Article(id=1226462297665744972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730908800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770340998330, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340998330, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340998330, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340998330, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226462293408531329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340997315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770341205851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226462297946763355, articleId=1226462297665744972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Recovery Technology of Valuable Elements in Waste Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the deepening of environmental protection concepts and the continuous advancement of battery technology, the development of new energy vehicles has entered an explosive growth period, and it has also triggered a wave of disposal of retired batteries. In order to cope with the challenge of efficient and green recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, the main literatures on the recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries at home and abroad in recent years were comprehensively reviewed, and the latest developments of pretreatment, regeneration and repair, pyrometallurgical and wet recycling technologies were systematically introduced. By analyzing and comparing the main characteristics and shortcomings of various recovery technologies, the advantages of wet selective leaching in current recovery practice were pointed out, and the necessity of its development in the future comprehensive recovery of all components and multi-process coordination was emphasized.

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随着环保理念的深入和电池技术的不断进步,新能源汽车的发展进入爆发式增长期,同时也引发了退役电池的处理浪潮。为应对高效、绿色回收废旧膦酸铁锂电池的挑战,全面回顾了近年来国内外膦酸铁锂电池回收的主要文献,系统介绍了预处理、再生修复及火法、湿法等回收技术的最新进展。通过分析对比各类回收技术的主要特点及不足,指出了湿法选择性浸出在当前回收实践中的优势,并强调了其在未来全组分综合回收与多工艺协同方面发展的必要性。

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刘诚(1986一),男,江西九江人,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事浮选理论与技术等方面的研究。E-mail:
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魏润吉(1999一),男,浙江杭州人,硕士研究生,主要从事废旧电池回收等研究。E-mail:

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魏润吉(1999一),男,浙江杭州人,硕士研究生,主要从事废旧电池回收等研究。E-mail:

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废旧膦酸铁锂电池中有价元素回收的研究进展
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魏润吉 1 , 杨思原 1, 2 , 刘诚 1, 2
矿业研究与开发 | 资源绿色开发综述 2025,45(10): 22-32
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矿业研究与开发 | 资源绿色开发综述 2025, 45(10): 22-32
废旧膦酸铁锂电池中有价元素回收的研究进展
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魏润吉1 , 杨思原1, 2, 刘诚1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2.关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 魏润吉(1999一),男,浙江杭州人,硕士研究生,主要从事废旧电池回收等研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘诚(1986一),男,江西九江人,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事浮选理论与技术等方面的研究。E-mail:
Research Progress on Recovery Technology of Valuable Elements in Waste Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery
Runji WEI1 , Siyuan YANG1, 2, Cheng LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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随着环保理念的深入和电池技术的不断进步,新能源汽车的发展进入爆发式增长期,同时也引发了退役电池的处理浪潮。为应对高效、绿色回收废旧膦酸铁锂电池的挑战,全面回顾了近年来国内外膦酸铁锂电池回收的主要文献,系统介绍了预处理、再生修复及火法、湿法等回收技术的最新进展。通过分析对比各类回收技术的主要特点及不足,指出了湿法选择性浸出在当前回收实践中的优势,并强调了其在未来全组分综合回收与多工艺协同方面发展的必要性。

废旧膦酸铁锂电池  /  正极材料  /  再生修复  /  湿法回收  /  选择性提锂

With the deepening of environmental protection concepts and the continuous advancement of battery technology, the development of new energy vehicles has entered an explosive growth period, and it has also triggered a wave of disposal of retired batteries. In order to cope with the challenge of efficient and green recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, the main literatures on the recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries at home and abroad in recent years were comprehensively reviewed, and the latest developments of pretreatment, regeneration and repair, pyrometallurgical and wet recycling technologies were systematically introduced. By analyzing and comparing the main characteristics and shortcomings of various recovery technologies, the advantages of wet selective leaching in current recovery practice were pointed out, and the necessity of its development in the future comprehensive recovery of all components and multi-process coordination was emphasized.

