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In order to realize the safe and efficient mining of metal mines in the surface protection area, taking the mining of inclined orebodies under slope in Paishanlou Gold Mine as the engineering background, the roof caving characteristics, stability conditions of caving arch and its control and utilization technology in the goaf of inclined orebodies were systematically studied. It was analyzed and concluded that the inclined orebodies in Paishanlou Gold Mine conform to the characteristics of the arch caving model, and the mathematical relationships between the critical caving span and caving height of the inclined orebodies under slope were established. A goaf caving process control scheme with the subarea mining model as the core was proposed, and the subarea open-stope mining with subsequent centralized filling mining technology was developed. The results of on-site practice show that after adopting this mining technology, the mining cost is decreased by 26.8 yuan/t, the production capacity is increased by 20%, the ore loss rate is decreased by 1.5%, the dilution rate is decreased by 3%, and the mined metal quantity is increased by 427.5 kg. This method not only meets the surface protection requirements of Paishanlou Gold Mine, but also achieves the goals of low-cost, safe and efficient mining. The research results can provide technical references for the mining of low-grade orebodies in surface protection areas.

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为实现地表保护区内金属矿的安全、高效开采，以排山楼金矿边坡下倾斜矿体开采为工程背景，系统研究了倾斜矿体采空区顶板冒落特性、冒落拱稳定条件及其控制利用技术，分析得出了排山楼金矿倾斜矿体服从拱形冒落模型的特征，建立了边坡下倾斜矿体临界冒落跨度和冒落高度的数学关系式，提出了以分区开采模型为核心的采空区冒落进程控制方案，研发了分区空场开采嗣后集中充填采矿工艺技术。现场实践结果表明：采用此采矿工艺后，采矿成本下降了26.8 元/t，产能提高了20%，矿石损失率降低了1.5%，贫化率下降了3%，采出金属量增加了427.5 kg，该方法既满足了排山楼金矿地表保护需求，又可达到低成本、安全、高效开采的目标。研究结果可为地表保护区内低品位矿体的开采提供技术参考。

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周颜军(1991一)，男，山东枣庄人，博士研究生，工程师，主要从事采矿工艺、岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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周颜军(1991一)，男，山东枣庄人，博士研究生，工程师，主要从事采矿工艺、岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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周颜军(1991一)，男，山东枣庄人，博士研究生，工程师，主要从事采矿工艺、岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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Variation of microcracks in borehole of 8# exploration line

