Article(id=1322158300095955662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742918400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793156703256, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793156703256, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793156703256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793156703256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322158299525530318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793156703120, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158832445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322167230608028626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1322158299525530318, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=8, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322158300335030991, articleId=1322158300095955662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research on the Consolidation Characteristics of Deep High-Sulfur Ore and the Measures for Anti-Consolidation During Mining Process, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Take the high-sulfur ore in Gaofeng mine as the research object to address the problems of resource waste and potential safety hazards caused by oxidation and consolidation during the mining process of deep high-sulfur ore. The consolidation characteristics of the ore was analyzed through the weight gain method from the quantitatively perspective, and the anti-consolidation test of sulfur ore was carried out. The anti-consolidation measures of sulfur ore mining were put forward according to the test results. Based on the test results, corresponding anti-consolidation measures for high-sulfur ore mining were proposed. The test results indicate that the consolidation degree of the ore increases with time, and the pressure on the ore can promote its consolidation, and the maximum weight gain rate of the ore sample in 12 d is 0.460%. The composite anti-consolidation agent prepared by sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can significantly inhibit the consolidation of ore samples. When the mass ratio of NaCO3 and NEC is 1:2 and the mass fraction of solute is 2%, the anti-consolidation coefficient is 85.5% and the weight gain rate of ore sample in 27 d is 0.215%. Combined with the test results, the anti-consolidation measures such as optimizing the blasting parameters to control the particle size of ore, continuous ore drawing in stages to shorten the exposure time and spraying anti-consolidation agent were put forward. The research results can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for safe and efficient mining of deep high-sulfur mines.

, authors=Jun WEI1, Xin XIONG2, Feng GAO2, Xianwei LUO3, Shiding HUANG1, Keping ZHOU2, authorsList=Jun WEI, Xin XIONG, Feng GAO, Xianwei LUO, Shiding HUANG, Keping ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322158303292015324, articleId=1322158300095955662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=CN, title=深部高含硫矿石固结特性及其开采过程中的防固结措施研究, columnId=1226462294582936453, journalTitle=矿业研究与开发, columnName=深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对深部高含硫矿石开采过程中因氧化固结引发的资源浪费与安全隐患问题,以高峰矿高含硫矿石为研究对象,通过增重法定量分析矿石固结特性,开展含硫矿石防固结试验研究,并根据试验结果提出含硫矿石开采的防固结措施。试验结果表明:矿石固结程度随时间推移呈上升态势,且对矿石施压能促进其固结,矿样的12 d最大增重率达0.460%;用碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和羟乙基纤维素(HEC)制备的复配防固结剂可显著抑制矿样固结,当两者质量比为1∶2、溶质质量分数为2%时,防固结系数达85.5%,矿样27 d增重率为0.215%。结合试验成果,提出优化爆破参数控制矿石粒度、分阶段连续出矿缩短暴露时间、喷洒防结剂等防固结工艺措施。研究成果可为深部高含硫矿山安全高效开采提供理论依据和实践指导。

, authors=韦军1, 熊信2, 高峰2, 罗先伟3, 黄世顶1, 周科平2, authorsList=韦军, 熊信, 高峰, 罗先伟, 黄世顶, 周科平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=熊信, authorNote=

韦军(1983—),男,广西大化人,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采与管理工作。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
熊信(1992—),男,贵州毕节人,博士,主要从事金属矿床开采、岩石本构理论及冻融岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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韦军(1983—),男,广西大化人,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采与管理工作。E-mail:

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Mining Research and Development, 2012, 32(3): 1-3+114., articleTitle=Safe mining technology of difficult-to-mine orebody in the complex environment of sulfide ore spontaneous combustion area, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322158312645313344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158300095955662, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=7, pageStart=40, pageEnd=45, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=35, authorNames=李延龙, 申燕元, journalName=黄金, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李延龙,申燕元.无底部结构下向中深孔逐孔微差起爆技术研究及应用[J].黄金,2022,43(7):40-45., articleTitle=无底部结构下向中深孔逐孔微差起爆技术研究及应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322158312787919681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158300095955662, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=7, pageStart=40, pageEnd=45, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=36, authorNames=LI Yanlong, SHEN Yanyuan, journalName=Gold, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Yanlong, SHEN Yanyuan. 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Study on high-efficiency mining method of steeply inclined complex thin ore body[J]. 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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158300095955662, language=CN, label=图3, caption=防固结试验矿样增重率随时间变化曲线, figureFileSmall=li8BRfjkecRD0ptQlHiihw==, figureFileBig=0II2n/xy4V+CvL3hkwxQjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158308237099796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158300095955662, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Curves of anti-consolidation coefficient with time, figureFileSmall=EmHWiCh3AVkwlUWUzasDBQ==, figureFileBig=+pVD/g0je1TRk043Mv+CIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158308329374485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158300095955662, language=CN, label=图4, caption=防固结系数随时间变化曲线, figureFileSmall=EmHWiCh3AVkwlUWUzasDBQ==, figureFileBig=+pVD/g0je1TRk043Mv+CIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322158308421649174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158300095955662, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