Waste lithium iron phosphate battery  /  Cathode material  /  Regeneration and repair  /  Wet recovery  /  Selective lithium extraction
魏润吉, 杨思原, 刘诚. 废旧膦酸铁锂电池中有价元素回收的研究进展. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 22 -32 .
Runji WEI, Siyuan YANG, Cheng LIU. Research Progress on Recovery Technology of Valuable Elements in Waste Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 22 -32 .
在全球能源转型与环境保护的紧迫需求下,我国力争达到在2030年前实现碳达峰,在2060年前实现碳中和的“双碳目标”。交通行业作为能源消耗和碳排放大户,正加速向绿色低碳转型,其中新能源汽车成为关键推动力[1]。据中国汽车工业协会数据,截至2024年6月底,国产新能源汽车历史累计产销量已突破3 000万辆,锂电池装机量也随之快速增长。根据工信部数据,2024年上半年全国锂电池总产量达480 GWh,同比增长20%,其中车用动力锂电池装车量约203 GWh,膦酸铁锂(Lithium Iron Phosphate, LFP)电池占比超过70%。
然而,动力锂电池的寿命仅有6~8 a,装机规模的持续扩大意味着退役电池的报废问题日益凸显。预计到2030年,锂电池回收规模将超过1 TWh,其中膦酸铁锂电池占比预计达58%以上。如此大规模的报废电池将带来巨大的回收外置压力,若处置不当,其含有的重金属、毒性有机物等可能存在泄漏风险,严重威胁生态环境与公共健康[2-3]。因此,推进废旧锂电池的回收利用,不仅关乎环境保护,也有助于缓解我国锂资源供应压力,并创造显著的经济效益。
锂电池的回收价值主要集中于正极部分。然而,与三元锂电池相比,膦酸铁锂电池中仅含有Li,而不含Ni、Co、Mn等高价值金属,因此其回收经济性相对较低[4]。加之近年来碳酸锂价格持续下行,更迫切地需要实现对Li、P、Fe及石墨等组分的全面回收,以提高经济效益与环境效益[5]
回收过程主要包括预处理和深度处理两个阶段。预处理通过放电、拆解破碎、分选等方法初步分离并回收废旧电池中的各类材料。深度处理则主要包括直接修复和元素回收两大技术路径,前者侧重于对正极材料进行整体修复与再生,后者则通过湿法或火法冶金等工艺提取有价值的金属元素,再经过分离和深度处理制成新产品,最终实现资源的高效循环利用[6-7]
本文系统综述了现有废旧膦酸铁锂电池中有价元素的回收工艺,旨在为相关领域的研究与工业应用提供参考,并对未来产业发展方向进行了展望。
膦酸铁锂电池结构组成复杂,且其正极、负极及电解液中均含有毒性组分,直接回收难度大、效率低,需通过预处理实现电池各组分的精细分离与有机物脱除,优先回收铜箔、铝箔等有价材料,从而降低后续元素分离与材料再生的难度和成本。预处理一般流程主要包括放电、拆解破碎、机械分离、化学分离及热处理等步骤,如图1所示。
废旧膦酸铁锂电池通过物理法和化学法两种形式放电,其原理均为通过外接通路释放电池中残留的电能,以防止在后续破碎和拆解过程中出现电池自燃、起火甚至爆炸等安全问题。物理法采用金属粉末和石墨粉等固态介质包覆电池进行强制放电,该方法操作简单,但放电后电池残留电压较高,且石墨粉存在爆炸风险,金属粉末则易氧化失效。化学法则是将电池浸没于酸、碱或盐溶液中,通过电化学反应加速放电,同时溶液对电池外壳的腐蚀也有助于放电过程,其残留电压通常更低。在化学法中,盐溶液因其放电效果更好和安全性较高而被广泛应用。常用的盐类试剂包括NaCl、KCl 等卤化物,以及FeSO4、CuSO4等硫酸盐。然而,该过程中电池外壳的腐蚀可能导致电解液泄漏,对后续回收环节造成不利影响,同时,含有机物的废液也会增加废水处理成本。为减少废液和废气的产生,采用盐溶液喷淋代替整体浸泡,以及在保护气氛下进行带电破碎,这些工艺正逐渐成为规模化生产中更稳定且具有应用潜力的处理方式。
