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The measurement error of the filling batching system is the key factor affecting the quality of the filling body. In order to reveal the effect of the fluctuation in mass fraction and pumping agent dosage caused by the measurement error on the working performance of the filling slurry, based on the cement hydration mechanism and the action principle of the pumping agent, the response surface and variance analysis methods were used to carry out mechanical properties, flow properties and rheological properties tests, and industrial test verification was carried out to determine the optimal mass fraction and pumping agent dosage. The results are concluded as follows. Firstly, when the mass fraction and pumping agent dosage fluctuated within ±1%, the main effect significantly affected the 28 day strength, viscosity, slump, expansion and average viscosity coefficient, and the interaction effect significantly affected the 28 day strength, viscosity and average viscosity coefficient. Secondly, fluctuations in mass fraction and pumping agent dosage can cause changes in the proportion of free water in the filling slurry, thereby affecting the working performance of the filling slurry. Finality, it is suggested that the fluctuation range of the mass fraction of the mine should be kept between 78% and 79%, and the fluctuation range of the pumping agent dosage should be kept between 1% and 2%. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the construction of filling batching systems and the accuracy calibration of batching equipment.

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充填配料系统的计量误差是影响充填体质量的关键因素,为揭示由计量误差引起的质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动对充填料浆工作性能的影响,基于水泥水化机理和泵送剂作用原理,利用响应面和方差分析法开展力学性能、流动性能和流变性能试验,并进行工业试验,确定最优质量分数和泵送剂掺量。结果表明:(1)质量分数和泵送剂掺量在±1%的范围内波动时,主效应显著影响充填体28 d强度、稠度、坍落度、扩展度和平均黏度系数,交互效应显著影响28 d强度、稠度和平均黏度系数;(2)质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动会导致充填料浆内自由水比例发生变化,从而影响充填材料工作性能;(3)建议该矿质量分数波动范围应保持在78%~79%,泵送剂掺量波动范围应保持在1%~2%。研究结果可为充填配料系统建设和配料设备精度调校提供理论依据。

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李国平(1979一),男,内蒙古呼和浩特人,中级实验师,主要从事充填采矿技术与充填胶凝材料开发与应用研究。E-mail:
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张鹏(1987一),男,内蒙古呼和浩特人,博士,副教授,主要从事工业固废绿色充填材料开发与智能充填系统关键技术研究。E-mail:

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张鹏(1987一),男,内蒙古呼和浩特人,博士,副教授,主要从事工业固废绿色充填材料开发与智能充填系统关键技术研究。E-mail:

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张鹏(1987一),男,内蒙古呼和浩特人,博士,副教授,主要从事工业固废绿色充填材料开发与智能充填系统关键技术研究。E-mail:

