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Article(id=1226462298030653448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730217600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770340998417, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340998417, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340998417, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340998417, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226462293408531329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340997315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770341205851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=112, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226462298303283225, articleId=1226462298030653448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Influence of Blasting Vibration on Stability of Backfill in the First-Step Stope Under Different Mining Sequences, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the second-step mining of open stoping with subsequent filling mining method, the blasting vibration has significant influence on the stability of the artificial pillar formed after the cement filling in the first-step stope. Based on the background of mining in the transition from open-pit to underground in Sijiaying Iron Mine, a 3D geological model and a numerical calculation model of stope were established by using the FLAC numerical simulation method. And three mining sequences of the second-step stope in the mining panel were studied, including “from one side to the other side” “from the center to both sides” and “from two sides to the center”. When the distance between the blasting hole and the backfill was 1.0 m and 1.5 m respectively, the characteristics of the effect of blasting on the stability of the artificial pillar were obtained, and the strength demand of the backfill body was inverted. The results are concluded as follows. Firstly, when the peak pressure of the blasting load is 15 MPa, with the increase in the distance from the hole to the backfill, the maximum principal stress of the backfill in the first-step stope decreases. The concentrated stress and plastic failure range in the backfill under the “from two sides to the center” mining sequence are the least, which is the most favorable to the stability of the backfill. Secondly, when the mining sequence of the second-step stope is “from two sides to the center”, the longer the distance between the blasting hole and the backfill, the smaller the plastic zone in the backfill, which is more favorable to the stability of the backfill. Meanwhile, the larger the distribution range of the shear plastic zone formed in the two-step mining ore body, the more conducive to the carving of the two-step stope. Thirdly, the strength of cemented backfill prepared by cementing powder and unclassified tailings with a ratio of1:6can meet the stability requirements of artificial pillars.

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空场嗣后充填采矿法二步骤回采时，爆破振动对一步骤采场的空区胶结充填后形成的人工矿柱的稳定性产生着显著影响。以司家营铁矿露天转地下开采为背景，采用FLAC数值模拟方法，建立了采场三维地质模型与数值计算模型，研究了盘区内二步骤采场“从一侧推向另一侧”“从中央推向两侧”和“从两侧推向中央”三种回采顺序下，二步骤采炮孔距充填体的距离分别为1.0 m和1.5 m时，爆破对人工矿柱稳定性的影响，反演了爆破作用对充填体的强度需求。结果表明：爆破振动荷载峰值压力为15 MPa时，随着炮孔距充填体的距离的增加，一步骤采场的充填体内的最大主应力下降，在“两侧推向中央”的回采顺序下，充填体的集中应力最小，塑性破坏范围最小，对充填体的稳定最为有利；二步骤采场的回采顺序为“两侧推向中央”时，炮孔距充填体的距离越远，充填体内的塑性破坏区越小，对充填体的稳定越有利，同时，二步骤采场的矿体中形成的剪切塑性区分布范围越大，越有利于二步骤采场的落矿；采用胶固粉与全尾砂制备的配比为1:6的充填料充填空区时，胶结充填体的强度能够满足人工矿柱的稳定性需求。

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路增祥（1965一），男，陕西富平人，博士，教授，主要从事金属矿床地下开采方面的教学与研究。E-mail:
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田欣（1967一），男，河北唐山人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事金属矿床开采方面的技术与管理。E-mail:

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田欣（1967一），男，河北唐山人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事金属矿床开采方面的技术与管理。E-mail:

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田欣（1967一），男，河北唐山人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事金属矿床开采方面的技术与管理。E-mail:

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journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462298030653448, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Maximum principal stress distribution of backfill under different working conditions, figureFileSmall=NXMX6kRh9zHtvM5wnULkZg==, figureFileBig=xI5j9ddj018rQw5CjFl9Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462306872247038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462298030653448, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同工况下充填体的最大主应力分布, figureFileSmall=NXMX6kRh9zHtvM5wnULkZg==, figureFileBig=xI5j9ddj018rQw5CjFl9Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462306960327433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462298030653448, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Displacement changes of backfill under different working conditions, figureFileSmall=WNWZm5iZeVcCu5gh5nEWSw==, figureFileBig=AVUncJSWlN8JcnrwQxYDzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462307056796429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, 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Mechanical parameters of ore body, surrounding rock and backfill body