拆解是将电池电芯和壳体等组件分离,以便充分回收利用。该过程可分为人工拆解和机械拆解两类。人工拆解更细致彻底,但耗时费力。在规模化工业生产中多采用机械拆解,不仅能够快速完成拆解任务,还可有效避免有毒气体、残余电荷及电解液对操作人员的危害。但鉴于电池模块结构多样,当前机器人技术仍存在适应性局限,因此,发展人机协作的智能化拆解技术对提升拆解效率与操作安全性具有重要意义[8]
拆解后的电池电芯经过破碎与精细分离,基于粒径、密度、电磁性、亲疏水性等物理化学性质的差异,通过简单的物理分选即可实现材料的精准回收。这一过程不仅提高了正极材料的纯度,还显著减少了资源的二次浪费,可实现低成本的综合回收。
具体而言,采用重选、风选能有效分离出低密度的塑料,采用磁选则可高效回收金属外壳。进一步地,HU Zhicheng 等[9]通过高强度磁分离(HIMS)直接回收了98.69%的正极材料;基于亲疏水性差异,ZHONG Xuehu等[10]利用苛化淀粉和乳化煤油在正极表面的选择性吸附,通过浮选获得高纯度正极材料,其中仅含微量石墨。
在破碎分选得到的正极材料中,活性物质仍通过N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)等黏合剂与集流体紧密黏附,需进一步剥离以得到纯净正极材料。当前主流分离方法有3种,一是溶剂选择性溶解法,依据有机物相似相溶原理,使用二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、乙醇、丙酮等有机溶剂[11],或根据铝的碱反应活性选用碱液,通过式(1)和式(2)的反应溶解铝集流体[12];二是热解法,基于黏结剂的热不稳定性,利用高温、低温削弱黏附,如LIU Jiangshan等[13]利用低温脆化黏结剂,通过液氮冷却与研磨实现选择性粉碎;三是电化学法,通过外加电场在铝集流体表面引发电化学作用,以实现剥离[14]
然而,这些方法各有局限:溶剂法成本高、具有毒性和二次污染风险;热解过程易使有机物失效,在丧失回收价值的同时还会释放有毒气体;低温法设备要求严格、成本高昂;电化学法则受限于能耗和电解副反应,难以实现大规模应用。
为实现绿色经济分离,研究者们积极探索新路径,如PANTD等[15]开发了柑橘汁(CJ)、WANG Mengmeng等[16]提出了深共熔溶剂(DES)-氯化胆碱-甘油体系,以及CHEN Xiangping等[17]提出了超声辅助草酸技术,均显示出良好的应用潜力。此外,WANG Mengmeng等[18]引入了CaO,在降低热解温度的同时实现了氟的固化,为绿色热解技术提供了新思路。
综上所述,预处理旨在实现回收价值最大化并获得高纯度的LFP材料。未来可通过优化低温热解、开发新型溶剂等手段,推动预处理技术从高能耗、高污染向低碳环保方向转型。
膦酸铁锂电池的容量源自Li在LFP中的嵌入与脱嵌过程,相应地,该过程中发生的Li损失与电化学副反应也是容量衰减的主要原因[19]。与其他正极材料相比,LFP稳定的橄榄石结构保证了Li的脱嵌可逆[20-21]。基于这一特性,通过向正极补充活性Li及其他损失元素,即可恢复其电化学性能。
直接修复技术主要包括高温固相修复和低温液相修复,该技术可简化预处理步骤,缩短整体回收流程,并减少废酸、废碱的排放。
