Article(id=1226462300115218648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730131200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770340998915, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340998915, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340998915, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340998915, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226462293408531329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340997315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770341205851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226462300413014253, articleId=1226462300115218648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research Progress and Development Direction of Wolframite Flotation Reagents, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous exploitation of wolframite resources, the raw ore gradually tends to be poor and fine. Flotation has become an effective means to improve the recovery efficiency of fine wolframite. In recent years, study of flotation technology has mainly focused on the development of flotation reagents. Taking the development of wolframite flotation reagents as the starting point, the development of collectors, activators and inhibitors in wolframite flotation was introduced. The combination methods, advantages and disadvantages and indexes of reagents were described in detail. The flotation process mechanism of flotation reagents and the mechanism of solid-drug surface action were analyzed. The results show that the chelating collector has strong selectivity, but the cost of the reagent is high, the manufacturing process is complex and the stability is poor, and there are few reagents that can be applied in actual production. Fatty acid collectors are widely used because of their strong collecting ability and low price, but their selectivity will be reduced, and they are often used in combination with other agents. The collecting performance of arsonic acid and phosphonic acid collectors is better than that of fatty acid collectors, but because of its high price and environmental pollution, it has not been applied in actual industrial production. The combined use of collectors can not only reduce the production cost of mines, but also reduce the use of toxic agents to a certain extent. Highly selective activators and inhibitors can achieve efficient separation of wolframite slime and gangue minerals. According to the existing situation, new reagents with high selectivity, low dosage, environmental protection and non-toxicity should be developed according to different ore properties.

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随着黑钨矿资源的不断开采,原矿逐渐趋于贫细杂,浮选已成为提高微细黑钨矿回收效率的有效手段,近些年来浮选技术的研究以浮选药剂开发为重点。以黑钨矿浮选药剂的发展脉络为切入点,介绍了黑钨矿浮选的捕收剂、活化剂及抑制剂等的发展情况,详述药剂之间的组合方式、优缺点及指标情况等,分析浮选药剂的浮选过程机制及固-药表面作用机理。结果表明,螯合类捕收剂选择性强,但药剂成本高、制造工艺复杂及稳定性较差,可应用在实际生产中的药剂较少;脂肪酸类捕收剂因捕收性强、价格低廉而应用广泛,但选择性会降低,常与其他药剂配合使用;胂酸类与膦酸类捕收剂的捕收性能均优于脂肪酸类捕收剂,但因其价格昂贵,对环境污染大,始终未能在实际工业生产中得到应用;捕收剂的组合使用不仅能够降低矿山生产成本,在一定程度上也减少了有毒药剂的使用;高选择性的活化剂和抑制剂可实现黑钨细泥与脉石矿物的高效分离。依照现存情况,应根据不同矿石性质,针对性地研发选择性高、用量低、环保无毒害的新型药剂。

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胡海祥(1979—),男,江西赣州人,博士(后),教授,主要从事矿物加工磨矿、浮选理论与装备、固体尾砂资源综合利用等研究。E-mail:
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胡晔昕(2002—),女,江西上饶人,硕士研究生,主要从事黑钨矿浮选、资源综合利用研究。E-mail:

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胡晔昕(2002—),女,江西上饶人,硕士研究生,主要从事黑钨矿浮选、资源综合利用研究。E-mail:

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胡晔昕(2002—),女,江西上饶人,硕士研究生,主要从事黑钨矿浮选、资源综合利用研究。E-mail:

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Common wolframite collectors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别代表性药剂应用缺点
螯合类[10-141719-21]CF(主要成分亚硝基苯胲铵酸盐)、羟肟酸类(苯甲羟肟酸、辛基异羟肟酸、水杨羟肟酸、水杨酰胺肟、GYB、GYX)。选择性高、应用于浮选黑钨矿且使用时需预先采用活化剂活化。制造工艺复杂、价格昂贵。
脂肪酸类[14-21]油酸、油酸钠(NaOL)、氧化石蜡皂(731)、妥尔油、环烷酸、GYR、TAB-3。捕收性能强、价格低廉,一般用于浮选氧化矿。选择性差、低温下易分解。
两性类捕收剂[22]AM21(油酸氨基磺酸钠)、hostponT、Flotable AM20(N烷基-β-氨基丙酸钠)、美狄亚兰。在矿物表面适应性较强、浮选效果好。价格昂贵、成本高。
膦酸类[20-2123-25]苯乙烯膦酸、高级烷基膦酸。选择性比脂肪酸类强,一般用于浮选黑钨细泥或锡石。有毒、环境污染大、价格昂贵。
胂酸类[20-2124-25]甲苄胂酸、苄基胂酸。应用于浮选黑钨矿与锡石混合矿泥,捕收性较强。有毒、环境污染大、价格昂贵。