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号埋深/m特征备注
15.7~6.6——
211.8微裂纹贯通—
313.8裂缝合拢与闭合岩体产生较大位移
416.5微裂缝延长与开裂—
518.9敞开裂缝闭合—
619.3~22.3裂缝呈闭合趋势—
724.9~25.3微裂纹张开成缝—
828.6~30.2微裂隙延长与贯通—
932.5~32.8微裂纹趋于闭合—
1034.2~34.5裂纹增多并伸长—
1136.3~37.6裂纹增多并伸长—
1240.7形成一条裂纹疑是断裂线
1341.6形成一条裂纹拉裂迹象
1446.8破碎带岩块碎裂似有错动发生
1550.6形成一条裂纹疑是断裂线
1651.2出现水平裂纹
1757.2大裂缝内碎块发生移动—
1855.6层理张开—
), ArticleFig(id=1226462314434572703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462301117657374, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

8#勘探线钻孔的微裂纹变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号埋深/m特征备注
15.7~6.6——
211.8微裂纹贯通—
313.8裂缝合拢与闭合岩体产生较大位移
416.5微裂缝延长与开裂—
518.9敞开裂缝闭合—
619.3~22.3裂缝呈闭合趋势—
724.9~25.3微裂纹张开成缝—
828.6~30.2微裂隙延长与贯通—
932.5~32.8微裂纹趋于闭合—
1034.2~34.5裂纹增多并伸长—
1136.3~37.6裂纹增多并伸长—
1240.7形成一条裂纹疑是断裂线
1341.6形成一条裂纹拉裂迹象
1446.8破碎带岩块碎裂似有错动发生
1550.6形成一条裂纹疑是断裂线
1651.2出现水平裂纹
1757.2大裂缝内碎块发生移动—
1855.6层理张开—
), ArticleFig(id=1226462314526847398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462301117657374, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variation of microcracks in borehole of 10# exploration line

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号埋深/m特征序号埋深/m特征
14.0~5.6破碎岩体1742.4破碎夹层
26.9层理张开1844.6拉断特征
39.0层理张开1946.8~46.9破碎带
410.5~10.9破碎带2048.0拉断裂缝
513.8层理张开2148.4拉断裂缝
617.0~17.7裂隙与层理张开2250.6拉断裂纹
719.0层理张开2351.8拉断特征
823.3层理张开2453.4~53.9破碎带
925.9层理张开2555.6层理张开
1030.6层理张开2657.1拉断裂缝
1132.2~32.4层理张开2761.1拉断裂缝
1233.3层理张开2862.3—
1334.3裂隙张开2962.5拉开裂纹
1437.4拉断特征2870.9拉开裂缝
1539.9拉断特征2975.6回采界线
1640.7拉断裂纹
), ArticleFig(id=1226462314602344879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462301117657374, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

10#勘探线钻孔的微裂纹变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号埋深/m特征序号埋深/m特征
14.0~5.6破碎岩体1742.4破碎夹层
26.9层理张开1844.6拉断特征
39.0层理张开1946.8~46.9破碎带
410.5~10.9破碎带2048.0拉断裂缝
513.8层理张开2148.4拉断裂缝
617.0~17.7裂隙与层理张开2250.6拉断裂纹
719.0层理张开2351.8拉断特征
