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To optimize the mechanical strength performance of mine waste rock-tailings cemented backfill, the Box-Behnken design within the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to conduct a three-factor-three-level test. The synergistic effects of waste rock particle size (0 to −5 mm, +5 mm to −10 mm, +10 mm to −15 mm), mass concentration (84%, 86%, 88%), and sand-to-binder ratio (53%, 60%, 67%) on the uniaxial compressive strength of backfill at different curing ages (7 and 28 days) were systematically explored. At the same time, the traditional orthogonal test was introduced to compare the prediction accuracy and efficiency with the RSM. The RSM results reveal that particle size of waste rock predominantly governs the early-stage strength of the backfill, while mass concentration significantly influences the later-stage strength. The synergistic interaction between particle size and mass concentration is the most pronounced, jointly regulating the skeleton stability and interfacial bonding properties of the backfill. After experimental verification, the accuracy (R2) of the backfill strength prediction model obtained based on RSM is 0.994 9 (7 d) and 0.983 7 (28 d), respectively. The corresponding optimal filling material proportion condition are waste rock particle size of +5 mm to −10 mm, mass concentration of 85.5%, and sand-to-binder ratio of 58.6%. The results of the orthogonal experiment indicate that the particle size of waste rock plays a dominant role in the backfill strength in the early and later stages. Research has shown that RSM can effectively analyze the nonlinear coupling relationship of multiple factors, and the prediction accuracy is significantly improved compared to traditional orthogonal experimental methods.

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为优化矿山废石–尾砂胶结充填体力学强度性能,采用响应面法中的Box-Behnken设计三因素三水平试验,系统探究废石粒径(0~−5 mm、+5~−10 mm、+10~−15 mm)、质量浓度(84%、86%、88%)与砂率(53%、60%、67%)三因素对充填体不同养护龄期(7 d和28 d)下单轴抗压强度的协同影响机制,同时引入传统正交试验,与响应面法进行预测精度及效率对比。响应面法试验结果表明:废石粒径对充填体的早期强度起主导作用,质量浓度对后期强度的影响较为显著,并且废石粒径与质量浓度的协同效应最为显著,二者共同调控充填体骨架稳定性及界面黏结性能。经过试验验证,基于响应面法获得的充填体强度预测模型的准确度(R2)为0.994 9(7 d)和0.983 7(28 d),对应的充填材料最优配比为废石粒径+5~−10 mm、质量浓度85.5%、砂率58.6%;正交试验结果表明:废石粒径在早期及后期对充填体强度起主导作用。研究证实响应面法可有效解析多因素非线性耦合关系,预测精度较传统正交试验法显著提升。

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姚俊辉(1989一),男,新疆阿克苏人,博士,副教授,主要从事金属矿山地下安全开采和非爆物理破岩技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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祖力亚尔·伊力夏提(1999一),男,维吾尔族,新疆伊犁人,硕士研究生,主要从事金属矿山充填等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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祖力亚尔·伊力夏提(1999一),男,维吾尔族,新疆伊犁人,硕士研究生,主要从事金属矿山充填等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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Minerals, 2025, 15 (3):234., articleTitle=Optimizing strength prediction for cemented paste backfills with various fly ash substitution: computational approach with machine learning algorithms, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226462304779289178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, awardId=2024D01C245, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2024D01C245), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226462304888341091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, awardId=202111120010, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(202111120010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226462305001587307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, awardId=202410755014, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆大学国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410755014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226462305089667700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆“天山英才”第二批优秀工程师(陈寅)培养计划项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226462298068402186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462298076790795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, companyId=1226462298068402186, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462298085179404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, companyId=1226462298068402186, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.新疆大学地质与矿业工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830049)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226462298202619920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462298215202835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, companyId=1226462298202619920, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Xinjiang Kalatongke Mining Co., Ltd., Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang 836199, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462298223591444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, companyId=1226462298202619920, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.新疆喀拉通克矿业有限责任公司,新疆 阿勒泰地区 836199)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226462301390291208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Particle size distribution of tailings and mining cement, figureFileSmall=/KVVhmWyOTFCu0CPIRSFFg==, figureFileBig=QhnpgzhSz/FPA8+hq6oVIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462301495148817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=图1, caption=尾砂和矿用水泥粒径分布, figureFileSmall=/KVVhmWyOTFCu0CPIRSFFg==, figureFileBig=QhnpgzhSz/FPA8+hq6oVIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462301818110250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of individual factors on the compressive strength of waste rock-tailings cemented backfill, figureFileSmall=IlrP/IiASLsvC6SjLOj09w==, figureFileBig=1iFsk2PaaQr3t3es/dDUbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462302019436854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各单因素对废石–尾砂胶结充填体抗压强度的影响, figureFileSmall=IlrP/IiASLsvC6SjLOj09w==, figureFileBig=1iFsk2PaaQr3t3es/dDUbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462302128488767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison between predicted and measured values of 7 d and 28 d strength, figureFileSmall=H2cRLM9IWjcK2rsTez0PYg==, figureFileBig=QwMMCHHlopGLcmE7tz25WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462302233346378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=图3, caption=7 d、28 d 强度预测值与实测值对比, figureFileSmall=H2cRLM9IWjcK2rsTez0PYg==, figureFileBig=QwMMCHHlopGLcmE7tz25WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462302363369813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=3D Response surface plots of factor interactions on 7 d and 28 d compressive strength, figureFileSmall=OFDJfbNZNjCgc7NduIX51Q==, figureFileBig=EMh4m9NEHg34tl4OIyxz2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462302443061601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各因素对7 d、28 d抗压强度交互作用的三维响应曲面, figureFileSmall=OFDJfbNZNjCgc7NduIX51Q==, figureFileBig=EMh4m9NEHg34tl4OIyxz2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462302531141994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical properties of waste rock and tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称密度/(g/cm3)松散容重/(t/m3)压实容重/(t/m3)孔隙率/%自然安息角/(°)含水率/%
废石2.741.6111.78941.2035.91.90
尾砂2.921.8301.92337.3230.52.40
), ArticleFig(id=1226462302615028085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

