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In order to promote the leaching of Ca and Mg elements in anorthite, a strain hzt-1′ with good adaptability to anorthite was screened from the soil of Jialiangshan, Fangshan County, Lvliang City, Shanxi Province. It was identified as Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum. The optimum growth conditions of the strain and the optimum leaching conditions of anorthite in Czapek Medium were investigated. The optimum growth conditions of strain hzt-1′ are as follows: pH of 6, liquid volume of 80 mL, inoculation volume of 7%, glucose as the best carbon source (20 g/L), and NaNO3 as the best nitrogen source (1 g/L). The optimum leaching conditions of strain hzt-1′ are as follows: pH of 6, inoculation volume of 3%, pulp mass concentration of 20 g/L, and liquid volume of 100 mL. Under these conditions, the leaching rates of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in anorthite are 50.3% and 39.91%, respectively. The strain promotes the dissolution of anorthite through proton exchange and complexation, accelerates the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+, and thus improves the utilization rate of anorthite and other mineral resources. This study can provide a new strain for efficient leaching of silicate minerals.

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为促进钙长石中Ca、Mg元素的浸出,从山西省吕梁市方山县架梁山的土壤中筛选出一株对钙长石具有较好适应性的菌株hzt-1′,经鉴定为紫金牛叶杆菌Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum,探究该菌株在察氏培养基中的最适生长条件及钙长石的最佳浸矿条件。菌株hzt-1′的最佳生长条件:pH=6,装液量80 mL,接种量7%,最佳碳源为葡萄糖(20 g/L),最适氮源为NaNO3(1 g/L)。菌株hzt-1′的最佳浸矿条件:pH=6,接种量3%,矿浆质量浓度20 g/L,装液量100 mL,在该条件下,钙长石中Ca2+、Mg2+的浸出率分别为50.38%和39.91%。该菌株通过质子交换、络合作用等促进钙长石的溶解,加速了Ca2+、Mg2+的浸出,提高了钙长石等矿物资源的利用率,为硅酸盐矿物高效浸矿提供了新型菌株。

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刘生玉(1969—),男,山西临县人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事界面分选理论及应用、低值与废弃资源加工利用、矿物散料表层固化抑尘技术研发及应用等研究。E-mail:
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刘立翔(2000—),男,辽宁营口人,硕士研究生,主要从事生物浸矿研究。E-mail:

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刘立翔(2000—),男,辽宁营口人,硕士研究生,主要从事生物浸矿研究。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of anorthite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3CaOMgONa2OK2OFe2O3其他
46.80833.61710.7855.9130.7790.7390.6390.720
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312106738675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钙长石的化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3CaOMgONa2OK2OFe2O3其他
46.80833.61710.7855.9130.7790.7390.6390.720
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312207401973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Components of the culture medium used in the test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基名称蔗糖NaNO3MgSO4KClK2HPO4FeSO4·7H2O琼脂钙长石
富集培养基++++++
初筛培养基+++++++
复筛培养基++++++++
种子液培养基++++++
浸矿培养基+++++
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312303870969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验所用培养基的组分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基名称蔗糖NaNO3MgSO4KClK2HPO4FeSO4·7H2O琼脂钙长石
富集培养基++++++
初筛培养基+++++++
复筛培养基++++++++
种子液培养基++++++
浸矿培养基+++++
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312396145661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Morphological characteristics of bacterial strains

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菌株名称颜色形状/大小边缘表面状态
xtt-1′白色圆形(大)整齐润湿且光滑
xtt-2′白色偏黄圆形(大)不规则润湿且光滑
btt-1′乳白色圆形(大)整齐润湿且光滑
btt-2′白色圆形(大)不规则润湿且光滑
htt-1′白色圆形(小)整齐润湿且光滑
bzt-1′乳白色圆形(大)不整齐润湿且光滑
hzt-1′灰白色圆形(大)整齐润湿且光滑
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312496807936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

细菌菌株的形态特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株名称颜色形状/大小边缘表面状态
xtt-1′白色圆形(大)整齐润湿且光滑
xtt-2′白色偏黄圆形(大)不规则润湿且光滑
btt-1′乳白色圆形(大)整齐润湿且光滑
btt-2′白色圆形(大)不规则润湿且光滑
htt-1′白色圆形(小)整齐润湿且光滑
bzt-1′乳白色圆形(大)不整齐润湿且光滑
hzt-1′灰白色圆形(大)整齐润湿且光滑
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312584888325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Morphological characteristics of strain hzt-1′

