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Article(id=1322158301777866918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156703657, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156703657, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156703657, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156703657, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=36, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158302297960616, articleId=1322158301777866918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on the Influence of End Wall Inclination Angle on Ore Drawing Effect Under Different Sublevel Heights, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of large loss and dilution in the ore drawing process of non-pillar sublevel caving method, physical ore drawing tests under different sublevel heights and end wall inclination angles were carried out, and the variation laws of the drawn-out body shape and the variation characteristics of the ore dilution rate and the recovery rate were obtained. The results indicate that when the sublevel height is constant, with the increase of the end wall inclination angle, the horizontal thickness of the drawn-out body along the route direction increases, the axial deflection angle increases, and the width and vertical height along the end wall decrease. During the process of ore drawing, and with the increase of the sublevel height, the time of waste rock release is later, the cumulative ore dilution rate is smaller. For different sublevel heights, when the end wall inclination angle is 90°, the cumulative ore dilution rate at each sublevel height is the smallest after reaching the cut-off grade. With the increase of the end wall inclination angle, the ore recovery rate at each sublevel height increases first and then decreases, and the maximum value will be obtained when the end wall inclination angle is 85°. When the end wall inclination angle are 85°, 90° and 95°, with the increase of the sublevel height, the ore recovery decreases first and then increases, and the minimum values can be obtained at the sublevel heights of 18.8 m,19.17 m and 18.73 m, respectively.

, authors=Liang WANG1, Zhiqiang ZHANG1, 2, Xuxiao MA1, Zhitong HONG1, Xinrong WANG1, authorsList=Liang WANG, Zhiqiang ZHANG, Xuxiao MA, Zhitong HONG, Xinrong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiqiang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158306639065273, articleId=1322158301777866918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=不同分段高度条件下端壁倾角对放矿效果的影响研究, columnId=1226462294490657775, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=采矿与矿山充填, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对无底柱分段崩落法放矿过程中损失贫化大的问题，进行了不同分段高度及端壁倾角条件下的物理放矿试验，得到了放出体形态变化规律及矿石贫化率、回采率的变化特征。结果表明：当分段高度一定时，随着端壁倾角的增加，放出体沿进路方向的水平厚度增大，轴偏角增大，沿端壁面的宽度及垂直高度减小；放矿过程中，废石的主要来源由上部废石为主转为正面废石为主，且分段高度越大，废石放出的时间越晚，累计矿石贫化率越小；对于不同分段高度，当端壁倾角为90°时，达到截止品位后，各分段高度下的累计矿石贫化率均为最小；随着端壁倾角的增加，各分段高度下的矿石回采率先增大后减小，并在端壁倾角为85°时取得最大值；当端壁倾角为85°、90°及95°时，随着分段高度的增加，矿石回采率先减小后增大，分别在18.8 m、19.17 m、18.73 m分段高度处取得最小值。

, authors=王亮1, 张治强1, 2, 马绪骁1, 洪芷彤1, 王薪荣1, authorsList=王亮, 张治强, 马绪骁, 洪芷彤, 王薪荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张治强, authorNote=

王亮（1999—），男，宁夏中卫人，硕士研究生，主要从事采矿方法研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张治强（1971—）男，河南安阳人，博士，副教授，主要从事金属矿产资源开发教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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王亮（1999—），男，宁夏中卫人，硕士研究生，主要从事采矿方法研究。E-mail:

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王亮（1999—），男，宁夏中卫人，硕士研究生，主要从事采矿方法研究。E-mail:

