Article(id=1226462297086936019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730390400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770340998193, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340998193, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340998193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340998193, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226462293408531329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340997315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770341205851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226463168155792202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, issueId=1226462293408531329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=144, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226462297305039841, articleId=1226462297086936019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, language=EN, title=Study on Spatio-temporal Evolution Characteristics of Crack Propagation and Early Warning in Rock Fracture, columnId=null, journalTitle=Mining Research and Development, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dynamic disasters such as rockburst caused by mining disturbance seriously restrict the development and utilization of deep mineral resources. It is of great significance to explore the propagation process of internal cracks in rocks to reveal the rock failure mechanism and disaster warning. Based on this, the spatial-temporal response characteristics of acoustic emission of granite under uniaxial loading were monitored. The single linkage clustering (SLC) method was used to construct the SLC structure of acoustic emission events. By introducing the spatial correlation length of acoustic emission events, the spatial correlation degree between acoustic emission events at different time scales was analyzed. The results show that the three-dimensional localization and energy properties of acoustic emission events can characterize the propagation and damage evolution process of microcracks in granite specimens. As the stress increases, the link length in the SLC structure gradually decreases, and the correlation within the crack cluster increases. The spatial correlation length has experienced three stages of high-level fluctuations, stable fluctuations and sudden increase. When it is close to the fracture of granite, the spatial correlation length increases sharply due to the redistribution and transmission of stress in the sample, which can be used as the early warning point of granite instability. The SLC method provides an effective method for studying the evolution process of rock crack propagation, which can provide a reference for the early warning and prevention of dynamic disasters such as rock burst.

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采矿扰动引起的岩爆等动力灾害严重制约深部矿产资源的开发利用,探索岩石内部裂纹的扩展过程对揭示岩石破坏机制和灾害预警具有重要意义。基于此,对花岗岩在单轴加载作用下的声发射时空响应特征进行了监测。采用单链接聚类(SLC)方法,构造了声发射事件的SLC结构,并通过引入声发射事件的空间相关长度,分析了不同时间尺度下声发射事件之间的空间相关程度。结果表明,声发射事件的三维定位及能量属性可表征花岗岩试样中微裂纹的扩展及损伤演化过程。随着应力的增大,SLC结构中链路长度逐渐减小,裂纹集群内部的相关性增强。空间相关长度经历了“高位波动—平稳波动—突增”的三阶段。在接近花岗岩破裂时,由于应力在试样中的重新分布和传递导致空间相关长度突增,可作为花岗岩失稳预警点。SLC方法为研究岩石裂纹扩展演化过程提供了一种有效方法,可为岩爆等动力灾害预警及防治提供重要的参考。

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王振兴(1983一),男,陕西合阳人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全技术与管理工作。E-mail:

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王振兴(1983一),男,陕西合阳人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全技术与管理工作。E-mail:

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王振兴(1983一),男,陕西合阳人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全技术与管理工作。E-mail:

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岩石破裂裂纹扩展时空演化特征及预警研究
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王振兴 , 王洋 , 樊龙 , 徐勇勇 , 张宇
矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025,45(10): 144-151
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矿业研究与开发 | 矿山安全与环保 2025, 45(10): 144-151
岩石破裂裂纹扩展时空演化特征及预警研究
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王振兴 , 王洋, 樊龙, 徐勇勇, 张宇
作者信息
  • 陕西陕煤曹家滩矿业有限公司,陕西 榆林市 719000
  • 王振兴(1983一),男,陕西合阳人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山安全技术与管理工作。E-mail:

Study on Spatio-temporal Evolution Characteristics of Crack Propagation and Early Warning in Rock Fracture
Zhenxing WANG , Yang WANG, Long FAN, Yongyong XU, Yu ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Shaanxi Shaanmei Caojiatan Mining Co, Ltd, Yulin, Shannxi 719000, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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采矿扰动引起的岩爆等动力灾害严重制约深部矿产资源的开发利用,探索岩石内部裂纹的扩展过程对揭示岩石破坏机制和灾害预警具有重要意义。基于此,对花岗岩在单轴加载作用下的声发射时空响应特征进行了监测。采用单链接聚类(SLC)方法,构造了声发射事件的SLC结构,并通过引入声发射事件的空间相关长度,分析了不同时间尺度下声发射事件之间的空间相关程度。结果表明,声发射事件的三维定位及能量属性可表征花岗岩试样中微裂纹的扩展及损伤演化过程。随着应力的增大,SLC结构中链路长度逐渐减小,裂纹集群内部的相关性增强。空间相关长度经历了“高位波动—平稳波动—突增”的三阶段。在接近花岗岩破裂时,由于应力在试样中的重新分布和传递导致空间相关长度突增,可作为花岗岩失稳预警点。SLC方法为研究岩石裂纹扩展演化过程提供了一种有效方法,可为岩爆等动力灾害预警及防治提供重要的参考。

花岗岩  /  岩石破裂  /  声发射  /  单链接聚类  /  空间相关长度

Dynamic disasters such as rockburst caused by mining disturbance seriously restrict the development and utilization of deep mineral resources. It is of great significance to explore the propagation process of internal cracks in rocks to reveal the rock failure mechanism and disaster warning. Based on this, the spatial-temporal response characteristics of acoustic emission of granite under uniaxial loading were monitored. The single linkage clustering (SLC) method was used to construct the SLC structure of acoustic emission events. By introducing the spatial correlation length of acoustic emission events, the spatial correlation degree between acoustic emission events at different time scales was analyzed. The results show that the three-dimensional localization and energy properties of acoustic emission events can characterize the propagation and damage evolution process of microcracks in granite specimens. As the stress increases, the link length in the SLC structure gradually decreases, and the correlation within the crack cluster increases. The spatial correlation length has experienced three stages of high-level fluctuations, stable fluctuations and sudden increase. When it is close to the fracture of granite, the spatial correlation length increases sharply due to the redistribution and transmission of stress in the sample, which can be used as the early warning point of granite instability. The SLC method provides an effective method for studying the evolution process of rock crack propagation, which can provide a reference for the early warning and prevention of dynamic disasters such as rock burst.

Granite  /  Rock fracture  /  Acoustic emission  /  Single linkage clustering  /  Spatial correlation length
王振兴, 王洋, 樊龙, 徐勇勇, 张宇. 岩石破裂裂纹扩展时空演化特征及预警研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 144 -151 .
Zhenxing WANG, Yang WANG, Long FAN, Yongyong XU, Yu ZHANG. Study on Spatio-temporal Evolution Characteristics of Crack Propagation and Early Warning in Rock Fracture[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 144 -151 .