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株hzt-1′项目结果
菌落形状圆形
颜色灰白色
边缘整齐
透明度不透明
表面形态湿润且光滑
菌体形状杆状
直径1.0 μm
革兰氏染色
芽孢染色
鞭毛染色
荚膜染色
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312668774410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

菌株hzt-1′的形态特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株hzt-1′项目结果
菌落形状圆形
颜色灰白色
边缘整齐
透明度不透明
表面形态湿润且光滑
菌体形状杆状
直径1.0 μm
革兰氏染色
芽孢染色
鞭毛染色
荚膜染色
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312765243406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of strain hzt-1′

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
甲基红 (M.R.)V.P. 测定淀粉水解明胶液化硫化氢柠檬酸盐过氧化氢酶
++++
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312857518098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

菌株 hzt-1′ 的生理生化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
甲基红 (M.R.)V.P. 测定淀粉水解明胶液化硫化氢柠檬酸盐过氧化氢酶
++++
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312974958613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Surface element composition of anorthite before and after leaching by strain hzt-1′

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组CaMgAlSiFe
原矿18.411.6032.4535.7311.80
接菌组0.090.7322.1876.440.57
对照组4.962.6021.0370.630.79
), ArticleFig(id=1226462313075621913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300710813901, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

菌株 hzt-1′浸矿前后的钙长石表面元素组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组CaMgAlSiFe
原矿18.411.6032.4535.7311.80
接菌组0.090.7322.1876.440.57
对照组4.962.6021.0370.630.79
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钙长石浸矿细菌的筛选优化及浸矿效果研究
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刘立翔 1, 2 , 常承兵 1, 2 , 刘生玉 1, 2, 3 , 郭建英 1, 2 , 温全宝 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025,45(10): 267-278
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矿业研究与开发 | 选矿与资源综合利用 2025, 45(10): 267-278
钙长石浸矿细菌的筛选优化及浸矿效果研究
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刘立翔1, 2 , 常承兵1, 2, 刘生玉1, 2, 3 , 郭建英1, 2, 温全宝1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.太原理工大学矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.山西浙大新材料与化工研究院,山西 太原 030032
  • 3.太原理工大学 原位改性采矿教育部重点实验室,山西 太原 030024
  • 刘立翔(2000—),男,辽宁营口人,硕士研究生,主要从事生物浸矿研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘生玉(1969—),男,山西临县人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事界面分选理论及应用、低值与废弃资源加工利用、矿物散料表层固化抑尘技术研发及应用等研究。E-mail:
Study on Screening Optimization and Leaching Effect of Anorthite Leaching Bacteria
Lixiang LIU1, 2 , Chengbing CHANG1, 2, Shengyu LIU1, 2, 3 , Jianying GUO1, 2, Quanbao WEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 2.Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of In-Situ Property-Improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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为促进钙长石中Ca、Mg元素的浸出,从山西省吕梁市方山县架梁山的土壤中筛选出一株对钙长石具有较好适应性的菌株hzt-1′,经鉴定为紫金牛叶杆菌Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum,探究该菌株在察氏培养基中的最适生长条件及钙长石的最佳浸矿条件。菌株hzt-1′的最佳生长条件:pH=6,装液量80 mL,接种量7%,最佳碳源为葡萄糖(20 g/L),最适氮源为NaNO3(1 g/L)。菌株hzt-1′的最佳浸矿条件:pH=6,接种量3%,矿浆质量浓度20 g/L,装液量100 mL,在该条件下,钙长石中Ca2+、Mg2+的浸出率分别为50.38%和39.91%。该菌株通过质子交换、络合作用等促进钙长石的溶解,加速了Ca2+、Mg2+的浸出,提高了钙长石等矿物资源的利用率,为硅酸盐矿物高效浸矿提供了新型菌株。

钙长石  /  生物浸出  /  菌株筛选  /  生长条件  /  浸矿条件  /  浸出率

In order to promote the leaching of Ca and Mg elements in anorthite, a strain hzt-1′ with good adaptability to anorthite was screened from the soil of Jialiangshan, Fangshan County, Lvliang City, Shanxi Province. It was identified as Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum. The optimum growth conditions of the strain and the optimum leaching conditions of anorthite in Czapek Medium were investigated. The optimum growth conditions of strain hzt-1′ are as follows: pH of 6, liquid volume of 80 mL, inoculation volume of 7%, glucose as the best carbon source (20 g/L), and NaNO3 as the best nitrogen source (1 g/L). The optimum leaching conditions of strain hzt-1′ are as follows: pH of 6, inoculation volume of 3%, pulp mass concentration of 20 g/L, and liquid volume of 100 mL. Under these conditions, the leaching rates of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in anorthite are 50.3% and 39.91%, respectively. The strain promotes the dissolution of anorthite through proton exchange and complexation, accelerates the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+, and thus improves the utilization rate of anorthite and other mineral resources. This study can provide a new strain for efficient leaching of silicate minerals.