废石、尾砂物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称密度/(g/cm3)松散容重/(t/m3)压实容重/(t/m3)孔隙率/%自然安息角/(°)含水率/%
废石2.741.6111.78941.2035.91.90
尾砂2.921.8301.92337.3230.52.40
), ArticleFig(id=1226462302698914176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical composition of waste rock and tailings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称化学成分含量/%
Fe2O3CaOMgOAl2O3SiO2S其他
废石26.1233.532.116.1929.350.771.93
尾砂26.2333.581.195.4127.243.113.24
), ArticleFig(id=1226462302799577485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

废石、尾砂化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称化学成分含量/%
Fe2O3CaOMgOAl2O3SiO2S其他
废石26.1233.532.116.1929.350.771.93
尾砂26.2333.581.195.4127.243.113.24
), ArticleFig(id=1226462302904435096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design factors and level codings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平编码废石粒径分级A/mm质量浓度B/%砂率C/%
-10~-58453
0+5~-108660
1+10~-158867
), ArticleFig(id=1226462303030264233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

设计因素与水平编码

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平编码废石粒径分级A/mm质量浓度B/%砂率C/%
-10~-58453
0+5~-108660
1+10~-158867
), ArticleFig(id=1226462303118344630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Factors and levels in orthogonal experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平废石粒径/mm质量浓度/%砂率/%
10~-58453
2+5~-108660
3+10~-158867
), ArticleFig(id=1226462303219007936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

正交试验因素及水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平废石粒径/mm质量浓度/%砂率/%
10~-58453
2+5~-108660
3+10~-158867
), ArticleFig(id=1226462303315476938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Response surface experiment results of backfill mechanical properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号因素抗压强度/MPa
废石粒径/mm质量浓度/%砂率/%7 d28 d
10~-584602.715.54
2+10~-1584602.215.32
30~-588602.495.31
4+10~-1588601.995.02
50~-586532.775.68
6+10~-1586532.195.11
70~-586672.665.49
8+10~-1586672.155.25
9+5~-1084533.666.84
10+5~-1088533.196.12
11+5~-1084673.216.24
12+5~-1088673.076.01
13+5~-1086603.817.20
14+5~-1086603.857.31
15+5~-1086603.917.17
16+5~-1086603.807.01
17+5~-1086603.776.94
), ArticleFig(id=1226462303428723157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

充填体力学性能响应面试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号因素抗压强度/MPa
废石粒径/mm质量浓度/%砂率/%7 d28 d
10~-584602.715.54
2+10~-1584602.215.32
30~-588602.495.31
4+10~-1588601.995.02
50~-586532.775.68
6+10~-1586532.195.11
70~-586672.665.49
8+10~-1586672.155.25
9+5~-1084533.666.84
10+5~-1088533.196.12
11+5~-1084673.216.24
12+5~-1088673.076.01
13+5~-1086603.817.20
14+5~-1086603.857.31
15+5~-1086603.917.17
16+5~-1086603.807.01
17+5~-1086603.776.94
), ArticleFig(id=1226462303562940894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

ANOVA of the strength response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源平方和均方Fp显著性
σ7 dσ28 dσ7 dσ28 dσ7 dσ28 dσ7 dσ28 dσ7 dσ28 d
模型7.446 110.713 80.827 31.190 0150.994 147.06<0.000 1<0.000 1
A0.546 00.217 80.546 00.217 899.650 38.61<0.000 10.021 9
B0.137 80.273 80.137 80.273 825.151 510.820.001 50.013 3
C0.064 80.072 20.064 80.072 211.826 42.850.010 90.135 0
AB<0.000 10.001 2<0.000 10.001 2<0.000 10.051.000 00.832 1
AC0.001 20.027 20.001 20.027 20.223 61.080.650 70.334 0
BC0.027 20.060 00.027 20.060 04.968 72.370.061 10.167 4
A25.655 97.951 85.655 97.950 01032.240 0314.36<0.000 1<0.000 1
B20.428 50.868 80.428 50.868 878.197 734.35<0.000 10.000 6
C20.216 00.574 10.216 00.574 139.422 922.700.000 40.002 1
残差0.038 40.177 10.005 50.025 3
失拟0.026 70.087 80.008 90.029 33.045 11.310.155 10.387 2××
纯误差0.011 70.089 30.002 90.022 3
矫正总和7.484 410.890 8
), ArticleFig(id=1226462303705547242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