随着浅层资源的逐渐枯竭,虽然深部矿产资源的开发处于极其复杂的地质环境和应力条件下,但是势在必行[1-2]。与浅层岩石相比较,深部岩石表现出更复杂的非线性力学特征[3-5]。在深部资源开采过程中,由高地应力和强采动扰动引起的岩爆等矿山动力灾害越来越多,造成人员伤亡和经济损失的风险也在增加,矿山安全生产面临着严峻挑战。因此,探究深部开采矿山动力灾害演化机制及监测预警已成为当前研究的热点和难点。
在岩石力学试验研究中,通常使用压力传感器、应变计等分析应力和形变等基本信息,反映了岩石内部的平均应力和整体变形[6]。但岩石是一种典型的各向异性材料,含有微裂纹、孔隙等大量不同尺度的自然缺陷[7-8]。因此,探究应力作用下岩石内部裂纹的分布与演化规律对研究岩石破坏机理具有重要意义。
岩石在加载条件下,内部微裂纹逐渐产生、扩展和合并,并伴随着弹性应变能的释放,即声发射现象[9]。由于声发射技术可以连续监测微裂纹的时空演化行为,能够有效揭示岩石的变形破坏过程,已被广泛应用于岩石破裂研究[10-11]。AKDAG S等[12]利用声发射和动能分析方法,研究了真三轴加卸载条件下脆性岩石破裂的声发射时域和频域响应,并利用声发射b值、累积声发射能量和事件率量化了岩石损伤演化过程。JIA Z等[13]研究了不同深度煤样在三轴压缩过程中的声发射行为,研究表明,随着深度的增加,声发射活动逐渐减小,裂纹的平均规模减小。GENG Jishi等[14]基于累积声发射能量和耗散理论,建立了岩石损伤变量,研究结果为岩石破坏评估和岩石工程结构设计提供了有益的框架。张翼飞等[15]研究了塑性区发育、裂纹扩展情况和声发射特征之间的关系,认为在岩石破坏阶段,声发射振铃计数和能量均出现激增。赵菲等[16]基于声发射参数和多重分形维数分析,量化了花岗岩岩爆过程声发射时序参数分形特性和裂纹演化过程。朱星等[17]分析了岩石变形破坏全过程的声发射现象,基于临界慢化理论探索了岩石临界破坏的声发射前兆特征。已有的研究成果充分证明了声发射技术在监测岩石裂纹扩展和损伤演化方面的有效性。但需要注意的是,在以往的研究中,岩石声发射监测技术通过定位声发射事件来反映裂纹位置,从而得出裂纹的分布状态。然而,这种方法通常难以揭示不同裂纹之间的相互作用及其关联特性,岩石裂纹扩展的空间相关性需要进一步研究。
本文基于单轴压缩下花岗岩声发射时空演化的室内试验结果,重点研究了声发射事件的单链接聚类(Single-Link Cluster, SLC)结构,得出了声发射事件集群内部的聚集程度和空间相关性。根据声发射事件链路长度威布尔分布特点,进一步定义并计算了声发射事件的空间相关长度,分析了其演化规律,得出了花岗岩破裂预警关键点。声发射事件的空间相关长度反映了应力的重新分布和传递及微裂纹的空间扩展模式。该研究为研究岩石裂纹扩展及损伤演化过程提供了一种新的方法,对岩石稳定性监测和灾害预警具有重要意义。
以某深部矿山花岗岩为研究对象,将取自同一块岩体的花岗岩样品制备成5块50 mm×50 mm×100 mm的标准长方体,标号为C1~C5。根据国际岩石力学建议的岩石力学试验方案,对岩石样品的表面进行抛光,以确保岩石试样的表面平行度和垂直度符合试验标准。经测定,花岗岩的平均密度为2.77 g/cm3,平均单轴抗压强度为59.5 MPa。