高温固相修复主要针对结构保持完整的LFP正极,通过添加锂源、碳源等辅助材料,经混合后焙烧,使缺失的Li、Fe、P等元素重新嵌入LFP晶格,从而修复晶格缺陷并增强锂离子的迁移通道,最终实现正极材料结构与电化学性能的恢复与优化[22]。同时,高温焙烧过程还可去除残留的外壳和黏合剂,提高正极材料的纯度,其常用工艺流程如图2所示。
WANG Lihua等[23]通过无酸碱条件下的直接粉碎法得到正极材料,并创新性地保留了乙炔黑作为原位源碳,再生出具有高循环寿命和容量的新正极材料。QIAN Liang等[24]将机械分离、热解干法回收与球磨湿法回收相结合,经热解脱碳、复配、球磨及二次热处理,得到元素组成恢复且结晶度提高的修复正极。
固相修复法显著缩短了回收流程,但其主要依赖固-固反应,导致反应效率低、能耗大。此外,LFP在热处理过程中会产生有害废气,对操作人员的安全构成威胁[25]。同时,在实际生产中需根据原料差异精确调控锂源与碳源的添加量,对操作技术要求较高。
针对固相修复法存在的高能耗和技术门槛较高等问题,研究者从膦酸铁锂的液相合成工艺中获得启发,开发了基于水热法的低温液相修复技术。该技术将可溶性锂盐、还原剂与废旧正极材料在水溶液中混合,通过水热反应实现嵌锂修复[26]。锂源在水相中均匀分散的特性,有效填补了材料中的锂空位和晶格缺陷,恢复了锂离子的传输路径,同时改善了正极材料的颗粒均匀性与结晶度[27]。为了维持材料的纯度,通常采用草酸、苹果酸等有机还原剂,而葡萄糖除了作为碳源外,也常兼具还原剂功能。
在水热修复过程中,还可通过碳层再修饰得到更均匀且结构更优的碳包覆层[28],从而进一步提升再生正极的电化学性能。例如,SONG Wei等[29]利用高锰酸钾氧化废石墨阳极得到氧化石墨烯(RGO),并结合LiOH与L-抗坏血酸,成功制备出表面均匀覆盖石墨烯的复合材料,显著提高了材料的循环稳定性和倍率性能。此外,离子掺杂技术也为提升材料性能提供了新思路。通过引入铌、钒、镍等金属离子,不仅能提高材料的电导率,还可稳定晶格结构,增强锂离子的传输效率和电池储能性能[30]。SUN Jing等[31]的研究同时综合了定向修复、原位表面改性与3D互连多孔碳网络(3dC),以NaCl为造孔模板,尿素提供氮掺杂,葡萄糖碳化生成3D多孔碳网络,成功制备出高性能的rLFP@3dC-N复合材料。该材料在循环测试中表现出高达95.7%的平均可逆容量保持率,具有良好的应用前景和环保效益。
火法回收的核心是利用高温处理电池正极,使其发生结构转化和化学反应,进而回收有价金属。此路径流程简单、原料适应性广,易于与其他工艺联动,适合规模化生产[32],可分为直接焙烧和辅助焙烧两大类。其中,直接焙烧通常要求1 000 ℃以上的高温[33],能耗较高。且高温下锂在气固两相的不均匀分散更是增加了回收分离的难度,提高了整体成本,因此主要应用于三元锂电池回收领域[34-35]。目前膦酸铁锂电池回收更多采用“加盐辅助焙烧-水浸”工艺[36](如图3所示),通过引入各类盐类助剂,如氯化铵、硫酸氢钠、硫酸铵等,不仅有效降低了焙烧温度,还促使锂转化为水溶性化合物,为后续提取分离提供了便利。研究显示,这些焙烧助剂均能实现95%以上的锂回收率,同时保持较低的杂质溶出率[37]
尽管加盐焙烧显著优化了焙烧条件,但能耗依然较高,同时在焙烧过程中产生的Cl2、NOx、SOx等有毒废气也不容忽视。对此,探索火法与湿法工艺的深度融合成为新的研究方向。利用高温破坏LFP稳定的橄榄石结构并脱氟脱碳,能有效减少湿法阶段的药剂消耗和三废排放,兼具环保和经济性优势。
从传统的直接焙烧到加盐辅助焙烧,再到与湿法联合工艺的推进,火法回收技术的一系列演进,旨在不断提高回收效率、降低能耗,最终实现无污染、低成本的废旧膦酸铁锂电池高值化利用。