Anorthite  /  Bioleaching  /  Strain screening  /  Growth condition  /  Leaching condition  /  Leaching rate
刘立翔, 常承兵, 刘生玉, 郭建英, 温全宝. 钙长石浸矿细菌的筛选优化及浸矿效果研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 267 -278 .
Lixiang LIU, Chengbing CHANG, Shengyu LIU, Jianying GUO, Quanbao WEN. Study on Screening Optimization and Leaching Effect of Anorthite Leaching Bacteria[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 267 -278 .
全球气候变暖主要是由人类活动产生的温室气体(如CO2等)引起的,减少CO2在大气中的排放成为目前亟待解决的问题[1-2]。CO2封存技术可以实现大规模碳减排和碳封存,其中CO2矿物封存因其具有储量大、稳定性好以及绿色环保的特点被认为是最具应用前景的封存技术之一[3-4]
SEIFRITZ[5]指出CO2矿物封存的本质是人为加速自然界中钙镁硅酸盐风化的过程,CO2与矿物中的钙、镁等元素反应生成稳定的碳酸盐产物(CaCO3或MgCO3)。硅酸盐矿物风化主要经历3个阶段:CO2溶解、钙镁离子的浸出以及碳酸盐沉淀的生成[6],其中钙镁离子的浸出是整个反应的决速步骤[7]。为实现CO2的高效封存,通过对矿石的预处理促进矿物中钙镁离子的浸出至关重要,传统的酸碱、盐类浸出存在操作困难、高能耗、高污染[8]等缺点。相比较而言,微生物浸出能耗低、污染小,具有广阔的发展前景。
大量研究表明,微生物通过直接作用(溶蚀作用和机械破坏作用)以及间接作用(有机酸、胞外聚合物、生物膜等的作用)显著提高硅酸盐矿物中Ca、Mg、Al、K、Si等元素的浸出[9-12]。赵江曼等[13]对胶质类芽孢杆菌作用于硅酸盐矿物的脱硅能力进行了探究,结果表明,相对于无菌对照组,胶质类芽孢杆菌对绿泥石、高岭土、一水硬铝石中硅的浸出率分别提高了194.47%、20.03%、150.82%。张红芳等[14]从龙南钾矿区乌蕨中分离培养出一株内生真菌——小刺青霉菌(Penicillium spinulosum),其在最优培养条件下发酵液中可溶性K、Si含量可达154.44 mg/L、8.74 mg/L。钙长石作为自然界中主要的含钙矿物之一,具有良好的矿物活性和固碳潜力[15]。马炯政等[16]利用真菌Ramichloridium apiculatum对钙长石中Ca2+和Mg2+的浸出进行研究,发现该菌株通过质子交换及有机配体的络合作用促进钙长石中元素的释放,在菌株最适宜生长条件下,相较于无菌条件,可将钙长石中Ca2+和Mg2+的浸出率提高10.04倍和10.11倍。目前,国内针对细菌浸出钙长石中元素的研究较少,且存在浸矿时间长、浸矿效果差等缺点,因此,筛选一株高效浸出钙长石中Ca、Mg元素的细菌尤为重要。
本研究从山西省吕梁市方山县架梁山的土壤中分离、筛选出一株能有效浸出钙长石中Ca、Mg元素的细菌,通过形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定,通过单因素试验探究细菌的最适生长条件和浸矿条件,并考察钙长石中Ca、Mg元素的释放规律。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜 - 能量色散X射线光谱 (SEM-EDS)分析浸出前后钙长石的物相组成、官能团以及表面形貌变化,分析细菌对钙长石的作用机理。通过本试验,不仅可以为钙长石等硅酸盐矿物的生物浸出提供新的微生物资源和技术路径,还有助于推动生物浸矿技术在矿业环保中的应用,对促进矿业的可持续发展具有重要意义。
菌株来源样品的采集时间为2023年6月下旬,第一个采样点来自山西省吕梁市交城县水峪贯镇,分别取辉绿岩、白云灰岩的植被土壤和苔藓土壤50 g,保存于无菌密封袋中。第二个采样点为吕梁市方山县架梁山,取玄武岩周围的苔藓土壤50 g,密封保存。所取样品均保藏在实验室冰箱中(4 ℃), 48 h内完成样品的处理,并进行富集培养。辉绿岩苔藓和植被土壤中分离出的菌株分别编号为htt、hzt,白云灰岩苔藓和植被中分离出的菌株分别编号为btt、bzt,玄武岩苔藓土壤中分离出的菌株编号为xtt。