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inclination angle), Keyword(id=1322158310934032605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=Drawn-out body shape), Keyword(id=1322158311043084510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=Ore dilution rate), Keyword(id=1322158311135359199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=Ore recovery rate), Keyword(id=1322158311236022496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=无底柱分段崩落法), Keyword(id=1322158311374434529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=分段高度), Keyword(id=1322158311462514914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=端壁倾角), Keyword(id=1322158311550595299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=放出体形态), Keyword(id=1322158311642869988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=矿石贫化率), Keyword(id=1322158311764504805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=矿石回采率)], refs=[Reference(id=1322158315170279673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=1845, pageEnd=1850, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=吴爱祥, 武力聪, 刘晓辉, journalName=中南大学学报（自然科学版）, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴爱祥，武力聪，刘晓辉，等.无底柱分段崩落法结构参数研究[J].中南大学学报（自然科学版），2012，43(5):1845-1850., 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ArticleFig(id=1322158314297864438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Particle size ratio of ore rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/mm矿石含量/%废石含量/%标记颗粒含量/%
0~55——
5~810—5
8~13603090
13~1620605
16~20510—
), ArticleFig(id=1322158314406916343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158301777866918, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿岩粒径配比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/mm矿石含量/%废石含量/%标记颗粒含量/%
0~55——
5~810—5
8~13603090
13~1620605
16~20510—
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不同分段高度条件下端壁倾角对放矿效果的影响研究
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王亮 1 , 张治强 1, 2 , 马绪骁 1 , 洪芷彤 1 , 王薪荣 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(7): 36-42
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矿业研究与开发 |采矿与矿山充填 2025 , 45 (7) : 36 -42
不同分段高度条件下端壁倾角对放矿效果的影响研究
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王亮1 , 张治强1, 2 , 马绪骁1, 洪芷彤1, 王薪荣1
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院，辽宁　鞍山市　114051
  • 2.辽宁省金属矿产资源绿色开采工程研究中心，辽宁　鞍山市　114051
通讯作者:
张治强（1971—）男，河南安阳人，博士，副教授，主要从事金属矿产资源开发教学与研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

王亮（1999—），男，宁夏中卫人，硕士研究生，主要从事采矿方法研究。E-mail:

Study on the Influence of End Wall Inclination Angle on Ore Drawing Effect Under Different Sublevel Heights
Liang WANG1 , Zhiqiang ZHANG1, 2 , Xuxiao MA1, Zhitong HONG1, Xinrong WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mining Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
  • 2.Engineering Research Center of Green Mining of Mental Mineral Resources Liaoning Province, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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摘要
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针对无底柱分段崩落法放矿过程中损失贫化大的问题，进行了不同分段高度及端壁倾角条件下的物理放矿试验，得到了放出体形态变化规律及矿石贫化率、回采率的变化特征。结果表明：当分段高度一定时，随着端壁倾角的增加，放出体沿进路方向的水平厚度增大，轴偏角增大，沿端壁面的宽度及垂直高度减小；放矿过程中，废石的主要来源由上部废石为主转为正面废石为主，且分段高度越大，废石放出的时间越晚，累计矿石贫化率越小；对于不同分段高度，当端壁倾角为90°时，达到截止品位后，各分段高度下的累计矿石贫化率均为最小；随着端壁倾角的增加，各分段高度下的矿石回采率先增大后减小，并在端壁倾角为85°时取得最大值；当端壁倾角为85°、90°及95°时，随着分段高度的增加，矿石回采率先减小后增大，分别在18.8 m、19.17 m、18.73 m分段高度处取得最小值。

无底柱分段崩落法  /  分段高度  /  端壁倾角  /  放出体形态  /  矿石贫化率  /  矿石回采率

Aiming at the problem of large loss and dilution in the ore drawing process of non-pillar sublevel caving method, physical ore drawing tests under different sublevel heights and end wall inclination angles were carried out, and the variation laws of the drawn-out body shape and the variation characteristics of the ore dilution rate and the recovery rate were obtained. The results indicate that when the sublevel height is constant, with the increase of the end wall inclination angle, the horizontal thickness of the drawn-out body along the route direction increases, the axial deflection angle increases, and the width and vertical height along the end wall decrease. During the process of ore drawing, and with the increase of the sublevel height, the time of waste rock release is later, the cumulative ore dilution rate is smaller. For different sublevel heights, when the end wall inclination angle is 90°, the cumulative ore dilution rate at each sublevel height is the smallest after reaching the cut-off grade. With the increase of the end wall inclination angle, the ore recovery rate at each sublevel height increases first and then decreases, and the maximum value will be obtained when the end wall inclination angle is 85°. When the end wall inclination angle are 85°, 90° and 95°, with the increase of the sublevel height, the ore recovery decreases first and then increases, and the minimum values can be obtained at the sublevel heights of 18.8 m,19.17 m and 18.73 m, respectively.