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Technology standard for backfill engineering in metallic and non-metallic mines: GB/T 51450—2022[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2022:6-7., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226462304884146787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=452, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=31, authorNames=ZHANG J X, CUI K, YANG Y, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG J X, CUI K, YANG Y, et al. Investigation on the preparation of low carbon cement materials from industrial solid waste phosphogypsum: clinker preparation, cement properties, and hydration mechanism[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 452:142203., articleTitle=Investigation on the preparation of low carbon cement materials from industrial solid waste phosphogypsum: clinker preparation, cement properties, and hydration mechanism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226462304997393005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=427, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=32, authorNames=HUANG J Y, HUANG J, MIN J J, journalName=Construction and Building Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG J Y, HUANG J, MIN J J, et al. Hydration mechanism of a sodium-doped phosphogypsum-based hemihydrate whisker (omongwaite) in supersulfated cement system[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 427:136236., articleTitle=Hydration mechanism of a sodium-doped phosphogypsum-based hemihydrate whisker (omongwaite) in supersulfated cement system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226462305089667701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=11, pageStart=25, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=33, authorNames=薛振林, 张友志, 甘德清, journalName=金属矿山, refType=null, unstructuredReference=薛振林,张友志,甘德清,等.泵送剂掺量对充填料浆流动性能及充填体力学性能的影响[J].金属矿山2020(11):25-30., articleTitle=泵送剂掺量对充填料浆流动性能及充填体力学性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226462305240662659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=11, pageStart=25, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=XUE Zhenlin, ZHANG Youzhi, GAN Deqing, journalName=Metal Mine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XUE Zhenlin, ZHANG Youzhi, GAN Deqing, et al. Effect of pumping agent on fluidity of filling slurry and mechanical properties of filling body[J]. Metal Mine, 2020(11):25-30., articleTitle=Effect of pumping agent on fluidity of filling slurry and mechanical properties of filling body, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226462301096689905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, awardId=52264009, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然基金地区科学基金项目(52264009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226462301176381689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, awardId=2024QN05015; 2024LHMS05019, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2024QN05015; 2024LHMS05019), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226462296277435294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462296285823902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, companyId=1226462296277435294, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462296294212511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, companyId=1226462296277435294, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.