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The coarse aggregate backfill has high rigidity, poor toughness, and local energy storage accumulation, which is easy to cause safety problems. The addition of fiber can improve the toughness and ductility of the backfill and enhance its mechanical properties. Using coarse aggregate, waste rock, rod sand and river sand from Longshou Mine of Jinchuan as raw materials, the effect of fiber blending process on uniaxial compressive strength of backfill was studied. Design-Expert software was used to analyze the influences of various factors (slurry mass concentration, fiber volume rate, and cement content) on the early mechanical properties of backfill and optimize the parameters. The nonlinear regression models between the early uniaxial compressive strength value and various factors were established to reveal the interaction effects between different factors, and the cost of filling slurry material after adding fiber was calculated. The results show that the addition of fiber can significantly improve the compressive strength of the backfill. Compared with the blank group without fiber (3.03 MPa), the strength of the backfill in scheme Ⅱ (wet mixing of filling materials firstly, and then adding fibers in three stages) is 4.35 MPa, with an increase of 43.56%, which is the optimal scheme. The significant influencing factors of early mechanical properties of fiber reinforced backfill are ordered as slurry mass concentration > cement content > fiber volume rate. The interaction effect between slurry mass concentration and cement content is the most significant, which verifies the reliability of the regression model. After adding fibers, the cost of filling slurry material only increases by 0.67%−15.6%. On the premise of meeting the strength requirements of the backfill, the content of coarse aggregate and cement can be appropriately reduced, which can also reduce the cost.

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粗骨料充填体的刚度大、韧性差,局部储能积聚,易引发安全问题。掺加纤维有利于改善充填体的韧性和延性,增强其力学性能。以金川龙首矿的粗骨料、废石、棒磨砂、河砂为原材料,探究纤维掺加工艺对充填体单轴抗压强度的影响效应。运用Design-Expert软件分析各因素(料浆质量浓度、纤维体积率、水泥掺量)对充填体早期力学性能的影响并进行参数优选,建立早期单轴抗压强度值与各因素之间的非线性回归模型,揭示不同因素之间的交互效应,并对掺加纤维后的充填料浆材料成本进行核算。研究结果表明:掺加纤维能显著提高充填体的抗压强度,相较于不含纤维的空白组(3.03 MPa),方案Ⅱ(先充填物料湿拌,再分3次掺加纤维)的充填体强度为4.35 MPa,增幅为43.56%,为最优方案;纤维增强充填体早期力学性能的显著性影响因素为料浆质量浓度>水泥掺量>纤维体积率,料浆质量浓度与水泥掺量之间交互效应最显著,验证了回归模型的可靠性;掺加纤维后充填料浆材料成本仅增长0.67%~15.6%,在满足充填体强度要求的前提下,可适当降低粗骨料含量和水泥用量,也可降低成本。

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薛改利(1987一),女,河南濮阳人,博士,副研究员,主要从事矿山充填及固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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秦国玉(1979一),男,甘肃古浪县人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山生产安全、科研技术和经营管理工作。E-mail:

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秦国玉(1979一),男,甘肃古浪县人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山生产安全、科研技术和经营管理工作。E-mail:

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秦国玉(1979一),男,甘肃古浪县人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山生产安全、科研技术和经营管理工作。E-mail:

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articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=影响效应), Keyword(id=1226462299435741362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=参数优化), Keyword(id=1226462299511238842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=充填成本)], refs=[Reference(id=1226462302220759390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=49, issue=1, pageStart=36, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=谢和平, 张吉雄, 高峰, journalName=煤炭学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谢和平,张吉雄,高峰,等.煤矿负碳高效充填开采理论与技术构想[J].煤炭学报202449(1):36-46., articleTitle=煤矿负碳高效充填开采理论与技术构想, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226462302329811306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=49, issue=1, pageStart=36, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=XIE Heping, ZHANG Jixiong, GAO Feng, journalName=Journal of China Coal Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIE Heping, ZHANG Jixiong, GAO Feng, et al. 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Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2022, 41(2):282-291., articleTitle=Study on early mechanical properties and damage constitutive model of tailing-cemented backfill with different fibers, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226462301994266958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, awardId=2022M711432, language=CN, fundingSource=中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M711432), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226462296990461992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462297003044905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, companyId=1226462296990461992, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Longshou Mine, Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu 737100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462297015627818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, companyId=1226462296990461992, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.金川集团股份有限公司龙首矿,甘肃 金昌市 737100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226462297103708203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462297112096812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, companyId=1226462297103708203, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226462297120485421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, companyId=1226462297103708203, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.