), ArticleFig(id=1226462308638045122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462300115218648, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见黑钨矿捕收剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别代表性药剂应用缺点
螯合类[10-141719-21]CF(主要成分亚硝基苯胲铵酸盐)、羟肟酸类(苯甲羟肟酸、辛基异羟肟酸、水杨羟肟酸、水杨酰胺肟、GYB、GYX)。选择性高、应用于浮选黑钨矿且使用时需预先采用活化剂活化。制造工艺复杂、价格昂贵。
脂肪酸类[14-21]油酸、油酸钠(NaOL)、氧化石蜡皂(731)、妥尔油、环烷酸、GYR、TAB-3。捕收性能强、价格低廉,一般用于浮选氧化矿。选择性差、低温下易分解。
两性类捕收剂[22]AM21(油酸氨基磺酸钠)、hostponT、Flotable AM20(N烷基-β-氨基丙酸钠)、美狄亚兰。在矿物表面适应性较强、浮选效果好。价格昂贵、成本高。
膦酸类[20-2123-25]苯乙烯膦酸、高级烷基膦酸。选择性比脂肪酸类强,一般用于浮选黑钨细泥或锡石。有毒、环境污染大、价格昂贵。
胂酸类[20-2124-25]甲苄胂酸、苄基胂酸。应用于浮选黑钨矿与锡石混合矿泥,捕收性较强。有毒、环境污染大、价格昂贵。
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黑钨矿浮选药剂的研究进展及发展方向
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胡晔昕 1 , 胡海祥 2 , 李子凌 1 , 杨博皓 1
矿业研究与开发 | 资源绿色开发综述 2025,45(10): 1-11
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矿业研究与开发 | 资源绿色开发综述 2025, 45(10): 1-11
黑钨矿浮选药剂的研究进展及发展方向
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胡晔昕1 , 胡海祥2 , 李子凌1, 杨博皓1
作者信息
  • 1.江西理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州市 341000
  • 2.江西省教育厅钨稀土资源智能绿色开发重点实验室,江西 赣州市 341000
  • 胡晔昕(2002—),女,江西上饶人,硕士研究生,主要从事黑钨矿浮选、资源综合利用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡海祥(1979—),男,江西赣州人,博士(后),教授,主要从事矿物加工磨矿、浮选理论与装备、固体尾砂资源综合利用等研究。E-mail:
Research Progress and Development Direction of Wolframite Flotation Reagents
Yexin HU1 , Haixiang HU2 , Ziling LI1, Bohao YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Development of Tungsten Rare Earth Resources, Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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随着黑钨矿资源的不断开采,原矿逐渐趋于贫细杂,浮选已成为提高微细黑钨矿回收效率的有效手段,近些年来浮选技术的研究以浮选药剂开发为重点。以黑钨矿浮选药剂的发展脉络为切入点,介绍了黑钨矿浮选的捕收剂、活化剂及抑制剂等的发展情况,详述药剂之间的组合方式、优缺点及指标情况等,分析浮选药剂的浮选过程机制及固-药表面作用机理。结果表明,螯合类捕收剂选择性强,但药剂成本高、制造工艺复杂及稳定性较差,可应用在实际生产中的药剂较少;脂肪酸类捕收剂因捕收性强、价格低廉而应用广泛,但选择性会降低,常与其他药剂配合使用;胂酸类与膦酸类捕收剂的捕收性能均优于脂肪酸类捕收剂,但因其价格昂贵,对环境污染大,始终未能在实际工业生产中得到应用;捕收剂的组合使用不仅能够降低矿山生产成本,在一定程度上也减少了有毒药剂的使用;高选择性的活化剂和抑制剂可实现黑钨细泥与脉石矿物的高效分离。依照现存情况,应根据不同矿石性质,针对性地研发选择性高、用量低、环保无毒害的新型药剂。

黑钨矿  /  浮选  /  捕收剂  /  调整剂  /  研究进展

With the continuous exploitation of wolframite resources, the raw ore gradually tends to be poor and fine. Flotation has become an effective means to improve the recovery efficiency of fine wolframite. In recent years, study of flotation technology has mainly focused on the development of flotation reagents. Taking the development of wolframite flotation reagents as the starting point, the development of collectors, activators and inhibitors in wolframite flotation was introduced. The combination methods, advantages and disadvantages and indexes of reagents were described in detail. The flotation process mechanism of flotation reagents and the mechanism of solid-drug surface action were analyzed. The results show that the chelating collector has strong selectivity, but the cost of the reagent is high, the manufacturing process is complex and the stability is poor, and there are few reagents that can be applied in actual production. Fatty acid collectors are widely used because of their strong collecting ability and low price, but their selectivity will be reduced, and they are often used in combination with other agents. The collecting performance of arsonic acid and phosphonic acid collectors is better than that of fatty acid collectors, but because of its high price and environmental pollution, it has not been applied in actual industrial production. The combined use of collectors can not only reduce the production cost of mines, but also reduce the use of toxic agents to a certain extent. Highly selective activators and inhibitors can achieve efficient separation of wolframite slime and gangue minerals. According to the existing situation, new reagents with high selectivity, low dosage, environmental protection and non-toxicity should be developed according to different ore properties.

Wolframite  /  Flotation  /  Collector  /  Regulator  /  Research progress
胡晔昕, 胡海祥, 李子凌, 杨博皓. 黑钨矿浮选药剂的研究进展及发展方向. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1 -11 .
Yexin HU, Haixiang HU, Ziling LI, Bohao YANG. Research Progress and Development Direction of Wolframite Flotation Reagents[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1 -11 .