内蒙古工业大学资源与环境工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226462296369709988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462296378098597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, companyId=1226462296369709988, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Ministry for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462296386487207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, companyId=1226462296369709988, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京科技大学金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室,北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226462299465105512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Main effect tracking charts of significant impact factors, figureFileSmall=uhzil7nQwASYNaUji9sVug==, figureFileBig=J1s31hCUebexgNlyJOFuPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462299540602993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=CN, label=图1, caption=显著影响因素主效应跟踪图, figureFileSmall=uhzil7nQwASYNaUji9sVug==, figureFileBig=J1s31hCUebexgNlyJOFuPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462299842592901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Interactive response surface of significant impact indicators, figureFileSmall=rUw8sQf0jog3lgIJhgxSYQ==, figureFileBig=2HWvfWg0dMbXY3Q1FF3zAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462299934867598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=CN, label=图2, caption=显著影响指标交互效应响应面, figureFileSmall=rUw8sQf0jog3lgIJhgxSYQ==, figureFileBig=2HWvfWg0dMbXY3Q1FF3zAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462300035530904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组质量分数/%泵送剂掺量/%
1791
2780
3801
4791
5790
6802
7791
8781
9792
10791
11791
12782
13800
), ArticleFig(id=1226462300131999905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组质量分数/%泵送剂掺量/%
1791
2780
3801
4791
5790
6802
7791
8781
9792
10791
11791
12782
13800
), ArticleFig(id=1226462300232663208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical composition and physical properties of paste filling materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原材料CaO/%Al2O3/%SiO2/%MgO/%Fe/%S/%密实密度/(g/cm3)孔隙率/%
水泥66.005.2122.003.650.002.103.2063.45
粉煤灰1.5412.3131.811.550.451.322.1063.55
分级尾砂4.013.3236.213.219.450.662.9757.21
棒磨砂4.156.0175.123.980.210.002.5542.65
), ArticleFig(id=1226462300329132208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

膏体充填材料主要化学成分和物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原材料CaO/%Al2O3/%SiO2/%MgO/%Fe/%S/%密实密度/(g/cm3)孔隙率/%