SO3 content of ore samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号S含量/%换算后SO3含量/%
1#27.76069.400
2#28.64071.600
3#24.64061.600
4#25.82064.550
5#9.72224.305
6#26.43066.075
7#27.13067.825
8#25.84064.600
), ArticleFig(id=1322158308551672599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158300095955662, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿石样品的 SO3 含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号S含量/%换算后SO3含量/%
1#27.76069.400
2#28.64071.600
3#24.64061.600
4#25.82064.550
5#9.72224.305
6#26.43066.075
7#27.13067.825
8#25.84064.600
), ArticleFig(id=1322158308648141592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158300095955662, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

27 d weight gain rate of the ore samples and the anti-consolidation coefficient of the anti-consolidation agent

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿样编号增重率/%防固结系数/%
F-10.43171.1
F-20.46868.6
F-30.37874.6
F-40.21585.5
F-50.35576.1
), ArticleFig(id=1322158308723639065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1322158300095955662, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

矿样 27 d 增重率及防固结剂的防固结系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿样编号增重率/%防固结系数/%
F-10.43171.1
F-20.46868.6
F-30.37874.6
F-40.21585.5
F-50.35576.1
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深部高含硫矿石固结特性及其开采过程中的防固结措施研究
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韦军 1 , 熊信 2 , 高峰 2 , 罗先伟 3 , 黄世顶 1 , 周科平 2
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(7): 8-14
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矿业研究与开发 |深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025 , 45 (7) : 8 -14
深部高含硫矿石固结特性及其开采过程中的防固结措施研究
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韦军1 , 熊信2 , 高峰2, 罗先伟3, 黄世顶1, 周科平2
作者信息
  • 1.广西高峰矿业有限责任公司,广西 河池市 547205
  • 2.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 3.南宁师范大学 自然资源与测绘学院,广西 南宁 530001
通讯作者:
熊信(1992—),男,贵州毕节人,博士,主要从事金属矿床开采、岩石本构理论及冻融岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:
作者简介:

韦军(1983—),男,广西大化人,高级工程师,主要从事金属矿床开采与管理工作。E-mail:

Research on the Consolidation Characteristics of Deep High-Sulfur Ore and the Measures for Anti-Consolidation During Mining Process
Jun WEI1 , Xin XIONG2 , Feng GAO2, Xianwei LUO3, Shiding HUANG1, Keping ZHOU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi Gaofeng Mining Co., Ltd., Hechi, Guangxi 547205, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
  • 3.School of Natural Resources and Surveying, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25
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针对深部高含硫矿石开采过程中因氧化固结引发的资源浪费与安全隐患问题,以高峰矿高含硫矿石为研究对象,通过增重法定量分析矿石固结特性,开展含硫矿石防固结试验研究,并根据试验结果提出含硫矿石开采的防固结措施。试验结果表明:矿石固结程度随时间推移呈上升态势,且对矿石施压能促进其固结,矿样的12 d最大增重率达0.460%;用碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和羟乙基纤维素(HEC)制备的复配防固结剂可显著抑制矿样固结,当两者质量比为1∶2、溶质质量分数为2%时,防固结系数达85.5%,矿样27 d增重率为0.215%。结合试验成果,提出优化爆破参数控制矿石粒度、分阶段连续出矿缩短暴露时间、喷洒防结剂等防固结工艺措施。研究成果可为深部高含硫矿山安全高效开采提供理论依据和实践指导。