钨是我国重要的战略金属资源,对科技、国防事业及新质产业的发展具有重要意义。根据中华人民共和国自然资源部中国矿产资源报告数据,2023年我国钨矿资源储量为299.56 万 t(以WO3计算)[1],占世界首位,是世界上最大的钨产业国家。我国钨矿资源类型复杂多样,主要以黑钨矿、白钨矿为主,大多为细粒嵌布型,富矿资源少、品位低、易与其他矿物密切共生或伴生[2-5]。随着钨资源的不断开采,黑钨资源逐渐趋于贫细化,为提高选矿回收率,黑钨矿选矿流程普遍采用“多段磨矿-多段重选”工艺,各作业工序(如摇床、旋振、跳汰等)相互嵌合、平行或串联,流程分支数量多、循环工序复杂,但重选对微细粒钨矿物回收效率低,易造成资源浪费。针对微细粒黑钨矿选矿,浮选是最有效的回收方法之一。浮选主要基于矿物表面性质的差异,以及矿物颗粒与浮选药剂在界面上的物理化学作用,其原理是浮选药剂与矿物之间的选择性吸附[6],而合适的浮选药剂分子结构是吸附作用的关键。本文详述了目前黑钨矿浮选药剂的研究进展,分析了浮选药剂的浮选过程及表面作用机理。研究结果可为黑钨矿浮选药剂的应用和新型药剂的研发提供理论指导。
黑钨矿属于单斜晶系,其化学式为(Fe, Mn)WO4,是由MnWO4和FeWO4形成的类质同像系列的中间矿物。黑钨矿资源逐渐趋于贫细化,可采选的黑钨矿品位逐渐降低,常与黄铜矿、黄铁矿、辉钼矿等硫化矿以及方解石、石榴石、石英等矿物共生或伴生。黑钨矿晶体属于八面体配合物,其表面定位离子与周围6个氧原子配位[7-8],其晶格结构如图1所示。
黑钨矿浮选难点主要包含以下3个方面。
(1)黑钨矿表面Fe2+、Mn2+易溶解于水溶液中,不利于浮选的进行。由于黑钨矿晶格易在(010)面破裂形成不饱和键[9-11],且黑钨矿表面Fe2+、Mn2+的水化能大于的水化能,导致Fe2+、Mn2+优先进入水溶液,则占据黑钨矿表面,致使黑钨矿表面带负电,不利于阴离子基团捕收黑钨矿。
(2)浮选溶液中存在大量难免离子,易与捕收剂产生竞争吸附,不利于浮选产生。浮选溶液中常见Na+、K+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Fe2+等难免离子[11-14],这些难免离子一般存在以下几种作用形式:以离子形式在黑钨矿表面发生键合,进而改变矿物的表面疏水性,抑制捕收剂在黑钨矿表面吸附;与捕收剂反应生成金属络合物,阻碍捕收剂在黑钨矿表面作用;与水作用发生电离、水解或生成氢氧化物沉淀,吸附在黑钨矿表面,降低捕收剂在黑钨矿表面的吸附量。综上可知,难免离子会与捕收剂产生竞争吸附,导致捕收剂无法优先占据黑钨矿表面有利位置,进而影响浮选效果。
(3)为提升黑钨矿解离度,常采用多段磨矿工艺,但由此产生的微细颗粒会对浮选过程产生不利影响。微细粒黑钨矿易与其他细粒矿物发生泥化现象,并因疏水性聚团行为增强,导致其与气泡的碰撞概率降低。同时,微细颗粒难以克服气泡与矿粒之间的壁垒,削弱了矿化气泡的形成能力,使大量黑钨细泥损失于尾矿中,导致黑钨矿回收率下降。
据此,选矿工作者应针对黑钨矿浮选过程中存在的重难点问题,以浮选药剂为切入点,开展一系列浮选理论及试验研究,从而为实现黑钨矿的高效回收提供支撑。
浮选药剂是浮选的关键,研究浮选药剂的分子结构、搭配方式以及与矿物表面的作用机理,不仅有助于理清浮选的本质及客观规律,也对改进选矿工艺、研发新型药剂以及降低环境成本有指导作用。浮选黑钨矿的常用捕收剂可分为螯合类、两性类、脂肪酸类、膦酸类和胂酸类等[15-18]。仅在早期有学者对两性类捕收剂进行研究,胂酸类和膦酸类捕收剂具有毒性,对环境危害大,因而使用较少。因此,现阶段使用较多的捕收剂为脂肪酸类捕收剂、螯合类捕收剂以及捕收剂的组合使用。常见的黑钨矿捕收剂见表1
结合表1可知,后期应加强对浮选药剂结构及其相关浮选理论的研究,综合考虑各种影响因子对浮选进程的影响,以达到降本增效的目的。
螯合类捕收剂能有效地浮选黑钨矿,且几乎不与其他脉石矿物发生反应,是浮选黑钨矿的热门药剂,主要包括羟肟酸类和CF(亚硝基苯胲铵酸盐)系列。
羟肟酸类捕收剂在水溶液中可电离,呈弱酸性,能与Fe2+、Cu2+、Mn2+等众多过渡金属离子反应,生成螯合物[11]。在溶液中,羟肟酸具有两种同分异构现象[12],分别为酮型和肟型,如图2所示。
羟肟酸中N、O配位原子可与黑钨矿表面的Fe2+、Mn2+等金属离子作用,反应生成四元环或五元环螯合物,两种同分异构体与金属离子反应生成化合物的反应式如图3所示。其中,反应生成的五元环螯合物最为稳定。