试验系统如图1所示,该系统由单轴加载系统和声发射采集系统组成。加载系统为RLJW-2000单轴加载系统。采用等位移控制,加载期间以0.05 mm/min的速率向花岗岩试件施加轴向载荷,直到样品完全破裂。声发射信号收集系统采用DS5-8B全信息声发射采集仪。共设置6个RS-5A型声发射传感器,花岗岩试件两侧各放置2个声发射传感器,背面放置2个声发射传感器。声发射传感器固定中心位置与试件上下两端截面相距15 mm,与左右两端截面相距25 mm。单个声发射事件将触发多个传感器通道,同时记录声发射信号,以更好地获得声发射事件的三维分布。对试件粘贴传感器的位置进行抛光,为传感器和试件之间的耦合提供一个光滑表面。采用凡士林作为传感器与花岗岩试件接触面的耦合剂[18],并用胶带将传感器固定在试样表面。考虑到周围环境噪声,声发射阈值设置为50 dB。采样频率为3 MHz,前置放大器的放大设置为40 dB。同时启动单轴加载力学系统和声发射系统,记录花岗岩加载过程中的力学和声发射数据。
采用声发射技术对花岗岩单轴加载破坏过程进行实时监测,得到了花岗岩破坏的声发射时序参数和三维定位事件。5个花岗岩试件的应力-应变曲线和声发射特征是一致的,选取具有代表性的C1花岗岩试样进行分析。图2展示了C1花岗岩试样在单轴压缩条件下应力、声发射能量和声发射累计能量与时间的对应关系(图中颜色标识见电子版,下同)。
图2可以看出,在加载初期,声发射能量值较低且缓慢增加,这种现象的出现是因为在加载前期,试件没有产生新的裂纹,声发射能量来源于岩石内部微裂纹的闭合和岩石内部颗粒晶体之间的摩擦错位。在弹性变形阶段,试件的变形随着应力的增大而扩大,因为孔隙压实阶段的结构调整,岩石自身局部微缺陷尖端的应力集中达到闭合阶段的上限应力,部分微缺陷达到起裂水平。此阶段声发射能量较为平稳,高能量声发射事件偶然出现,声发射累计能量曲线斜率逐渐增大。随着应力继续升高,进入塑性变形阶段后,声发射能量迅速增长,试件内部应力得到有效传递的同时,微缺陷达到起裂的数量也随之增多。较大裂纹的扩展对应着声发射能量的突增。在达到应力峰值前期,出现较大应力降现象,这是因为持续施加应力,岩石内部微裂纹贯通导致试件出现局部失稳。继续加载,大量微裂纹迅速扩展贯通产生宏观裂隙,试件宏观破裂失稳,此阶段声发射现象频发,声发射能量密集升高可作为岩石破裂的预警信号。应力降低和声发射能量的快速增长是相互关联的,反映了岩石材料内部结构的突发性损伤。
综合花岗岩试件受载时间–应力曲线及声发射响应特征,选取6个典型的强度特征点对花岗岩单轴加载破坏过程中不同阶段声发射事件空间变化情况进行分析,如图2所示,强度特征点bcdef分别对应峰值应力的20%、40%、60%、80%和100%,强度特征点g对应峰后失效点。
图3给出了不同应力阶段声发射事件空间演化情况,图中每个坐标点为一个声发射事件,表示一次微裂纹扩展,以不同颜色映射声发射能量大小,反映裂纹扩展强度。声发射空间定位及能量属性能够较好地表征裂纹孕育、成核及扩展演化过程,且具有明显的阶段性特征。声发射事件的三维时空分布和能量分布情况与应力水平密切相关。随着应力水平的不断升高,声发射事件数据量逐渐增加,且在空间位置上呈现集聚化。在塑性阶段产生了大量的声发射事件,其中高能量事件占比明显增加,声发射事件集中在岩样中下部区域,且通过中心向右下部发展,并逐渐延伸到其他方向,具有贯通的趋势。随着载荷达到峰值,声发射事件增量最多,红色高能量事件出现,且中高能量事件分布密集,预示着试件内部宏观裂纹彻底贯通,试件彻底失稳,可为岩石破裂提供及时的预警。根据声发射事件对岩样的最终破坏模式进行预测,得到了较好的结果。据此解释了声发射事件与宏观裂纹的对应关系。
SLC是一种层次聚类方法,主要通过最短距离(即单链接)来连接数据点或事件,逐步构建聚类结构。聚类过程从每个数据点作为一个独立的簇开始,然后逐步将最相似的两个簇合并,直到所有数据点合并成一个簇为止。单链接聚类倾向于形成“链式”结构,这种方法对噪声和数据中远距离点之间的连接较为敏感,容易出现“长链”,但在处理自然连接或逐渐扩展的聚类结构时非常有效[19]。对于花岗岩破坏过程中的声发射事件,其单链接聚类包括以下步骤。