823.3层理张开2453.4~53.9破碎带
925.9层理张开2555.6层理张开
1030.6层理张开2657.1拉断裂缝
1132.2~32.4层理张开2761.1拉断裂缝
1233.3层理张开2862.3—
1334.3裂隙张开2962.5拉开裂纹
1437.4拉断特征2870.9拉开裂缝
1539.9拉断特征2975.6回采界线
1640.7拉断裂纹
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边坡下倾斜矿体顶板冒落特性及监测技术研究
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周颜军 1, 2 , 李闯 1, 2 , 冯庆杰 1, 2 , 丁航行 3 , 卢悦 4
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(10): 129-137
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矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025, 45(10): 129-137
边坡下倾斜矿体顶板冒落特性及监测技术研究
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周颜军1, 2 , 李闯1, 2, 冯庆杰1, 2, 丁航行3, 卢悦4
作者信息
  • 1.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　上杭县　364200
  • 2.紫金(长沙)工程技术有限公司，湖南　长沙　410017
  • 3.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院，辽宁　沈阳　110819
  • 4.包钢勘察测绘研究院，内蒙古　包头市　014000

    • 周颜军(1991一)，男，山东枣庄人，博士研究生，工程师，主要从事采矿工艺、岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

Study on Roof Caving Characteristics and Monitoring Technology of Inclined Orebody Under Slope
Yanjun ZHOU1, 2 , Chuang LI1, 2, Qingjie FENG1, 2, Hangxing DING3, Yue LU4
Affiliations
  • 1.Zijin Ming Group Co., Ltd., Shanghang, Fujian 364200, China
  • 2.Zijin（Changsha）Engineering Technology Co.，Ltd.，Changsha, Hunan 410017, China
  • 3.School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
  • 4.Baotou Steel Survey and Mapping Research Institute, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014000, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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摘要
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为实现地表保护区内金属矿的安全、高效开采，以排山楼金矿边坡下倾斜矿体开采为工程背景，系统研究了倾斜矿体采空区顶板冒落特性、冒落拱稳定条件及其控制利用技术，分析得出了排山楼金矿倾斜矿体服从拱形冒落模型的特征，建立了边坡下倾斜矿体临界冒落跨度和冒落高度的数学关系式，提出了以分区开采模型为核心的采空区冒落进程控制方案，研发了分区空场开采嗣后集中充填采矿工艺技术。现场实践结果表明：采用此采矿工艺后，采矿成本下降了26.8 元/t，产能提高了20%，矿石损失率降低了1.5%，贫化率下降了3%，采出金属量增加了427.5 kg，该方法既满足了排山楼金矿地表保护需求，又可达到低成本、安全、高效开采的目标。研究结果可为地表保护区内低品位矿体的开采提供技术参考。

边坡下倾斜矿体  /  顶板冒落特性  /  冒落监测技术  /  冒落进程控制  /  分区开采模型  /  地表保护开采