CF(亚硝基苯胲铵酸盐)系列是用于浮选黑白钨矿的螯合类捕收剂,对黑白钨矿具有较强的捕收能力,对脉石矿物的捕收性较弱,但具有良好的选择性,曾在柿竹园浮选黑钨矿中取得了较好的效果。CF螯合类捕收剂的结构如图4所示。
CF结构中的(N=O)键上存在孤对电子,易与大多数金属阳离子反应形成螯合物,包含了“N, N”螯合反应形成的三元环、“N, O”螯合反应形成的四元环和“O, O”螯合反应形成的五元环。根据螯合物性质,“O, O”螯合反应形成的五元环最为稳定[26]
针对贫细杂难选黑钨矿,常规捕收剂难以实现黑钨矿的高效回收,螯合类捕收剂因具备高选择性,可实现黑钨矿与脉石矿物的高效分离。近些年,大量学者对该类药剂进行了研究,并在黑钨矿综合回收率上取得了较好指标。
常用羟肟酸类捕收剂包含苯甲羟肟酸(BHA)、辛基异羟肟酸(OHA)、水杨羟肟酸(SHA)、环己甲基羟肟酸(CHA)等,均能与多种离子反应形成螯合物捕收黑钨矿。HUANG Haiwei 等[27]研究表明,当以BHA作捕收剂时,黑钨矿浮选的最佳pH范围为8~10,而MnWO4、FeWO4等电点pH分别为2.8和2.0[28],此浮选pH区间高于黑钨矿等电点,黑钨矿表面一般为负电,据此,黑钨矿与BHA之间的吸附以化学吸附为主。魏鹏刚等[29]选取纯度为97%的黑钨矿,以苯甲羟肟酸(BHA)、辛基异羟肟酸(OHA)以及水杨羟肟酸(SHA)为捕收剂进行纯矿物试验、捕收剂质量浓度分析和吸附量测试。试验将3种捕收剂分别与黑钨矿进行作用,得到BHA、OHA及SHA浮选黑钨矿时的最佳浮选pH分别为9, 10, 9。随着捕收剂质量浓度不断提高,黑钨矿回收率与吸附量逐渐增大。同时,在OHA捕收剂作用条件下,黑钨矿不仅表面Zeta电位负移程度达到最大,表面吸附强度也大于SHA、BHA的表面吸附强度。表明3种捕收剂在黑钨矿表面以化学吸附为主,且OHA捕收剂对黑钨矿的捕收作用强于SHA、BHA捕收剂。
也有部分学者对羟肟酸类药剂进行改进研究,进一步强化了黑钨矿浮选。黄建平等[30]选取质量分数为71.64%WO3、8.24%Mn、12.92%Fe的黑钨矿,以环己甲基羟肟酸(CHA)为捕收剂,Pb(NO3)2为活化剂,进行浮选试验、动电位测定以及吸附量检测试验。试验结果表明,当羟肟酸用量为150 mg/L,硝酸铅用量为45 mg/L, pH=9时,CHA作用下黑钨矿回收率达91.50%,吸附量达0.4 mg/g,加入硝酸铅后,黑钨矿表面Zeta电位虽朝正位移,但从整体上来看,黑钨矿表面仍呈现负电位,表明CHA在黑钨矿表面发生的是化学吸附,且CHA浮选黑钨矿效果较好。ZHAOGang等[31]选取粒度为0.037~0.074 mm的黑钨矿,以茴香羟肟酸(PMOB)作捕收剂,进行单矿物试验、间歇浮选试验以及Zeta电位测试,得到PMOB最佳浮选pH为8~10.5,而天然黑钨矿等电点为4.6,加入PMOB后黑钨矿表面Zeta电位明显向负位移,黑钨矿回收率可达到95.77%,表明PMOB在黑钨矿表面发生强化学吸附,且当分子疏水性基团电负性增强时,有利于黑钨矿浮选的进行。赵刚等[32]选取含0.39%WO3的黑白混合矿,分别以新型合成环己羟肟酸和BHA为捕收剂,以硝酸铅为活化剂,进行单矿物浮选试验,结果表明,当环己羟肟酸用量为310 g/t、BHA用量为375 g/t时,黑钨矿回收率相当,粗精矿回收率均达到79%以上,相比于BHA,环己羟肟酸能明显降低药剂用量,从而降低药剂成本。
此外,广东有色金属研究院研发的GY系列合成药剂再一次加强了黑钨矿浮选效果。付广钦等[33]选取含0.34%WO3的黑白钨矿,分别以GYB和新型螯合药剂GYX为捕收剂,以硝酸铅为活化剂,进行工业浮选试验,试验经过一粗三扫五精工艺流程,GYX作用得到钨精矿的回收率为74.90%,相较于GYB作为捕收剂时的回收率高出11.00%,表明GYX捕收剂浮选黑钨矿的适用性及作用效果优于GYB捕收剂。
随着金属配合物逐渐被重视,有学者在GY系列药剂的基础上,将金属配合物捕收剂应用于浮选黑钨矿,目前对苯甲羟肟酸配合物Pb-BHA研究较多。卫召等[34]选取纯度大于97%的黑钨矿,以Pb2+为活化离子,以BHA为捕收剂,将Pb2+与BHA反应生成的苯甲羟肟酸配合物Pb-BHA与黑钨矿进行单矿物试验,在可浮选pH范围内,黑钨矿回收率达到70%以上,表明金属配合物Pb-BHA在黑钨矿浮选体系中具备较强的捕收能力,可实现脉石矿物与黑钨矿的高效分离。