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矿体12.823.02.0012.0046.683 163
围岩9.415.72.106.0034.482 700
充填体0.230.30.230.2736.871 450
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矿岩和充填体的力学参数

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矿体12.823.02.0012.0046.683 163
围岩9.415.72.106.0034.482 700
充填体0.230.30.230.2736.871 450
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不同回采顺序下爆破振动对一步骤采场充填体稳定性的影响
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田欣 1 , 陈彦亭 2 , 张杰 3 , 马强英 4 , 路增祥 4 , 李角群 4 , 荣辉 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(10): 112-120
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矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025, 45(10): 112-120
不同回采顺序下爆破振动对一步骤采场充填体稳定性的影响
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田欣1 , 陈彦亭2, 张杰3, 马强英4, 路增祥4 , 李角群4, 荣辉1
作者信息
  • 1.河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司，河北　唐山市　063009
  • 2.河北钢铁集团矿山设计有限公司，河北　唐山市　063009
  • 3.中国恩菲工程技术有限公司，北京　100038
  • 4.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院，辽宁　鞍山市　114051

    • 田欣（1967一），男，河北唐山人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事金属矿床开采方面的技术与管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

路增祥（1965一），男，陕西富平人，博士，教授，主要从事金属矿床地下开采方面的教学与研究。E-mail:
Influence of Blasting Vibration on Stability of Backfill in the First-Step Stope Under Different Mining Sequences
Xin TIAN1 , Yanting CHEN2, Jie ZHANG3, Qiangying MA4, Zengxiang LU4 , Jiaoqun LI4, Hui RONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Hebei Iron and Steel Group Mining Co., Ltd., Tangshan, Hebei 063009, China
  • 2.Hebei Iron and Steel Group Mining Design Co., Ltd., Tangshan, Hebei 063009, China
  • 3.China ENFI Engineering Corporation, Beijing 100038, China
  • 4.School of Mining Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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空场嗣后充填采矿法二步骤回采时，爆破振动对一步骤采场的空区胶结充填后形成的人工矿柱的稳定性产生着显著影响。以司家营铁矿露天转地下开采为背景，采用FLAC数值模拟方法，建立了采场三维地质模型与数值计算模型，研究了盘区内二步骤采场“从一侧推向另一侧”“从中央推向两侧”和“从两侧推向中央”三种回采顺序下，二步骤采炮孔距充填体的距离分别为1.0 m和1.5 m时，爆破对人工矿柱稳定性的影响，反演了爆破作用对充填体的强度需求。结果表明：爆破振动荷载峰值压力为15 MPa时，随着炮孔距充填体的距离的增加，一步骤采场的充填体内的最大主应力下降，在“两侧推向中央”的回采顺序下，充填体的集中应力最小，塑性破坏范围最小，对充填体的稳定最为有利；二步骤采场的回采顺序为“两侧推向中央”时，炮孔距充填体的距离越远，充填体内的塑性破坏区越小，对充填体的稳定越有利，同时，二步骤采场的矿体中形成的剪切塑性区分布范围越大，越有利于二步骤采场的落矿；采用胶固粉与全尾砂制备的配比为1:6的充填料充填空区时，胶结充填体的强度能够满足人工矿柱的稳定性需求。