太原理工大学矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226462299775480008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Uniaxial compressive strength of backfill with different fiber blending processes, figureFileSmall=aqJwrVYWfKgeSWuHzhc0bA==, figureFileBig=KaUYhpR1wk+ER08ol5Ptsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462299867754704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同纤维掺加工艺充填体的单轴抗压强度, figureFileSmall=aqJwrVYWfKgeSWuHzhc0bA==, figureFileBig=KaUYhpR1wk+ER08ol5Ptsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462300249436387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Uniaxial compression failure patterns of backfill with different fiber blending processes, figureFileSmall=62nJhvCtx14mC4GqeGgRWQ==, figureFileBig=fV8A4Njtlrz2XGGyCU8bww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462300358488296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同纤维掺加工艺的单轴压缩破坏形态, figureFileSmall=62nJhvCtx14mC4GqeGgRWQ==, figureFileBig=fV8A4Njtlrz2XGGyCU8bww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462300463345903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Target average values obtained by Design-Expert software, figureFileSmall=xcryj8f2W71Oi0cAFVNUGg==, figureFileBig=yFfi9Cbk8VDlf4RiEgyLTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462300618535159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Design-Expert软件求取的目标平均值, figureFileSmall=xcryj8f2W71Oi0cAFVNUGg==, figureFileBig=yFfi9Cbk8VDlf4RiEgyLTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462300698226941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Response surface of interaction effects of different factors on uniaxial compressive strength, figureFileSmall=RzZG1hwVjvt1SMgRLEWgww==, figureFileBig=IuRKeLVo1jWO/Hr/BAQMMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462300807278854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同因素对单轴抗压强度的交互效应响应曲面, figureFileSmall=RzZG1hwVjvt1SMgRLEWgww==, figureFileBig=IuRKeLVo1jWO/Hr/BAQMMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226462300924719373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental results of surface optimization with three factors and three levels

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序号料浆质量浓度/%纤维体积率/%水泥掺量/(kg/m3)单轴抗压强度/MPa
1840.153102.21
2840.453103.10
3810.303102.02
4810.153301.91
5810.303102.02
6780.302901.16
7810.452901.50
8780.453101.32
9840.303302.94
10840.302901.86
11810.453301.85
12780.303301.22
13780.153101.18
14810.152901.55
), ArticleFig(id=1226462301050548504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三因素三水平的曲面优化试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号料浆质量浓度/%纤维体积率/%水泥掺量/(kg/m3)单轴抗压强度/MPa
1840.153102.21
2840.453103.10
3810.303102.02
4810.153301.91
5810.303102.02
6780.302901.16
7810.452901.50
8780.453101.32
9840.303302.94
10840.302901.86
11810.453301.85
12780.303301.22
13780.153101.18
14810.152901.55
), ArticleFig(id=1226462301159600417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variance analysis of the quadratic polynomial model of uniaxial compressive strength