Non-pillar sublevel caving method  /  Sublevel height  /  End wall inclination angle  /  Drawn-out body shape  /  Ore dilution rate  /  Ore recovery rate
王亮, 张治强, 马绪骁, 洪芷彤, 王薪荣. 不同分段高度条件下端壁倾角对放矿效果的影响研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 36 -42 .
Liang WANG, Zhiqiang ZHANG, Xuxiao MA, Zhitong HONG, Xinrong WANG. Study on the Influence of End Wall Inclination Angle on Ore Drawing Effect Under Different Sublevel Heights[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 36 -42 .
正文
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0　引言
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自20世纪60年代起，无底柱分段崩落法凭借其安全、高效及机械化程度高等优势，在我国金属矿山地下开采中占据了主导地位[1-3]。历经数十年的实践与发展，矿山企业因地制宜，在我国形成了多种分段高度共存的局面[4-5]，尤其是矿山机械的大型化为分段高度的选取提供了更多选择，如龙首矿西二采区分段高度为15 m[6]，兰尖铁矿为20 m[7]，大红山铁矿则为30 m[8]等。总体上，我国采用无底柱分段崩落法的矿山正向着大结构参数的趋势发展，但现阶段对于该方法的优化仍需基于我国矿山复杂的结构参数进行研究，以提高理论成果的适用性。
在各个矿山的实际应用中，无底柱分段崩落法相较于其他采矿方法存在严重的矿石损失与贫化问题，制约了资源的有效利用及矿山经济效益[9-10]。对此，国内外众多学者及矿山工作人员进行了大量的研究，张国建等[11]从体积参数的角度出发，建立了放出体、松动体和崩落体之间的体积循环模型，剖析了三者之间的作用机制。王文杰等[12]根据随机介质端部放矿理论，分析了崩落矿岩散体的放出过程及贫化控制方法，指出放矿过程中的矿岩混入主要由挤压爆破混入及放矿混入两方面构成。安龙等[13]采用相似物理试验，探究了倾斜边壁窄小空间下的矿岩流动规律，得到了放出体形态变化与放出矿量之间的关系。徐帅等[14-15]指出端壁倾角对放出体形态具有较大影响，并以梅山铁矿18 m×20 m参数为背景，开展崩矿步距与端壁倾角的最优参数组合研究，发现当端壁倾角为88°时矿石回收指标最优。孙浩等[16]采用数值模拟方式确定了放出体形态及最优崩矿步距，以矿石回采率及贫化率为依据，建议在18 m×20 m（分段高度×进路间距）的结构参数下采用85°~90°的端壁倾角。陈小伟等[17]通过PFC2D软件模拟端壁放矿，研究表明，当分段高度为20 m且端壁倾角为90°时，矿石回采率最大，当端壁倾角为85°时，回采率与贫化率的差值(回贫差)最大。
上述研究揭示了端壁倾角是影响崩落体和放出体形态的关键因素之一，端壁倾角对矿石回采率及贫化率具有显著影响。然而，目前对于分段高度与端壁倾角联合作用下的放矿效果及放矿现象的研究较少。因此，本文基于单分段单进路放矿物理模型，探究不同分段高度及端壁倾角对矿石回采率、贫化率及放出体形态的影响，研究结果对矿山实际生产过程中的参数选取具有指导意义。
1　物理相似试验