(1)将每个声发射事件视为一个单独的点或对象,并在时空坐标系统中定义。对于每两个声发射事件ij,计算它们之间的时空距离aij,公式为:
式中:X,Y,Z为空间定位坐标;T为时间;C为时空相关系数,通常在时空聚类中可以选择为0,只考虑空间距离。
(2)对于每个声发射事件s,识别其最近的事件w(具有最小距离asw),并形成单链接,将事件s和其最近的事件w被视为连接在一起的聚类对。
(3)通过上述最近邻关系,将事件逐步组合成更大的子集。每个子集中的事件彼此通过单链连接起来,形成一个连通的聚类结构。子集g和子集m之间的距离通过下式计算:
式中,apq为子集g中的事件p与子集m中的事件q之间的最小时空距离。
根据SLC方法,考虑了不同阶段花岗岩试件声发射事件的分布。每个单独的事件与其空间中最近的相邻事件联系起来,构建了声发射事件的SLC结构,结果如图4所示。声发射事件与事件之间的不同链路长度采用不同颜色进行映射(颜色标识见电子版),反映了不同裂纹之间的空间相关程度。短链路通常表示两个声发射事件之间的最短距离较小,这意味着这些簇中的声发射事件在空间上彼此接近。短链路的出现表明声发射事件形成了一个相对紧密的集群,声发射事件与事件之间的相似性较高。长链路表示两个声发射事件之间的最短距离较大,这通常意味着这些簇在空间上彼此分散。长链路的存在表明声发射事件之间的相似性较低,它们形成了较为松散的集群。
图4中可以明显看到一些红蓝链路聚集的区域。其中,蓝色链路显示空间相关性较强的集群区域,这些区域具有较强的裂纹发育和集聚能力,很可能产生宏观裂纹。弱相关红色链路则表示岩石中微裂纹之间具有弱随机分布的关系。中度相关的绿色和黄色链路的相关性介于两者之间,在很大程度上会转化为强链路,显示出较大的裂纹扩展倾向性,能够较好地表征裂纹未来发育方向。在初始阶段,声发射空间系统内部存在较多的长链路,即这些事件在空间上较为分散,关联性较弱。然而,随着外部应力的持续作用,材料内部的微观结构开始发生变化,微裂纹不断产生并呈现局部化,导致分散的声发射事件逐渐聚集,形成更为紧密的集群。微裂纹或破裂的活动更加集中,这一点通过短链路的增加得以体现。红色长链路的减少则表明随着应力的积累,那些原本较长的链路逐渐被削弱,这些链路周围的裂纹扩展活动增多。
随着应力的增加,蓝色链路的数量逐渐增多,而红色链路的数量逐渐减少。红色长链路在应力的影响下逐渐转化为蓝色短链路,声发射事件之间的距离缩短,声发射集群逐渐趋向于更为紧密的分布形式。图5中不同应力条件下链路长度分布特征证实了这种现象。从图5可以看出,各阶段链路长度分布概率密度函数具有明显的长右尾,呈现威布尔分布的右偏特征。这是由于在较小值范围内,存在一些较大的链路长度,分布的尾巴延伸到较高的数值。随着应力的增加,较高值的减少导致右偏特性明显减弱,弱相关链路长度的出现频率降低。这种链路长度的变化反映了集群内部的相关性正在增强。
当声发射事件逐渐密集,系统中的短链路比例上升时,岩石内部可能正经历着应力集中的过程。应力集中不仅反映了局部裂纹的扩展和聚集,也可能预示着岩石发生破坏的风险增加。通过监测声发射事件不同链路长度的变化,可以更好地理解应力对岩石材料内部微裂纹结构演化的影响,并预测岩石的整体行为及其失效模式。
声发射事件的空间相关长度描述了声发射事件在空间上的聚集程度和相关性,能够确定孤立事件与群集事件之间的特征距离。在应力逐渐积累的过程中,孤立的声发射事件会逐渐向群集事件过渡,这一转变过程可以通过空间相关长度的变化来表征。根据图5所示的结果,花岗岩单轴加载不同应力阶段声发射事件链路长度分布符合威布尔分布。威布尔分布通常用于描述具有一定“距离”的随机变量,其概率密度函数通常表示为:
式中:l0为尺度参数,控制链路长度分布的尺度;d为形状参数,控制分布的形状,影响链路长度的分布密集度。