湿法回收是分离与富集有价金属的常用工艺,具有能耗低、回收效率高的优点,通常可分为非选择性全浸出和选择性浸出两类[38],其典型工艺流程如图4所示。
非选择性全浸出基于式(3)的反应,利用高浓度的H+高效破坏膦酸铁锂等物质的晶体结构,溶解得到含Li、Fe、P的溶液。传统的无机酸(如盐酸、硝酸、硫酸、膦酸等)已广泛应用于工业生产,但往往伴随设备腐蚀和有毒废气排放等问题[39]
为应对这一问题,研究者转向探索有机酸浸出工艺,如柠檬酸[40]、甲酸[41]、乳酸[42]及酒石酸[43]等。这些天然存在的有机酸不仅对环境友好,还能通过氧化还原与螯合作用提高浸出效率。有机酸在三元锂电池回收中已展现出很好的效果,并在膦酸铁锂电池回收中显示出巨大潜力。例如,LI Pengwei等[44]使用膦酸-草酸混合体系浸出煅烧后的正极材料,借助膦酸提供强酸性环境,草酸通常螯合破坏LFP结构,协同实现了97.72%Li和98.24%Fe的浸出;YADAV P等[45]则使用可回收的甲磺酸和对甲苯磺酸,实现了超过95%的Li、Fe浸出率。
非选择性全浸出能够简单高效地溶解电池正极,得到可溶出95%以上Li、Fe的浸出液,但后续的高效分离一直是该工艺的难点。在湿法冶金中,常用的元素分离方法包括选择性沉淀、溶剂萃取和离子交换等。然而,由于萃取剂和离子交换树脂成本较高,在膦酸铁锂回收中经济性较差,工业上更倾向于采用选择性沉淀法。该方法通过调节pH,并添加氢氧化钠或氨水等使Fe沉淀,分离后加入碳酸钠获取碳酸锂,再补充葡萄糖便可通过水热合成LiFePO4/C再生材料,从而实现资源的高效回收与再利用。
非选择性全浸出工艺操作简单、锂浸出率高,但其分离难度大,导致最终产品在纯度与回收率之间难以兼顾,同时产生的高酸度、高盐度废水也加重了环保负担[46]。未来研究应致力于优化分离过程,减少废水排放,以实现回收效率与环保性能的协同提升。
与全浸出工艺相比,选择性浸出可在弱酸性甚至中性条件下实现Li的浸出,耗酸量和废水量更少,浸出与分离的结合也简化了流程[47]。该工艺的核心原理在于通过促进Fe2+向Fe3+氧化态转变,从而重构LFP的晶体结构。这一转变导致原本稳定的橄榄石型结构发生调整,Li+受到排挤并脱嵌至电解质溶液中。同时,Fe仍保留在晶格框架内,实现了Li的高选择性浸出并保持了正极材料主体结构的完整性。
通过加入过氧化氢、过硫酸盐和次氯酸盐等氧化剂,可有效促进Fe2+的氧化,从而显著推动锂的选择性浸出过程。在多种氧化剂中,过氧化氢因其环境友好性与高反应效率而被广泛应用。其中,“硫酸-双氧水”的组合是目前最为成熟且已实现工业化的选择性回收工艺[48],其主要反应见式(4)。在该体系中,硫酸提供强酸性环境,双氧水则在酸性环境中高效氧化LFP,生成FeSO4沉淀并使Li进入溶液,从而实现Li与Fe的高效分离。
在实验室研究中,有机酸展现出了优异的氧化浸出性能。具体而言,LI Yongjian等[49]采用“甲酸-双氧水”体系,成功实现了超过99.96%的锂浸出率,同时铁元素的浸出被严格控制在0.1%以下。类似地,HARSHIT M等[50]也证实了甲酸在锂回收中的有效性,在实现超过99.5%的锂选择性回收的同时,还利用Na3PO4原位沉淀得到纯度高于99%的Li3PO4产品,进一步提升了资源的回收价值。出于环保考虑,KUMAR J等[51]探索了以天然柠檬汁作为绿色浸出剂并辅以少量H2O2的方案,同样取得很好的效果,Li的浸出率达到94.83%,且超过96%的Fe被富集于残渣中。这一系列研究成果展现了有机酸的巨大潜力,也为实现绿色、高效的资源提取工艺开辟了新路径。