CF(亚硝基苯胲铵酸盐)系列是用于浮选黑白钨矿的螯合类捕收剂,在可浮选pH区间7~9内,可以实现黑钨矿的高效回收。肖庆苏等[35]选取柿竹园含0.55%WO3的多金属原矿,以CF为捕收剂,采用CF主干全浮选工艺流程,得到精矿产率为17.67%、尾矿产率为82.33%,回收率分别为87.89%、12.11%。该方法已成功应用在柿竹园的选钨生产中,并取得了较好的经济效益。
螯合类捕收剂的作用机理为:羟肟酸类捕收剂及CF系列捕收剂可在黑钨矿表面发生化学吸附和部分静电吸附,与矿物表面作用形成稳定的环状螯合物。羟肟酸和CF系列捕收剂中的N、O原子能与多种金属离子反应生成“N, O”四元环螯合物或“O, O”五元环螯合物,与黑钨矿表面Fe2+、Mn2+反应生成新的吸附层并进行捕收,以此实现黑钨矿的高效回收。
脂肪酸类捕收剂由极性基—COOH、—NH2、—OCSSNa和非极性基R—组成,主要作用官能团为—COOH,其疏水基团为烃链。脂肪酸捕收性能与分子大小有关,一般情况下,烃链越长,疏水作用越强,捕收能力也越强,但对矿物选择性会降低[36]。浮选过程中,脂肪酸易与溶液中的Ca2+、Mg2+、Ba2+、Ag+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+等金属离子反应生成难溶性皂盐,不仅易消耗大量的脂肪酸类捕收剂,甚至恶化浮选效果。据此,浮选时脂肪酸类捕收剂常与调整剂配合使用。
常用脂肪酸类捕收剂包含油酸钠、油酸、731(氧化石蜡皂)、妥尔油、环烷酸等。其中,油酸钠的结构式为CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COONa, 因捕收效果好、价格低廉而得到广泛应用,但同时也具备水溶性差、对温度敏感等性质。当温度过低时,黑钨矿浮选效果会下降,当温度升高时,油酸盐离子化程度和电迁移率增强,黑钨矿浮选效果也会增强[37-38]。731(氧化石蜡皂)也具备起泡性能、易溶于水,主要起捕收作用的成分为脂肪酸或羟基酸。由于731价格便宜,选择性高于油酸钠,也是黑白钨矿常用的脂肪酸类捕收剂之一。妥尔油和环烷酸一般用作辅助药剂,在浮选黑钨矿的相关研究中使用较少。
此外,由广州有色金属研究院研发的新型改性脂肪酸捕收剂(如TAB-3、GYR等),比常用脂肪酸类捕收剂浮选效果好。TAB-3和GYR捕收剂的主要成分为脂肪酸和部分螯合剂,通过脂肪酸的疏水性和螯合剂的强捕收性,实现对目的矿物的高效捕收。
脂肪酸类捕收剂在浮选黑钨矿体系中,因捕收性强、价格低廉而应用广泛。但脂肪酸类捕收剂又存在对黑钨矿选择性较差的问题,据此,在工业生产中一般不单独使用,常与其他药剂配合使用。
油酸钠(NaOL)为使用较多的脂肪酸类捕收剂,通过吸附作用增大黑钨矿表面疏水性,促进微细粒黑钨矿的回收。孟庆有等[39]选取纯度大于95%的黑钨矿,以油酸钠作捕收剂,进行单矿物试验、吸附量测试、Zeta电位测试以及红外光谱分析。结果表明,油酸钠与黑钨矿作用后,在pH=8时,黑钨矿回收率达到90%以上,吸附量达到10以上,油酸钠甲基和亚甲基的—CH键处产生新的吸收峰,油酸钠—COO—处吸收峰的波数产生偏移,黑钨矿表面(Mn, Fe)O6处特征峰也发生偏移。表明油酸钠在黑钨矿表面发生化学吸附,油酸钠中COO离子与黑钨矿表面阳离子作用生成金属油酸盐,是油酸钠作用吸附的主要形式。YANGXiuli等[40]选取纯度97%左右的单矿物黑钨矿,以油酸钠、GYR作为捕收剂,进行表面电行为测试、单矿物浮选试验。结果表明,在pH=8时,GYR作用下黑钨矿回收率达到54%以上,在pH=9时,油酸钠作用下黑钨矿回收率达到49%以上。基于EDLVO理论计算,FeWO4(s)和MnWO4(s)会水解,当水解达到一定程度时,生成的Fe(OH)2和Mn(OH)2会在黑钨矿表面形成沉积物,造成pH突然改变,从而影响捕收剂在黑钨矿表面的吸附。
731(氧化石蜡皂)具备较好的起泡性、无毒害,也是浮选常用的捕收剂之一。胡文英[41]选取含73.43%WO3的黑钨矿,以731为捕收剂,硝酸铅为活化剂,进行单矿物试验。结果表明,在pH为6~10时,黑钨矿可浮性较好,回收率在pH=6时达到58.40%,加入硝酸铅之后,黑钨矿回收率显著升高,达到75.60%,实现了黑钨矿的高效回收。