水泥66.005.2122.003.650.002.103.2063.45
粉煤灰1.5412.3131.811.550.451.322.1063.55
分级尾砂4.013.3236.213.219.450.662.9757.21
棒磨砂4.156.0175.123.980.210.002.5542.65
), ArticleFig(id=1226462300429795512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组强度/MPa稠度/cm坍落度/cm扩展度/cm平均黏度系数/(Pa·s)
3 d7 d28 d
12.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
22.523.727.5212.1224.5152.129.54
33.415.3211.5211.7523.5240.4313.53
42.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
52.714.148.3311.9523.5439.6710.13
64.356.4211.8912.2127.2355.227.43
72.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
82.834.4210.1212.3125.8256.427.94
92.934.729.7412.5727.5261.227.23
102.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
112.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
123.526.5310.9112.7328.5276.113.17
133.254.9110.5211.2422.1335.1217.37
), ArticleFig(id=1226462300526264514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组强度/MPa稠度/cm坍落度/cm扩展度/cm平均黏度系数/(Pa·s)
3 d7 d28 d
12.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
22.523.727.5212.1224.5152.129.54
33.415.3211.5211.7523.5240.4313.53
42.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
52.714.148.3311.9523.5439.6710.13
64.356.4211.8912.2127.2355.227.43
72.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
82.834.4210.1212.3125.8256.427.94
92.934.729.7412.5727.5261.227.23
102.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
112.945.158.6212.2925.5348.218.85
123.526.5310.9112.7328.5276.113.17
133.254.9110.5211.2422.1335.1217.37
), ArticleFig(id=1226462300635316424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of variance analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标x1x2x1x2
FPFPFP
3 d强度2.170.200 00.310.600 00.030.870 0
7 d强度1.820.230 00.750.420 01.900.230 0
28 d强度30.700.002 631.140.002 531.960.002 4
稠度80.000.000 398.060.000 216.530.009 7
坍落度26.720.003 680.000.000 33.000.143 8
扩展度11.790.018 621.410.005 70.350.580 0
平均黏度系数358.680.000 196.530.000 273.150.000 4
), ArticleFig(id=1226462300744368340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标x1x2x1x2
FPFPFP
3 d强度2.170.200 00.310.600 00.030.870 0
7 d强度1.820.230 00.750.420 01.900.230 0
28 d强度30.700.002 631.140.002 531.960.002 4
稠度80.000.000 398.060.000 216.530.009 7
坍落度26.720.003 680.000.000 33.000.143 8
扩展度11.790.018 621.410.005 70.350.580 0
平均黏度系数358.680.000 196.530.000 273.150.000 4
), ArticleFig(id=1226462300857614555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of industrial tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组x1/%x2/%强度/MPa稠度/cm坍落度/cm扩展度/cm平均黏度系数/(Pa·s)
3 d7 d28 d
预测组7823.316.1610.7712.7728.2773.513.34
实测17823.286.0510.5112.8528.1573.253.35
实测27823.356.2510.9212.9228.3273.563.25
平均相对误差/%1.511.621.510.900.120.141.20
), ArticleFig(id=1226462300949889253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294910092167, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