过硫酸盐作为一类常用的氧化剂,凭其固态特性使得贮存和使用更为简便安全,其特有的过硫酸根还能显著降低酸耗。LI Haoyu 等[52]采用了“Na2S2O8−H2SO4”体系,在较低酸浓度(0.30 mol/L)下实现了97.53%的Li浸出率,并借助Fe2(SO4)3有效去除溶液中的微量Fe和P,提升了产品纯度。PENG Dezhao等[53]使用过硫酸铵作为氧化剂,在无酸条件下发生式(5)的反应,得出Li浸出率超过98.1%,同时Fe、Al等杂质几乎无溶出。
然而,氧化剂的使用在提高浸出选择性的同时,也增加了回收成本。为降低成本,JIN Hao 等[54]摒弃双氧水,仅以空气作为氧化剂,实现了99.3%的Li浸出率,同时Fe和P的溶出率仅有0.02%。
此外,为减少对氧化剂的依赖并简化流程,一些具有氧化能力的酸成为新的选择。LIU Kui等[55]开发了以焦膦酸(H4P2O7)作为绿色高效浸出剂的方法,无需额外试剂即可完全浸出Fe和Li,并通过将Fe氧化沉淀,实现了浸出、分离与纯化的同步完成,展现了其独特的优势与应用潜力。
芬顿法是一种典型的高级氧化技术,其通过催化H2O2生成强氧化性的羟基自由基,实现低耗高效的氧化,并能有效减少副产物的生成[56]。该技术特有的铁基催化机制与膦酸铁锂电池的氧化回收过程存在天然的契合性。在LFP体系中,芬顿反应可直接利用电池中的Fe原位催化生成羟基自由基,进而促进LFP的氧化溶解,相应反应见式(6)和式(7)。
此外,近年来光芬顿、电芬顿技术的兴起,不仅简化了工艺流程,还显著提高了操作安全性,使得芬顿法成为膦酸铁锂电池氧化回收的重要技术之一。
CHEN Xiangping 等[57]通过优化 Fenton 氧化法,在少量FeSO4和温和条件(40 ℃、30 min)下浸出得到99.9%的 Li 浸出率,且浸出液中 Fe 浓度极低。YU Fangke等[58]则采用了电芬顿工艺,在4 V电压下得到了98%的 Li 浸出率,同时 Fe 几乎未浸出。
然而,传统芬顿及内源性高级氧化工艺仍依赖于“氧化剂+酸”的组合[59],而臭氧工艺则存在设备成本高和操作环境风险的问题。为此,ZHOU Huixiang等[60]创新地开发了基于过氧乙酸的高级氧化工艺,以过氧乙酸同时替代H2O2和硫酸,更安全地实现了LFP的原位活化与高效浸出(99.02%Li),同时Fe几乎全部留在残渣中。
综上所述,高级氧化技术在膦酸铁锂电池回收领域的持续创新,不仅展现了其在提升回收率与环保性方面的巨大潜力,更为行业的可持续发展提供了新的可能。
无机盐取代浸出是通过Fe2(SO4)3、NaCl、FeCl3等试剂,借助同构离子诱导取代LFP结构中的Li,实现高选择性提锂。该方法无需酸性环境,且保留了LFP橄榄石结构的完整性,大幅降低了废水处理成本,还可回收性能优良的再生材料和副产品。
对比常用的盐浸试剂,NaCl[61]、FeCl3[62]在固相反应时需要机械研磨以催化反应,在液相中高浓度氯离子又会引起设备腐蚀;而NiSO4、CuSO4等因其相应膦酸盐溶解度高于FePO4,导致反应驱动力不足,限制了浸出速度和最终浸出率。相比之下,Fe2(SO4)3以低成本和操作简便的优势脱颖而出,其主要反应见式(8),Fe2(SO4)3中的Fe3+取代Fe2+进入 LFP 结构并排挤出Li+,LFP 随之转化为FePO4
Fe2(SO4)3即使在较高的固液比和较短的浸出时间下也能获得良好的Li浸出率。DAI Yang等[63]在高达500 g/L的固液比下进行试验,结果表明,仅30 min便可得到97.07%的Li浸出率,浸出效果良好。
基于Fe2(SO4)3的同构诱导取代机制兼具可行性和经济性,整体回收过程绿色环保,可作为废旧膦酸铁锂电池正极材料回收的有效方法,并为锂离子电池行业的可持续发展提供支持。
机械化学法(Mechanochemical, MC)是一种利用机械力(如冲击、剪切和摩擦等)诱导化学反应的技术[64-65],应用于Pb、Li、Co、Cu、Au等多种金属的回收过程中,具有广泛的适用性和高效性。