强度响应面曲线方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源平方和均方Fp显著性
σ7 dσ28 dσ7 dσ28 dσ7 dσ28 dσ7 dσ28 dσ7 dσ28 d
模型7.446 110.713 80.827 31.190 0150.994 147.06<0.000 1<0.000 1
A0.546 00.217 80.546 00.217 899.650 38.61<0.000 10.021 9
B0.137 80.273 80.137 80.273 825.151 510.820.001 50.013 3
C0.064 80.072 20.064 80.072 211.826 42.850.010 90.135 0
AB<0.000 10.001 2<0.000 10.001 2<0.000 10.051.000 00.832 1
AC0.001 20.027 20.001 20.027 20.223 61.080.650 70.334 0
BC0.027 20.060 00.027 20.060 04.968 72.370.061 10.167 4
A25.655 97.951 85.655 97.950 01032.240 0314.36<0.000 1<0.000 1
B20.428 50.868 80.428 50.868 878.197 734.35<0.000 10.000 6
C20.216 00.574 10.216 00.574 139.422 922.700.000 40.002 1
残差0.038 40.177 10.005 50.025 3
失拟0.026 70.087 80.008 90.029 33.045 11.310.155 10.387 2××
纯误差0.011 70.089 30.002 90.022 3
矫正总和7.484 410.890 8
), ArticleFig(id=1226462303814599157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison between predicted and actual compressive strength after mix proportion optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素7 d抗压强度28 d抗压强度
A/mmB/%C/%预测值/MPa实测值/MPaD/%预测值/MPa实测值/MPaD/%
5~1085.558.63.8693.714.297.1596.903.75
), ArticleFig(id=1226462303919456770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

配合比优化后抗压强度预测值与实际值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素7 d抗压强度28 d抗压强度
A/mmB/%C/%预测值/MPa实测值/MPaD/%预测值/MPa实测值/MPaD/%
5~1085.558.63.8693.714.297.1596.903.75
), ArticleFig(id=1226462304036897296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Material cost

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水泥废石尾砂工业用水
25010103
), ArticleFig(id=1226462304133366299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

材料成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水泥废石尾砂工业用水
25010103
), ArticleFig(id=1226462304213058083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Orthogonal experiment results of mechanical properties of backfill

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号因素抗压强度/MPa
废石粒径/mm质量浓度/%砂率/%7 d28 d
10~−584532.545.38
20~−586672.665.49
30~−588602.495.31
4+5~−1084673.216.24
5+5~−1086603.776.94
6+5~−1088533.196.12
7+10~−1584602.215.32
8+10~−1586532.195.11
9+10~−1588672.114.94
), ArticleFig(id=1226462304330498608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

充填体力学性能正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号因素抗压强度/MPa
废石粒径/mm质量浓度/%砂率/%7 d28 d
10~−584532.545.38
20~−586672.665.49
30~−588602.495.31
4+5~−1084673.216.24
5+5~−1086603.776.94
6+5~−1088533.196.12
7+10~−1584602.215.32
8+10~−1586532.195.11
9+10~−1588672.114.94
), ArticleFig(id=1226462304552796735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Range analysis results of orthogonal experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标废石粒径/mm质量浓度/%砂率/%
7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
k12.565.392.655.652.645.54
k23.396.432.875.852.825.86
k32.175.122.65.462.665.56
R1.221.310.280.390.180.32
), ArticleFig(id=1226462304649265739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462295514071947, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

正交试验极差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标废石粒径/mm质量浓度/%砂率/%
7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa7 d强度/MPa28 d强度/MPa
k12.565.392.655.652.645.54
k23.396.432.875.852.825.86
k32.175.122.65.462.665.56
R1.221.310.280.390.180.32
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基于响应面法的废石–尾砂胶结充填体多因素强度优化研究
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祖力亚尔·伊力夏提 1 , 陈寅 2 , 王恩祁 1 , 冶建 1 , 姚俊辉 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(10): 53-63
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矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025, 45(10): 53-63
基于响应面法的废石–尾砂胶结充填体多因素强度优化研究
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祖力亚尔·伊力夏提1 , 陈寅2, 王恩祁1, 冶建1, 姚俊辉1
作者信息
  • 1.新疆大学地质与矿业工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830049
  • 2.新疆喀拉通克矿业有限责任公司,新疆 阿勒泰地区 836199
  • 祖力亚尔·伊力夏提(1999一),男,维吾尔族,新疆伊犁人,硕士研究生,主要从事金属矿山充填等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

姚俊辉(1989一),男,新疆阿克苏人,博士,副教授,主要从事金属矿山地下安全开采和非爆物理破岩技术方面的研究。E-mail:
Multi-Factor Strength Optimization of Waste Rock-Tailings Cemented Backfill Based on Response Surface Methodology
ZULIYAR Yilixiati1 , Yin CHEN2, Enqi WANG1, Jian YE1, Junhui YAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830049, China
  • 2.Xinjiang Kalatongke Mining Co., Ltd., Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang 836199, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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为优化矿山废石–尾砂胶结充填体力学强度性能,采用响应面法中的Box-Behnken设计三因素三水平试验,系统探究废石粒径(0~−5 mm、+5~−10 mm、+10~−15 mm)、质量浓度(84%、86%、88%)与砂率(53%、60%、67%)三因素对充填体不同养护龄期(7 d和28 d)下单轴抗压强度的协同影响机制,同时引入传统正交试验,与响应面法进行预测精度及效率对比。响应面法试验结果表明:废石粒径对充填体的早期强度起主导作用,质量浓度对后期强度的影响较为显著,并且废石粒径与质量浓度的协同效应最为显著,二者共同调控充填体骨架稳定性及界面黏结性能。经过试验验证,基于响应面法获得的充填体强度预测模型的准确度(R2)为0.994 9(7 d)和0.983 7(28 d),对应的充填材料最优配比为废石粒径+5~−10 mm、质量浓度85.5%、砂率58.6%;正交试验结果表明:废石粒径在早期及后期对充填体强度起主导作用。研究证实响应面法可有效解析多因素非线性耦合关系,预测精度较传统正交试验法显著提升。