钙长石样品采购于石家庄雨馨建筑材料有限公司,钙长石的化学组成见表1。经筛分后选择粒级为200~400目的钙长石粉用于后续试验。
试验所用培养基的组分见表2,均使用察氏培养基。其中各组分含量为蔗糖30.0 g, NaNO3 3.0 g, MgSO4 0.5 g, KCl 0.5 g, K2HPO4 1.0 g, FeSO4·7H2O 0.01 g,琼脂15.0~20.0 g,蒸馏水1 000 mL, pH为7.40~7.60。
试验试剂:蔗糖(分析纯,天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司);琼脂粉(天津市北辰区方正化学试剂厂);NaNO3、MgSO4和FeSO4·7H2O(分析纯,天津市凯通化学试剂有限公司);K2HPO4和KCl(分析纯,天津市恒兴化学试剂制造有限公司)。
试验仪器:立式高压蒸汽灭菌锅、GXZ型智能光照培养箱、恒温培养振荡器。
取5 g土壤溶于50 mL无菌水中,在磁力搅拌器上搅拌至菌体与土壤充分分离,静置30 min,取3 mL上清液接种于富集培养基培养,并观察现象。
将菌液稀释涂布于初筛培养基上(稀释度为10−3,10−4,10−5,10−6),并置于30 ℃恒温箱培养48~72 h,同一稀释度设置3组平行试验。根据菌落形态和颜色等差异挑选不同菌落进行平板划线,重复上述操作,直至观察到显微镜下菌落形态和颜色不再改变,分别接种于富集培养基中培养48 h[17]
将纯化后的菌液稀释涂布于复筛培养基上(稀释度为10−3,10−4,10−5,10−6),并置于30 ℃恒温振荡培养箱培养48~72 h,同一稀释度设置3组平行试验,观察其生长情况,并将长势较好的菌落进行划线培养,最终接入富集培养基中富集培养。
取5 mL复筛后的富集菌液接入钙长石浓度为20 g/L、无Mg和Fe的液体察氏培养基(蔗糖30.0 g, NaNO3 3.0g, KCl 0.5 g, K2HPO4 1.0g,钙长石20.0 g,去离子水1 000 mL, pH为7.40~7.60)中,置于30 ℃、转速150 r/min的摇床中培养10 d;对照组接入等量无菌培养基,每组设置3次重复试验,记录发酵液pH以及钙镁离子总浓度。采用EDTA滴定法测定溶液中钙镁离子总浓度[18],每个样品滴定均设置3组平行试验,取平均值。
观察平板上菌落的形状、颜色、边缘、透明度、表面形态,以及显微镜下染色处理后的菌体的形状、直径,还有芽孢、鞭毛、荚膜等形态特征。
对试验所用菌株分别进行甲基红 M.R.、V.P. 测定,以及淀粉水解、明胶液化、硫化氢、柠檬酸盐、过氧化氢酶等试验,以测定细菌生理生化特征[19]
(1)配制细菌裂解液:1 μL 0.2 mol/L NaOH, 2.5 μL 1%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)。
(2)基因组 DNA 提取: 取5 μL细菌裂解液于1.5 mL离心管中,在离心管内加入一定量的待测菌体沉淀。混匀(注意避免出现大量气泡) 反应 5 min, 加200 μL双蒸水(dd H2O)终止反应 (混匀)。
(3)基因组聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增:利用引物序列27F(5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R(5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3)扩增样品DNA。PCR反应体系:dd H2O 10 μL, 27F 0.5 μL, 1492R 0.5 μL, Taq DNA聚合酶12.5 μL, DNA 1.5 μL,配制好之后混匀。PCR反应条件:预变性(94 ℃,3 min),变性(94 ℃,45),退火(58 ℃,45),延伸(72 ℃,2 min),变性、退火和延伸循环30次,再延伸(72 ℃,10 min),保存(4 ℃)。
(4)凝胶电泳:利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检验PCR产物,条件:电压120 V,电流120 mA,时间20 min。