在此基础上,有学者针对脂肪酸类捕收剂进行改性研究。尚兴科等[42]选取含75.97%WO3的黑钨矿单矿物,以改性脂肪酸类TAB-3为捕收剂,进行单矿物试验,研究溶液中Fe3+、Ca2+、Mg2+对黑钨矿浮选行为的影响。当pH=7.5、未添加Fe3+、Ca2+、Mg2+时,TAB-3作用下黑钨矿回收率达到90.50%,添加Fe3+、Ca2+、Mg2+后,黑钨矿回收率下降了13%左右。其中Fe3+以氢氧化物沉淀形式吸附在黑钨矿表面,而Ca2+、Mg2+以离子形式吸附在黑钨矿表面,金属离子的存在抑制了TAB-3在黑钨矿表面的吸附。因此,生产过程中,应注意溶液中难免离子对捕收剂作用效果的影响。
脂肪酸类捕收剂的作用机理为:脂肪酸类捕收剂主要作用官能团为羧基,烃链为疏水作用官能团,烃链越长,疏水性越强,但选择性会降低。当脂肪酸在黑钨矿表面作用时,脂肪酸中COO离子与黑钨矿表面金属离子(Mn2+、Fe2+)发生化学键合,生成金属脂肪酸盐吸附在矿物表面,以此捕收黑钨矿[43-45]
胂酸类捕收剂的结构式为RAsO(OH)2,其选择性高于脂肪酸类捕收剂,在水中可分步电离生成H+和胂酸根离子,其分步电离反应式见式(1)和式(2)。
此外,经分步电离常数的测定,发现胂酸类捕收剂能与多种金属阳离子反应生成难溶性盐,但不易与Ca2+、Mg2+反应。据此,胂酸类捕收剂能有效回收与脉石矿物共生或伴生的黑钨矿。常见胂酸类捕收剂为甲苄胂酸、苄基胂酸等。
膦酸类捕收剂一般包含烃基膦酸和双(二)膦酸,其结构式如图5所示,随着烃链变长,其捕收能力逐渐增强,一般用于浮选黑钨细泥。浮选溶液中若存在Fe2+、Fe3+、Ca2+等离子,容易消耗大量膦酸,需提前处理溶液。常见膦酸类捕收剂有苯乙烯膦酸、烷基膦酸酯等。
胂酸和膦酸类捕收剂本身毒性较大,且药剂价格昂贵、生产成本高,部分学者仅在早期对此类药剂进行试验研究,近些年研究较少,在实际工业生产中也始终未能得到推广应用。
朱建光等[47]将甲苄胂酸与黄药组合,对含70.81%WO3、5.40%Fe、9.47%Mn的黑钨矿进行单矿物浮选试验,当pH在1~7时,回收率均能达到90%以上。表明胂酸类捕收剂能够显著提高黑钨矿的浮选指标。SRINⅣAS K等[48]选取含64.60%WO3的黑钨矿,以烷基膦酸酯为捕收剂,进行单矿物浮选试验,研究pH、磨矿粒度等因素对浮选的影响,在pH为4.5~7.5时,可获得含WO38.00%,回收率为68.00%的黑钨矿,表明膦酸类捕收剂也能有效浮选黑钨矿。
胂酸类捕收剂、膦酸类捕收剂与黑钨矿作用时既存在静电吸附,也存在化学吸附,其生成机理为:两类捕收剂能够通过自身的胂酸基团或膦酸基团与黑钨矿表面金属Mn和Fe位点处反应生成金属胂酸盐或金属膦酸盐,从而形成新的活性位点,更有利于吸附在黑钨矿表面。
一般来说,浮选中组合捕收剂作用效果要优于单一捕收剂,其主要原因是组合捕收剂之间存在协同作用,综合了不同类型捕收剂在黑钨矿表面的作用效果,强化了黑钨矿的浮选。
螯合类捕收剂价格昂贵、选择性强,而脂肪酸类捕收剂价格低廉、捕收性强。因此,学者常将螯合类捕收剂与脂肪酸类捕收剂组合运用,可在一定程度上降低螯合类捕收剂的药剂用量,强化浮选效果。
付广钦等[49]选取含75.47%WO3的黑钨矿,以螯合类GYB和脂肪酸类TAB-3、GYR及731作捕收剂,进行单矿物试验、Zeta电位分析以及红外光谱检测分析。结果表明,当4种捕收剂单独使用时,GYB捕收黑钨矿效果最适宜,可吸附黑钨矿的pH范围较宽,为6~9.5;当捕收剂组合使用时,GYB与TAB-3共同作用效果最好,回收率最高,达到78%。基于其表面电性及红外光谱分析可知,黑钨矿表面带负电,加入捕收剂后,黑钨表面电位整体向负位移,在1 517.2 cm−1、1 566.7 cm−1和1 598.6 cm−1处均出现C=N伸缩振动吸收峰以及苯环骨架特征峰,表明GYB中N, O原子、TAB-3中O—H均能与黑钨矿表面配位原子发生配位,两种药剂共同吸附在黑钨矿表面,强化了浮选效果。韩兆元等[50]选取纯度约为97%的黑钨矿,采用螯合类捕收剂GYB与脂肪酸类捕收剂NaOL、HPC以及731结合使用,进行黑钨矿单矿物试验、接触角检测、Zeta电位测试以及拍摄观察黑钨矿疏水性聚团行为。黑钨矿的接触角为33.5°±1°[51],当4种捕收剂单独使用时,可浮选黑钨矿的pH为6~10,当捕收剂组合使用时,可浮选的pH区间增宽,为4~10,黑钨矿的接触角也显著增大,疏水性聚团也越紧致。表明组合捕收剂浮选效果强于单一捕收剂。BU Hao等[52]选取纯度为99%的黑钨矿,进行单矿物试验、吸附量测试和分子动力学模拟,研究了BHA与NaOL两种捕收剂之间的协同作用,当BHA与NaOL的比例为1∶9时,黑钨矿回收率比单一使用NaOL捕收剂时提高21%,NaOL在黑钨矿表面的吸附量也高于单一使用NaOL捕收剂时在黑钨矿表面的吸附量。分子动力学计算结果显示,BHA与NaOL能形成苯甲羟肟酸-油酸配合物,有助于提高捕收剂NaOL在黑钨矿表面的吸附量,说明组合使用BHA与NaOL捕收剂的浮选效果比使用单一捕收剂的效果好,可显著提高黑钨矿浮选效果。