空场嗣后充填采矿法  /  回采顺序  /  充填体稳定性  /  爆破振动

In the second-step mining of open stoping with subsequent filling mining method, the blasting vibration has significant influence on the stability of the artificial pillar formed after the cement filling in the first-step stope. Based on the background of mining in the transition from open-pit to underground in Sijiaying Iron Mine, a 3D geological model and a numerical calculation model of stope were established by using the FLAC numerical simulation method. And three mining sequences of the second-step stope in the mining panel were studied, including “from one side to the other side” “from the center to both sides” and “from two sides to the center”. When the distance between the blasting hole and the backfill was 1.0 m and 1.5 m respectively, the characteristics of the effect of blasting on the stability of the artificial pillar were obtained, and the strength demand of the backfill body was inverted. The results are concluded as follows. Firstly, when the peak pressure of the blasting load is 15 MPa, with the increase in the distance from the hole to the backfill, the maximum principal stress of the backfill in the first-step stope decreases. The concentrated stress and plastic failure range in the backfill under the “from two sides to the center” mining sequence are the least, which is the most favorable to the stability of the backfill. Secondly, when the mining sequence of the second-step stope is “from two sides to the center”, the longer the distance between the blasting hole and the backfill, the smaller the plastic zone in the backfill, which is more favorable to the stability of the backfill. Meanwhile, the larger the distribution range of the shear plastic zone formed in the two-step mining ore body, the more conducive to the carving of the two-step stope. Thirdly, the strength of cemented backfill prepared by cementing powder and unclassified tailings with a ratio of1:6can meet the stability requirements of artificial pillars.