废石–尾砂胶结充填  /  响应面法  /  正交试验  /  配比优化  /  单轴抗压强度  /  交互作用

To optimize the mechanical strength performance of mine waste rock-tailings cemented backfill, the Box-Behnken design within the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to conduct a three-factor-three-level test. The synergistic effects of waste rock particle size (0 to −5 mm, +5 mm to −10 mm, +10 mm to −15 mm), mass concentration (84%, 86%, 88%), and sand-to-binder ratio (53%, 60%, 67%) on the uniaxial compressive strength of backfill at different curing ages (7 and 28 days) were systematically explored. At the same time, the traditional orthogonal test was introduced to compare the prediction accuracy and efficiency with the RSM. The RSM results reveal that particle size of waste rock predominantly governs the early-stage strength of the backfill, while mass concentration significantly influences the later-stage strength. The synergistic interaction between particle size and mass concentration is the most pronounced, jointly regulating the skeleton stability and interfacial bonding properties of the backfill. After experimental verification, the accuracy (R2) of the backfill strength prediction model obtained based on RSM is 0.994 9 (7 d) and 0.983 7 (28 d), respectively. The corresponding optimal filling material proportion condition are waste rock particle size of +5 mm to −10 mm, mass concentration of 85.5%, and sand-to-binder ratio of 58.6%. The results of the orthogonal experiment indicate that the particle size of waste rock plays a dominant role in the backfill strength in the early and later stages. Research has shown that RSM can effectively analyze the nonlinear coupling relationship of multiple factors, and the prediction accuracy is significantly improved compared to traditional orthogonal experimental methods.

