关键。
在大块矿岩二次破碎的数值模拟中,用Dr值量化RHT材料模型的累积损伤。该范围从0到1,表示矿岩从轻微扰动到完全破裂和粉碎的状态。当矿岩单元的损伤程度超过某个临界 Dr值时,这些单元的强度会显著减弱,形成弱面,即岩石裂纹。为了获得最终的裂纹分布网络,本研究使用后处理软件LS-PrePost,将损伤值超过裂纹生成阈值的矿岩单元进行隐藏。在本研究中,参考文献[24],裂纹生成的损伤阈值设定为0.4。在模拟计算完成后,对数值计算模型在x、y、z方向上分别进行3次切割。然后,使用ImageJ软件处理模型切片的图像,获取大块矿岩二次破碎后的块度数据。接着,对不同炮孔数目下的矿岩尺寸分布进行定量分析。最后,使用三参数广义极值(GEV)分布模型(包含μ、σ和ξ等3个拟合参数[25])对岩石块度数据进行拟合。
式中:d为矿岩块度;δ为矿岩碎块平均尺寸;σ为控制块度范围的尺度参数;ξ为形状参数。
不同炮孔数目下3种典型大块矿岩二次破碎块度分布特征如图7所示。由图7可知,GEV分布模型能够精准地拟合大块矿岩二次破碎后的矿岩碎块尺寸数据。在大块矿岩采用单孔爆破的情况下,拟合曲线随破岩尺寸的增加较晚出现上升,这表明单孔爆破不能将大块矿岩完全破碎成符合投掷规定的小块矿岩。而在大块矿岩采用多孔爆破时,拟合曲线随破岩尺寸的增加较早出现上升,这表明多孔爆破能够生成更多的破碎小块。保持炮孔数目不变时,当大块矿岩尺寸增加时,二次爆破后矿岩碎块尺寸的拟合曲线随破岩尺寸的增加较晚出现上升,这意味着二次破碎生成的平均矿岩碎块尺寸较大。
由图7可知,当炮孔数目从1增加到3时,平均岩块尺寸逐渐减小。同时,平均岩块尺寸随着大块矿岩尺寸的增加而增加。对于小型大块矿岩,采用单孔爆破即可将岩块破碎,二次破碎后的平均岩块尺寸低于0.8 m。从节约炸药能量和降低巷道损伤的角度来看,小型大块矿岩应采用单孔起爆。值得注意的是,单孔爆破不能有效地破碎中型和大型大块矿岩。此时,双孔爆破能够将中型和大型大块矿岩破碎至预期尺寸。鉴于普朗铜矿二次破碎施工需要降低巷道围岩损伤并防止巷道设备损坏,建议矿山采用双孔爆破破碎中型和大型大块矿岩。与之相比,三孔爆破会将岩块破碎成较小的尺寸,可能会造成岩石抛掷,进一步导致围岩和设备损伤和增加成本。但需要说明的是,生产过程中可能出现超大型大块矿岩,此时可以使用三孔爆破。
综合考虑矿岩破碎效果和经济成本,针对小型大块矿岩,当炮孔数为1时,破碎效果和成本效益最优;针对中型和大型大块矿岩,当炮孔数为2时,破碎效果和成本效益最优;过多的炮孔会增加爆破成本,而过少的炮孔则无法达到理想的破碎效果。
本研究以普朗铜矿大块矿岩二次破碎为背景,通过有限元数值模拟方法研究了不同炮孔数目对3种典型大块矿岩二次破碎块度分布及能量耗散的影响,得出如下主要结论。
(1)随着炮孔数目的增加,3种典型大块矿岩内部的应力分布更加均匀,破碎效果更显著。随着与炮孔距离的增加,爆炸压力快速衰减。炮孔数目相同时,3种典型大块矿岩在爆炸应力波向外传播的过程中,距离炮孔相同距离的岩石受到相近的爆破荷载压力。多孔爆破时,两个炮孔分布中心线上的应力值最大,三孔分布中心线上的应力值最小。
(2)随着炮孔数目的增加,裂纹数量相应增加,并在岩块中形成更长的裂纹或更广泛的裂纹网络,且多孔爆破形成定向裂纹或裂纹带。多孔爆破后的块度特征表现为均匀且破碎。炮孔数目与动能和内能的最大值成正比,相同炮孔数目条件下,各尺寸矿岩内能保持稳定,岩石的动能和内能之比随着大块矿岩尺寸的增加而降低。
(3)矿岩普朗铜矿岩石二次破碎施工中,小型大块矿岩可采用单孔爆破,中型和大型大块矿岩可采用双孔爆破,若遇到更大尺寸的大块矿岩,可以尝试采用三孔爆破方式进行大块矿岩二次破碎施工。
  • 云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202402AB080010)
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2025年第45卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-24
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云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202402AB080010)
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    1.云南铜业股份有限公司,云南 昆明 650033
    2.西藏金龙矿业有限公司,西藏 拉萨 859200
    3.云南迪庆有色金属有限责任公司,云南 迪庆藏族自治州 674408
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