Open stoping with subsequent filling mining method  /  Mining sequence  /  Stability of backfill  /  Blasting vibration
田欣, 陈彦亭, 张杰, 马强英, 路增祥, 李角群, 荣辉. 不同回采顺序下爆破振动对一步骤采场充填体稳定性的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 112 -120 .
Xin TIAN, Yanting CHEN, Jie ZHANG, Qiangying MA, Zengxiang LU, Jiaoqun LI, Hui RONG. Influence of Blasting Vibration on Stability of Backfill in the First-Step Stope Under Different Mining Sequences[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 112 -120 .
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空场嗣后充填采矿法以其生产效率高、回采强度大并能有效抑制地表塌陷等优点，代表了绿色清洁和大规模高效采矿的发展方向，受到了国内外矿山的高度重视[1-2]。然而，由于胶结充填体的力学指标很难达到采矿区域的原岩(矿体)的力学指标，特别是二步骤采场回采扰动下人工矿柱的复杂力学环境，对人工矿柱的稳定性提出了更高的要求。因此，国内外的许多研究聚集于胶结充填体的材料性能[3-4]、材料配比[5-6]、料浆制备与输送工艺[7-8]、充填体强度[9-10]、充填技术与工艺[11-12]以及人工矿柱的保护[13-14]等方面，并进行了大量的研究，取得了不少的成果。
林卫星等[15]为提高矿山采充能力匹配程度、充填效率和降低吨矿充填作业成本，研发了高效仓储造浆放砂技术，实现了高浓度充填，保证了矿山的采充平衡。阮竹恩等[16]为解决细粒级全尾砂胶结充填体早期强度低和充填成本高的问题，以磷石膏和NaOH作为激发剂，开展了以精炼渣、矿渣为主的最优胶凝材料配比研究，并从胶凝材料水化反应和微观结构的角度，揭示了充填体强度的形成过程。黎梦圆等[17]研究了超细磷尾砂絮凝沉降的最佳条件，分析了料浆质量浓度和砂灰比对料浆流动性和充填体力学性能的影响。谭琴等[18]研究了丙烯腈纤维不同掺量条件下，水泥基充填材料的凝结硬化时间和力学性能，发现随着纤维掺量的增加，水泥基充填材料的凝结硬化时间缩短，而强度随纤维长径比的增加呈现出下降—上升—下降的态势。黄敏等[19]研究了永平铜矿倾斜中厚矿体采用分段凿岩阶段空场嗣后充填法采矿时，二步骤采场爆破扰动对不同龄期充填体破坏深度及破坏面积的影响。董军庭[20]研究了马坑铁矿西矿段阶段空场嗣后充填法“隔一采三”回采方式引起的围岩扰动与破坏规律，研究表明，及时充填采空区能够对采场稳定起到显著效果。付毅等[21]对福建紫金山金铜矿在低强度、高水平应力的不良岩体环境下，成功应用大直径深孔采矿嗣后充填采矿法的案例展开了研究。
综上所述，大量有关空场嗣后充填采矿法的研究为解决采场爆破、充填与采场稳定性之间的复杂关系，起到了很好的促进作用，也取得了很好的成效。但二步骤采场回采与出矿期间，一步骤采场胶结充填体（即人工矿柱）的稳定性是影响空场嗣后充填采矿法应用效果的重要因素，二步骤采场回采时的爆破振动对人工矿柱的影响十分显著，但有关这方面的研究很少。本文以河钢矿业司家营铁矿露天转地下开采工程为背景，研究不同采场回采顺序下爆破振动对胶结充填体稳定性的影响，寻求解决充填体稳定性问题的方案，以期指导矿山的设计与生产。
1　露天转地下采矿方法概况
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司家营铁矿露天转地下开采工程研究设计中，为提高矿山地下开采能力，有效控制矿区地表沉降与塌陷[22]，设计单位根据矿体的不同赋存特征，推荐了阶段空场嗣后充填和分段空场嗣后充填两种采矿方案。
空场嗣后充填采矿法是将矿体划分为矿房和矿柱，采用两步骤回采，先采矿房（一步骤采场）后采矿柱（二步骤采场）[23]。矿房出矿结束后胶结充填采空区，形成矿柱回采时的人工矿柱，以改善地压环境，并为二步骤采场回采提供安全保障[24]。