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1.1　试验方案与模型制作
为得到放矿过程中放出体形态的变化规律，试验采用透明亚克力板制作单分段单进路物理模型，设计几何相似比为1∶50，模型尺寸为400 mm×400 mm×1000 mm（长×宽×高），进路口尺寸为90 mm×100 mm（高×宽），物理模型如图1所示。
以分段高度和端壁倾角为主要研究因素，根据文献[5]确定我国矿山现行分段高度为15~30 m，按照几何相似比设计分段高度H的范围为300 mm~600 mm，选取进路间距为400 mm，崩矿步距为80 mm，对应实际进路间距为20 m，崩矿步距为4 m。参照现有研究成果[15]，设计端壁倾角α为75°~105°，试验中分段高度间隔为100 mm，端壁倾角间隔为5°，进行4种分段高度、7种端壁倾角的28组物理相似试验。
1.2　试验材料
矿石采用某矿山磁铁矿，密度为3 400 kg/m3。废石选用白云岩，密度为2 400 kg/m3。为便于分析放矿过程中矿石的流动特征，选取部分白云岩，经染色后制成标记颗粒，参考某矿山实际粒径组成，按照相似比例得出矿石及废石粒径配比，见表1。
1.3　模型装填及放矿要求
装矿时用透明亚克力板对矿石与废石进行分割，确保矿石厚度满足试验设计的崩矿步距。每次装填时记录装入矿石总质量，并沿模型高度每100 mm设置一层标记颗粒，按照序号置于对应位置，标记颗粒分布如图2所示。
试验采用放矿截止品位作为终止条件，出矿过程中左右交替出矿，每6铲为一个计量单元，同时记录矿石和废石质量以及放出的标记颗粒编号，当连续5个计量单位中有3次废石混入率超过70%时结束出矿。
2　试验结果及分析
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2.1　放出体形态发育变化特征
无底柱分段崩落法所采用的放矿方式为覆盖岩层下的端部放矿，其放出体形态受端壁影响较大。在整个放矿过程中，重力为矿岩颗粒运动的主要驱动力，颗粒与颗粒间及颗粒与端壁面的摩擦力构成唯一阻力。由于摩擦力的作用，放出体流轴与端壁面之间形成轴偏角θ。当分段高度为20 m时，不同端壁倾角条件下放出体形态正面如图3所示，放出体形态侧面如图4所示。由于本研究旨在探讨分段高度与端壁倾角对放矿效果的影响，故仅针对位于分段高度范围内的放出体流轴进行分析。
通过对比分析图3和图4可知，对于前倾（端壁倾角小于90°)及垂直(端壁倾角等于90°)端壁，随着端壁倾角的增大，放出体轴偏角θ随之增加，沿进路方向的水平厚度与沿端壁面的宽度增加。分析认为，当端壁倾角小于等于90°时，端壁仅对颗粒位移起到限制作用，靠近端壁一侧颗粒的重力势能较大，流动性较强，故在流动过程中，相邻空间更易出现空区，而位于流轴对称点颗粒的重力势能较小，流动性较弱，相邻空间出现空区的概率低，更易受到相邻颗粒的摩擦阻碍作用，并且倾角越小该特征越明显。具体表现为：随着端壁倾角的增加，矿岩颗粒沿进路方向的流动范围增大，颗粒与端壁之间的接触力不断增强，贴近端壁的颗粒运动时沿流动路径的转动性能逐渐减弱，由上部矿岩的重力造成的接触力增大，从而促使颗粒产生远离端壁的运动趋势。
当端壁后倾（端壁倾角大于90°）时，端壁对矿岩颗粒起到一定的承载作用。此时，颗粒主要受到上部矿岩重力所产生的挤压作用，其接触力作用于端壁面并指向颗粒方向。由于上部矿岩的挤压，贴近端壁面的颗粒在运动过程中的转动受到约束，且随着端壁倾角的增加，该约束作用增强，同时放出体流轴逐渐大于90°，靠近端壁面的颗粒流动性逐渐减小，而位于流轴对称点的颗粒流动性增大，放出体沿进路方向的水平厚度增大，被端壁面所截面积逐渐减小，并出现脱离端壁的现象。
2.2　放出体轴偏角变化特征