捕收剂的组合使用不仅能够降低矿山生产成本,在一定程度上也减少了有毒药剂的使用。不同捕收剂之间的协同作用受捕收剂性质、矿物性质、加药顺序以及不同捕收剂之间的组合比例的影响,因此,药剂之间的协同机理仍需完善,应根据试验研究及理论研究做进一步工艺优化,探索更加高效、环保、经济的药剂搭配方式。
捕收剂组合运用的作用机理主要包含共吸附机理、电荷补偿机理、功能互补机理以及改善浮选环境机理[53]。其中,共吸附机理指在选矿过程中,不同类型的选矿药剂因在矿物表面吸附强度不同,形成层叠型吸附或穿插型吸附;电荷补偿机理指首先加入一种药剂调节矿物表面电性,使其有利于第二种药剂在矿物表面的吸附;功能互补机理指两种药剂在矿物表面的作用位点虽不同,但作为捕收剂共同作用时可强化矿物的浮选;改善浮选环境机理则是指组合使用具备协同作用的捕收剂时,会改变浮选溶液临界胶束浓度,可能会影响溶液中的离子作用。
黑钨矿常与黄铜矿、辉钼矿、黄铁矿等硫化矿及方解石、绿柱石、石榴子、长石、石英等脉石矿物伴生或共生,浮选时常需添加大量的调整剂,以促进目的矿物与捕收剂作用和抑制非目的矿物。但过量的调整剂又会阻碍捕收剂在黑钨矿表面的吸附,据此,选取适量的调整剂调节黑钨矿表面性质,改变矿浆中离子组成,促进或抑制黑钨矿的可浮性,有助于提高黑钨矿浮选效果。
浮选过程中经常使用的捕收剂为阴离子捕收剂,但黑钨矿在水溶液中一般呈负电,不利于阴离子捕收剂捕收。据此,浮选时添加适量的活化剂,以增加黑钨矿表面活性位点,从而改变矿物表面电性,使其有利于阴离子捕收剂捕收。金属活化离子在浮选黑钨矿体系中存在3种作用形式[54-55]:在黑钨矿表面吸附或生成氢氧化物沉淀;与捕收剂作用生成络合物;在溶液中发生电离水解沉淀。目前,常见的活化剂为Pb(NO3)2、CaCl2、MgCl2和FeSO4等。
Pb(NO3)2中Pb2+能明显改善黑钨矿表面润湿性[56],Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+等的活化效果均不如Pb2+。因此,多数研究采用Pb(NO3)2作为浮选黑钨矿的活化剂。李方旭等[57]以Pb(NO3)2为活化剂,以叔丁基苯甲羟肟酸(TBHA)为捕收剂,对黑钨矿单矿物进行浮选试验和X射线光电子能谱分析。结果表明,加入Pb(NO3)2后,TBHA作用下黑钨矿的回收率从50.00%以下提高至61.56%,且Fe、Mn、W元素的电子结合能均发生变化,与Pb2+在黑钨矿表面形成了Fe—O—Pb、Mn—O—Pb、W—O—Pb键,可知Pb2+在黑钨矿表面发生了化学吸附,导致黑钨矿表面活性位点增多,改善了黑钨矿的浮选指标。高玉德等[58]选取含71.64%WO3、8.24%Mn、12.92%Fe的黑钨矿,以硝酸铅为活化剂、BHA为捕收剂,进行浮选试验、吸附量测试、红外光谱分析及EDLVO电化学理论计算,结果表明,加入Pb2+后,在pH=9时,黑钨矿回收率达到95.58%,黑钨矿表面Mn2p和Fe2p的结合能发生变化,位移显著,可知Pb2+通过化学作用吸附于矿物表面,改变了Mn、Fe原子原有化学环境,从而显著提高了黑钨矿的可浮性。
活化剂作用机理一直都是浮选中的热点问题,其作用机理包含:吸引捕收剂在斯特恩层吸附外来离子,进而改变黑钨矿表面电性;弱化黑钨矿表面的水化层;消除矿浆中的难免离子;活化剂中金属离子可与捕收剂发生配位作用,形成金属配合物作用于矿物表面。因此,若能研发出更多具备高选择性及强捕收性的金属-有机配合物新型浮选药剂,可提高该类药剂在生产中的应用范围。