In order to realize the safe and efficient mining of metal mines in the surface protection area, taking the mining of inclined orebodies under slope in Paishanlou Gold Mine as the engineering background, the roof caving characteristics, stability conditions of caving arch and its control and utilization technology in the goaf of inclined orebodies were systematically studied. It was analyzed and concluded that the inclined orebodies in Paishanlou Gold Mine conform to the characteristics of the arch caving model, and the mathematical relationships between the critical caving span and caving height of the inclined orebodies under slope were established. A goaf caving process control scheme with the subarea mining model as the core was proposed, and the subarea open-stope mining with subsequent centralized filling mining technology was developed. The results of on-site practice show that after adopting this mining technology, the mining cost is decreased by 26.8 yuan/t, the production capacity is increased by 20%, the ore loss rate is decreased by 1.5%, the dilution rate is decreased by 3%, and the mined metal quantity is increased by 427.5 kg. This method not only meets the surface protection requirements of Paishanlou Gold Mine, but also achieves the goals of low-cost, safe and efficient mining. The research results can provide technical references for the mining of low-grade orebodies in surface protection areas.

Inclined orebody under slope  /  Roof caving characteristic  /  Caving monitoring technology  /  Caving process control  /  Subarea mining model  /  Surface protection mining
周颜军, 李闯, 冯庆杰, 丁航行, 卢悦. 边坡下倾斜矿体顶板冒落特性及监测技术研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 129 -137 .
Yanjun ZHOU, Chuang LI, Qingjie FENG, Hangxing DING, Yue LU. Study on Roof Caving Characteristics and Monitoring Technology of Inclined Orebody Under Slope[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 129 -137 .
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0　引言
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随着高品位、浅表资源等易采资源逐渐开采殆尽，地下复杂低品位金属矿床已成为国家重要战备资源，鉴于日益严峻的环保形势，地表保护区内低品位复杂矿床资源逐渐引起了矿山企业的重视[1-3]。对于此类矿体，若采用传统充填采矿法将会导致生产效率低、采矿成本高等问题，为此在研究矿体顶板冒落机理和冒落监测控制技术的基础上，开发低成本、安全、高效的新型开采工艺技术，成为当前的研究热点之一。目前分析测顶板冒落机理的理论模型包括弹塑性理论、弹性薄板理论、块体理论、突变理论、极限平衡冒落拱理论、各类梁力学模型和矿柱-顶板体系流变力学模型等。蒲扬东[4]通过单轴压缩试验确定弹性模量劣化规律，从而基于弹塑性理论和数值模拟方法分析硐室稳定性。郭延华等[5]根据弹性薄板小挠度理论，针对缓倾斜顶板建立不同边界条件下的薄板力学模型，分析得到顶板应力分布特征以及破断机理。陈虎等[6]利用块体理论构建了顶板岩梁-块体力学模型，揭示了软弱层直接顶板的破坏规律。唐建华等[7]根据潘家窑矿巷道围岩地质力学参数试验结果，分析巷道围岩普氏拱形成过程，确定普氏拱曲线方程，研究开拓巷道顶部、帮部受力状态，计算巷道支护参数。耿帅等[8]以普氏冒落拱理论为指导，进行底部结构支护参数优化，并通过FLAC3D数值模拟软件模拟计算发现，增加预应力锚索后，巷道变形有明显的改善。