工业试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组x1/%x2/%强度/MPa稠度/cm坍落度/cm扩展度/cm平均黏度系数/(Pa·s)
3 d7 d28 d
预测组7823.316.1610.7712.7728.2773.513.34
实测17823.286.0510.5112.8528.1573.253.35
实测27823.356.2510.9212.9228.3273.563.25
平均相对误差/%1.511.621.510.900.120.141.20
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质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动对膏体充填料浆工作性能的影响
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张鹏 1, 2 , 高谦 2 , 王有团 1 , 尹博 1 , 李国平 1 , 马春英 1
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(10): 71-78
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矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025, 45(10): 71-78
质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动对膏体充填料浆工作性能的影响
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张鹏1, 2 , 高谦2, 王有团1, 尹博1, 李国平1 , 马春英1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古工业大学资源与环境工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
  • 2.北京科技大学金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 张鹏(1987一),男,内蒙古呼和浩特人,博士,副教授,主要从事工业固废绿色充填材料开发与智能充填系统关键技术研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李国平(1979一),男,内蒙古呼和浩特人,中级实验师,主要从事充填采矿技术与充填胶凝材料开发与应用研究。E-mail:
Effect of Fluctuations in Mass Fraction and Pumping Agent Dosage on the Working Performance of Paste Filling Slurry
Peng ZHANG1, 2 , Qian GAO2, Youtuan WANG1, Bo YIN1, Guoping LI1 , Chunying MA1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010051, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Ministry for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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充填配料系统的计量误差是影响充填体质量的关键因素,为揭示由计量误差引起的质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动对充填料浆工作性能的影响,基于水泥水化机理和泵送剂作用原理,利用响应面和方差分析法开展力学性能、流动性能和流变性能试验,并进行工业试验,确定最优质量分数和泵送剂掺量。结果表明:(1)质量分数和泵送剂掺量在±1%的范围内波动时,主效应显著影响充填体28 d强度、稠度、坍落度、扩展度和平均黏度系数,交互效应显著影响28 d强度、稠度和平均黏度系数;(2)质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动会导致充填料浆内自由水比例发生变化,从而影响充填材料工作性能;(3)建议该矿质量分数波动范围应保持在78%~79%,泵送剂掺量波动范围应保持在1%~2%。研究结果可为充填配料系统建设和配料设备精度调校提供理论依据。

膏体充填  /  计量误差  /  料浆质量分数  /  泵送剂掺量  /  工作性能

The measurement error of the filling batching system is the key factor affecting the quality of the filling body. In order to reveal the effect of the fluctuation in mass fraction and pumping agent dosage caused by the measurement error on the working performance of the filling slurry, based on the cement hydration mechanism and the action principle of the pumping agent, the response surface and variance analysis methods were used to carry out mechanical properties, flow properties and rheological properties tests, and industrial test verification was carried out to determine the optimal mass fraction and pumping agent dosage. The results are concluded as follows. Firstly, when the mass fraction and pumping