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方FP
模型4.590 090.510 312.110 00.001 7
A3.420 013.420 081.170 0<0.000 1
B0.063 010.063 01.500 00.260 9
C0.344 510.344 58.180 00.024 4
AB0.140 610.140 63.340 00.110 4
AC0.260 110.260 16.170 00.041 9
BC0.010 010.010 00.237 40.641 0
A20.006 310.006 30.150 10.710 0
B20.047 510.047 51.130 00.323 4
C20.292 910.292 96.950 00.033 6
纯误差0.000 040.000 0
残差0.294 970.042 1
总和4.890 016
), ArticleFig(id=1226462301318983977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单轴抗压强度二次多项式模型的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方FP
模型4.590 090.510 312.110 00.001 7
A3.420 013.420 081.170 0<0.000 1
B0.063 010.063 01.500 00.260 9
C0.344 510.344 58.180 00.024 4
AB0.140 610.140 63.340 00.110 4
AC0.260 110.260 16.170 00.041 9
BC0.010 010.010 00.237 40.641 0
A20.006 310.006 30.150 10.710 0
B20.047 510.047 51.130 00.323 4
C20.292 910.292 96.950 00.033 6
纯误差0.000 040.000 0
残差0.294 970.042 1
总和4.890 016
), ArticleFig(id=1226462301528699192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material cost analysis of filling slurry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号料浆质量浓度/%水泥掺量/(kg/m3)纤维体积率/%充填体强度/MPa材料用量/(kg/m3)材料成本/(元/m3)
粗骨料废石棒磨砂河砂
1813100.001.65127255845367135.0
2782900.301.16123246815354141.1
3783100.151.18122243806350140.2
4783300.301.22120240794344152.8
5812900.151.55129258854370135.9
6813100.302.02127254842365148.6
7813300.151.91126251832361147.7
8842900.301.86134268889386144.3
9843100.152.21133266880382143.4
10843300.302.94131262868377156.1
), ArticleFig(id=1226462301675499842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294721344497, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

充填料浆的材料成本分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号料浆质量浓度/%水泥掺量/(kg/m3)纤维体积率/%充填体强度/MPa材料用量/(kg/m3)材料成本/(元/m3)
粗骨料废石棒磨砂河砂
1813100.001.65127255845367135.0
2782900.301.16123246815354141.1
3783100.151.18122243806350140.2
4783300.301.22120240794344152.8
5812900.151.55129258854370135.9
6813100.302.02127254842365148.6
7813300.151.91126251832361147.7
8842900.301.86134268889386144.3
9843100.152.21133266880382143.4
10843300.302.94131262868377156.1
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纤维掺加工艺对粗骨料充填料浆的影响效应和参数优化研究
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秦国玉 1 , 张国龙 1 , 李海 1 , 薛改利 2
矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025,45(10): 79-87
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矿业研究与开发 | 采矿与矿山充填 2025, 45(10): 79-87
纤维掺加工艺对粗骨料充填料浆的影响效应和参数优化研究
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秦国玉1 , 张国龙1, 李海1, 薛改利2
作者信息
  • 1.金川集团股份有限公司龙首矿,甘肃 金昌市 737100
  • 2.太原理工大学矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 秦国玉(1979一),男,甘肃古浪县人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山生产安全、科研技术和经营管理工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

薛改利(1987一),女,河南濮阳人,博士,副研究员,主要从事矿山充填及固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:
Influence Effect of Fiber Blending Process on Coarse Aggregate Filling Slurry and Parameters Optimization
Guoyu QIN1 , Guolong ZHANG1, Hai LI1, Gaili XUE2
Affiliations
  • 1.Longshou Mine, Jinchuan Group Co., Ltd., Jinchang, Gansu 737100, China
  • 2.College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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粗骨料充填体的刚度大、韧性差,局部储能积聚,易引发安全问题。掺加纤维有利于改善充填体的韧性和延性,增强其力学性能。以金川龙首矿的粗骨料、废石、棒磨砂、河砂为原材料,探究纤维掺加工艺对充填体单轴抗压强度的影响效应。运用Design-Expert软件分析各因素(料浆质量浓度、纤维体积率、水泥掺量)对充填体早期力学性能的影响并进行参数优选,建立早期单轴抗压强度值与各因素之间的非线性回归模型,揭示不同因素之间的交互效应,并对掺加纤维后的充填料浆材料成本进行核算。研究结果表明:掺加纤维能显著提高充填体的抗压强度,相较于不含纤维的空白组(3.03 MPa),方案Ⅱ(先充填物料湿拌,再分3次掺加纤维)的充填体强度为4.35 MPa,增幅为43.56%,为最优方案;纤维增强充填体早期力学性能的显著性影响因素为料浆质量浓度>水泥掺量>纤维体积率,料浆质量浓度与水泥掺量之间交互效应最显著,验证了回归模型的可靠性;掺加纤维后充填料浆材料成本仅增长0.67%~15.6%,在满足充填体强度要求的前提下,可适当降低粗骨料含量和水泥用量,也可降低成本。

聚丙烯纤维  /  掺加工艺  /  粗骨料充填料浆  /  影响效应  /  参数优化  /  充填成本

The coarse aggregate backfill has high rigidity, poor toughness, and local energy storage accumulation, which is easy to cause safety problems. The addition of fiber can improve the toughness and ductility of the backfill and enhance its mechanical properties. Using coarse aggregate, waste rock, rod sand and river sand from Longshou Mine of Jinchuan as raw materials, the effect of fiber blending process on uniaxial compressive strength of backfill was studied. Design-Expert software was used to analyze the influences of various factors (slurry mass concentration, fiber volume rate, and cement content) on the early mechanical properties of backfill and optimize the parameters. The nonlinear regression models between the early uniaxial compressive strength value and various factors were established to reveal the interaction effects between different factors, and the cost of filling slurry material after adding fiber was calculated. The results show that the addition of fiber can significantly improve the compressive strength of the backfill. Compared with the blank group without fiber (3.03 MPa), the strength of the backfill in scheme Ⅱ (wet mixing of filling materials firstly, and then adding fibers in three stages) is 4.35 MPa, with an increase of 43.56%, which is the optimal scheme. The significant influencing factors of early mechanical properties of fiber reinforced backfill are ordered as slurry mass concentration > cement content > fiber volume rate. The interaction effect between slurry mass concentration and cement content is the most significant, which verifies the reliability of the regression model. After adding fibers, the cost of filling slurry material only increases by 0.67%−15.6%. On the premise of meeting the strength requirements of the backfill, the content of coarse aggregate and cement can be appropriately reduced, which can also reduce the cost.

Polypropylene fiber  /  Blending process  /  Coarse aggregate filling slurry  /  Influence effect  /  Parameter optimization  /  Filling cost