岩体冒落监测技术对于采空区冒落规律的研究至关重要，尤其对于矿山灾害预警预报[9]、矿山岩移分析[10]、地表沉陷治理[11]和绿色采矿发展[12]具有关键意义。目前采空区冒落监测方式以工程钻探、地球物理勘探为主，辅以变形观测、水文试验等[13]。我国目前以钻探为主，物探为辅，如王旭等[14]研发了一套拖车式合成孔径雷达预警系统，通过研究预警原理及设定预警阈值，建立了矿山边坡预警预报体系。陈洋等[15]利用新型遥感测绘技术，通过无人机实时采集矿山开采中的动态图像信息，实现对矿山开采沉陷的全面监测。李如仁等[16]为探明历史滑坡治理后排土场边坡的形变规律，利用短基线子集干涉（SBAS-InSAR）技术进行地表沉降时序监测，分析排土场边坡的主要沉降区域及稳定性影响因素。王贺等[17]采用BLSF移动式三维激光扫描测量系统现场探测并构建了平硐与采空区三维点云模型，并据此建立了三维精细化数值分析模型，评估了基于真实形态的采空区稳定性。李杰林等[18]在大红山铁矿进行了无人机三维激光扫描技术的采空区探测应用，分析出其在采空区探测方面具有巨大的应用前景。李宏业等[19]为确保采区稳定，建立了立体包裹式微地震监测台网，同时自主研发了微地震安全监测平台。
在理论研究方面，学者们揭示了岩体破坏机理，但很少考虑地表地形和地表弱化岩层对采空区冒落的影响，而对于埋藏较浅的矿体来说，其对采空区冒落往往起到决定性作用。因此需要在充分考虑地形和顶板岩体特性的基础上，对顶板冒落特性进行研究。在冒落监测方面，鉴于地质条件复杂性的提高，需要研发在智能化程度更高和监测效率更优的先进的监测手段。同时采用多种监测手段联合探测岩体破坏情况，能获得更加立体全面的信息，已成为现阶段矿山监测发展的主要方向。
排山楼金矿上部矿体露天转地下回采完毕后，已用诱导冒落+地表废石充填塌陷区的方法进行了治理，而下部矿体进入海棠山国家自然保护区的试验区范围，地表不允许塌陷。由于矿石品位低，常规充填采矿法势必导致开采效率低、生产成本高、矿山经济效益差等问题。因此亟需开发一种既满足地表保护需求，又能低成本、高效开采的新型采矿工艺技术。
1　工程概况
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排山楼金矿属于大型同韧性剪切带变生热液型金矿床，矿体从+465 m延伸至−400 m，倾角21°~35°，厚5~40 m，主体厚10~30 m，矿石平均含金品位为1.87 g/t。矿体顶板主要为白云质糜棱岩，下盘围岩主要为黑云斜长糜棱岩，矿体为长英质糜棱岩，矿床地质条件与开采现状如图1所示。
+300 m之上应用露天开采，+300 m之下转入地下应用有底柱空场采矿法开采，并采用诱导冒落 +地表废石充填塌陷区的方法，对+300~+250 m中段的采空区进行了治理。从+225 m中段开始，开采范围的地表进入国家自然保护区的缓冲区与试验区（见图1(c)），地表不再允许塌陷。从+225 m中段到+125 m中段，矿体走向长约450 m，形成的采空区高度为11~48 m，采空区的顶板与地表斜交，采空区顶板倾角一般为25°~35°；地表主要为山坡，坡面角为30°~55°。
2　采空区顶板冒落特性研究
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2.1　监测方法
为探明排山楼金矿采空区顶板冒落特性，在上部采空区治理过程中，采用钻孔式三维激光采空区测量系统（见图2）和RG井下电视系统两种监测方案，确定采空区三维形态、钻孔孔壁岩性与裂隙分布状态及冒落拱顶板岩体的破坏发展情况。
2.1.1　钻孔式三维激光采空区测量系统
为提高监测效率，本文在传统钻孔式三维激光扫描仪C-ALS的基础上进行了改进，将电池单元、存储与控制单元集成于扫描探头。存储与控制单元包括可拆卸数据存储卡和集成系统控制程序的芯片，该单元可实现扫描测量工作的自动化，此方法由传统的人工单点获取数据转变为连续自动获取数据，提高了测量的精度、速度。
此外，由于改进系统将存储、控制和动力部分均集成在扫描探头部分，并在探头末端设置了可伸缩固定杆架，改进系统无需供电线缆，也无需在地表外接计算机进行实时控制，在山地测量时携带和操作更加方便，同时可伸缩固定杆架增强了激光扫描头的平衡性和稳定性，提高了采空区冒落拱的监测效率。
2.1.2　RG井下电视系统