以分段空场嗣后充填采矿方法为例，简要说明该矿露天转地下开采的采矿方法。采场的基本结构及其主要参数如图1所示。矿块垂直于矿体走向布置，一步骤采场和二步骤采场矿块尺寸相同，矿块长为矿体厚度，宽20 m，阶段高度为60 m，分段高度为30 m。回采时，按“隔一采一”的方式先采一步骤矿房，矿房出矿结束后，采用胶固粉与全粒级尾砂配比为1:6的料浆（质量浓度为72%）进行充填，胶结充填体养护28 d后，按“隔三采一”的方式回采二步骤矿柱，出矿结束后，充填采空区。
2　爆破振动模型构建
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2.1　爆破应力计算
采场爆破落矿时，爆炸荷载反复作用，会对围岩或一步骤采场内的充填体产生强烈振动。为分析爆破应力下采场内充填体的变形及稳定性特征，模拟试验采用连续半个正弦波形式的爆炸荷载进行动力计算。根据采场爆破孔起爆的特点，选取典型断面进行分析。分析时按炮孔最大深度60 m（即该矿的阶段高度）考虑，并结合适用于具体工程爆破振动强度的计算公式，计算等效荷载的扰动强度，尽可能使数值模拟与实际情况吻合。
由不耦合装药结构的单个炮孔爆破引起的岩石应力波压力计算公式见式(1)和式(2)。
式中：ρ0为装药密度，kg/m3，根据装药量由Q=反算；D为炸药爆速，m/s；pd、pm为炸药的爆轰压力和初始峰值压力，MPa；r0、rb为药卷半径和炮孔半径，mm；l0、lb为装药长度和炮孔长度，m；n为压力增大系数，一般取10。
由于爆炸荷载的频率高，波长短，且历时很短，一般为几十至几百毫秒，数值模拟中，取应力波的主频为50 Hz，峰值压力为15 MPa。模拟时，采用正弦形爆炸荷载模型，即每一段爆破时荷载从零开始加载至峰值，然后再衰减至零。
2.2　数值模拟模型的构建
采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件建立采场三维地质模型。模型边界取至采动影响范围以外的位置，计算模型在X方向上的长度为638 m,Y方向上的长度为706 m,Z方向上的高度为624 m, 共划分900 765个单元，152 583个节点，如图2 所示。
2.3　模型的边界条件与初始条件
模拟计算时，矿体和围岩材料均使用摩尔-库仑模型作为本构模型，矿、岩及充填体的力学参数见表1。边界条件与初始条件为：
（1）采用位移边界条件，固定模型底部Z方向的变形，模型最顶部为应力边界；
（2）在Z轴负方向施加重力加速度，其值为9.81 m/s2；
（3）根据司家营矿区的地应力值，应力场的初始化过程中，同时考虑了重力和水平主应力的影响；
（4）结合应力边界条件和重力加速度，利用程序自动解算达到平衡，形成初始应力场。
2.4　爆破开挖模拟流程
爆破开挖的模拟流程如下：
（1）先依次按照“一侧推向另一侧”“中央推向两侧”和“两侧推向中央”的回采顺序回采并充填一步骤采场，在岩体压应力环境下计算至平衡；
（2）然后回采二步骤采场，炮孔距离一步骤采场充填体的距离分别为1.0 m、1.5 m，在炮孔表面施加爆破冲击荷载，持续时间0.15 s，进行动力计算；
（3）待上一步动力计算完毕后，对该采场进行充填，再回采下一个采场，循环往复，直至全部采场开挖并充填完毕。
3　充填体的爆破动载响应特征
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3.1　最大主应力的变化特征
当一步骤采场分别通过“一侧推向另一侧”“中央推向两侧”和“两侧推向中央”方式开采结束并完成充填后，在二步骤采场矿体中进行爆破开挖，炮孔中心与一步骤采场充填体之间的距离分别为1.0 m、1.5 m。通过动力计算，得到了一步骤采场内充填体的最大主应力分布情况，如图3所示。
从图3(a)至图3(c)可以看出，当炮孔距离一步骤采场充填体的距离为1.0 m时，最大应力主要集中在炮孔端部，爆破动载下二步骤采场矿体内的最大动荷载高达259.2~265.3 MPa，其中“两侧推向中央”方式开采时集中应力最小，其他两种情况下矿体内的动态压应力情况相近。
从图3(d)至图3(f)可以看出，当炮孔距离一步骤采场充填体的距离为1.5 m时，爆破动载作用下，二步骤采场回采时，一步骤采场内充填体的最大动荷载均显著减小，应力值为244.0~252.5 MPa，应力分布情况几乎不变，其中“两侧推向中央”开采方式的集中应力为最小。
3.2　位移变化特征
通过模拟得到了二步骤采场回采时，一步骤采场充填体的位移变化情况，如图4所示。