高含硫矿石  /  深部开采  /  固结特性  /  防固结措施  /  增重率

Take the high-sulfur ore in Gaofeng mine as the research object to address the problems of resource waste and potential safety hazards caused by oxidation and consolidation during the mining process of deep high-sulfur ore. The consolidation characteristics of the ore was analyzed through the weight gain method from the quantitatively perspective, and the anti-consolidation test of sulfur ore was carried out. The anti-consolidation measures of sulfur ore mining were put forward according to the test results. Based on the test results, corresponding anti-consolidation measures for high-sulfur ore mining were proposed. The test results indicate that the consolidation degree of the ore increases with time, and the pressure on the ore can promote its consolidation, and the maximum weight gain rate of the ore sample in 12 d is 0.460%. The composite anti-consolidation agent prepared by sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can significantly inhibit the consolidation of ore samples. When the mass ratio of NaCO3 and NEC is 1:2 and the mass fraction of solute is 2%, the anti-consolidation coefficient is 85.5% and the weight gain rate of ore sample in 27 d is 0.215%. Combined with the test results, the anti-consolidation measures such as optimizing the blasting parameters to control the particle size of ore, continuous ore drawing in stages to shorten the exposure time and spraying anti-consolidation agent were put forward. The research results can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for safe and efficient mining of deep high-sulfur mines.