RG井下电视系统利用数字化图像等手段，可直观地监测岩石破坏情况，并利用成像原理得出电视图像中实物的几何尺寸，达到井下电视定量解释的目的。该系统通过数据处理软件可将获取的图像数据信息进行分析，得到节理裂隙产状、性质及岩石的破坏情况，从而用于分析采空区顶板围岩的稳定性分布状态，确定冒落控制岩层的位置，为采空区顶板岩层中断裂线分布位置的判别提供参考[20]。
2.2　监测方案及结果分析
为探明排山楼金矿顶板冒落特性，在8#与10#勘探线各施工一个监测钻孔，见图3(a)，采用RG井下电视系统对两个钻孔进行孔壁扫描，采集顶板围岩裂隙产状及分布，通过对比前后监测数据图像，获取采空区顶板岩体的裂隙扩张、变形及冒落等信息（见图3(b))。
通过RG-dip软件对监测图像进行分析，得出钻孔柱状图、孔壁展开图、钻孔倾角、裂隙倾向与倾角等数据，如图4所示。图像为孔壁平面展开图，图中标出的N、E、S、W分别表示北东南西4个方位。根据分析结果，统计钻孔孔壁裂隙分布和发展情况，统计结果见表1和表2。
观察分析表明，在地表风化作用与较远采空区临空面的影响下，8#与10#勘探线钻孔在近地表形成了强度弱化岩层，其中8#勘探线钻孔的强度弱化岩层位于地表孔口之下20 m之上，10#勘探线钻孔的强度弱化岩层位于地表孔口之下，且深度在17 m之上，紧接其下的是厚度约为15~20 m的稳定岩层，此时冒落拱附近裂隙岩体在稳定岩层的保护支撑下仍能形成稳定较长时间的应力平衡拱。
但当冒落拱到达稳定岩层后，即10#勘探线钻孔采空区冒落距地表30.6 m后、8#勘探线钻孔采空区冒落距地表41.9 m后，被破坏的稳定岩层将发生失稳，冒落拱附近裂隙岩体失去稳定岩层的保护与支撑后，将形成上覆岩体离散化、流变失稳的持续冒落条件。
为查明冒落拱几何形态，利用钻孔式三维激光采空区测量系统对10#勘探线采空区形态进行探测，根据探测结果截取各高度横剖面线（见图5）绘制出采空区冒落线，结果显示，排山楼金矿采空区呈拱形冒落，同图3(b)一致。
综上所述，为使采空区不冒透地表，需保持应力平衡拱位于地表弱化岩层之下，使冒落拱与地表弱化岩层保持一段距离，最好隔着一个厚度较大的、可供形成稳定的应力平衡拱的稳定岩层。因此，地表保护层的厚度应不小于地表弱化岩层厚度与其下的可作为冒落控制岩层的稳定岩层厚度之和。
在实际生产中，需要根据钻孔探测结果确定每一分区的地表保护层厚度，其确定原则是：在地表弱化岩层之下需预留足够厚度的稳定岩层，以保护地表岩移安全。
3　边坡下倾斜矿体冒落力学模型构建
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根据钻孔监测结果可知，排山楼金矿矿体服从拱形冒落模型，同时鉴于地表与矿体顶板存在较大夹角，使得在延深方向上采空区顶板上覆岩层厚度最大高差可达100 m，这无疑将导致顶板上覆载荷在倾向方向上差异较大，另外，顶板最大载荷常常偏离拱顶，从而对冒落拱发展进程产生影响。若按照传统平衡冒落拱理论，将倾斜矿体冒落拱顶部载荷简单地视为均布载荷，将会造成明显的计算误差。因此，针对排山楼采空区倾斜顶板与地表山坡的赋存条件，引入相关参数，对传统冒落拱力学模型进行改进。
为了建立地表山坡条件下倾斜矿体冒落拱力学模型，先假定按照合理拱形对该平面问题进行分析[21-22]，设采空区埋深（地表至采空区底部的距离）为H，冒落拱高度为h，半跨度为l，地表山坡坡面角为β，顶板倾角为θ，地表山坡坡面与顶板夹角为α(α=β−θ)，覆岩容重为γ，侧压力系数为k，侧压力用F(y)表示，上覆岩层载荷为q，R和T分别为拱脚和拱顶的支座反力。根据采空区的典型剖面形态，将该跨度采空区假设为半跨度的拱结构，将倾斜顶板受力情况等效为如图6所示的受力形态进行拱形受力分析，并建立坐标系。
拱形结构受上覆载荷分布函数q(x)的作用，左侧实线为采空区顶板区域，右侧虚线为假设拱形的另一半跨度。坐标系原点在左边拱脚处的冒落拱曲线方程为：
对冒落拱断面进行受力分析，q(x)可表示为：
受力分析得出R和T的计算公式为：
通过对冒落拱原点取矩计算，得出冒落拱力系平衡方程为：
将式(1)至式(4)代入式(5)得出：
整理得出如下公式：
假设采空区上覆岩体为连续介质，采空区上覆岩体抗压强度为σc，承压拱顶部围岩承受水平压力的有效厚度为d，令T=σcd，代入式(7)，扩展为空间问题，计算得出采空区临界冒落拱跨度计算公式：
按一元三次方程解法，由式（8）可求得临界冒落拱跨度L(L=2l)，以及在超过临界冒落拱跨度后、对应某一跨度的采空区冒落拱高度h。
整理式（8）发现，原有计算模型是改进模型在α=0、k=0时的特例，即当α=0、k=0时，可得到顶板载荷视为均布载荷时的原有计算模型：
由于排山楼下部采空区顶板岩体结构密闭、岩石硬度较大，可忽略此变形压力的影响，即当α≠0、k=0时，整理式（9）得：
此改进模型为后文确定临界冒落高度与跨度的计算模型。
采用可控制变量法，对排山楼金矿下部采空区冒落实例进行试算分析，分析参数α与h的关系。取L=136 m，σc=25.19 MPa, H=371 m，根据小汪沟铁矿的采空区冒落经验，可按结构面间距的3倍取值，取d=3.2 m，则可得出不同采空区埋深下冒落拱高度与地表山坡坡面和顶板的夹角的关系曲线，如图7所示。