Waste rock - tailings cemented backfill  /  Response surface methodology(RSM)  /  Orthogonal test  /  Mix proportion optimization  /  Uniaxial compressive strength  /  Interaction
祖力亚尔·伊力夏提, 陈寅, 王恩祁, 冶建, 姚俊辉. 基于响应面法的废石–尾砂胶结充填体多因素强度优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 53 -63 .
ZULIYAR Yilixiati, Yin CHEN, Enqi WANG, Jian YE, Junhui YAO. Multi-Factor Strength Optimization of Waste Rock-Tailings Cemented Backfill Based on Response Surface Methodology[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 53 -63 .
矿产资源开发对国家经济增长和社会快速发展起着至关重要的作用,如何平衡资源利用与生态保护已成为全球矿业转型的核心问题。2024年,自然资源部等七部门发布通知,推动矿业绿色、高效、低碳可持续发展,明确了到2028年底大型和中型矿山达绿色矿山标准的比例目标[1]。在这一背景下,废石–尾砂胶结充填技术因其在资源利用、环境保护和工程安全等方面的显著优势[2],成为衔接绿色矿山目标与高效开发需求的关键纽带。
目前,众多学者致力于调整材料配比来优化充填体力学性能,以降低矿山的充填成本和提高生产的安全性。仝文慧等[3]研究了废石–尾砂胶结充填体的断裂特性,重点分析了胶结剂含量、废石掺量及粒径级配的影响,发现胶结剂含量和废石掺量的增加显著提升了充填体的断裂韧性。于永纯等[4]研究了废石掺量对极细尾砂胶结充填材料性能的调控作用,发现掺入60%废石可使料浆流动性提升209%,充填体强度提高60%。何磊等[5]针对某矿充填料成本高、早期强度低等问题,提出以废石破碎料替代戈壁集料,掺入外加剂及微细矿渣粉,结合粉煤灰与低灰砂比,实现尾砂占比提高至80%,降低了成本且提高了充填体早期强度。李柱星等[6]采用响应面法分析砂灰比、料浆质量浓度及矿渣粉占比对充填体抗压强度的单因素影响及交互效应,基于试验构建响应面模型,进而优化出满足28 d强度的最优配比,并通过构建残差连接LSTM预测模型,实现了高精度强度预测。于恩毅等[7]基于RSM-BBD正交试验,研究了废石掺量、料浆质量浓度和灰砂比对废石-全尾砂胶结充填体强度的影响规律,发现灰砂比主导充填体早期强度,料浆质量浓度显著调控晚期强度。GAO Rugao等[8]研究了养护温度对废石–尾矿胶结充填材料力学性能与孔隙结构的影响,结合核磁共振孔隙分析与单轴抗压试验,发现高废石配比(8∶2,9∶1)充填体在40 ℃时抗压强度达峰值,低配比(6∶4,7∶3)充填体则随温度升高强度持续增长。WANG Bingwen等[9]研究了连续级配尾矿-废石胶结充填体的力学性能与微观结构,发现当级配系数为0.5且废石掺量为30%时,充填体无侧限抗压强度达3.94 MPa,结合DIC和电镜分析,揭示了废石通过约束裂纹扩展路径提升强度的机制,并指出过高级配系数会降低材料密实度。GAO Tong等[10]通过试验和数值模拟发现,添加适量废石可提高废石–尾砂胶结充填体早期抗压强度、抗弯强度和模量,最优废石掺量为40%,废石粒径为4~6 mm。以往的研究取得了一些成果,然而对于废石–尾砂胶结充填材料在配比过程中,不同废石粒径、质量浓度和砂率对强度的综合影响,以及它们之间的交互作用对充填体强度性能的影响规律亟需进一步探讨。
响应面法(RSM)是一种优化试验设计和数据分析的方法,近年来已在试验设计尤其是充填材料配合比设计中得到广泛应用,并取得了较好的应用效果[11-17]。本文基于前期工作确定了单因素试验范围,初步筛选出最佳的废石粒径、质量浓度和砂率。然后,采用Design-Expert 13软件中的Box-Behnken设计方案,初步研究了废石粒径、质量浓度与砂率在不同养护龄期下对胶结充填体强度的影响机制。基于试验数据,建立了不同养护龄期的响应面强度回归模型,为废石–尾砂胶结充填材料的配比设计提供理论依据,随后引入传统正交试验,与响应面法在预测精度及效率上进行比较。
矿山废石经破碎筛分后可作为胶结充填体的骨料之一。试验所用废石骨料选自新疆某铁矿,其粒径跨度较大,其中0~6 mm粒径的颗粒占比较大,达到52.17%。废石骨料的物理和化学性质分别见表1表2。由于该骨料的级配较差且粗颗粒含量较高,容易在管道输送过程中出现分层沉积现象,因此若将其用作充填材料,需要通过添加细颗粒物以改善其级配[18]。本试验旨在研究不同粒径分级下充填体的强度,因此选择了0~−5 mm、+5~−10 mm、+10~−15 mm作为骨料粒径的三种水平,以探讨骨料粒径对充填体强度性能的影响。
试验所用尾砂同样取自新疆某铁矿,且未经过分级脱泥处理,含有大量细粒级颗粒,具有较大的比表面积和良好的吸水性。尾砂与胶凝剂、水相互作用后,能够均匀填充在粗颗粒之间,进而保证了充填料浆的流动性和整体结构的稳定性。利用Rise-2028型干湿两用激光粒度分析仪对细尾砂骨料的粒径分布进行了测定。结果显示,尾砂粒径具有较高的不均匀系数(8.67)和曲率系数(0.99),具体粒径分布情况见图1(颜色标识见电子版),基本属性详见表1表2。尾砂的粒度范围为51.02~637.06 μm,主要集中在110.0~120.0 μm之间,其中特征粒径d10d50d90分别为101.76 μm、152.59 μm和241.91 μm。
本研究所使用的水泥为P·O42.5型水泥,与新疆某铁矿充填所用水泥一致。水泥作为胶凝材料,可提供充填料浆所需的黏结性和强度,其较高的细颗粒含量(小于20 μm颗粒含量高达83.16%,如图1所示)可以进一步改善充填料浆的流动性能[19]
