Article(id=1226462299175698511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730217600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770340998690, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340998690, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340998690, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340998690, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226462293408531329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340997315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770341205851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=166, endPage=172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226462299431551077, articleId=1226462299175698511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=The Selection Strategy of Reutilization Mode of Abandoned Mine Based on Risk Management, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Abandoned mine not only contains a large number of available resources, but also has many risk factors. In order to scientifically determine the reutilization mode and take into account the risk of many abandoned mines, a risk framework of abandoned mines including six dimensions of technical risk, safety risk, environmental risk, community risk, legal risk and financial risk was constructed, and the risk assessment of reutilization was carried out by LEC risk assessment method. Then, from the perspective of risk management, the method combining improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) and TOPSIS was proposed to determine the best reutilization mode of abandoned mines. Finally, taking the closed mine of Muchengjian Coal Mine in Jingxi Mining Area as an example, the proposed method was verified. The results show that the high risk factors of the closed mine are mainly concentrated on safety risk and social risk, and ecotourism is selected as the optimum reutilization mode. This risk management-based method can provide a reference for optimizing the reutilization mode of abandoned mines and effectively reduce the negative effects of mine closure.

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废弃矿井不仅残存大量可利用资源,而且潜藏诸多风险因素。为了科学决策出再利用模式,并兼顾治理诸多废弃矿井风险,构建了包含技术风险、安全风险、环境风险、社区风险、法律风险和金融风险6个维度的废弃矿井风险框架,并利用LEC风险评估法进行再利用风险评估。然后从风险管理角度出发,提出采用改进的层次分析法(IAHP)和TOPSIS相结合的方法决策出最佳的废弃矿井再利用模式。最后以京西矿区关闭矿井木城涧煤矿为例进行验证。结果表明:该关闭矿井高风险因素主要集中在安全风险和社会风险上,并通过计算优选出生态旅游的再利用模式。这种基于风险管理的方法可以为优选废弃矿井再利用模式提供参考,并能有效地减轻矿井关闭带来的负面效应。

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崔超群(1989一),男,河北邯郸人,博士,讲师,主要从事废弃矿井再利用研究。E-mail:
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岳民(1974一),男,河北邯郸人,副高级经济师,主要从事煤炭地质勘探及企业成本效益研究工作。E-mail:

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岳民(1974一),男,河北邯郸人,副高级经济师,主要从事煤炭地质勘探及企业成本效益研究工作。E-mail:

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岳民(1974一),男,河北邯郸人,副高级经济师,主要从事煤炭地质勘探及企业成本效益研究工作。E-mail:

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Quantification and analysis of building construction safety risks based on knowledge graph[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2024, 24(6):2138-2147., articleTitle=Quantification and analysis of building construction safety risks based on knowledge graph, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226462311188186069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=210, issue=null, pageStart=105, pageEnd=120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=22, authorNames=CUI Chaoqun, WANG Bing, ZHAO Yixin, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CUI Chaoqun, WANG Bing, ZHAO Yixin, et al. China's regional sustainability assessment on mineral resources: results from an improved analytic hierarchy process-based normal cloud model[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 210:105-120., articleTitle=China's regional sustainability assessment on mineral resources: results from an improved analytic hierarchy process-based normal cloud model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226462308386390857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, awardId=23422304026, language=CN, fundingSource=邯郸市科技局市级科技研发计划项目(23422304026), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226462308503831376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, awardId=SJ230140629, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省高等学校人文社会科学研究项目(SJ230140629), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226462304498270778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462304510853693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, companyId=1226462304498270778, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.The Second Exploration Bureau of CNACG, Beijing 102400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462304519242301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, companyId=1226462304498270778, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中煤地第二勘探局集团有限责任公司,北京 102400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226462304603128389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462304628294216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, companyId=1226462304603128389, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Mining and Geomatics Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462304640877131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, companyId=1226462304603128389, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.河北工程大学 矿业与测绘工程学院,河北 邯郸市 056038)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226462306343764700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Risk framework of abandoned mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险类型序号事件描述
技术(TR)TR1闭矿规划在矿井关闭之前没有闭矿规划,或只有一个过时的闭矿规划。
TR2修复进展矿山修复活动或废弃矿山再利用进展缓慢。
TR3缺乏关闭矿井的专业队伍因缺乏从事关闭矿井处理的专业人员,给项目带来风险。
TR4矿井资料关闭矿井数据资料不完整或不真实,导致后续再利用过程难以实施。
安全(SR)SR1跌落至没有封堵的或没有保护措施的井筒因人员或动物跌落至关闭矿井而受伤。
SR2围岩变形因围岩不稳定引起的安全问题。
SR3有毒气体排放有毒气体排放造成的安全问题。
SR4矿井积水问题矿井水的积聚引发矿区地质灾害。
SR5矸石山失稳暴雨侵蚀造成的矸石山崩塌引起的安全问题。
SR6水中有毒元素释放到周围水资源中的有毒元素而引发的生命安全问题。
环境(ER)ER1酸性矿井水排放由酸性矿井水排放引起的水污染。
ER2土壤污染重金属对土壤肥力的破坏。
ER3水质退化矿井废水排放造成的水质退化。
ER4水位下降由于开采引起的地下水位下降。
ER5空气污染温室气体排放和悬浮灰尘造成的空气污染。
社会(CR)CR1员工的赔偿索求工人保险和长期劳动合同(再培训和安置)问题。
CR2对矿区周围居民收入的损害由于矿业相关产业的关闭和当地的高失业率造成的经济萧条。
CR3附近居民与矿业公司之间的冲突居民对矿业公司补偿的不满。
法律和金融(LR)LR1法规遵守因不遵守相关法律(矿井关闭政策、环境保护政策的规定)而造成的问题。
LR2矿山修复的资金预算采矿作业期间没有为复垦活动提供资金,或对复垦费用估计不准。
LR3员工财务风险拖欠工资引起的问题。
LR4政府财务风险由于未给政府缴纳足够的税收引发的问题。
), ArticleFig(id=1226462306444428003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

废弃矿井风险框架

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险类型序号事件描述
技术(TR)TR1闭矿规划在矿井关闭之前没有闭矿规划,或只有一个过时的闭矿规划。
TR2修复进展矿山修复活动或废弃矿山再利用进展缓慢。
TR3缺乏关闭矿井的专业队伍因缺乏从事关闭矿井处理的专业人员,给项目带来风险。
TR4矿井资料关闭矿井数据资料不完整或不真实,导致后续再利用过程难以实施。
安全(SR)SR1跌落至没有封堵的或没有保护措施的井筒因人员或动物跌落至关闭矿井而受伤。
SR2围岩变形因围岩不稳定引起的安全问题。
SR3有毒气体排放有毒气体排放造成的安全问题。
SR4矿井积水问题矿井水的积聚引发矿区地质灾害。
SR5矸石山失稳暴雨侵蚀造成的矸石山崩塌引起的安全问题。
SR6水中有毒元素释放到周围水资源中的有毒元素而引发的生命安全问题。
环境(ER)ER1酸性矿井水排放由酸性矿井水排放引起的水污染。
ER2土壤污染重金属对土壤肥力的破坏。
ER3水质退化矿井废水排放造成的水质退化。
ER4水位下降由于开采引起的地下水位下降。
ER5空气污染温室气体排放和悬浮灰尘造成的空气污染。
社会(CR)CR1员工的赔偿索求工人保险和长期劳动合同(再培训和安置)问题。
CR2对矿区周围居民收入的损害由于矿业相关产业的关闭和当地的高失业率造成的经济萧条。
CR3附近居民与矿业公司之间的冲突居民对矿业公司补偿的不满。
法律和金融(LR)LR1法规遵守因不遵守相关法律(矿井关闭政策、环境保护政策的规定)而造成的问题。
LR2矿山修复的资金预算采矿作业期间没有为复垦活动提供资金,或对复垦费用估计不准。
LR3员工财务风险拖欠工资引起的问题。
LR4政府财务风险由于未给政府缴纳足够的税收引发的问题。
), ArticleFig(id=1226462306553479916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Decision-making constraints in abandoned mine reutilization mode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层指标层成本效益权重
经济条件(F)建设成本F10.101 7
运营维护成本F20.128 1
吸引投资潜力F30.038 8
为当地人创造收入F40.030 7
社会条件(S)就业机会S10.022 8
与当地的关注和需求保持一致S20.129 1
居民生活质量的改善S30.011 4
公众参与S40.045 7
符合政府政策S50.064 6
环境条件(H)环境容许性H10.115 2
景观质量改进H20.063 4
技术条件(T)再利用技术的可行性T10.037 3
最近水源距离T20.091 3
市场供需T30.021 8
矿井条件(M)地质条件M10.053 5
水文条件M20.026 8
矿井规模M30.017 8
), ArticleFig(id=1226462306662531827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