High-sulfur ore  /  Deep mining  /  Consolidation characteristic  /  Anti-consolidation measure  /  Weight gain rate
韦军, 熊信, 高峰, 罗先伟, 黄世顶, 周科平. 深部高含硫矿石固结特性及其开采过程中的防固结措施研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (7) : 8 -14 .
Jun WEI, Xin XIONG, Feng GAO, Xianwei LUO, Shiding HUANG, Keping ZHOU. Research on the Consolidation Characteristics of Deep High-Sulfur Ore and the Measures for Anti-Consolidation During Mining Process[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (7) : 8 -14 .
矿产资源作为不可再生的耗竭性资源,其总量随开采利用强度的持续加大而不断减少[1]。受工业化发展对资源需求激增的影响,矿山开采向深部延深已成为必然趋势[2],在此背景下,兼顾矿山生产安全与经济效益,对矿业可持续发展具有重要意义[3]。硫化矿石的硫含量高,含易氧化成分,开采和运输时易受氧气、潮湿环境等因素影响而发生氧化反应,致使矿石回采率降低,开采安全风险增加。值得注意的是,我国存在安全隐患的矿山中,超过三分之一属于深部高含硫矿山[4]。硫化矿石氧化反应机理复杂,受多种因素耦合作用,这一技术瓶颈严重制约着高含硫矿山的发展[5]。
在矿山开采过程中,高含硫矿石经破碎后,受自身特性与外部环境双重作用极易发生氧化反应,这一反应不仅会使矿石出现固结现象,还可能引发自燃[6]。矿石一旦固结,会严重阻碍后续的铲装、运输和破碎作业,降低矿石开采运输效率及利用价值;矿石自燃则会带来更大的危害,产生有毒气体与高温气体,极大增加了井下灾害风险,严重时可能引发井下火灾,高温毒气还会造成工作人员气体中毒,对矿山安全生产构成巨大威胁[7]。
鉴于此,深入研究硫铁矿固结特性及其防固结措施至关重要。通过系统探究硫铁矿的固结原理、影响因素及发展过程,并制定有效的防治策略,不仅能大幅减少矿石因固结造成的资源浪费、提升矿石利用率、降低生产成本,还能改善矿石储存和运输条件,降低自燃风险。目前,国内外对高含硫矿自燃现象的研究已逐步趋于系统化和深入化,关于硫铁矿的研究主要集中在氧化反应及其引发的自燃机制方面[8-9],而针对矿石防固结技术的研究相对较少。主要从物理和化学两个方面展开[10]:物理层面,主要思路是对矿石所处的外部环境进行优化调整,或是对采矿工艺加以完善;化学层面,主要依靠添加各类防结剂来抑制矿石固结[11-12]。常见的防结剂种类繁多,包括惰性粉末防结剂、无机盐防结剂、疏水性防结剂、表面活性剂以及复合型防结剂等。这些防结剂能够通过不同的化学作用机制干扰矿石颗粒间的相互作用,抑制固结反应。然而,目前针对硫铁矿石的专用防结剂研究相对较少。硫铁矿石因其具有特殊的化学组成和性质,在防结剂的适用性方面可能存在差异,因此,深入开展硫铁矿石专用防结剂的研究具有重要意义。
高峰矿矿石的硫、铁等化学成分的含量高,大规模开采过程中崩落的矿石易发生固结现象,不仅会对后期出矿造成不利影响,还阻碍了矿山向规模化开采方向转型。因此,本文针对高峰矿含硫矿石的固结特性展开深入研究,全面揭示其固结机理。在此基础上,进一步开展试验探究有效的矿石防固结技术,从而提出切实可行的崩落矿石防固结方案,为高峰矿实现高效、安全的规模化开采提供技术支撑。
高峰矿为典型的高硫矿山,据现场调研可知,其开采矿石在爆破散落后3~4 d易出现堆积固结现象,固结后的矿石体积及硬度较大,难以通过铲运机进行铲装,严重制约了矿山的规模化开采。由于矿山提升能力较弱,部分矿石需要在采场内进行堆放,不可避免地存在矿石堆积固结问题。对高峰矿深部高含硫矿石进行取样分析其固结特性,选取具有代表性的矿样8块,采用X-射线荧光定性(半定量)分析(XRF),检测矿石样品的SO3含量,结果见表1。根据检测结果,选择6#、7#和8#硫含量较大且相对均匀的矿石作为试验矿样,并依次采用A、B、C进行编号。
矿石固结程度与矿石粒径密切相关,粒径小的矿石更易发生固结现象。为有效提升矿样固结速度,需对矿样进行粉碎处理。将矿样逐一置于制样粉碎机内进行粉碎操作,粉碎完毕后转移至电动粉筛机,筛选时长设定为30 min,从中选取粒度处于60~100目的矿样。运用马尔文激光粒度分析仪,对筛选所得的矿样进行粒度分布测定,确保矿样粒度的均匀性。将处理完成的矿样依据不同种类进行密封保存,尽可能减少矿样在试验开展前发生氧化反应的概率。
矿石固结程度的测定方法可分为定性与定量两类。定性测定时,直接观察矿石样品表面的松散状况、湿润度、结团大小等特征,或者用手触摸矿石表面,依靠手部感知判断其固结程度。但该方法受主观因素影响大,不同测定人员操作时,测量结果往往存在较大偏差。定量测定方面,增重法、固结率测定法和单轴测试法是当前测定矿石固结程度的常用方法[13]。结合实际操作便利性与结果精准度,本研究选择增重法对不同矿石样品的固结程度展开对比研究。