(5)基因测序:采用桑格测存法(Sanger法)对PCR产物进行测序,测序结果采用DNAMAN软件进行拼接处理。
(1)紫外分光光度计测定菌液在600 nm波长下的光密度值(OD600值):在平板上挑选试验所用菌株接种于富集培养基中,并置于恒温振荡培养箱中培养4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h和48 h,取适量菌液,设置离心机转速5 500 r/min,离心10 min,紫外分光光度计调至600 nm波长,测定其OD600值。
(2)平板菌落计数:每个时间点测定OD600值后,在超净台内将各时间段的初始菌液稀释至不同倍数(10−4,10−5,10−6,10−7),取25 μL涂布于固体察氏培养基上,培养48~72 h后进行菌落计数,细菌浓度计算公式为:细菌浓度(CFU/mL)=(菌落数×稀释度)/0.025 mL。
(3)标准曲线的绘制:以OD600值为横坐标,细菌浓度为纵坐标,绘制细菌浓度与OD600值的标准曲线。
取培养48 h的纯菌液分别接入60 mL、80 mL、100 mL、120 mL的种子液培养基中培养,60 h后测定其OD600值,每组设置3次平行试验。
取培养48 h的纯菌液接入100 mL优化后的种子液培养基中培养,设置唯一碳源分别为蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇、麦芽糖,60 h后测定其OD600值,每组设置3次平行试验。
取培养48 h的纯菌液接入100 mL优化后的种子液培养基中培养,设置唯一氮源分别为NaNO3、(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3、NH4Cl, 60 h后测定其OD600值,每组设置3次平行试验。
取培养48 h的纯菌液接入100 mL优化后的种子液培养基中培养,设置接种的体积分数分别为3%、5%、7%、9%和11%,60 h后测定其OD600值,每组设置3次平行试验。
取培养48 h的纯菌液接入100 mL优化后的种子液培养基中培养,设置初始pH分别为2, 4,6, 7,8, 10和12, 60 h后测定其OD600值,每组设置3次平行试验。
将菌株在最佳碳源、最适氮源、初始pH、接种量、装液量条件下,置于30 ℃、150 r/min的恒温振荡培养箱中培养108 h,测定菌液OD600值随时间的变化,每组设置3次平行试验。
取培养48 h的纯菌液接入钙长石浓度为20 g/L无Mg和Fe的液体察氏培养基(葡萄糖20.0 g, NaNO3 1.0 g, KCl 0.5 g, K2HPO4 1.0 g,钙长石20.0 g,去离子水1 000 mL, pH 6.0)中,置于30 ℃、转速150 r/min的摇床中培养30 d,并调整浸矿条件。(1)矿浆浓度:设置钙长石浓度分别为5 g/L、10 g/L、15 g/L、20 g/L和25 g/L;(2)接种量:设置接种对数期纯菌液的体积分数分别为1%、3%、5%、7%和9%;(3)装液量:设置培养基体积分别为60 mL、80 mL、100 mL和120 mL;(4)初始pH:设置培养基初始pH分别为5, 6,7, 8和9。测定浸矿过程中发酵液的pH以及钙、镁离子总浓度,每组设置3次平行试验。
将菌株在最适矿浆浓度、接种量、装液量、初始pH条件下,置于30 ℃、150 r/min的恒温振荡培养箱中培养30 d,作为接苗组,设置对照组为接入等量的灭活细菌,测定浸矿过程中发酵液的pH以及钙、镁离子总浓度,每组设置3次平行试验。
将土壤中的细菌经过3次分离纯化,最终得到7株颜色、形态、大小有明显差异的细菌:xtt-1′、xtt-2′、btt-1′、btt-2′、htt-1′、bzt-1′、hzt-1′,将纯化后的菌落接种于富集培养基中,并在温度为30 ℃、转速为150 r/min的恒温振荡培养箱培养48~72 h,保存于4 ℃冰箱,供后续试验使用。
将7株细菌稀释至不同倍数(10−3,10−4,10−5,10−6),并接种于钙长石浓度为20 g/L的固体培养基中培养72 h,选取对钙长石有较好适应性的菌株。将所选菌株分别接入相同条件下的液体察氏培养基中培养10 d,相较于无菌条件,发酵液中钙镁离子总浓度和pH变化情况如图1所示。由图1可知,菌株btt−2′、htt−1′、bzt−1′、hzt−1′对钙长石的溶解有较好的效果,其中菌株hzt−1′对钙长石浸出效果最佳,钙镁离子总浓度达到8.76 mmol/L。因此,选用hzt−1′作为后续试验所用菌株。