废弃矿井再利用模式决策的制约条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层指标层成本效益权重
经济条件(F)建设成本F10.101 7
运营维护成本F20.128 1
吸引投资潜力F30.038 8
为当地人创造收入F40.030 7
社会条件(S)就业机会S10.022 8
与当地的关注和需求保持一致S20.129 1
居民生活质量的改善S30.011 4
公众参与S40.045 7
符合政府政策S50.064 6
环境条件(H)环境容许性H10.115 2
景观质量改进H20.063 4
技术条件(T)再利用技术的可行性T10.037 3
最近水源距离T20.091 3
市场供需T30.021 8
矿井条件(M)地质条件M10.053 5
水文条件M20.026 8
矿井规模M30.017 8
), ArticleFig(id=1226462306771583737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Probability scores of hazardous events or accidents (L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险事件及可能性(L)分值危险事件及可能性(L)分值
实际不会发生0.1可能但不频繁发生3.0
很不可能发生0.2非常容易发生6.0
不太可能发生0.5发生完全意料之中10.0
非常意外,可能性小1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226462306876441343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

危险事件或事故发生的可能性L分值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险事件及可能性(L)分值危险事件及可能性(L)分值
实际不会发生0.1可能但不频繁发生3.0
很不可能发生0.2非常容易发生6.0
不太可能发生0.5发生完全意料之中10.0
非常意外,可能性小1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226462306960327432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Frequency scores of operators exposed to such hazardous environments (E)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作业人员遭遇这种危险环境的频率(E)分值作业人员遭遇这种危险环境的频率(E)分值
极其罕有遭遇0.5每周遭遇一次,偶有遭遇3.0
每年有几次遭遇1.0工作时间每天都会遭遇6.0
每月遭遇一次2.0连续遭遇10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307056796430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

作业人员遭遇这种危险环境的频率E分值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作业人员遭遇这种危险环境的频率(E)分值作业人员遭遇这种危险环境的频率(E)分值
极其罕有遭遇0.5每周遭遇一次,偶有遭遇3.0
每年有几次遭遇1.0工作时间每天都会遭遇6.0
每月遭遇一次2.0连续遭遇10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307136488212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Possible consequences when a dangerous event or accident occurs (C)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险事件发生时可能造成的后果(C)分值危险事件发生时可能造成的后果(C)分值
轻度危害,需要救护1一人死亡15
中度危害,有伤残3多人死亡40
重度危害,重伤7大量伤亡100
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307224568602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

当危险事件或事故发生时可能造成的后果C分值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险事件发生时可能造成的后果(C)分值危险事件发生时可能造成的后果(C)分值
轻度危害,需要救护1一人死亡15
中度危害,有伤残3多人死亡40
重度危害,重伤7大量伤亡100
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307350397727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Classification of operating condition risk (D)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作业条件危险性分值区间危险程度风险等级
D<20轻微危险,可接受
20≤D<70一般危险,需注意
70≤D<160显著危险,必须整改
160≤D<320重度危险,必须立即整改
D≥320极度危险,禁止作业
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307476226855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

作业条件危险性D分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作业条件危险性分值区间危险程度风险等级
D<20轻微危险,可接受
20≤D<70一般危险,需注意
70≤D<160显著危险,必须整改
160≤D<320重度危险,必须立即整改
D≥320极度危险,禁止作业
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307543335722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison scale of analytic hierarchy process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重要性重要性定义重要性重要性定义
1同等重要7一个比另一个强烈重要
3一个比另一个稍微重要9一个比另一个极端重要
5一个比另一个明显重要2, 4,6, 8中间值
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307610444593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