从图4(a)至图4(c)可以看出，当炮孔距离一步骤采场充填体的距离为1.0 m时，“一侧推向另一侧”开采方式下，采场6(最后一次爆破的采场)中炮孔局部出现较大变形，其余采场位移变化较大的区域主要分布在采场中下部，变化量在5 mm以内；“中央推向两侧”开采方式下，采场4(最先爆破的采场)中炮孔局部出现了最大变形，其余采场位移变化较大的区域分布在采场中下部，在逐步爆破开挖过程中发现，该开采方式下，盘区两侧后开采的采场均会对中央最先开采的采场产生影响，导致中央采场4的位移变化最大；“两侧推向中央”开采方式下，采场4(最后爆破的采场)中炮孔局部出现了最大变形，其余采场的位移变化情况不大，在该开采方式下，应对最后开采的中央采场加强变形监控。
从图4(d)至图4(f)可以看出，当炮孔距一步骤采场充填体的距离为1.5 m时，爆破动载作用下，二步骤采场内的回采炮孔间距减小，导致二步骤采场矿体的变形量有所增加，而一步骤采场的充填体位移基本不变。
比较可知，炮孔距离一步骤采场充填体的距离分别为1.0 m、1.5 m时，不仅有利于一步骤采场充填体的稳定，也有利于提高二步骤采场的爆破效果。
三种开采方式下，采场围岩稳定状态存在差异：“一侧推向另一侧”开采方式下，最后开采的采场围岩稳定状态最差；“中央推向两侧”和“两侧推向中央”开采方式下，中央采场的围岩稳定状态最差。
3.3　不同回采顺序下充填体的破坏特征
为揭示不同回采顺序下充填体的破坏特征，研究了“一侧推向另一侧”“中央推向两侧”和“两侧推向中央”三种开采方案下，即采场2、采场4和采场6先后爆破时，一步骤采场充填体的塑性区变化情况。
（1）采场从“一侧推向另一侧”。
当一步骤采场充填完成后，二步骤采场按采场2、采场4、采场6的顺序开采，二步骤采场的炮孔与一步骤采场充填体之间的距离分别为1.0 m、1.5 m的条件下，充填体的塑性区变化情况如图5所示。
从图5(a)和图5(b)可以看出，在“一侧推向另一侧”开采方式下，当采场2先进行回采爆破时，对一步骤采场充填体的影响由大到小依次为采场3、采场5和采场1。此时，采场2的炮孔附近多为张拉塑性破坏区，其他区域塑性破坏主要为剪切塑性破坏；当第二步回采采场4时，采场2的充填体受爆破振动影响，剪切塑性破坏区域迅速发展，然后是采场3、采场5的塑性区有一定程度发展；当第三步回采采场6时，采场4的充填体受爆破振动影响，剪切塑性破坏区域迅速发展，然后是采场2、采场3、采场5的塑性区有一定程度的发展。
在从“一侧推向另一侧”的采场回采顺序下，炮孔距充填体的距离分别为1.0 m和1.5 m时，采场塑性破坏特征基本一致，但是，二步骤采场中的炮孔间距越小（即炮孔距充填体的距离为1.5 m），二步骤采场矿体中的剪切塑性区分布范围越大，而在一步骤采场充填体内的塑性区减小，对充填体的稳定性最为有利。
（2）采场从“中央推向两侧”。
在二步骤采场按采场4、采场2、采场6的顺序从“中央推向两侧”开采时，充填体的塑性区分布如图6所示。
从图6(a)和图6(b)可以看出，在“中央推向两侧”的开采顺序下，采场4先回采爆破时，对左右两侧采场3和采场5内的充填体影响较大，充填体内部产生了大量剪切塑性破坏，而采场1的充填体仅在右侧区域出现了少量剪切破坏；当第二步回采采场2时，采场4的充填体受爆破振动影响，剪切塑性破坏区迅速发展，然后是采场3和采场1的充填体内塑性区有一定程度的发展，而采场5的塑性破坏范围基本稳定；当回采采场6时，采场2的充填体中的剪切塑性破坏区域迅速发展，然后是采场3、采场4、采场5的充填体中的塑性区有一定程度发展。
在“中央推向两侧”的开采顺下，炮孔距一步骤采场内充填体的距离分别为1.0 m和1.5 m时，充填体的塑性破坏特征基本一致，同样二步骤采场中炮孔的间距越小（即炮孔距充填体的距离为1.5 m），二步骤采场的矿体中剪切塑性区分布范围越大，且一步骤采场充填体内的塑性区减小。
（3）采场从“两侧推向中央”。
当一步骤采场按“两侧推向中央”的顺序开采并充填完成后，按采场2、采场6、采场4的顺序开采，炮孔距离一步骤采场充填体的距离分别为1.0 m、1.5 m时，得到的采场开挖过程中充填体的塑性区分布情况如图7所示。
从图7(a)和图7(b)可以看出，在“两侧推向中央”的开采顺序下，当采场2先爆破回采时，对采场3和采场5的充填体影响较大，充填体内部产生了大量剪切塑性破坏，而采场1的充填体仅在右侧区域出现了少量剪切和张拉破坏；当第二步回采采场6时，采场2的充填体受爆破振动影响，其内部剪切塑性破坏区域迅速发展，采场3和采场5的充填体中的塑性区有一定程度发展，而采场1的塑性破坏范围基本稳定；当第三步回采采场4时，采场6的充填体中出现快速发展的剪切塑性破坏区，采场3、采场5的充填体中的塑性区也有一定程度的发展。