菌株hzt-1′在固体培养基上的菌落形态特征以及显微镜下的菌体形态特征见表3表4,其菌落呈圆形、灰白色、边缘整齐、不透明、表面形态湿润且光滑,菌体呈杆状,存在芽孢、荚膜以及鞭毛,为革兰氏阴性菌[19]
菌株 hzt-1′的生理生化特征见表5。该菌株在代谢过程中可分解含硫有机物产生H2S, 也可产生淀粉水解酶和过氧化氢酶,属于好氧菌[19],能够利用柠檬酸盐作为碳源。同时该菌株不能分解葡萄糖产生丙酮酸,不能使明胶液化,代谢过程中不产生色氨酸酶。
菌株 hzt-1′ 经 16S rRNA 基因扩增和测序,将所得的序列在 NCBI数据库中进行 BLAST 比对后使用 MEGA 11.0 软件的 neighbor-joining方法构建系统发育树 (见图2)。通过 16S rRNA 基因序列对比分析,菌株 hzt-1′与紫金牛叶杆菌 Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum 的序列相似度高达99.78%, 结合菌株形态特征和生理生化特性,从系统发育树来看,二者聚于同一分支,且该分支的白展值为 100,表明二者亲缘关系最近,聚类可靠性较高,进一步确定菌株 hzt-1′ 为紫金牛叶杆菌。
菌株hzt-1′浓度与OD600值的标准曲线如图3所示。标准曲线为y=7.502x−0.059, R2=0.996,表明OD600值与浓度有很强的正相关性,可用于后续细菌浓度的测定[20]
装液量直接影响锥形瓶中的溶氧浓度。在温度30 ℃、转速150 r/min、pH=7.5的条件下,探究不同装液量对菌株hzt-1′生长的影响,如图4所示。在装液量为80~120 mL的区间内,细菌浓度呈下降趋势,这是由于hzt-1′为好氧菌,装液量较少时,细菌细胞有更多的机会接触空气,溶氧程度相对较高,有利于细菌的生长和繁殖,随着装液量的增加,锥形瓶中的空气量相对减少,溶氧浓度逐渐降低[21],从而限制细菌的生长。装液量为60 mL时,细菌细胞受到的由摇床转动产生的机械创伤力增大,导致部分细菌细胞损伤,甚至死亡,进而影响细菌浓度。最终选取80 mL作为菌株hzt-1′的最佳装液量。
细菌在生长过程中,需要吸收、利用碳源来构建其细胞结构和组成成分。碳源作为细胞基本元素的来源之一,参与细胞壁的合成、细胞膜的构建以及细胞内各种生物分子的形成,如蛋白质、核酸、多糖等。这些生物分子是细菌进行生命活动的基础[22]。本试验分别选取蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇、麦芽糖作为唯一碳源,在30 ℃、转速150 r/min、装液量80 mL、pH=7.5的条件下,探究碳源种类及浓度对菌株hzt-1′生长的影响,如图5所示。由图5可知,以葡萄糖为唯一碳源时,菌株hzt-1′的细菌浓度最高,说明该菌株能迅速吸收单糖并转化为能量,促进自身快速生长,但对二糖、有机醇等吸收较慢,因此选用葡萄糖作为菌株hzt-1′所用培养基的最佳碳源[23]。在碳源浓度为5~20 g/L时,细菌浓度随碳源浓度的升高而增大,但过高的浓度可能会形成高渗透压,导致细胞脱水,从而抑制菌株hzt-1′生长。因此选取葡萄糖20 g/L作为菌株hzt-1′的最佳碳源浓度。
氮源是细菌合成蛋白质和核酸等生物大分子的关键元素,对于细菌的生长和繁殖至关重要。细菌通过吸收并利用氮源,可以合成所需的氨基酸、核苷酸等,进而构建细胞结构并进行生命活动[24]。在温度30 ℃、转速150 r/min、装液量80 mL、葡萄糖20 g/L、pH=7.5的条件下,探究不同氮源种类及浓度对菌株 hzt-1′ 生长的影响,如图6所示。其中,菌株 hzt-1′ 对NaNO3的利用效果最好,对其余氮源利用效果较差,选取NaNO3作为菌株 hzt-1′ 生长的最适氮源。在NaNO3浓度分别为1 g/L、2 g/L、3 g/L和4 g/L时,培养液中的细菌浓度随着氮源浓度的增大而减小,说明过高的氮源浓度会抑制细菌生长。因此,选取NaNO3 1 g/L作为菌株hzt-1′的最适氮源浓度。