层次分析法标度表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重要性重要性定义重要性重要性定义
1同等重要7一个比另一个强烈重要
3一个比另一个稍微重要9一个比另一个极端重要
5一个比另一个明显重要2, 4,6, 8中间值
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307706913589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Results of risk assessment of abandoned mine reutilization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险类型LECD风险值所属区域风险等级
TR16107420D≥320
TR210133020≤D<70
TR30.510157570≤D<160
TR40.210408070≤D<160
SR131154520≤D<70
SR26107420D≥320
SR3314012070≤D<160
SR466401440D≥320
SR530.510015070≤D<160
SR631100300160≤D<320
ER1314012070≤D<160
ER26174220≤D<70
ER366310870≤D<160
ER4667252160≤D<320
ER56335470≤D<160
CR110107700D≥320
CR2102714070≤D<160
CR31067420D≥320
LR1314012070≤D<160
LR210107700D≥320
LR36278470≤D<160
LR46278470≤D<160
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307803382586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

废弃矿井再利用风险评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险类型LECD风险值所属区域风险等级
TR16107420D≥320
TR210133020≤D<70
TR30.510157570≤D<160
TR40.210408070≤D<160
SR131154520≤D<70
SR26107420D≥320
SR3314012070≤D<160
SR466401440D≥320
SR530.510015070≤D<160
SR631100300160≤D<320
ER1314012070≤D<160
ER26174220≤D<70
ER366310870≤D<160
ER4667252160≤D<320
ER56335470≤D<160
CR110107700D≥320
CR2102714070≤D<160
CR31067420D≥320
LR1314012070≤D<160
LR210107700D≥320
LR36278470≤D<160
LR46278470≤D<160
), ArticleFig(id=1226462307899851582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Priorities of abandoned mine reutilization modes by IAHP-TOPSIS method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号再利用方式Ci排序
1太阳能电站0.076 60.056 10.422 74
2垃圾填埋场0.107 70.029 20.213 57
3娱乐中心0.056 20.089 20.613 42
4房地产0.091 00.042 10.316 36
5生态旅游0.020 80.111 50.842 91
6商业用地0.080 60.050 00.382 85
7农业0.055 60.087 90.612 73
), ArticleFig(id=1226462308218618690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462299175698511, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

基于 IAHP-TOPSIS 方法的废弃矿井再利用模式的优先级顺序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号再利用方式Ci排序
1太阳能电站0.076 60.056 10.422 74
2垃圾填埋场0.107 70.029 20.213 57
3娱乐中心0.056 20.089 20.613 42
4房地产0.091 00.042 10.316 36
5生态旅游0.020 80.111 50.842 91
6商业用地0.080 60.050 00.382 85
7农业0.055 60.087 90.612 73
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基于风险管理的废弃矿井再利用模式选择策略
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岳民 1 , 崔超群 2
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(10): 166-172
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矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025, 45(10): 166-172
基于风险管理的废弃矿井再利用模式选择策略
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岳民1 , 崔超群2
作者信息
  • 1.中煤地第二勘探局集团有限责任公司,北京 102400
  • 2.河北工程大学 矿业与测绘工程学院,河北 邯郸市 056038
  • 岳民(1974一),男,河北邯郸人,副高级经济师,主要从事煤炭地质勘探及企业成本效益研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

崔超群(1989一),男,河北邯郸人,博士,讲师,主要从事废弃矿井再利用研究。E-mail:
The Selection Strategy of Reutilization Mode of Abandoned Mine Based on Risk Management
Min YUE1 , Chaoqun CUI2
Affiliations
  • 1.The Second Exploration Bureau of CNACG, Beijing 102400, China
  • 2.School of Mining and Geomatics Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056038, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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废弃矿井不仅残存大量可利用资源,而且潜藏诸多风险因素。为了科学决策出再利用模式,并兼顾治理诸多废弃矿井风险,构建了包含技术风险、安全风险、环境风险、社区风险、法律风险和金融风险6个维度的废弃矿井风险框架,并利用LEC风险评估法进行再利用风险评估。然后从风险管理角度出发,提出采用改进的层次分析法(IAHP)和TOPSIS相结合的方法决策出最佳的废弃矿井再利用模式。最后以京西矿区关闭矿井木城涧煤矿为例进行验证。结果表明:该关闭矿井高风险因素主要集中在安全风险和社会风险上,并通过计算优选出生态旅游的再利用模式。这种基于风险管理的方法可以为优选废弃矿井再利用模式提供参考,并能有效地减轻矿井关闭带来的负面效应。