综上所述，h与α呈反比关系，且h的减小速率随着α的增大逐渐增大。另外，随着H的增加，α对h的影响逐渐减小。当H增加至600 m时，α对h的影响可忽略不计。因此此模型适用于埋深不超过600 m的矿体，而排山楼下部矿体的埋深为250~430 m，说明此改进模型对排山楼矿体条件适用性良好。
4　冒落进程控制方案研究
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由监测结果可知，在初始冒落阶段，冒落高度完全受采空区跨度控制，而采空区的允许冒落高度，应以不破坏地表保护层为准。因此为安全利用冒落拱和保护地表安全，应保证采空区跨度处于允许冒落跨度范围内，而冒落跨度和冒落高度可按关系式（10）进行确定。
由于排山楼金矿下部矿体跨度超过允许冒落跨度，可采用分区开采的方法，限制采空区跨度，在矿体延深方向上进行分区，即在矿体延深方向上留设分区矿柱隔离采空区，使分区的矿体投影宽度不大于采空区允许跨度。分区开采模型如图8所示。
分区矿体从上到下逐分段开采，采场沿走向布置，矿房长度为50 m，宽度为矿体厚度。分区内矿体从上到下空场法连续开采，每一分段布置一条凿岩巷道与出矿巷道，出矿巷道兼作下分段的堑沟巷道，空场下崩落上盘侧矿石，在矿石覆盖层下侧向挤压爆破崩落下盘侧矿石，崩落的矿石由底部结构放出。采场之间不留任何矿柱，连续扩展采空区，便于控制采空区顶板按零星冒落形式冒落，直至冒落到控制高度，待分区回采结束后，再集中充填分区冒落采空区，分段回采方式如图9所示。
此方法在上下分区采场同时开采的前提下，加大采场结构参数，将上分段采场的下盘出矿巷道兼作下分段采场的堑沟巷道，实现了一巷多用，由此减小了采准系数，采矿成本下降了26.8 元/t，产能提高了20%；按矿体形态与开采条件，将边界品位由1.0 g/t降低至0.8 g/t，使得分散矿体群连续化，矿石损失率降低了1.5个百分点，贫化率下降了3个百分点，采出金属量增加了427.5 kg。
现场实践结果表明，此采矿工艺实现了采、充空间分离，提高了矿床开采效率与地表保护可靠性。
5　结论
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本文采用钻孔式三维激光采空区测量系统和RG井下电视系统，研究了边坡下倾斜矿体顶板冒落特性，构建了临界冒落跨度和冒落高度计算模型，据此提出了冒落进程监测与控制技术，主要得出以下结论。
（1）根据排山楼金矿地表地形条件，改进了传统钻孔式三维激光扫描仪，提高了设备便捷性和采空区冒落监测效率。
（2）排山楼金矿在近地表存在第四纪与风化岩层，其下存在厚度为15~20 m的稳定原岩层；采空区顶板厚大稳定岩层具备形成长时间稳定冒落拱的条件，处于稳定岩层下方的初始冒落拱能保持长时间稳定，即将冒落拱控制在稳定岩层之下可保证冒落拱不会冒透地表。
（3）针对排山楼金矿边坡下倾斜矿体的矿床赋存条件，调整了顶板载荷分布方式，构建了边坡下倾斜矿体采空区临界冒落高度与跨度的计算模型。试算分析表明，此模型适用于埋深不超过600 m的矿体，而排山楼下部矿体的埋深为250~430 m，说明此改进模型对排山楼矿体条件适用性良好。
（4）基于稳定冒落拱的形成条件，研发了金属矿床分区空场开采嗣后集中充填采矿法，使得采矿成本下降了26.8 元/t，产能提高了20%，矿石损失率降低了1.5个百分点，贫化率下降了3个百分点，采出金属量增加了427.5 kg。现场实践结果表明，此采矿工艺实现了采、充空间分离，提高了矿床开采效率与地表保护可靠性。
基金
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  • 国家科技重大专项项目(2024ZD1003807)
文献
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间：2024-10-29
  • 首发时间：2026-02-06
  • 出版时间：2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-29
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国家科技重大专项项目(2024ZD1003807)
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    1.紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，福建　上杭县　364200
    2.紫金(长沙)工程技术有限公司，湖南　长沙　410017
    3.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院，辽宁　沈阳　110819
    4.包钢勘察测绘研究院，内蒙古　包头市　014000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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