细菌的接种量影响其自身生长和繁殖速度,在温度30 ℃、转速150 r/min、装液量80 mL、葡萄糖20 g/L、NaNO3 1 g/L、pH=7.5的条件下,探究不同接种量对菌株hzt-1′生长的影响,如图7所示。由图7可知,随着接种量的增加,细菌生长繁殖速度加快,主要是由于较高的初始细菌浓度能够更快地占据培养环境,利用有限的营养和生长空间。但随着接种量的进一步加大,细菌浓度呈下降趋势,这是由于过大的接种量导致细菌过度拥挤,从而抑制其生长,甚至导致死亡[25],过高的浓度会增加细菌对营养和氧气的竞争,同时产生过多的代谢废物,影响培养环境的稳定性,导致培养液黏度增加,造成溶氧不足,从而影响产物的合成。因此,选取7%作为菌株hzt-1′的最佳接种量。
培养基初始pH主要影响细菌生长代谢中酶的活性、细胞膜的通透性、营养物质的溶解性和电离性以及代谢产物的质量和比例[26]。在温度30 ℃、转速150 r/min、装液量80 mL、葡萄糖20 g/L、NaNO31 g/L、接种量7%的条件下,探究不同初始pH对菌株 hzt-1′ 生长的影响,如图8所示。由图8可知,在初始pH为6~8时,菌株 hzt-1′ 生长最佳,pH过大或过小均会抑制细菌的生长。因此,选取pH=6作为菌株 hzt-1′ 的最佳初始pH。
菌株 hzt-1′ 优化后的最佳生长条件为:pH=6, 装液量80 mL, 接种量7%, 最佳碳源为葡萄糖 (20 g/L), 最适氮源为NaNO3(1 g/L)。在最佳的生长条件下,通过测定不同时间的细菌浓度以探究细菌的生长情况,菌株 hzt-1′ 的生长曲线如图9所示。细菌生长曲线反映了其在液体培养基中生长繁殖的基本规律,0~10 h为该菌株的调整期,细菌生长较为缓慢,10~60 h为对数生长期,细菌呈快速生长趋势,60~108 h为稳定期,培养基中细菌浓度基本不变。
对菌株hzt-1′的浸矿条件进行优化,结果如图10所示。装液量对菌株hzt-1′浸矿效果的影响如图10(a)所示。由图10(a)可知,过少的装液量会因搅拌过度从而对细菌造成机械损伤,过高的装液量会导致矿物颗粒无法与细菌充分接触,影响浸出效果,确定最佳装液量为100 mL[27]。初始pH对菌株hzt-1′浸矿效果的影响如图10(b)所示。由图10(b)可知,适宜的pH会提高生物膜的通透性,加快离子交换速率,提高浸出效果,因此选取pH=6作为最佳浸矿pH。接种量对菌株hzt-1′浸矿效果的影响如图10(c)所示。由图10(c)可知,随着接种量的增大,可能会导致发酵液黏性逐渐增大,溶氧量降低,从而影响细菌活性,使浸出效果降低,因此选取3%作为菌株hzt-1′浸矿的最佳接种量。矿浆浓度对菌株hzt-1′浸矿效果的影响如图10(d)所示。由图10(d)可知,发酵液中钙镁离子总浓度随矿浆浓度的增大呈上升趋势,但通过比较发酵液中的离子浸出率,可以看出钙长石体积分数为20 g/L时,浸出率最高,这是由于矿浆中固体物含量过高会对细菌生长产生不利影响,从而降低浸出率,因此选取20 g/L作为最佳矿浆浓度。最终确定的最佳浸矿条件为:初始pH=6,接种量3%,矿浆浓度20 g/L,装液量100 mL。
在最佳浸矿条件下,探究发酵液中Ca2+、Mg2+浓度及pH随时间的变化规律,如图11所示。接菌组pH在0~4 d内迅速下降,这是由于细菌生长代谢产生了大量的有机酸,使发酵液体系pH降低,同时有机酸能促进钙长石中离子溶出,使得发酵液中的Ca2+、Mg2+浓度迅速上升。4 d后pH趋于平缓,这是由于前期发酵液中的营养物质被大量消耗,剩余营养物质无法满足细菌生长,所以通过分解钙长石以获得生长所需元素,维持自身生长代谢,进而加快钙长石的分解,在此过程中,细菌生长速率下降,从而使得产生的有机酸速率也有所下降,Ca2+、Mg2+浸出率分别达到50.38%和39.91%。而对照组中灭活细菌无法进行生长代谢,无法产生有机酸等代谢产物,导致对照组发酵液pH和Ca2+、Mg2+浓度无明显变化。相对于无菌条件,经菌株 hzt-1′ 处理后的钙长石中Ca2+、Mg2+浸出率分别提高了 12.14 倍和 19.19 倍,证明菌株 hzt-1′ 对钙长石中Ca、Mg元素有较好的浸出效果。
在最佳浸矿条件下,菌株hzt-1′浸矿前后的钙长石XRD图谱如图12所示。
图12可知,经菌株hzt-1′浸矿30 d后的钙长石特征峰明显减弱,SiO2特征峰明显增强,证明在浸矿过程中产生了次生矿物SiO2,而灭活细菌处理的钙长石特征峰无明显变化,表明菌株hzt-1′会对钙长石晶体结构造成破坏,对钙长石有分解作用。