废弃矿井  /  再利用模式  /  风险评价  /  风险治理

Abandoned mine not only contains a large number of available resources, but also has many risk factors. In order to scientifically determine the reutilization mode and take into account the risk of many abandoned mines, a risk framework of abandoned mines including six dimensions of technical risk, safety risk, environmental risk, community risk, legal risk and financial risk was constructed, and the risk assessment of reutilization was carried out by LEC risk assessment method. Then, from the perspective of risk management, the method combining improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) and TOPSIS was proposed to determine the best reutilization mode of abandoned mines. Finally, taking the closed mine of Muchengjian Coal Mine in Jingxi Mining Area as an example, the proposed method was verified. The results show that the high risk factors of the closed mine are mainly concentrated on safety risk and social risk, and ecotourism is selected as the optimum reutilization mode. This risk management-based method can provide a reference for optimizing the reutilization mode of abandoned mines and effectively reduce the negative effects of mine closure.

Abandoned mine  /  Reutilization mode  /  Risk assessment  /  Risk management
岳民, 崔超群. 基于风险管理的废弃矿井再利用模式选择策略. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 166 -172 .
Min YUE, Chaoqun CUI. The Selection Strategy of Reutilization Mode of Abandoned Mine Based on Risk Management[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 166 -172 .
随着2015年以来煤炭去产能政策的不断推进,我国煤矿数量已经从1.08万座下降到2024年的不足4 000座[1]。废弃矿井中依然存有大量剩余资源,对其未利用、未充分利用或者不合理利用,不仅会造成资源的严重浪费,还可能诱发一系列的生态、安全、经济、社会问题[2]。特别是在资源丰富但政府监管薄弱、闭矿规划制度尚不成熟的国家,矿井过早关闭可能会导致多种危机,如地方与区域公共卫生和生计体系的崩溃、自然环境的破坏,以及地方财政的急剧下降。这些危机随着矿井废弃年限的延长日趋严重,有些潜在的或者正在形成的隐患将是长期的,甚至是致命的[3]。因此,如何正确的选择废弃矿井再利用模式,同时兼顾治理废弃矿井带来的诸多风险显得尤为重要。当前对废弃矿井单一资源,如废弃矿地、工业遗产和地下空间的再利用模式选择方面开展了零散而有价值的研究。BAKHTAVAR等[4]对废弃矿地再利用进行了研究,并指出再利用模型的选择必须根据经济因素和区域条件的有效评价来合理确定。SUTHERLAND[5]强调了废弃矿山的工业旅游价值,认为工业遗产的开发应与区域转型相结合,以确保经济与环境的协调发展。AMIRSHENAVA等[6]对矿区废弃地再利用影响因素进行了研究,总结归纳出区域发展状况、劳动力和再开发需求水平、市场条件、能源供应和生态承载条件等诸多影响因素。孙中博等[7]从资源禀赋、稳定性、安全性、区位等条件构建了废弃矿井地下空间再利用模型。然而,当前关于废弃矿井再利用的研究,普遍缺乏对相关风险构成和评价的探讨。此外,从风险治理角度出发,对废弃矿井初步筛选出的再利用模式进一步优化的探讨较少,导致再利用模式的进一步优化缺乏决策依据。
一个适宜的废弃矿井再利用模式除了需要满足区域条件和社区需求外,还应有效应对矿井关闭带来的各种风险。盲目的废弃矿井再利用模式决策不仅会影响资源的合理配置,还可能会造成巨大的经济损失和潜在风险。相对于闭矿风险的被动监测和控制,废弃矿井再利用不仅能够最大可能地消除闭矿风险,还可以为企业和社区发展带来经济效益,因此废弃矿井再利用被认为是最积极主动的风险治理措施[8]。由于废弃矿井的再利用预算有限,需要确定哪种再利用策略最适合处理重大风险。鉴于可再利用的方案有很多,各方案的选择又受区域条件和矿井条件的限制,因此在多方案中选择最优方案是风险治理的一项关键内容。当前废弃矿井再利用示范性工程仍较为匮乏,对不同再利用模式进行技术经济分析较为困难。因此本文提出了基于风险管控视角的废弃矿井再利用模式优化决策方法,以期在优化废弃矿井资源再利用模式的同时,减轻其带来的负面效益,抵消增加的环境和社会成本。
风险管理体系包括风险评估和风险治理。废弃矿井风险评估的目的是根据评价结果识别出与废弃矿井有关的重大风险,为后续的风险治理措施的制定提供参考。风险治理的目的是为已经识别出的高风险提供有效的治理策略。
废弃矿井风险既有复杂的自然属性,又有明显的社会属性,是自然属性因素与社会属性因素相互影响、相互作用、相互叠加得到的结果。由于每个矿井都有其独特的自然和社会条件,不同的关闭矿井所面临的遗留问题也各不同[9]。因此,应由矿业公司、政府、利益相关方和社区代表组成的专家组进行关闭矿井的负面影响的问卷调查,以获得废弃矿井的具体风险框架[10]。目前对矿井风险分类已成为国内外学者研究的热点,其中LAURENCE对废弃矿井所做的风险分类和汇总应用最为广泛[11-12]。因此,本文在参照国内外关于废弃矿井风险分类的研究基础上,获得废弃矿井再利用过程中常见的重要风险事件,然后采用专家调查法进行补充和完善。考虑到与废弃煤矿有关的历史数据的有限性和可用性,最后形成一个相对完善的废弃矿井风险框架,见表1。其中废弃矿井再利用面临的主要风险包括技术风险、安全风险、环境风险、社会风险、法律风险和金融风险共6个维度的22个风险事件。
废弃矿井再利用是一种治理风险的主动性措施,它是指通过工程、生物等手段,将闲置的地下空间、土地、矿井水、瓦斯、地热、旅游等资源进行整合,使之成为可利用的资源。
选择最优的再利用方式需要综合考虑废弃矿井的各种内外约束条件。然而,如果评价指标体系中考虑的因素过多,应用起来会很困难。因此,需要建立一个能包含最重要指标的综合指标体系来优选废弃矿井再利用模式。目前,还未见直接以废弃矿井为研究对象,为其再利用模式优化选择提供普适性的分析框架。由于废弃矿地是废弃矿井中一种重要的遗留资源,其复垦适宜性评价与废弃矿井整个闲置资源再利用具有相同的经济、社会和环境制约因素,不同的是废弃矿井的再利用还需要额外考虑矿井条件和技术条件。本文根据文献[13]中废弃矿地复垦适宜性分析框架,识别出与废弃矿井再利用模式选择相关的最重要制约因素,并将其分为5个方面及17个子指标,见表2