增重法的测定原理基于矿石的低温氧化特性。在高含硫矿石的固结进程中,低温氧化反应持续发生,矿石会不断吸收空气中的氧气与水分,形成新的物质,致使矿石质量上升[14]。此外,在“溶解-结晶”阶段,外界水分的渗入会进一步增大矿石的质量。由于矿石质量的变化幅度能有效体现低温氧化反应的程度,因此,通过对比矿石固结前后的质量变化即可实现对矿石固结程度的量化分析。增重法的计算公式如下:
式中:P为矿样的增重率,%;m0为试验前矿样的初始质量,kg; m为试验后矿样质量的测定末值,kg。
首先精确称取70 g矿样分别装入培养皿,为确保试验结果准确,将A、B、C三类矿样分为a、b、c三组并采取差异化处理:
a组保持自然状态,不施加任何干预措施,保证矿样的初始含水量为0,以获取自然条件下矿石的基础数据;
b组向各培养皿内添加蒸馏水使矿样初始含水量达3%;
c组向各培养皿内添加蒸馏水使矿样初始含水量达到3%,并在培养皿的矿样上方放置100 g砝码模拟矿石在特定压力环境下的状态,为保证矿样受压均匀,使用金属网隔开砝码与矿样。
完成分组处理后,对三组矿样对应的培养皿进行编号,依次为A-a、A-b、A-c、B-a、B-b、B-c、C-a、C-b、C-c。将所有矿样统一放置于干燥、无灰尘的实验室内开展为期12 d的试验,试验期间严格把控室内环境参数:温度为19~26 ℃,湿度为70%~80%。试验前精确称量各组矿样的初始质量,自试验开始每日定时对矿样进行称重并记录数据,为后续研究提供完整可靠的数据支撑。
根据式(1)计算矿样每日增重率,得到矿样增重率随时间的变化曲线,如图1所示。
由图1(a)可知,受环境温度与湿度的影响,三组矿样的增重率变化曲线均呈现出小幅度的波动,但整体均表现为上升态势,证明试验进程中矿样均发生了固结现象。对试验数据进行系统分析后发现,不同组别矿样的增重率存在显著差异。a组矿样未受额外水分添加和压力干预,其自然增重率从高到低排序为:矿样B、矿样A、矿样C。b组通过添加蒸馏水使矿样初始含水量达到3%,该组矿样增重率由高到低依次为:矿样B、矿样C、矿样A。c组不仅将矿样初始含水量提升至3%,还在矿样上方施加100 g砝码模拟压力环境,其矿样增重率从高到低排列为:矿样B、矿样C、矿样A。总体来看,各处理条件下矿样B的增重率均表现最为突出,a组、b组、c组中矿样B的增重率分别为0.460%、0.029%、0.032%。整个试验过程中外界环境条件保持恒定,由此可推断,矿石自身成分与内部结构等内在特性是决定其固结程度的主要因素。外界环境会影响矿样的固结程度,在同一种矿样中b组的增重率比c组的小,说明对矿石施压能促进其固结。
基于矿山生产实际需求对矿石防固结剂开展研究,考虑材料获取难易程度与成本控制、安全环保性能、对矿石后续加工环节的影响以及实际操作便捷性等关键要素,选定碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和羟乙基纤维素(HEC)的水溶液作为防固结剂的制备材料。为深入探究防固结剂对矿石固结现象的抑制效果,制定如下试验方案。
(1)防固结剂的制备。取3个烧杯各加入蒸馏水和适量HEC,搅拌至完全溶解后分别添加NaHCO3,配置HEC与NaHCO3质量比分别为1∶1、1∶2、2∶1的复配防固结剂;同时分别配制NaHCO3和HEC水溶液单一组分防固结剂,以验证复配防固结剂的效果。防固结剂溶液质量分数均设定为2%。
(2)矿样制备及试验分组。以固结程度最严重的矿样B为研究对象,经破碎筛分后,在各培养皿中精确称取70 g矿样,分别添加20 mL不同配比防固结剂,包括HEC水溶液、NaHCO3水溶液及不同比例复配溶液,并依次编号为F-1至F-5。同时,设置两个对照组:D-1组,添加20 mL纯水;D-2组,不做任何处理。
(3)试验环境及称重。将处理好的7个培养皿置于干燥无灰尘的环境中进行27 d防固结试验,环境温度为19~26 ℃,湿度为70%~80%。试验前精确称取7个培养皿的初始质量,此后每隔1~3 d对培养皿中的矿样进行一次称重并记录。
经27 d的防固结试验,7组矿样的最终状态如图2所示。由图2可以看出,所有矿样表面均产生了明显的裂缝,且矿样颜色出现不同程度的泛黄现象(颜色标识见电子版)。经对比,无水矿样D-2的泛黄程度远超其他矿样。从化学特性分析,硫铁矿石的氧化产物多呈现金黄色,基于这一特性,矿样颜色的变化可作为其内部发生固结作用的直观表征。由此可推断,7组矿样在试验过程中均发生了不同程度的固结,其中无水矿样D-2的固结程度最为严重。
7组矿样增重率随时间的变化曲线如图3所示。其中,无水矿样D-2在整个试验过程中具有独特的变化趋势,因此单独绘制其增重率-时间变化曲线(见图3(a))。由于试验初期各矿样受处理方式和环境影响导致数据波动较大,且防固结剂存在作用延迟效应,因此,自试验开展后第9天绘制增重率-时间的变化曲线,结果如图3(b)所示。
由图3可以看出,7组矿样增重率随时间推进均呈上升趋势,且后期增加量愈发显著。其中,无水矿样D-2的27 d增重率显著高于其余矿样,为1.489%;添加20 mL纯水的矿样(D-1)其增重率次之;采用单一组分防固结剂的矿样(F-1、F-2)增重率高于采用复配防固结剂的矿样(F-3、F-4、F-5),即复配防固结剂的防固结效果最佳,F-4矿样的27 d增重率最低,为0.215%。