在最佳浸矿条件下,菌株hzt-1′浸矿前后的钙长石FTIR图谱如图13所示。由图13可知,经菌株hzt-1′浸矿30 d后,浸矿残渣在波数为1 137 cm−1和1 091 cm−1处的Si—O伸缩振动峰,1 035 cm−1和1 021 cm−1处的Si(Al)—O伸缩振动峰,777 cm−1和725 cm−1处的Si-Si伸缩振动峰,648 cm−1处的Si-Al(Si)伸缩振动峰,606 cm−1和590 cm−1处的O-Si(Al)-O弯曲振动峰以及530 cm−1处的O-Si-O弯曲振动与Ca-O伸缩振动耦合吸收峰均有不同程度的降低[28],灭活细菌处理后的浸矿残渣变化不明显,表明菌株hzt-1′能破坏钙长石晶体结构中的化学键,从而导致钙长石的溶解。
在最佳浸矿条件下,菌株hzt-1′浸矿前后的钙长石表面形貌如图14所示,钙长石表面元素组成见表6。经细菌接触后的钙长石表面出现明显孔隙以及裂痕,这是由细菌直接接触促进了钙长石的分解所导致的,且钙长石表面Ca、Mg、Al原子含量由18.41%、1.60%、32.45%减少至0.09%、0.73%、22.18%,Si原子含量由35.73%提升至76.44%,而对照组Ca、Mg原子含量下降不明显,且观察到矿物表面略有溶蚀痕迹,证明培养基对钙长石的溶解有一定的效果。经过菌株hzt-1′处理后的钙长石中的Ca、Mg元素极大部分以离子形式浸出至发酵液中,显著加快了钙长石的溶解,Ca、Mg元素的溶出在这一过程需经过O-Si(Al)-O的破坏,这与XRD、FTIR分析结果一致。
菌株hzt-1′主要通过质子交换和络合作用促进钙长石溶解。菌株在生长代谢过程中产生有机酸、胞外多糖等代谢产物,加快了其对钙长石的酸解作用及络合作用,当该菌株与钙长石直接接触时,其表面结构和电性特征会附在矿物表面,对钙长石结构造成破坏,提高Ca、Mg等元素的释放速率,同时Ca、Mg、Al、Si等易与有机酸的羟基和羧基形成络合物,进而加速钙长石溶解。
本试验从土壤中分离、纯化和筛选出一株能够有效浸出钙长石中Ca、Mg元素的优势菌株hzt-1′,经鉴定为紫金牛叶杆菌Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum,探究了该菌株的生长特性及其对钙长石浸矿行为的影响,得出的主要结论如下。
(1)菌株hzt-1′的最佳生长条件:葡萄糖20 g/L(最佳碳源),NaNO3 1 g/L(最适氮源),初始pH=6,装液量80 mL,接种量7%。
(2)菌株hzt-1′的最佳浸矿条件:初始pH=6,接种量3%,矿浆浓度20 g/L,装液量100 mL,在该条件下,钙长石中Ca2+、Mg2+的浸出率分别为50.38%、39.91%。
(3)菌株hzt-1′代谢产生的有机酸通过质子交换和络合作用促进了钙长石中Ca、Mg元素的浸出,破坏钙长石的晶体结构。同时由于元素浸出行为差异,钙长石表面形成次生矿物SiO2
  • 山西省基础研究计划项目(202203021211165)
  • 山西浙大新材料与化工研究院研发项目(2022SX-TD009)
  • 山西省研究生科研创新项目(2024KY159)
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-30
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山西省基础研究计划项目(202203021211165)
山西浙大新材料与化工研究院研发项目(2022SX-TD009)
山西省研究生科研创新项目(2024KY159)
作者信息
    1.太原理工大学矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.山西浙大新材料与化工研究院,山西 太原 030032
    3.太原理工大学 原位改性采矿教育部重点实验室,山西 太原 030024

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刘生玉(1969—),男,山西临县人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事界面分选理论及应用、低值与废弃资源加工利用、矿物散料表层固化抑尘技术研发及应用等研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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