威布尔分布的累积分布函数F(x)给出了随机变量x小于某个值的概率。
w(l)被定义为小于特定长度l的链路总长度L与总链路长度L0的比值。由于声发射事件链路长度分布服从威布尔分布,那么这一比值可以被视为累积分布函数在长度l上的值。
通过计算w(l)=0.5的l值,即意味着有一半的链路长度小于或等于特定长度l,此时的l值即为空间相关长度ξ
使用滑动窗口的方法分析声发射事件。每个滑动窗口包含100个声发射事件,计算相应时间节点声发射事件的空间相关长度。以每个滑动窗口结束时间为纵坐标,结合时间–应力曲线,可给出不同时间尺度下空间相关长度演化曲线,如图6所示。空间相关长度经历了“高位波动–平稳波动–突增”的三阶段。
花岗岩试件在单轴加载初始阶段(Ⅰ阶段)空间相关长度逐渐增大,随后呈现高位波动。此阶段是岩样原始裂纹压密阶段和弹性阶段,裂纹的萌生和扩展是随机分布的,所定位的声发射事件是分散的。不同微裂纹之间的距离较大,相关性较低,花岗岩内部尚未形成明显的裂纹网络或应力集中区域,裂纹网络发育尚处于初期阶段,裂纹之间的相互作用较弱,尚未形成有效的贯通路径。
随着荷载的增大,花岗岩试样进入塑性变形阶段(Ⅱ阶段),此阶段空间相关长度较小并持续不变,较小的空间相关长度表示系统内产生的微裂纹较为集中和紧密,在空间上高度相关,表明试样内部部分区域出现微裂纹局部集中化,导致应力释放,这是岩石材料内部微观损伤逐渐累积的表现。
由于岩石单元强度和应力分布不均匀,应力沿着岩石内部强度薄弱区域进行传递和集中,形成复杂的应力场。应力的增加使岩石逐渐接近临界状态(Ⅲ阶段)。在这种情况下,进一步的小应力扰动可能导致试样发生不稳定破坏,导致应力重新分布,由此引发大量宏观微裂纹产生,高能量事件在较大空间范围内出现。空间相关长度再次进入增大阶段。临近应力峰值的声发射空间相关长度的突增点可作为预测岩石破坏的标志。空间相关长度指标的变化反映了应力的重新分布和传递,可以定量描述岩石裂纹的空间演化模式。
本文在得出声发射时空能属性的基础上,引入SLC方法分析声发射事件之间的相关性,构建声发射事件的SLC结构,分析了其空间相关长度,得出了如下研究结论。
(1)对花岗岩进行了单轴加载和同步声发射测试试验,揭示了不同应力条件下花岗岩破裂声发射时空演化特征。声发射事件的三维位置及其能量演化特征直接反映了微裂纹的萌生、扩展和空间演化过程。应力降导致声发射能量的突增,反映了岩石材料内部结构的突发性损伤。声发射能量突增及高能级事件的产生可为花岗岩破裂提供及时的预警信息。
(2)声发射事件之间的不同链路长度反映了不同声发射源之间的空间相关程度。短链路通常表示声发射事件之间的相似性较高;长链路表示声发射事件之间的最短距离较大,在空间上彼此分散。链路长度分布为右偏威布尔分布。随着应力的增大,长链路逐渐转化为短链路,声发射集群逐渐趋向于更为紧密的分布形式,其概率密度函数右偏特性减弱,裂纹集群内部的空间相关性增强。
(3)基于SLC结构,定义并计算了空间相关长度。声发射事件空间相关长度的变化反映了应力的重新分布和传递及微裂纹的扩展过程。临近应力峰值的空间相关长度的突增特征可作为预测岩石破坏的标志。
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-01
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    陕西陕煤曹家滩矿业有限公司,陕西 榆林市 719000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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