本试验的基础原料用量标准设定为固定灰砂比(胶凝材料与废石尾砂的质量比,下同)为1:4,废石粒径为+5~−10 mm,质量浓度为84%,砂率(尾砂的质量占废石、尾砂总质量的百分比)为50%。在单因素试验中,分别研究了废石粒径(0~−5 mm、+5~−10 mm、+10~−15 mm)、质量浓度(80%、82%、84%、86%、88%)和砂率(33%、40%、50%、60%、67%)对废石–尾砂胶结充填体力学性能的影响。共设置了11组试样配比,每组包含5个试样。上述参数选择基于前期预试验结果及以往关于废石–尾砂胶结充填的研究成果[3-4,6,14]
本试验严格参照《金属非金属矿山充填工程技术标准》[20](GB/T 51450—2022)中关于充填体试样制备的规范要求,流程如下:
(1)筛分,首先将废石骨料根据粒径不同进行筛分,0~−5 mm、+5~−10 mm及+10~−15 mm;
(2)搅拌,将废石骨料、尾砂骨料和水泥按比例依次加入搅拌机中进行充分干拌,最后加入适量的水进行搅拌,保证混合均匀;
(3)注模,将搅拌好的充填料浆分次注入模具(100 mm×50 mm圆柱体),分层进行充分振捣,利用振动台将试样内部的残余空气排出,确保试样的密实性和质量;
(4)成型脱模,在养护24 h后进行脱模贴签处理;
(5)养护,进行为期7 d和28 d的标准养护。
依据GB/T 51450—2022中关于充填体力学性能测试的规范要求,采用电子万能试验机开展单轴抗压强度测试。试验依据位移控制模式,以恒定加载速率0.5 mm/min进行轴向加载,确保测试过程符合准静态力学响应的要求。
在单因素试验的基础上,进一步以废石粒径、质量浓度和砂率作为自变量因素,采用响应面法中的Box-Behnken模型设计三因素三水平的正交试验。以充填体的7 d和28 d龄期抗压强度作为响应值,评估各因素之间的协同作用程度。通过回归模型分析,进一步优选出最佳充填配比。试验中自变量因素及其水平编码见表3,共设置了17组试样,每组包含5个试样。
试件制备及加载流程与2.1章节相同。
基于单因素及响应面试验结果,根据L9(34)正交表设计9组三因素三水平试验方案,各因素水平设置见表4。为简化试验流程,其中7组使用响应面法所得试验数据,即仅需补充2组试验,每组制备5个试样,总计10个试件。
图2展示了各单因素对废石–尾砂胶结充填体抗压强度的影响。
图2(a)可以看出,随着废石粒径逐渐增大,充填体的抗压强度呈现出先提高后降低的趋势,其中最大值出现在+5~−10 mm粒径区间。这一现象可归因于较大粒径的废石在其他条件保持不变的情况下,能够提供更为稳定的骨架结构,增强荷载承载能力,并有助于减少骨料与水泥浆料界面处的薄弱区域,从而提高充填体的抗压强度。然而,当粒径过大时,废石骨料与水泥砂浆之间的界面黏结性能降低,导致内部应力集中,强度反而下降[21]。基于这一分析,响应面试验中选择了0~−5 mm、+5~−10 mm、+10~−15 mm三个废石粒径范围进行研究。
图2(b)可知,随着质量浓度的增大,充填体的抗压强度也呈现出先提高后降低的趋势,其中最大抗压强度出现在质量浓度为86%时。这一现象可以从多个角度进行分析。首先,较低的质量浓度通常会导致充填体在硬化过程中出现泌水现象,水泥浆体部分流失,无法有效填充骨料之间的空隙,导致胶凝作用显著下降,从而减弱充填体的强度[22]。此外,较低浓度的水泥浆料中,水胶比较高,这意味着水分的占比较大,可能导致在固化过程中产生过多的孔隙,降低了充填体的密实度。随着质量浓度的增加,水胶比逐渐降低,有助于减少充填体中的孔隙,同时为水泥粒子提供适量的水分进行水化反应,生成更多的水化产物,这不仅增强了充填体的密实性,还提高了抗压强度[23]。然而,当质量浓度过高(如本试验中的88%)时,充填体的流动性显著下降,这会导致搅拌困难,且高浓度的水泥浆体由于水分的不足,水化反应受限,无法达到理想的水化程度,进一步影响了充填体的强度表现。因此,质量浓度的选择对充填体的强度具有重要且复杂的影响,它不仅与水胶比直接相关,还受到水泥浆体流动性和水化反应程度的影响[24]。因此,在响应面试验设计中,选择质量浓度为84%、86%、88%作为研究变量,可以更全面地考察不同浓度对充填体强度的影响,为优化充填材料提供理论依据。
图2(c)可知,随着砂率的增大,充填体抗压强度同样呈现先提高后降低的趋势,最大值出现在砂率为60%时。砂率较低时,水泥砂浆无法有效填充废石之间的空隙,导致骨料之间的联系较弱,从而无法充分发挥水泥的胶结作用,充填体的强度较低。随着砂率的增加,尾砂颗粒填充废石间隙的能力得到提高,充填体的孔隙率减少,密实度增加,这对于提高充填体的抗压强度具有积极作用。然而,随着砂率进一步增大,尤其当砂率达到67%时,充填体的抗压强度反而开始下降。这是因为尾砂的吸水性显著高于废石,导致充填体的流动性降低,水泥浆中的水分被尾砂吸附,无法充分参与水化反应。这不仅影响了水泥浆料的凝固和硬化过程,还可能导致水泥颗粒之间的结合不完全,进而降低充填体的强度。基于这一分析,为了满足响应面试验设计要求并确保试验数据的科学性,调整了砂率的范围,将原设定的50%砂率修改为53%,保持最大强度值的砂率(60%)不变,同时将步长设置为7%。因此,响应面试验中选择了砂率分别为53%、60%、67%作为研究变量,以进一步探讨砂率对充填体抗压强度的影响。
根据表3中设定的设计条件,依据前述测试方法对废石–尾砂胶结充填体的抗压强度进行了系统测试,结果见表5
应用统计软件Design-Export 13对表5中的试验数据进行多元回归拟合,分别得到7 d、28 d抗压强度σ7 dσ28 d的预测函数如下:
表6展示了充填体在7 d和28 d强度响应面曲线的方差分析结果。两组二次多项式回归方程均显示出极高的统计显著性(p值均小于0.000 1),这不仅说明模型能够充分解释自变量与抗压强度之间的函数关系,还反映了模型在捕捉试验数据变异性方面的优越性能,验证了试验设计的合理性。
进一步分析F值结果可以看出,各单因素对充填体抗压强度的影响存在明显差异:对于7 d抗压强度,废石粒径的影响最为显著,其次是质量浓度,再次是砂率;而对于28 d抗压强度,质量浓度的作用更为突出,其次是废石粒径,砂率的影响相对较弱。这表明,在本试验范围内,废石粒径对充填体的早期抗压强度起主导作用,而质量浓度则在后期抗压强度的发展中占据关键地位。
此外,失拟检验用于评估模型与试验数据之间的差异程度。在本研究中,7 d和28 d抗压强度模型的失拟项p值分别为0.155 1和0.387 2,均大于0.05,表明模型与试验数据之间的偏差不显著,说明所构建模型具有较好的拟合效果。通过绘制充填体抗压强度实际值与预测值的散点图(见图3),可以观察到各数据点均紧密分布在理想拟合直线附近,离散性较小,进一步证明了模型的预测精度。