考虑到有效的风险评估是实现有针对性地采取治理方式的前提,首先需要准确地识别风险等级。作业条件危险性分析评价法(简称LEC)是一种在安全评价中应用较为广泛的方法,其中L(likelihood)为事故发生的可能性、E(exposure)为人员暴露于危险环境中的频繁程度、C(consequence)为一旦发生事故可能造成的后果。给出三种因素的不同等级,分别确定不同的分值,再以三个分值的乘积D(danger,危险性)来评价废弃矿井再利用过程中所遇各种风险因素的大小,即:
D值越大,说明该风险因素危险性大、风险大。相关判定准则及措施分别见表3表6。需要指出的是应用此方法需要组建作业危害性评估团队,一般由工人代表、技术人员、安全人员、管理人员、政府人员组成,依据表格中的标准确认LEC的具体数值,从而得出各风险应对工作条件的危险系数和风险等级[14]
本文采用标度扩展法对传统的层次分析法进行了改进(即改进的层次分析法IAHP)[14]。该方法的判断矩阵的构建过程如下。
(1)将所有的标准层指标按照其重要性进行排序。由单一专家意见判断的重要性值参照Saaty 提出的1~9标度表(见表7),设获得的各指标的重要度排序为x1>x2>x3>…>xn
(2)按照公式(2)构造判断矩阵。该判断矩阵本身具有一致性,并不需要额外的一致性检验,因此,应用方法确定权重时会大大缩小计算量[15]
(3)根据判断矩阵,利用公式(3)计算指标的权重。
(4)当准则层指标权重计算结束后,用相同的算法确定指标层指标的权重。所有指标的全局权重是通过将准则层指标的权重乘以相应的指标层指标的权重而获得。改进的层次分析法避免了判断矩阵的一致性检验和调整,简化了计算,使权重的确定更加便捷。尤其是在评价指标体系中指标过多时,该方法可以省去复杂的一致性校验,增强了其适用性。
式中:R为指标判断矩阵;tn为第n个指标标度;wi为单个专家对第i个指标的权重值;rij是第i个元素相对于第j个元素的重要值。
由于权重是由专家确定的,因此在进行群体决策时应有效地整合由各个专家偏好构造出来的判断矩阵。最常用的方法是采用加权几何平均法将所有专家的判断矩阵融合为一个判断矩阵。最终的判断矩阵中的元素aij由公式(4)计算获得:
式中:k表示专家人数;(aijk)为第k个专家的矩阵元素;λk表示第k个专家的权重。
由于专家的权重难以确定,本文假设每个专家的重要性相等,权重相等,故将式(4)简化为式(5),最终的权重结果见表2
IAHP-TOPSIS方法的计算包括7个步骤。
(1)步骤1,构建决策矩阵A
专家组根据实际情况对表2中的约束条件进行打分,构成公式(6)中矩阵的元素。
式中:i为第i个再利用模式备选项;j为第j个约束条件。文中,k=1, 2,3, 4;i=1, 2,…,7;j=1, 2,…,17。
由于一些社会和技术因素的量化比较困难,因此本文采用Saaty定义的1~9量化表来分配限制条件的得分,其中1表示限制程度最低,9表示指标对再利用模式的限制程度最高。
(2)步骤2,创建规范化决策矩阵。
对矩阵Ak进行归一化处理,得到矩阵ZkZk中的元素则根据公式(7)得到:
(3)步骤3,获取加权归一化决策矩阵。
创建加权决策矩阵Zk,其中元素由公式(8)计算得到:
式中,Wj代表限制条件j的权重。
(4)步骤4,确定正理想解和负理想解。
根据公式(9)和公式(10)计算正理想解Zk′+和负理想解Zk′
(5)步骤5,计算每个方案到正理想点和负理想点的距离。
通过公式(11)和公式(12)计算每个方案到正理想点和负理想点的距离
(6)步骤6,获得正理想点和负理想点的群体决策结果。
根据公式(13)对每个专家个体测度结果进行聚合,得到群体决策结果:
(7)步骤7,根据公式(14)计算每个方案的相对接近度Ci,并排序。
其中0≤Ci≤1, i=1, 2,…,7。
为了验证该废弃矿井风险评价模型的可行性,本文选择京西矿区已经关闭的木城涧煤矿作为研究对象。木城涧煤矿位于北京市门头沟区,处于生态涵养区内,周边有大量的文物保护单位和自然风景保护区。木城涧煤矿是京西矿区最大的煤矿,闭矿前年产能可达170 万 t,从业人员7 400余人。由于与首都发展不相适应,根据北京市化解煤炭过剩产能的目标任务,木城涧煤矿于2018年年初进行了关闭。当前,木城涧煤矿形成了大概1.2×106 m3的煤矸石山,不仅占压了大量的土地,同时矸石山自燃和受雨水冲刷导致大量的有毒金属和有害气体排放在环境中,具有巨大的安全风险。由于该矿山未能及时做出闭矿规划,给周边造成了诸多的社会、环境和经济问题。经过初步筛选,该矿再利用方式有新能源基地、垃圾填埋、娱乐场所、房地产、生态开发、农业及商业用地等7种模式。