agent dosage fluctuated within ±1%, the main effect significantly affected the 28 day strength, viscosity, slump, expansion and average viscosity coefficient, and the interaction effect significantly affected the 28 day strength, viscosity and average viscosity coefficient. Secondly, fluctuations in mass fraction and pumping agent dosage can cause changes in the proportion of free water in the filling slurry, thereby affecting the working performance of the filling slurry. Finality, it is suggested that the fluctuation range of the mass fraction of the mine should be kept between 78% and 79%, and the fluctuation range of the pumping agent dosage should be kept between 1% and 2%. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the construction of filling batching systems and the accuracy calibration of batching equipment.

Paste filling  /  Measurement error  /  Mass fraction of slurry  /  Pumping agent dosage  /  Working performance
张鹏, 高谦, 王有团, 尹博, 李国平, 马春英. 质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动对膏体充填料浆工作性能的影响. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 71 -78 .
Peng ZHANG, Qian GAO, Youtuan WANG, Bo YIN, Guoping LI, Chunying MA. Effect of Fluctuations in Mass Fraction and Pumping Agent Dosage on the Working Performance of Paste Filling Slurry[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 71 -78 .
现代膏体充填配料系统应用了大量自动化控制技术,已实现高产高效充填目的,然而在矿山实际开展配料工作时,发现诸多类型计量误差。一是粉料悬浮误差,粉料可在空气中漂浮,短时间下降过程中,有部分粉料悬浮在计量斗内,导致传感器无法精确测定粉料质量,实际质量高于计量读数;二是落料误差,充填材料输送过程中,受皮带机输送惯性影响,物料输送无法立即停止,导致进入接料漏斗的物料高于实际计量值;三是称量误差,短时间对物料进行称量时,由于各类物料是垂直落到计量斗内,造成传感器记录的数值大于实际值。除此之外,生产过程中物料质量、设备维护、人为因素、电气设备和计量秤刚度等因素导致的计量误差也不断被发现[1-3]
计量误差是充填材料质量分数和泵送剂掺量等参数波动的主要原因,参数波动将影响采空区充填材料工作性能。为此,诸多学者针对质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动对充填材料工作性能的影响开展了大量研究。陈登红等[4]的研究证明了质量分数是影响充填料浆流动性的重要影响因素。金爱兵等[5]通过分析氯离子质量分数,获得了质量分数对充填体变形破坏及能耗的影响。翟永刚等[6]以尾砂充填膏体为研究对象,发现流变性能指数与料浆的质量分数呈线性关系,随质量分数的增加而增大。张淑坤等[7]获得了电石渣和矿渣基充填材料质量分数对抗压强度的影响规律,当质量分数为65%时,充填体的强度满足充填要求。吴爱祥等[8]以膏体絮团结构为理论基础,对泵送剂改善膏体流动性的机理进行分析,泵送剂掺量可有效降低充填料浆的屈服应力和管输阻力。张连富等[9]对泵送剂影响高含泥膏体流变特性的机理进行分析,构建不同泵送剂添加量和浆体质量分数情况下的屈服应力预测函数,有效表征泵送剂对高含泥膏体流变特性的影响,有利于泵送剂添加量的预测与膏体流动性能的控制。李公成等[10]基于抗压强度试验和环境扫描电镜观察试验,证明了泵送剂通过改变絮团大小和数量、孔隙率、水化反应等影响膏体凝结性能。杨柳华等[11]结合理论分析,探讨了充填料浆在添加泵送剂条件下的减阻作用及长时间作用下膏体坍落度损失机理,认为泵送剂可以有效应用于膏体料浆管道输送减阻,降低管道磨损。
综上,质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动对充填材料工作性能具有重要影响,但目前研究成果仅探讨了质量分数或泵送剂掺量波动对单一力学性能、流动性能或流变性能的影响,缺少质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动对全工作性能主效应和交互效应的影响。因此,本研究以金川镍矿为背景,采用响应面法和方差分析数理统计方法,分别开展力学性能试验、流动性能试验和流变性能试验,根据试验结果获得泵送剂掺量和料浆质量分数波动的主效应和交互效应对各性能指标的影响显著性、影响规律和影响机理,最终确定最优泵送剂掺量和质量分数,为充填配料系统建设和配料设备精度调校提供理论依据。除此之外,计量误差不仅导致质量分数和泵送剂掺量发生波动,也会导致水胶比、胶砂比和骨料配比发生波动,借鉴本文研究方法可开展其他参数波动对充填材料工作性能的影响研究。
利用 Design-Expert (DE)软件进行试验设计,分别开展充填材料力学性能、流动性能和流变性能试验,基于试验结果采用方差分析和响应面分析方法确定泵送剂掺量和膏体质量分数波动对充填料浆工作性能的影响[12-14]。金川镍矿工业应用充填料浆的质量分数为79%,泵送剂掺量为1%,参考《建筑施工机械与设备——混凝土搅拌站(楼)》(GB/T 10171—2016)国家标准中各物料配比波动范围应为1%的要求,设置波动范围±1%,即质量分数分别为78%、79%、80%,泵送剂掺量分别为0、1%、2%,具体试验方案见表1[15]