图3中,模型的准确度R2(7 d为0.994 9, 28 d为0.983 7)、调整R2(7 d为0.988 3, 28 d为0.962 8)以及预测R2(7 d为0.940 5, 28 d为0.858 3)均显示出较高的数值,同时调整R2与预测R2之间的差值均小于0.2,这进一步确认了模型具有良好的相关性和较高的预测可靠性。
为了深入探讨废石粒径(A)、质量浓度(B)与砂率(C)对充填体7 d和28 d抗压强度的交互作用规律,本研究借助Design-Expert 13软件构建了三维响应曲面图(见图4)。一般而言,响应面坡度越陡峭或等高线越呈椭圆分布,两自变量间的交互作用越显著;反之,当坡度较平缓或等高线近似圆形时,其交互作用相对较弱[26]
图4(a)图4(d)分别给出了废石粒径(A)与质量浓度(B)对7 d和28 d抗压强度的交互作用。可见,在两因素水平逐步增大的过程中,抗压强度呈现“先升后降”的变化趋势,说明存在某个最佳配比点:适度增大废石粒径可形成更稳固的骨架结构,而合理的质量浓度能有效改善水胶比、促进水化反应;然而当超出此最佳范围时,过大的废石粒径或过低的水胶比均会导致界面黏结性能或水化程度不足,进而使强度下降。观察图中等高线由稀疏到密集的变化特征,尤其在最优配比附近尤为紧凑,进一步证明了这两因素的协同效应对充填体强度提升起关键作用。
图4(b)图4(e)展示了废石粒径(A)与砂率(C)对抗压强度的交互作用影响,其总体趋势与前述AB相似,也存在“先升后降”的最佳区间。砂率对浆体流动性和水泥砂浆的充填效果十分重要,但从图中可看出其交互强度略弱于AB组合,在此不再赘述。
图4(c)图4(f)反映了质量浓度(B)与砂率(C)之间的交互作用规律。曲面显示,随着BC同时增大,抗压强度的变化较为复杂,可能存在多个局部最优点;对应的等高线在不同区域也呈现稀疏与密集交替分布。这种现象说明BC在增强充填体骨架密实度与水化产物生成方面所起的作用并不完全一致:一方面,适当降低水胶比(提高质量浓度)有利于获得更多水化产物;另一方面,若砂率过高,细小颗粒的团聚效应最为显著,吸附了过多自由水,导致细颗粒浆体的黏聚力变得很强,难以充分且均匀地包裹废石颗粒[27],因此在不同区间会出现不同的最优值。
结合方差分析(见表6)与响应面分析可知:从可视化的角度看,三组交互项的影响程度大致呈现“AB>AC>BC”的顺序;但从统计显著性上看,7 d时三者均未通过检验(p>0.05),在28 d时仅AB显著(p<0.05),ACBC则不显著。可见,废石粒径与质量浓度的协同调控在充填体强度形成,尤其是后期强度发展中,具有更为突出的作用。综合而言,选择合适的废石粒径和质量浓度,对保证充填体力学性能至关重要,可为工程配比设计提供参考。
在优化目标中,将各响应值的最大值作为依据,利用Design-Expert 13软件中Numerical模块对废石–尾砂胶结充填体配合比进行优化。优化结果显示,最优配合比为:废石粒径5~9.554 mm、质量浓度85.538%以及砂率58.566%。鉴于实际施工中难以精确达到上述参数,故采用近似范围:废石粒径取+5~−10 mm、质量浓度为85.5%以及砂率为58.6%。表7列出了优化后配合比的预测值与实际试验值的对比,其中相对误差绝对值D的计算依据文献[28]给出的公式:
式中:TA为强度的实测值;TP为强度的预测值。
表7中的数据可知,充填体的7 d和28 d龄期抗压强度预测值与实测值之间的相对误差绝对值D均低于5%,表明所建立的回归模型具有较高的预测精度,对废石–尾砂胶结充填体参数的优化具有一定的参考价值。在此基础上计算充填1 m3所需成本,新疆某矿的充填材料成本见表8,得到材料用量及总成本:水泥用量0.326 t、尾砂用量0.764 t、废石用量0.540 t、工业用水用量0.276 t,合计充填成本95.37 元/m3
充填体在标准养护(约20 ℃、相对湿度≥95%)条件下,28 d龄期已获得主要强度,但水泥水化反应在后期仍将继续进行,使90 d强度较28 d有所提高。通过回归模型并参考类似胶结充填材料的强度增长规律,可假定充填体单轴抗压强度随龄期延长按对数函数增长并逐渐趋于稳定[8]。据此可引入龄期增幅系数kt定义如下:
式中,f28f90分别为28 d和90 d龄期的抗压强度。针对本文最优配比试样28 d实测强度f28=6.90 MPa,文献研究表明常温养护至90 d时强度可较28 d提高20%~40%[29]。取中值估算其增幅系数kt=0.30,则模型预测的90 d抗压强度约为8.97 MPa。
此外,环境温湿度是影响充填体强度发展的重要外部因素。适度升高养护温度可加速水化并提高强度,但过高温度可能使水化产物过快生成而阻碍进一步反应。据文献[8]研究,高废石掺量充填体在40 ℃养护时强度达到峰值,表明40 ℃左右的湿热环境对充填体强度发展是有利的。进一步可引入温度修正系数μT,表征40 ℃相对于常温20 ℃养护的强度影响。结合文献数据,40 ℃湿热养护可使28 d强度提升5%~15%不等,对长期强度的促进作用在充填材料废石含量较低时更为明显,综合考虑,取μT为1.10作为经验修正。另一方面,由于试验养护和湿热环境的相对湿度均不低于95%,高湿条件下水泥水化可充分进行,湿度修正系数μH可近似取为1.00,即忽略高湿条件与标准养护饱和条件之间的差异影响。
f90, 20 ℃=8.97 MPa代入可得f90, 40 ℃,95%RH为9.867 MPa。
即预测最优配比充填体在环境温度40 ℃、95%相对湿度下养护90 d的单轴抗压强度接近为9.867 MPa。相较28 d常温强度6.90 MPa而言,90 d长龄期养护使强度提高了约40%,湿热环境相对常温条件进一步使强度提高约10%,体现出充填体在高温高湿环境下良好的后期强度发展潜力。
根据表4中设定的设计条件,依据前述测试方法对废石–尾砂胶结充填体的抗压强度进行了系统测试,其结果见表9
在正交试验的结果分析中,通过极差值的量化对比,系统辨识各试验参数对结果影响的显著性层级。具体而言,极差范围与参量的调控效应呈正相关性:当某一变量的极差值越大时,其在试验体系中呈现的敏感性越高,该参量即被界定为关键控制变量;其余参量依此原则排序,即可得到最优方案,表10为正交试验极差分析结果。