为探究端壁倾角对放出体流轴的影响规律，对放矿结束时各组试验结果的轴偏角θ进行拟合，拟合方程及曲线如图5所示，其中各曲线R2均大于0.985，表明端壁倾角与轴偏角之间存在明显拟合关系。
由图5可知，当端壁倾角为75°时，不同分段高度对应的轴偏角均为最小，端壁倾角为105°时，不同分段高度对应的轴偏角最大。当端壁倾角一定时，轴偏角随分段高度的增加逐渐减小；当分段高度一定时，轴偏角随端壁倾角的增加而增大。分段高度为15 m时，轴偏角增长速率最快，而分段高度为30 m时，增长速率相对较缓。此外，当分段高度增加时，在同一端壁倾角条件下，轴偏角随倾角增大呈递减趋势；而在不同端壁倾角条件下，随着端壁倾角的增加，轴偏角增长速率逐渐减缓，这一现象表明较高分段的放出体流轴相比于低分段更靠近于端壁一侧。
2.3　矿石贫化率变化特征
在矿山实际生产中，矿石贫化率的大小是衡量开采效率和经济效益的重要指标之一[18-20]，端壁倾角和分段高度作为影响放矿过程的关键参数，其合理设置对于控制矿石贫化率至关重要。因此，为探究端壁倾角和分段高度对矿岩混入过程的影响，对不同分段高度(15 m、20 m、25 m、30 m)及端壁倾角(75°~105°)条件下的累计矿石贫化率和累计出矿量进行对比分析，关系曲线如图6所示。
由图6(a)可知，当分段高度为15 m时，端壁倾角为90°时的累计矿石贫化率在各出矿阶段均为最小，放矿结束时累计矿石贫化率为38.26%。当端壁前倾时，随着端壁倾角增大，累计矿石贫化率逐渐减小；而当端壁后倾时，随着端壁倾角增大，累计矿石贫化率逐渐增大。从整体上看，放矿初期混入的废石主要来源于上部废石，正面废石基本在放矿中后期被放出，且端壁倾角越大，正面废石混入的时间越早，混入量也越多。
由图6(b)可知，当分段高度为20 m时，上部废石出现的时间随端壁倾角的增加逐渐延后，但均在放矿的前中期开始放出。放矿开始后，端壁倾角为85°时的累计矿石贫化率最小，随着放出总矿岩量的增加，端壁倾角为90°时的累计矿石贫化率逐渐小于其他倾角条件的对应值，其放矿结束时的累计矿石贫化率为31.69%。对于前倾端壁，上部废石的混入时间早于正面废石，而90°及95°端壁倾角条件下的正面废石与上部废石初次放出的时间基本一致。当端壁倾角为100°和105°时，正面废石先放出，随着放出总矿岩量的增加，上部废石后从放矿口放出。总体上，端壁倾角越大，上部废石放出的时间越晚。
由图6(c)可知，当分段高度为25 m时，端壁倾角对废石放出时间及累计矿石贫化率的影响显著。随着端壁倾角的增大，正面废石初次放出时间提前，而上部废石的放出时间明显延后。进一步观察发现，当端壁倾角小于等于90°时，累计矿石贫化率随着端壁倾角的增加呈现下降趋势；而当端壁倾角大于90°时，累计矿石贫化率随着端壁倾角的增加而增大。开始放矿时，80°及85°端壁倾角条件下的累计矿石贫化率均低于90°端壁倾角，随着放出总矿岩量的增加，90°端壁倾角条件下的累计矿石贫化率逐渐小于其他条件对应值，其放矿结束时的累计矿石贫化率为29.54%。
由图6(d)可知，当分段高度为30 m时，端壁倾角大于90°的正面废石混入时间相较于其他倾角条件明显提前，增长速率更大。端壁倾角小于90°时，不同端壁倾角下的累计矿石贫化率的增长速率及大小基本一致，而95°、100°和105°端壁倾角条件下的累计矿石贫化率差别较大。总体上，随着端壁倾角的减小，上部废石的混入时间提前。开始放矿时，前倾端壁的累计矿石贫化率均低于90°端壁倾角条件，随着放出总矿岩量的增加，90°端壁倾角条件下的累计矿石贫化率逐渐小于其他端壁倾角条件，其放矿结束时的累计矿石贫化率为27.85%。
综上所述，端壁倾角对废石的放出时间及混入总量具有显著影响。放矿结束时，随着分段高度的增加，不同端壁倾角条件下放出总矿岩量明显增加，累计矿石贫化率下降，废石混入时间延后。