为进一步比较防固结剂抑制矿石固结的效果,引入防固结系数。防固结系数通过将加入防固结剂的矿样增重率与未做任何处理的矿样的增重率进行比较,可以直观地展现防固结剂对矿样固结的抑制效果,其计算公式见式(2)[15]。
式中:Pj为某一时间区间内,矿样添加j类防固结剂后的增重率,%;P0为同一时间区间内,试验矿样在未添加防固结剂情况下的增重率,%;Rj为同一时间区间内,j类防固结剂的防固结系数,%。
防固结系数可反映防固结剂在微观层面干扰矿石颗粒相互作用的能力,该系数越高,阻止矿石固结的效能越强。5种防固结剂的防固结系数变化趋势如图4所示。F-1至F-5矿样的27 d增重率及防固结剂的防固结系数见表2。
由图4可知,5种防固结剂的防固结系数随时间推移逐渐减小且减少幅度不断增大,意味着防固结剂抑制矿石固结的效果会随时间延长而减弱。
上述试验结果表明,无水矿样固结最为严重,其表面颜色变化与固结情况相符;添加20 mL蒸馏水可抑制矿样固结,这得益于水会延缓矿石低温氧化反应及减少颗粒间晶桥形成;添加HEC和NaHCO3水溶液能抑制矿样固结,在溶质质量分数为2%时,复配溶液的防固结效果优于单一组分,其中HEC和NaHCO3质量比为1∶2时,防固结效果最优。
在高峰矿含硫(铁)矿石开采过程中,矿石固结现象严重影响开采效率、安全性及经济效益。基于前期试验研究成果,可从采矿工艺、安全保障、防固结剂应用及综合管理等方面制定并实施针对性措施。
(1)开采顺序与时间把控。根据试验中矿石在不同条件下的固结特性,优先开采易固结区域的矿石。如对于含硫量较高且其他成分易促进固结的区域,提前规划开采计划。同时,严格控制矿石在采场的停留时间,避免长时间暴露在易氧化环境中。依据试验中不同处理方式下矿样的固结速率,合理安排开采进度,减少矿石积压[16-17]。
(2)爆破参数调整。优化爆破参数,控制矿石破碎粒度,通过调整炮孔间距、装药量和起爆顺序等,使爆破后的矿石粒度尽量均匀且避免产生过多细粒级矿石,降低因细粒矿石表面积大而导致的快速氧化固结风险[18-19]。
(3)出矿方式改进。摒弃传统大规模集中出矿模式,采用连续出矿或小批量多次出矿方式,及时将采场矿石运出[20]。
(1)环境湿度调控。在采场安装通风除湿设备,将采场湿度控制在合适范围(60%~80%);通过实时监测湿度变化,及时调整采场的通风量,排出潮湿空气,减缓矿石氧化固结速度。
(2)防固结剂选择与使用。根据防固结试验结果,选用HEC和NaHCO3质量比为1∶2、溶质质量分数为2%的防固结剂;在矿石开采、运输和储存过程中,按照一定比例和方式喷洒或添加防固结剂。
(3)防固结剂效果跟踪。定期对喷洒了防固结剂的矿石进行固结程度检测,并与未使用防固结剂区域的矿石对比,评估防固结剂的实际效果;根据实际情况调整防固结剂的使用策略。
(1)通过对高峰矿深部高含硫矿石的固结特性进行研究,发现矿石在试验进程中均发生固结现象,固结程度随时间推移呈上升态势,且对矿石施压能促进其固结。各处理条件下,矿样B的增重率表现最为突出,a组、b组、c组中矿样B的12 d增重率分别为0.460%、0.029%、0.032%。
(2)高含硫矿石的防固结试验结果表明,无水矿样D-2的27 d增重率显著高于其余矿样,为1.489%;添加20 mL纯水矿样(D-1)的增重率次之;采用碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和羟乙基纤维素(HEC)制备的防固结剂可有效抑制矿样固结。当复配防固结剂溶质质量分数为2%,HEC和NaHCO3质量比为1∶2时,防固结效果最佳,此时矿样27 d增重率为0.215%,防固结剂的防固结系数为85.5%。
(3)提出了高峰矿含硫(铁)矿石开采的防固结措施。在采矿工艺方面,优化开采顺序、爆破参数和出矿方式;在防固结措施应用上,合理调控环境湿度,选用并正确使用防固结剂,同时跟踪防固结剂效果。上述措施能够有效解决矿石固结问题,提高矿石开采效率和资源利用率。本研究可为高含硫矿石的开采提供重要的理论依据和实践指导。
  • 广西重点研发计划项目(2023AB01130)
  • 广西技术创新引导专项项目(2024AD47009)
  • 河池市重点研发计划项目(AB231102)
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2025年第45卷第7期
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-26
基金
广西重点研发计划项目(2023AB01130)
广西技术创新引导专项项目(2024AD47009)
河池市重点研发计划项目(AB231102)
作者信息
    1.广西高峰矿业有限责任公司,广西 河池市 547205
    2.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
    3.南宁师范大学 自然资源与测绘学院,广西 南宁 530001

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熊信(1992—),男,贵州毕节人,博士,主要从事金属矿床开采、岩石本构理论及冻融岩石力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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