秦国玉, 张国龙, 李海, 薛改利. 纤维掺加工艺对粗骨料充填料浆的影响效应和参数优化研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 79 -87 .
Guoyu QIN, Guolong ZHANG, Hai LI, Gaili XUE. Influence Effect of Fiber Blending Process on Coarse Aggregate Filling Slurry and Parameters Optimization[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 79 -87 .
在矿山开采活动中,充填体性能对保障矿井的稳定性、提高资源回收率及降低开采成本具有重要意义[1-2]。粗骨料充填材料如废石、棒磨砂和河砂等,因强度较高而被广泛使用,但粗骨料充填韧性不足的问题也日益凸显。在深部复杂应力环境下,粗骨料充填体易产生脆性断裂,充填料浆离析分层严重,粗骨料与水泥间分布严重不均,存在分散与富集现象,加大了安全隐患[3-5]。因此,急需寻找有效的方法来提升粗骨料充填体的力学性能及韧性。近年来,国内外学者对纤维增强充填体的力学性能进行了大量研究。崔秀丽等[6]研究了聚丙烯纤维掺量和长度对充填料浆流动性和充填体力学性能的影响,结果表明,充填料浆的流动性与纤维掺量和长度成负相关,充填体抗压强度随着纤维掺量和长度的增加先升高后降低。薛希龙等[7]通过单轴压缩、巴西劈裂和落锤冲击试验,探究了粗骨料纤维充填体的力学特性与能量损伤规律。雷明锋等[8]建立钢纤维混凝土单调和循环压缩弹塑性损伤本构性能曲线方程,发现粗骨料掺量的增加可以提高试件弹性模量和强度,纤维掺量的增加会延缓混凝土峰后塑性变形。李力剑等[9]研究了粗骨料掺量、纤维掺量和长径比对超高性能混凝土力学性能的影响,揭示了粗骨料和纤维的作用机理。黄炜等[10]利用响应面法建立回归模型,研究粗骨料、聚丙烯纤维体积分数对混凝土抗压强度和抗拉强度的影响。
金川龙首矿采用下向六角形进路胶结充填采矿法,由于胶结充填体的刚度大、韧性差,局部充填体应力集中现象明显,容易发生冒顶、片帮等安全事故。通过掺加聚丙烯纤维可改善充填体的韧性和延性,同等冲击作用下充填体的完整性更好。目前,针对纤维掺加工艺对粗骨料充填体力学性能影响的系统研究相对缺乏。
本研究旨在通过系统的试验和分析,探究聚丙烯纤维掺加工艺对粗骨料充填体强度的影响机制,以及各影响因素对充填体早期力学性能的贡献程度。通过运用Design-Expert软件进行多因素多水平分析,建立非线性回归模型,揭示不同因素之间的交互效应,为优化矿山充填材料的设计与应用提供科学依据,研究成果有望为矿山充填技术的发展和应用提供新的思路和方法,提升矿山开采的安全性和可持续性。
试验原材料均取自金川龙首矿,主要包含粗骨料、废石、棒磨砂、河砂和矿用38.5水泥。其中,粗骨料属于惰性材料,粒径偏大(>5 mm);废石粒径通常<12 mm,容重为1.585 t/m3,孔隙率为40.11%;棒磨砂粒径<5 mm,容重为1.593 t/m3,孔隙率为40.64%;河砂粒径均匀、偏细,级配良好。根据矿山骨料实际应用参数统计结果可知,粗骨料:废石:棒磨砂:河砂的配比为0.08∶0.16∶0.53∶0.23,可见棒磨砂作为骨料的占比依旧较大,对充填骨料的供给现状和充填成本具有深远影响。由于矿山采用下向胶结充填开采,充填体早期强度要求较高,3 d强度须大于1.5 MPa,7 d强度须大于2.5 MPa,因此探究充填体的早期强度特性为本次试验的主要目的。
试验所用的纤维类型为聚丙烯纤维,密度为0.91 kg/m3,抗拉强度大于450 MPa,断裂伸长率为28%,形态为束状单丝。该纤维具有强度高、弹性好、耐腐蚀等优良特性,可有效抑制砂浆原生裂缝的萌发和扩展,改善泌水均匀性。根据分散性试验标准,将纤维置于水或其他介质中,通过搅拌、震荡或其他方式使其分散,测试纤维的分散性能,结果表明聚丙烯纤维的分散性能良好。综合聚丙烯纤维的分散测试结果和充填料浆的搅拌效果可知,掺纤维充填料浆的和易性良好,表明在粗骨料充填体系中掺加聚丙烯纤维具备可行性。
参考以往配比参数[11-12],确定料浆质量浓度范围为78%~84%,初步判断充填料浆的流动性能和工作性能。若充填料浆质量浓度过高,则不能满足矿山充填输送系统的要求;若料浆质量浓度过低,充填过程伴随大量水进入采场,难以保证充填体强度。
纤维掺量通常采用两种方式计量,即质量百分比和体积率。根据《聚丙烯纤维混凝土生产与应用技术规程》(DB2101/T 0006—2018),适用于改善混凝土抗裂和抗冲击性能的纤维体积率范围为0.1%~0.3%。结合金属矿山尾砂充填的现有研究成果[13-15],最终确定纤维体积率最小值为0.15%,最大值为0.45%,以便于后期参数优化设计。
通过查阅现有纤维掺加工艺的研究成果[16-20],本次试验共设计了4种不同的研究方案。方案Ⅰ:先干拌(在充填物料中掺加纤维,搅拌均匀使其均匀分散),再湿拌(添加水制备成均匀料浆);方案Ⅱ:先湿拌充填物料(添加水制备成不含纤维的料浆),再分3次掺加纤维后制备成均匀料浆;方案Ⅲ:纤维预分散(搅拌将其分散在水溶液中),再添加充填物料;方案Ⅳ:将充填物料湿拌制备成均匀料浆,在浇筑充填体试样时等高度分层(分3次)掺加纤维;空白组:代指制备的充填料浆不含纤维。其中,除纤维掺加工艺存在区别,其余的试验参数均保持一致。采用的料浆质量浓度为82%(适当提高料浆质量浓度,更有助于纤维的均匀分散),纤维长度为12 mm[16],水泥掺量为310 kg/m3,纤维体积率为0.3%。分别配制不同纤维掺加工艺的充填料浆,浇筑尺寸为70.7 mm×70.7 mm×70.7 mm的充填体试样,将其放置在标准养护箱(养护温度为20 ℃,养护湿度为95%),养护龄期为7 d。通过单轴压缩试验分别获取抗压强度等参数,分析纤维掺加工艺对粗骨料充填体力学性能的影响效应。
不同纤维掺加工艺充填体的单轴抗压强度如图1所示。由图1可知,采用不同纤维掺加工艺时,方案Ⅰ、方案Ⅱ、方案Ⅲ、方案Ⅳ和空白组的胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度分别为3.47 MPa、4.35 MPa、3.27 MPa、3.62 MPa、3.03 MPa,由此说明当充填料浆中其他参数相同时,掺加适量的聚丙烯纤维有助于改善胶结充填体的内部结构,提高其力学强度。针对单轴抗压强度,纤维掺加工艺效果最好的为方案Ⅱ,方案Ⅳ次之,效果最差的为方案Ⅲ。相较于空白组(不含纤维)的充填体试样,方案Ⅱ的胶结充填体强度提高了1.32 MPa,即单轴抗压强度的最大增长幅度为43.56%;方案Ⅲ的胶结充填体强度提高了0.24 MPa,即单轴抗压强度的最小增长幅度为7.92%。方案Ⅲ通过添加分散剂提升了纤维在充填料浆中的分散效果,但导致成本增加,且纤维密度较小,致使该方案在矿山的实用性降低。尽管方案Ⅰ在纤维混凝土的生产和工程应用中具有可操作性,然而用于大体量的矿山充填则面临现实困难。因此,若旨在通过掺加纤维以提高胶结充填体的抗压强度和抗裂性能,推荐选用方案Ⅱ和方案Ⅳ。