2.4　矿石回采率分析
不同端壁倾角条件下，达到放矿截止品位时的矿石回采率曲线如图7所示。
由图7可知，分段高度保持不变时，随着端壁倾角增加，矿石回采率先增大后减小；在不同端壁倾角条件下，随着分段高度的增加，矿石回采率均有显著提升。当端壁倾角为85°时，各分段高度条件下的矿石回采率均为最大。当端壁倾角为85°、90°、95°时，15 m分段高度的矿石回采率出现了超过20 m分段高度的情况。通过对不同分段高度下，端壁倾角分别为85°、90°及95°时的矿石回采率进行拟合，得到了分段高度和端壁倾角对矿石回采率的影响规律，结果如图8所示。
由图8可知，当端壁倾角为85°、90°、95°时，分段高度分别为18.8 m、19.17 m、18.73 m时的矿石回采率最小。这一现象说明，开始放矿时，放出体沿垂直方向迅速发育，而水平方向发育较为较慢，当放出体高度分别达到18.8 m、19.17 m、18.73 m时，沿水平方向的发育速度加快，达到截止品位，分段高度为20 m时，放出体沿水平方向的发育程度较15 m分段高度相差较小，脊部残留体的高度与宽度却相差较大，故而矿石损失较多。因此，分段高度为15 m时的矿石回采率大于分段高度为20 m时的矿石回采率。
3　结论
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通过单分段单进路物理相似试验，分析了不同分段高度及端壁倾角对放矿效果的影响，得到以下主要结论。
（1）端壁倾角对放出体形态发育具有较大影响，随着端壁倾角的增大，放出体沿进路方向的水平厚度增大，轴偏角增大，沿端壁面的宽度及垂直高度减小。放矿过程中废石的主要来源由上部废石为主转为正面废石为主，且分段高度越大，变化特征越显著。
（2）随着分段高度的增加，废石放出的时间明显推迟，放出总矿岩量增加，累计矿石贫化率减小。达到截止品位时，90°端壁倾角的累计矿石贫化率均为该分段高度条件下的最小值。
（3）端壁倾角对矿石回采率具有显著影响。在分段高度保持不变的情况下，矿石回采率随端壁倾角的增加先增大后减小。当端壁倾角为85°时，矿石回采率为最优；而当端壁倾角一定时，随着分段高度的增加，矿石回采率逐渐增大；当端壁倾角为85°、90°和95°时，随着分段高度的增加，矿石回采率先减小后增大，并分别在18.8 m、19.17 m、18.73 m分段高度处取得最小值。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52304087)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第45卷第7期
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  • 接收时间：2024-10-09
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-09
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52304087)
作者信息
    1.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院，辽宁　鞍山市　114051
    2.辽宁省金属矿产资源绿色开采工程研究中心，辽宁　鞍山市　114051

通讯作者:

张治强（1971—）男，河南安阳人，博士，副教授，主要从事金属矿产资源开发教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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