充填胶结料选用325硅酸盐水泥和粉煤灰,配比为3∶1,其中325硅酸盐水泥来源于甘肃省的砌筑水泥,粉煤灰取自金川镍矿周边某发电厂。充填骨料选用金川二矿区棒磨砂和分级尾砂,其中棒磨砂为粗骨料,分级尾砂为细骨料,配比为1∶1。泵送剂为由金川集团公司二矿区提供的JKJ-NF高效泵送减水剂。充填用水取自矿山生活用水。膏体充填料浆各原材料主要化学成分和物理性质见表2
(1)力学性能试验。利用电子天平秤量膏体料浆原材料,混合并倒入JJ-5型搅拌机,搅拌20 min后将膏体料浆倒入7.07 cm×7.07 cm×7.07 cm钢模具内,浇模后利用削土刀将试件表面进行光滑处理。将试块置于室内(25 ℃±5 ℃)自然养护24 h后,脱模放入标准养护箱,达到规定龄期后测定充填体3 d、7 d和28 d单轴抗压强度。
(2)流动性能试验。流动性能通常由稠度、坍落度和扩展度表征,上述试验指标值越高表明充填料浆具有越优的流动性能。根据试验方案分别对充填料浆开展稠度、坍落度和扩展度试验,试验过程和方法符合《金属非金属矿山充填工程技术标准》(GB/T 51450—2022)[16]
(3)流变性能试验。流变性能是评价膏体充填料浆可输送或可泵性能的重要指标,利用平均黏度系数进行表征,该指标根据流变仪测定流变速率和剪切应力计算得出。流变仪选用R/S-plus型设备,转子选用V30-5,试验温度为室温28 ℃,设定测量步长为3 s,转速为30~60 r/min。
根据上述试验方案分别开展充填材料力学性能、流动性能和流变性能试验,测定不同质量分数和泵送剂掺量的充填材料3 d强度、7 d强度、28 d强度、稠度、坍落度、扩展度和平均黏度系数,试验结果见表3。将试验结果录入DE软件进一步分析。
为检验泵送剂掺量和质量分数波动对各性能指标影响显著性,利用DE软件对试验结果开展方差分析,方差分析结果见表4,表中x1x2分别代表质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动的主效应,而x1x2为波动的交互效应。
由力学性能试验方差分析结果可知:x1x2的3 d和7 d强度P值(0.20, 0.23, 0.60和0.42)均大于0.05,说明泵送剂掺量和质量分数主效应对3 d和7 d强度影响不显著,而x1x2的28 d强度主效应P值(0.002 6和0.002 5)均小于0.05,表明泵送剂掺量和质量分数显著影响充填体后期力学性能;x1x2的3 d和7 d强度P值(0.87和0.23)均大于0.05,说明泵送剂掺量和质量分数交互效应对早期力学性能影响不显著,而x1x2的28 d强度P值(0.002 4)小于0.05,说明交互效应显著影响后期力学性能。x1x2x2x1的28 d强度F值分别为31.96, 31.14, 30.7,因此28 d强度显著性影响大小关系为x1x2>x2>x1,交互效应对28 d强度的影响更显著。
根据流动性能试验方差分析结果可知:x1x2P值(0.000 3, 0.003 6, 0.018 6, 0.000 2, 0.000 3和0.005 7)均小于0.05,说明泵送剂掺量和质量分数主效应显著影响稠度、坍落度和扩展度,且根据F值显著性影响大小关系为x2(98.06, 80和21.41)>x1(80, 26.72和11.79);x1x2坍落度和扩展度P值(0.143 8和0.58)大于0.05,表明交互效应对坍落度和扩展度影响较弱,而x1x2稠度的P值(0.009 7)小于0.05,表明交互效应显著影响稠度,且根据F值可知稠度显著性影响大小关系为x2(98.6)>x1(80)>x1x2(16.53),表明主效应对稠度的影响更显著。
根据流变性能试验方差分析结果可知:x1x2P值(0.000 1和0.000 2)均小于0.05,说明泵送剂掺量和质量分数主效应显著影响平均黏度系数;x1x2P值(0.000 4)小于0.05,说明交互效应显著影响平均黏度系数,且根据F值可知显著性影响大小关系为x1(358.68)>x2(96.53)>x1x2(73.15)。
综上,由方差分析结果可知,泵送剂掺量和质量分数波动的主效应影响显著的工作性能参数为:充填体28 d强度、稠度、坍落度、扩展度、平均黏度系数。交互效应显著的为:28 d充填体强度、稠度和平均黏度系数。
为揭示显著性主效应和交互效应对力学性能、流动性能和流变性能参数影响规律,根据方差分析结果,分别绘制影响显著的单因素跟踪图和响应面图,28 d充填体强度、稠度、坍落度、扩展度和平均黏度系数跟踪图如图1所示,28 d充填体强度、稠度和平均黏度系数的交互效应响应面如图2所示。
(1)力学性能主效应影响规律。由图1(a)可知,在质量分数不变的条件下,随着泵送剂掺量不断增加,充填体28 d强度也将不断增加;在泵送剂掺量不变条件下,随着质量分数不断增加,充填体28 d强度先降低后升高,质量分数与充填体28 d强度总趋势成正比关系。
(2)流动性能主效应影响规律。由图1(b)图1(d)可知,在质量分数不变的条件下,随着泵送剂掺量增加,稠度、坍落度和扩展度不断增加,成正比关系,表明泵送剂掺量增加可优化充填料浆流动性能;在泵送剂掺量不变条件下,随着质量分数不断增加,稠度、坍落度和扩展度逐渐降低,成反比关系,表明质量分数增加降低了充填料浆流动性能。
(3)流变性能主效应影响规律。由图1(e)可知,在质量分数不变的条件下,随着泵送剂掺量增加,充填料浆平均黏度系数不断降低,成反比关系,表明泵送剂掺量增加优化了充填料浆流变性能,提高了充填料浆管输性能;在泵送剂掺量不变的条件下,随着质量分数不断增加,充填料浆平均黏度系数不断增加,成正比关系,表明质量分数增加导致充填料浆管输性能逐渐降低。
(1)力学性能交互效应影响规律。由图2(a)可知,在质量分数较低和较高的区域内,28 d强度随着泵送剂掺量增加,成正比关系,表明质量分数较高和较低区域内,随着泵送剂掺量增加,充填体后期力学性能提高;在泵送剂掺量较高的区域内,随着质量分数增加,28 d强度先降低后增加,成先反比后正比关系,表明充填体后期力学性能受到负面影响,随后随着质量分数增加,力学性能逐渐增强;在泵送剂掺量较低区域内,随着质量分数增加,28 d强度不断增加,成正比关系,表明在低泵送剂掺量条件下,随着质量分数增加,充填体后期力学性能不断提高。