通过比较可知，炮孔距充填体距离分别为1.0 m和1.5 m时，充填体的塑性破坏特征基本一致，同样，二步骤采场中炮孔间距越小（即炮孔距充填体的距离为1.5 m），二步骤采场的矿体中剪切塑性区分布范围越大，且一步骤采场的充填体内塑性区减小。
4　一步骤采场充填体的强度验证
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基于前面的分析可知，二步骤采场的回采爆破过程中，采场中炮孔间距越小（即炮孔距充填体的距离为1.5 m），二步骤采场的矿体中塑性破坏分布范围越大。
为进一步研究一步骤采场充填体的塑性破坏范围，采用FLAC3D内置的fish语言编制塑性破坏区域统计代码，得到了二步骤采场开采时，“一侧推向另一侧”（方案1）、“中央推向两侧”（方案2）和“两侧推向中央”（方案3）三种开采顺序下，采场1、采场3和采场5充填体塑性破坏统计结果，如图8所示。
由图8可知，二步骤采场按“两侧推向中央”的回采顺序开采时，一步骤采场充填体的塑性破坏范围最小，即对维护充填体的稳定性最为有利。这一结果也表明了在此回采顺序下，当二步骤采场开采时的爆破振动荷载峰值压力在15 MPa时，若采用胶固粉与尾砂的配比为1:6的充填料充填一步骤采场的空区，充填体的强度能够满足一步骤采场充填体的稳定性要求。
5　结论
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（1）不同回采顺序下，二步骤采场爆破时，炮孔距离一步骤采场充填体的距离为1.0 m时，一步骤采场的充填体内的最大主应力高达259.2~265.3 MPa，当炮孔距充填体的距离增加到1.5 m时，充填的最大主应力下降到244.0~252.5 MPa，应力分布情况几乎不变，其中按“两侧推向中央”回采顺序开采二步骤采场时，充填体中的集中应力最小。
（2）根据一步骤采场充填体和二步骤采场矿体的应力及位移变化情况，二步骤采场炮孔距离一步骤采场充填体的距离为1.5 m时，不仅有利于一步骤采场充填体的稳定，也有利于提高二步骤采场的爆破效果。
（3）在现场爆破振动荷载（峰值压力15 MPa）下，尽管靠近爆破区域的充填体中出现了剪切塑性破坏和少量张拉塑性破坏，但分布范围较小，塑性破坏区域并未连通，未出现大面积破坏。
（4）不同回采顺序和炮孔距一步骤采场充填体不同距离下，二步骤采场的回采从“两侧推向中央”时，充填体内形成的塑性破坏范围小，有利于保障人工矿柱(充填体)的稳定性。
（5）二步骤采场的崩矿炮孔距离一步骤采场充填体越远，二步骤采场的矿体中形成的剪切塑性区分布范围越大，有利于二步骤采场的落矿。同时炮孔距离充填体越远，一步骤采场充填体内的塑性区减小，有利于维护充填体的稳定性。
（6）二步骤采场按“两侧推向中央”的顺序回采，爆破振动荷载的峰值压力约为15 MPa时，采用胶固粉与尾砂的配比为1:6的充填料充填一步骤采场的空区，胶结充填体的强度能够满足充填体稳定性要求。
基金
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  • 河钢集团重点科技项目(HG2023215)
文献
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间：2024-10-30
  • 首发时间：2026-02-06
  • 出版时间：2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-30
基金
河钢集团重点科技项目(HG2023215)
作者信息
    1.河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司，河北　唐山市　063009
    2.河北钢铁集团矿山设计有限公司，河北　唐山市　063009
    3.中国恩菲工程技术有限公司，北京　100038
    4.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院，辽宁　鞍山市　114051

通讯作者:

路增祥（1965一），男，陕西富平人，博士，教授，主要从事金属矿床地下开采方面的教学与研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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