仅依靠捕收剂和活化剂作用并不能解决浮选黑钨矿中遇到的全部问题,还需添加抑制剂来抑制脉石矿物。当前使用较多的抑制剂为水玻璃、淀粉和六偏膦酸钠等。其中,水玻璃的主要作用成分为Na2mSiO2[59],但单一使用时效果有时不佳,常需添加高价碱金属盐(如硫酸铝、硫酸铜、硫酸锌等)与水玻璃组合使用。淀粉为高分子化合物,是由单一糖组成的多糖,其分子链上的极性基团与氢键作用,使矿物表面更加亲水,在矿物表面形成亲水的淀粉吸附层[60-61],一般用于抑制赤铁矿、石英及黄铁矿等。六偏膦酸钠化学式为(NaPO3)6,易溶于水,可在脉石矿物表面反应生成络合物,使其表面受到抑制,一般用于抑制石英、方解石等脉石矿物。
目前,浮选黑钨矿时使用较多的抑制剂为水玻璃。高玉德[62]选取含1.70%WO3的黑钨矿,含65.00%萤石、10.00%方解石以及23.30%石英的黑钨细泥,使用水玻璃、硫酸铝的组合抑制剂AD和改性抑制剂Na2SiF6,进行浮选闭路试验,获得含WO3品位66.04%、回收率90.36%的浮选指标,表明水玻璃能够吸附在脉石矿物表面,使脉石矿物受到抑制,有助于黑钨矿的浮选。刘浩等[63]选取−0.074~+0.037 mm黑钨矿及石榴石混合矿,以水玻璃为抑制剂、BHA为捕收剂、硝酸铅为活化剂,进行单矿物试验、红外光谱分析及吸附量测试。结果表明,在pH=8时,黑钨矿回收率达到90.55%,3种石榴石的回收率分别为16.11%、7.84%、4.95%,加入水玻璃后,BHA在石榴石表面的吸附量明显降低,表明水玻璃对脉石矿物石榴石有明显的抑制作用,从而增强了BHA捕收剂在黑钨矿表面的吸附。
抑制剂的作用机理为:选择性地增强非目的矿物表面的亲水性,在非目的矿物表面形成亲水性薄膜,进而抑制该矿物。对此,若能研发无毒无害、选择性高、抑制作用强以及对环境友好的改性抑制剂,将有助于实现对黑钨矿的高效回收。
我国钨资源的开发以黑钨矿为主,随着易选黑钨资源的不断开采,原矿逐渐趋于贫细化,浮选已成为提高微细黑钨矿选别指标的有效手段。浮选工艺中浮选药剂的选择则是浮选的关键,应不断加强浮选药剂的组合使用以及新型药剂的研发,具体包含以下几个方面。
(1)螯合类捕收剂因选择性强而在浮选黑钨矿中应用较多,但由于药剂成本高、制造工艺复杂及稳定性较差,可应用在实际生产中的药剂较少;脂肪酸类捕收剂因捕收性强、药剂价格便宜而应用较广,但易受温度影响且选择性差。因此,将这两类药剂组合使用是提升矿山经济效益、扩大螯合类捕收剂应用范围的重要途径。
(2)胂酸类与膦酸类捕收剂的捕收性能均优于脂肪酸类捕收剂,但因其价格昂贵,对环境污染大,始终未能在工业生产中得到应用,若能研发出可代替这两类捕收剂关键作用基团、且具备低环境影响特征的新型药剂,不仅可突破现有技术瓶颈,更能提高黑钨矿的浮选效果,具有重要的现实意义。
(3)活化剂和抑制剂是实现黑钨矿高效回收必不可少的一部分。高选择性的活化剂和抑制剂可实现黑钨细泥与脉石矿物的高效分离。因此,若能在现有基础上加强对活化离子的金属-有机配合物的研发以及抑制剂的改性研究,也可为实现黑钨矿的高效回收提供思路及方向。
黑钨矿的选别已成为提升矿山经济效益和促进钨资源可持续发展的重要一环。依照现存情况,应根据不同矿石性质,针对性研发具备高选择性、用量低、环保无毒害的新型药剂,以实现绿色化矿山赋能,走可持续发展道路。
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-29
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江西省自然科学基金赣南苏区创新发展联合基金重点项目(20244BAB28053)
江西省高层次高技能领军人才培养工程项目(赣人社字[2024]69号)
赣南科技学院学术带头人资助项目(赣科院发[2024]26号)
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    1.江西理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,江西 赣州市 341000
    2.江西省教育厅钨稀土资源智能绿色开发重点实验室,江西 赣州市 341000

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胡海祥(1979—),男,江西赣州人,博士(后),教授,主要从事矿物加工磨矿、浮选理论与装备、固体尾砂资源综合利用等研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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