在膦酸铁锂电池的回收中,MC通过精细研磨的方式,不仅改变了物料的物理化学性质和晶体结构,还可借助机械力与共磨试剂协同作用破坏LFP结构,从而高效释放并回收Li、Fe。YANG Yongxia等[66]利用EDTA-2Na与正极材料共研磨螯合Fe、Li,再以低浓度膦酸成功回收了97.67%的Fe和94.29%的Li。然而,EDTA-2Na也存在成本高,以及浸出与活化分离、流程延长等问题,促使研究者探索更为经济高效的替代方案。FAN Ersha等[67]对此作出改进,选用耐酸腐蚀的氧化锆球作为研磨介质,并在活化阶段直接加入草酸,经研磨与水浸后实现了99%的Li和94%的Fe的回收。更进一步,ZHANGQiyue等[68]提出了无酸机械化学法,使用柠檬酸钠在室温下回收Li,不仅比EDTA-2Na更为经济,还实现了98.9%的Li回收率。
相较于传统回收工艺,MC能够在低温、低药剂用量等温和条件下高效回收有价金属,更具环境友好性。但目前该方法仍因反应周期较长和研磨可能带来的污染问题而限制其大规模工业化应用。未来,将MC与选择性浸出或固相修复等技术结合,开发作为辅助工艺的新型MC方法,有望进一步提升其工业适用性与环境效益。
膦酸铁锂电池的电化学回收通过模拟充电过程,借助外部电路施加电压氧化LFP,从而选择性浸出Li[69]。该过程无需添加化学试剂,有利于回收高纯度锂化合物,且显著减少了废水废渣的产生,体现出显著的环保优势。电化学回收锂通常采用电解法,在NaCl或Na2SO4等电解质溶液中,Li+通过阳极LFP的氧化反应释放进入溶液,Fe则以FePO4和阴极电沉积的形式沉淀分离。LI Ruiqi等[70]采用酸辅助悬浮电解法,通过在pH=1.7的硫酸介质中施加4.2 V电压,实现了接近完全的Li回收(>99%),而Fe浸出率极低(0.09%)。ZHU Guohui等[71]将LFP和石墨混合制成复合阳极,利用石墨提高导电性并优化脱锂过程,在1.9 V电压、25 ℃条件下,Li、Fe的浸出率分别为92.72%、0.12%。
然而,将LFP制成电极的工序较为繁杂。为简化流程,研究者开发了隔膜电解法,直接将LFP粉末加入电解液中进行反应。LI Zheng等[72]通过阴离子交换膜分隔电解槽,在阳极室中连续氧化LFP释出Li+;阴极室则析氢生成NaOH,可用于处理阳极液中溶出的微量Fe,最高锂回收率超过98%。
目前电化学法仍受设备的限制,难以解决规模化应用中的安全问题及因副反应导致的回收率下降,短期内推广面临挑战,亟需进一步技术创新,以实现更广泛的应用。
生物浸出是一种依托微生物及其代谢产物的环境友好型浸出工艺,不仅在成本控制与环境保护上具有显著优势,也展现出替代传统湿法浸出的巨大潜力[73]。该过程常使用的微生物有硫氧化系的嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌[74]、铁氧化系的氧化亚铁钩端螺旋菌和真菌系的黑曲霉菌[75]等。然而,由于回收周期较长、细菌培养效率低,该技术的工业化进程仍面临瓶颈。
提升生物浸出效果的关键在于筛选能够耐受锂电池毒性的合适菌种[76],并通过精细调控温度、pH及营养配比,构造适合菌种生长增殖的培养与浸出环境,从而实现更高的金属回收率。
在锂电池回收领域,生物技术已在三元锂电池回收中取得一定成效,相比之下,膦酸铁锂电池的生物回收研究仍较为有限。值得关注的是,HARSHIT M等[77]采用基于排硫硫杆菌的两步浸出法,在接近中性条件下实现了LFP电池正极中约65%的锂浸出,并通过优化细菌浓度将回收率提升至98%,充分验证了该方法的可行性。此外,研究还表明采用二次生物培养可增强微生物的适应性与浸出性能[78],为生物浸出技术的进一步开发提供了新方向。