基于LEC风险评价法,废弃矿井再利用风险评估结果见表8。从结果分布上分析,处于高风险(Ⅴ)等级的风险事件有TR1,SR2,SR4,CR1,CR3,LR2。处于较高风险(Ⅳ)等级的风险事件有SR6,ER4。这些风险主要集中在安全风险和社会风险上。这表明废弃矿井再利用风险的主要来源是安全问题和应对区域多利益群体的经济冲突。其原因是由于该矿井属于非成熟性关闭(仍残留较多资源),矿井关闭之前未能制定完整的闭矿规划,不仅造成了严重的失业,而且对矿井关闭后的安全问题认识不足,对其后续维护资金也较为缺乏,严重影响了剩余资源的再利用。调研显示,该矿邻近北京西山风景区,未治理的废弃矿井的矿井水集聚及矿井污水排放,不仅带来了严重的安全问题和环境污染问题,单一的区域经济支柱给闭矿后的居民收入造成严重影响,劳动技能的单一造成再就业机会少。
基于IAHP-TOPSIS方法的废弃矿井再利用模式优选排序评价结果见表9。由表9可知,生态旅游被认为是木城涧煤矿最佳的再利用方式。由于该废弃矿井高等级的风险主要集中在安全和社会方面,因此,相对于其他再利用模式,生态旅游再利用模式不仅改善环境(对应风险ER4)和安全条件(对应风险SR2和SR4),而且也会增加废弃矿井再治理预算(对应风险LR2)和解决失业问题(对应风险CR1和CR3),因此,被认为该矿是处理已识别的重大风险的最佳选择。
根据《北京市总体规划(2016—2035年)》,门头沟区被定位为重点生态保护区。木城涧矿虽然位于生态保护区内,但不在规划建设区域范围内。这就意味着该矿所有的再利用都要与生态保护功能的建设要求相一致。由于该矿区属于限制开发区(位于生态保护基地内),不适合进行工业建设。然而,当地居民经济需求和区域发展压力仍较为突出。因此,在矿山关闭后如何实现经济可持续发展与生态建设的平衡是亟待解决的核心问题。风险治理的重点应放在解决环境保护与地方经济发展之间的矛盾上。在此背景下,寻找一种既能保护生态环境,又能充分利用周边生态优势和文化资源的优势,满足经济社会发展需要的再利用方式是十分重要的。与其他再利用模式相比,发展废弃矿井生态旅游是实现经济效益和生态效益统一的最佳形式。根据北京市政府发布的《关于加快西部地区转型发展的实施意见》,有关部门开始起草以生态旅游为支柱产业的“新京西”规划。这一举措印证了生态旅游是木城涧煤矿关闭矿井风险治理的最优路径。
(1)废弃矿井再利用风险包含技术风险、安全风险、环境风险、社区风险、法律风险和金融风险6个维度。受多种不确定性因素的影响,本文基于LEC法构建的再利用风险综合评价模型实现了风险等级的半定量化评估。
(2)采用IAHP-TOPSIS混合多维决策方法获得废弃矿井再利用模式的偏好排序表,不仅避免了对判断矩阵的一致性检验,显著减少了计算量,还提高了权重确定的可行性。同时TOPSIS方法具有计算简便、逻辑完备等优点。该方法可为废弃矿井再利用模式适宜性分析等复杂决策问题提供可靠的决策工具。
(3)闭矿管理的核心是要准确地确定风险等级,并在满足各利益相关方需求和区域特点的前提下以最小的成本实施风险管理。木城涧煤矿的案例表明,矿山关闭除需处理因采矿造成的环境问题外,更应推动矿山的顺利转产,保证矿区的社会、经济和环境的可持续发展。
  • 邯郸市科技局市级科技研发计划项目(23422304026)
  • 河北省高等学校人文社会科学研究项目(SJ230140629)
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-30
基金
邯郸市科技局市级科技研发计划项目(23422304026)
河北省高等学校人文社会科学研究项目(SJ230140629)
作者信息
    1.中煤地第二勘探局集团有限责任公司,北京 102400
    2.河北工程大学 矿业与测绘工程学院,河北 邯郸市 056038

通讯作者:

崔超群(1989一),男,河北邯郸人,博士,讲师,主要从事废弃矿井再利用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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