根据表10可知,废石粒径对充填体力学性能的调控作用在7 d和28 d养护阶段均呈现显著主导性。7 d龄期下,废石粒径极差值达1.22,显著高于质量浓度与砂率,表明骨料级配是早期强度发展的核心控制变量;28 d龄期时,废石粒径极差进一步增至1.31,其敏感性持续强化,而质量浓度与砂率的极差贡献度虽维持“质量浓度>砂率”的排序,但二者差异较早期有所缩减。这一规律揭示:废石粒径随龄期延长进一步强化,表明骨料级配优化是强度发展的全周期核心策略;质量浓度为次级敏感变量,其极差值在7 d与28 d阶段均高于砂率,但增幅较缓,提示浆体流变特性对强度的贡献存在时效阈值;砂率敏感性最低,其极差随龄期变化微小,反映尾砂占比对力学性能的边际效应显著弱于前两者。该规律为矿山充填工艺提供了分级调控依据:优先优化废石粒径,其次控制质量浓度,最后微调砂率,同时需结合养护周期动态平衡多因素交互效应。
由此得出最优配比方案为:废石粒径+5~−10 mm、质量浓度86%、砂率60%,即第五组试验,该条件下,7 d、28 d的抗压强度分别达到了3.77 MPa、6.94 MPa。
为系统评价两种试验设计方法的优化性能,本研究从模型精度、试验效率及交互效应解析能力三个维度开展量化对比。
基于试验数据构建的响应面二次模型对充填体的7 d、28 d强度预测的决定系数(R2)分别达到0.994 9和0.983 7,显著高于正交试验线性模型的0.981和0.982。这证实了响应面法通过引入二次项及交互作用项,能更精确地描述多因素非线性耦合关系。响应面法采用Box-Behnken设计完成17组试验即可建立完整预测模型,较传统正交试验设计的9组试验虽增加88.9%的样本量,但较全因子设计的27组试验减少37%的试验次数。从工程应用角度,响应面法通过一次试验即可获得全域最优解,避免了正交试验需补充验证的重复工作,总体时间成本显著降低。方差分析显示,响应面法可识别出因素间的交互作用,例如废石粒径与质量浓度的显著交互作用(p=0.021 9),并基于此构建了图4所示的3D响应曲面。相较之下,正交试验仅能通过极差排序判定主效应权重,无法量化交互作用强度。
总体而言,响应面法在需要精确解析多因素非线性关系的复杂充填体系(如本研究三因素交互作用)中优势显著,其建立的强度预测模型可为智能充填系统提供可靠算法支持。而正交试验法在快速筛选主控因素、初步确定参数范围方面更具效率优势,适用于配比影响因素简单的工程场景。
本研究基于响应面法优化废石–尾砂胶结充填体的配合比,通过单因素试验与多因素交互分析,探究废石粒径、质量浓度及砂率对充填体抗压强度的影响机制,并建立强度预测模型,主要结论如下。
(1)废石粒径对充填体强度影响显著,粒径+5~−10 mm时可形成稳定骨架,提高充填体的承载能力。粒径过大会导致界面黏结性下降,形成应力集中区,从而降低强度。随着料浆质量浓度提高,充填体强度呈现先提高后降低的趋势,最佳浓度值约为86%。较低的浓度易导致泌水,降低胶凝效率,而过高的浓度则使水胶比降低,限制水化反应,均不利于强度提升。砂率对强度的影响同样表现出“先升后降”趋势,最佳砂率约为60%。适当砂率可优化颗粒级配,提高密实度,而过高的砂率可能降低料浆的流动性,并因尾砂吸水作用抑制水化反应,导致强度下降。
(2)废石粒径与质量浓度(AB)交互作用最显著,二者共同影响充填体骨架稳定性及界面黏结性能,对强度发展起主导作用。废石粒径与砂率(AC)的交互作用影响次之,适当的粒径匹配合理的砂率有助于形成致密骨架,但过高的砂率可能削弱废石支撑作用。质量浓度与砂率(BC)对强度的交互作用影响相对较弱,表现为一定范围内质量浓度提高可优化充填体结构,但过高的砂率会导致局部水化不足,影响强度发展。
(3)优化配比与预测模型验证通过Box-Behnken试验设计及回归分析,优化获得最优配合比为废石粒径+5~−10 mm、质量浓度85.5%、砂率58.6%。预测7 d和28 d抗压强度分别为3.869 MPa和7.159 MPa,实测值分别为3.71 MPa和6.90 MPa,误差均小于5%,验证了模型的预测精度。所建立的强度预测模型准确度(R2)分别为0.994 9(7 d)和0.983 7(28 d),显示出较高的拟合度和可靠性。最优配比在温度40 ℃、95%相对湿度下养护90 d时,预测的充填体强度约为10 MPa,显示出良好的长期湿热稳定性。
(4)通过正交试验分析得到7 d、28 d抗压强度模型R2分别为0.981和0.982,精度较响应面法较低,但正交试验法凭借其高效的参数筛选机制和快速界定关键变量区间的能力,在低维参数空间及弱交互作用场景中具有优势。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2024D01C245)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(202111120010)
  • 新疆大学国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410755014)
  • 新疆“天山英才”第二批优秀工程师(陈寅)培养计划项目
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
基金
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2024D01C245)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(202111120010)
新疆大学国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410755014)
新疆“天山英才”第二批优秀工程师(陈寅)培养计划项目
作者信息
    1.新疆大学地质与矿业工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830049
    2.新疆喀拉通克矿业有限责任公司,新疆 阿勒泰地区 836199

通讯作者:

姚俊辉(1989一),男,新疆阿克苏人,博士,副教授,主要从事金属矿山地下安全开采和非爆物理破岩技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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