膦酸铁锂电池回收技术正向着更高效、更绿色和更经济的方向发展,以适应新能源锂电行业的发展,满足可持续发展和环境保护的要求。观察当前回收技术,仍存在一些亟待解决的问题。
(1)预处理过程的关键在于实现安全放电与各组分材料的充分分离。当前采用的盐水放电、带电破碎等阶段仍对操作人员的安全构成安全风险,并存在废水产生量大的问题;拆解分离阶段则难以兼顾正极粉末的纯净度和过程的环保性。
(2)修复再生技术能够整体回收报废正极,但对废旧正极结构完整度的要求较高,限制了其适应性范围,加之技术门槛较高,目前难以实现规模化应用。
(3)火法回收流程简单,但其高能耗和废气排放不符合绿色环保理念;湿法回收工艺成熟度高、工业化程度高,未来仍将占据主流地位。然而,其中全浸出工艺需消耗大量酸碱药剂并产生大量高酸废水,增加了环保压力;而选择性氧化浸出则在更少酸耗的情况下实现了锂的高提取率,更适用于工业化生产。
(4)电化学与生物浸出技术在短期内尚不具备工业化应用的条件。电化学工艺需解决设备大型化和能耗优化的问题;生物浸出技术则因浸出效率低、回收周期长等因素限制其实际推广。
基于对当前主要回收技术的分析,针对其存在的不足,未来膦酸铁锂电池的回收可从以下方向发展。
(1)结合人工智能及机器人技术,开发人机协作的智能化拆解和带电破碎技术,以提升拆解效率与安全性;开发绿色溶剂,结合重选、浮选等分选技术,实现高纯度正极粉料的高效绿色分离。
(2)发展基于水热合成的低温液相修复技术,该技术相较固相修复法具有更广泛的原料适应性,并可进一步开发集金属离子掺杂与碳包覆改性于一体的一步水热工艺,制备电化学性能更优的正极材料。
(3)选择性氧化浸出已逐渐成为工业主流工艺,未来应聚集于开发廉价氧化剂并提升锂的选择性,以降低提锂成本;有机酸选择性浸出工艺对设备、人员和环境友好,未来应通过降低酸耗、促进药剂循环利用等策略弥补其成本较高的不足,有望替代高腐蚀、高风险的无机酸,开启回收技术的新篇章。
(4)实现废旧膦酸铁锂电池价值最大化的关键在于全组分综合回收,未来不应仅局限于正极部分,还应涵盖电解液回收、负极石墨再利用及提锂渣再提取等多方面。
(5)面对未来更多更复杂的电池原料,单一工艺技术和设备将无法达到理想的回收效果,需通过优化回收流程、引入先进设备以及实施多工艺协同策略,降低能耗和材料损失,提高锂等有价元素回收效率,从而推动资源的高效循环利用,实现经济效益与环境效益的双重提升。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2905800)
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-07
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2905800)
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    1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    2.关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070

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刘诚(1986一),男,江西九江人,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事浮选理论与技术等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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