(2)流动性能交互效应影响规律。由图2(b)可知,在质量分数较低和较高的区域内,随着泵送剂掺量增加,稠度成正比关系,表明在较高和较低质量分数条件下,泵送剂掺量的增加提高了充填料浆流动性能;在泵送剂掺量较高和较低区域内,随着质量分数增加,稠度降低,表明在较高和较低泵送剂掺量条件下质量分数增加降低了充填料浆流动性能。
(3)流变性能交互效应影响规律。由图2(c)可知,在质量分数较低和较高的区域内,随着泵送剂掺量增加,平均黏度系数降低,成反比关系,表明在较高和较低质量分数条件下,泵送剂掺量增加提高了充填料浆管输性能;在泵送剂掺量较高和较低区域内,随着质量分数增加,平均黏度系数增大,表明在较高和较低泵送剂掺量条件下,质量分数增加降低了充填料浆管输性能。
泵送剂能吸附和分散充填料浆中的阴离子和阳离子,破坏絮团结构[8],结合水泥水化机理[17-18]、影响显著性分析结果和影响规律,进一步分析质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动对充填材料工作性能的影响机理。
(1)力学性能影响机理。早期水化产物和絮团结构在料浆中的生成量较少,当泵送剂掺量和质量分数波动时,对早期力学性能影响较弱;随着水化反应不断进行,料浆中的C–S–H凝胶和絮团结构不断积累,在水化后期,泵送剂掺量和质量分数波动对力学性能影响逐渐显著。在水化后期质量分数波动范围内,泵送剂为水化反应提供大量的自由水,从而生成充足水化胶凝产物,使充填骨料黏结更紧密,导致28 d充填体强度随着泵送剂掺量增加不断升高。在泵送剂掺量波动范围内,受泵送剂影响,充填料浆中释放大量自由水,充填胶结料掺量比例不变,而水胶比增大,充填胶结料水化反应属于过饱和状态,系统内未参加水化反应的自由水游离在浆体内部形成孔隙,导致28 d充填体强度下降;然而当质量分数增加、水胶比不断降低时,料浆中自由水比例减少,导致28 d充填体强度增加。
(2)流动性能影响机理。当质量分数为基准值未发生波动时,随着泵送剂掺量增加,稠度、坍落度和扩展度不断增大,在泵送剂吸附和分散作用下,大量絮团结构遭到破坏,增加了固体颗粒间距,降低了颗粒间相互作用力,料浆内部摩擦力逐渐降低,另外絮团结构释放了大量自由水,为提高充填料浆流动性能提供了基础。当质量分数波动时,由于坍落度试验准确性和精度比稠度试验低,所以泵送剂掺量对稠度影响显著且成正相关,而对坍落度和扩展度有影响但不显著。当泵送剂掺量为基准值未发生波动时,随着质量分数增加,自由水比例不断降低,泵送剂作用下增加的自由水不足以保证充填料浆具有较优的流动性能,充填料浆流动性能不断劣化,导致稠度、坍落度和扩展度逐渐降低。当泵送剂掺量波动时,同样由于试验准确性和精度影响,质量分数对稠度影响显著而对坍落度和扩展度有影响但不显著,且影响规律成负相关。
(3)流变性能影响机理。当质量分数波动时,泵送剂掺量与平均黏度系数成反比关系,增加的自由水一方面降低充填料浆平均黏度,使料浆内部摩擦力逐渐降低,同时在充填管道内壁形成润滑水膜,提高流变性能,使充填料浆更容易克服管道输送阻力[19]。当泵送剂掺量波动时,质量分数增加导致水胶比下降,料浆中自由水比例下降,其中一部分自由水参与到水泥水化作用中,因此料浆内部摩擦力和剪切应力逐渐增大,料浆管输性能受到负效应影响。
为指导供料设备精度调校,保证充填材料在质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动条件下具有较优的工作性能,根据试验结果,利用DE软件求解最高28 d强度、最大稠度、最大坍落度、最大扩展度和最低平均黏度系数条件下质量分数和泵送剂掺量最优值分别为78%和2%,并开展2组验证试验,结果见表5
表5可知,各性能指标理论计算结果与工业试验结果基本一致,平均相对误差最高为1.62%,最低为0.12%,表明质量分数为78%和泵送剂掺量为2%时,充填料浆具有较优的工作性能。在充填工业施工过程中,建议充填料浆的质量分数为78%~79%,泵送剂掺量为1%~2%。
(1)质量分数和泵送剂掺量在±1%范围内波动时,主效应显著影响充填体28 d强度、稠度、坍落度、扩展度和平均黏度系数。当质量分数为基准值不变时,泵送剂掺量与28 d强度、稠度、坍落度和扩展度成正相关,与平均黏度系数成负相关;当泵送剂掺量为基准值不变时,28 d强度随着质量分数增加先降低后增加,质量分数与稠度、坍落度和扩展度成负相关,与平均黏度系数成正相关。交互效应显著影响28 d强度、稠度和平均黏度系数,在质量分数波动范围内,泵送剂掺量与28 d强度、稠度成正相关,与平均黏度系数成负相关;在泵送剂掺量波动范围内,质量分数与稠度成负相关,与平均黏度系数成正相关,且在泵送剂掺量在0~1%之间波动时,28 d强度与质量分数成正相关,波动范围为1%~2%时,28 d强度随着质量分数增加先负相关后正相关。
(2)质量分数和泵送剂掺量波动导致充填料浆内自由水比例发生变化,自由水比例升高后,水化后期C–S–H凝胶生成量增加,充填体后期强度提高;当水化反应需水量处于过饱和状态时,多余的自由水则会降低充填体后期强度。除此之外,自由水比例增加,降低了料浆内部摩擦力,同时在充填管道内壁形成润滑水膜,提高了充填料浆流动性能和流变性能。
(3)掺泵送剂的水泥、粉煤灰、棒磨砂和分级尾砂充填料浆质量分数波动范围应保持在78%~79%,泵送剂掺量波动范围应保持在1%~2%。
  • 国家自然基金地区科学基金项目(52264009)
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2024QN05015; 2024LHMS05019)
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-26
基金
国家自然基金地区科学基金项目(52264009)
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2024QN05015; 2024LHMS05019)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古工业大学资源与环境工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
    2.北京科技大学金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室,北京 100083

通讯作者:

李国平(1979一),男,内蒙古呼和浩特人,中级实验师,主要从事充填采矿技术与充填胶凝材料开发与应用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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