不同纤维掺加工艺充填体的单轴压缩破坏形态如图2所示。观察图2可知,在单轴压缩作用条件下,不同纤维掺加工艺的胶结充填体的完整性与其力学强度呈现正相关关系。其中,空白组充填体试样的破坏形式为张拉破坏,沿着加载方向延伸出多条宏观主裂纹,且存在块体剥落现象。空白组充填体单轴压缩后的完整性最差,已完全丧失了峰后的承载能力。4种不同纤维掺加工艺的胶结充填体的破坏形态存在显著差异。纤维掺加工艺的不同使得纤维三维空间分布存在差异,因此充填体试样表现出的裂纹分布现象并不相同。方案Ⅰ的充填体试样表现为多条贯穿顶底加载面的宏观主裂纹,衍生了多条次生裂纹,且伴随着局部块体的剥落现象。方案Ⅱ的充填体试样中多条主裂纹之间并未实现贯穿,次生裂纹多且细,主要呈现在主裂纹周边;其单轴压缩后的充填体试样完整性最好,相对应的单轴抗压强度为4.35 MPa,高于其他纤维掺加工艺组别的单轴抗压强度值。方案Ⅲ和方案Ⅳ的充填体单轴抗压强度值相差较小,单轴压缩后充填体的完整性也比较类似,二者均存在多条主裂纹和次生裂纹,侧面宏观裂纹存在纤维链接现象,局部充填散体剥落。究其原因为充填体试样内部应力集中,在裂纹萌发和扩展的过程中,纤维发挥了重要的链接作用,使得充填体基体各部分之间相互链接,更利于应力的重新分布和相互转移,从而抑制了裂纹的发展,保障了充填体受外部荷载作用后的完整性。
综上所述,方案Ⅱ的胶结充填体强度最高,试样完整性最好,为最优方案。因此,选择方案Ⅱ的掺加工艺进行多参数优选试验。
基于上述试验参数设计结果,运用Design-Expert软件,确定各个因素(料浆质量浓度A、纤维体积率B、水泥掺量C)的水平值,设计三因素三水平的曲面优化试验,以求解满足矿山单轴抗压强度要求的最优参数组合。其中,料浆质量浓度的设计水平分别为78%、81%和84%;纤维体积率的设计水平分别为0.15%、0.30%和0.45%;水泥掺量的设计水平分别为290 kg/m3、310 kg/m3和330 kg/m3。骨料的基本配比保持不变,即粗骨料:废石:棒磨砂:河砂=0.08∶0.16∶0.53∶0.23。浇筑试样的尺寸为70.7 mm×70.7 mm×70.7 mm,将其放置在标准养护箱(以消除养护环境差别的影响作用),养护龄期为3 d。采用电子式万能试验机开展充填体的力学强度测试,获取的试验结果见表1
表1可知,当养护龄期为3 d时,除了料浆质量浓度设定为78%的充填体试样的单轴抗压强度小于1.5 MPa,其他组别充填体强度均满足矿山的力学指标要求,即3 d单轴抗压强度高于1.5 MPa。查阅相关研究文献可知[21-23],当充填骨料为粗粒径级配时,可适当提高充填料浆质量浓度,究其原因为相较于细粒径固废材料,粗骨料的保水性能较差,胶凝材料溶液易流失。因此,采用粗骨料作为充填材料,则骨料级配的优化也是重要的研究方向之一。当料浆质量浓度为84%,纤维体积率为0.45%,水泥掺量为310 kg/m3时,胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度值最高,达到了3.10 MPa,远高于矿山的力学指标要求。相较而言,当料浆质量浓度为81%,纤维体积率为0.45%,水泥掺量为290 kg/m3时(料浆质量浓度和水泥掺量均降低),胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度值仍达到了1.50 MPa。说明掺加纤维能够在保证充填体强度的前提下显著降低水泥用量,进而降低充填成本。
根据最小二乘法原理对响应曲面试验结果进行非线性拟合,获取3 d单轴抗压强度的二次多项式回归模型。
式中,Y为3 d单轴抗压强度值,MPa。
对构建的回归模型进行显著性分析检验,结果见表2
根据表2可知,模型的F值为12.11, P值为0.001 7,说明回归模型的影响显著(P<0.05),且拟合程度高。其中,影响因素A(料浆质量浓度)的P值小于0.000 1,说明在三个设计因素中料浆质量浓度对单轴抗压强度的影响最为显著;单因素的影响显著性顺序为A>C>B,即料浆质量浓度>水泥掺量>纤维体积率。在回归模型中,料浆质量浓度和水泥掺量两个因素交互作用时的P值为0.041 9,小于0.05,说明二者的交互影响显著;不同因素交互作用影响的显著性排序为AC>AB>BC。另外,回归模型的复相关系数和校正相关系数均接近于1,说明3 d单轴抗压强度回归模型具有较高的可靠性。
Design-Expert软件求取的目标平均值如图3所示。由图3可知,运用Design-Expert软件求取的目标平均值为料浆质量浓度80.703%、纤维体积率0.428%、水泥掺量303.906 kg/m3,此时充填体单轴抗压强度值为1.871 MPa。
根据试验结果绘制不同因素交互效应的3D响应曲面,如图4所示。由图4(a)可知,当水泥掺量为310 kg/m3时,随着料浆质量浓度的增加,胶结充填体单轴抗压强度逐渐增大,验证了料浆质量浓度对充填体强度的显著性影响作用。为了保证胶结充填体在采场内的安全性,以充填体单轴抗压强度值1.7 MPa作为参考标准,此时料浆质量浓度应当高于79.7%。当料浆质量浓度值偏低时,设定的纤维体积率不宜过大。例如:当料浆质量浓度为78%、纤维体积率为0.45%时,充填体单轴抗压强度却偏低,因为此时需要考虑到胶凝材料水化产物对纤维的包裹效应,该效应会直接影响纤维能否有效发挥链接效应。
图4(b)可知,当纤维体积率为0.30%时,随着料浆质量浓度和水泥掺量的增加,胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度显著提高,呈现正相关,且响应曲面比较陡,说明料浆质量浓度和水泥掺量的交互效应显著,验证了上述二次多项式回归模型结果的可靠性。假设以矿山的力学指标要求1.5 MPa为参照依据,当料浆质量浓度低于80%时,水泥掺量应当大于305 kg/m3。假设以1.7 MPa作为参考标准,当料浆质量浓度高于80%时,则水泥掺量大于295 kg/m3即可满足要求。由此说明,当纤维体积率设为定值时,料浆质量浓度和水泥掺量可在适当的范围内上下浮动,满足矿山生产安全需要即可。倘若二者设定值均偏高不仅会增加充填材料成本,而且增大了充填料浆的管道输送阻力。
图4(c)可知,纤维体积率和水泥掺量的交互效应比较显著,当料浆质量浓度为81%时,纤维体积率最优解为0.35%,胶结充填体单轴抗压强度的最大值为2.114 MPa,此时水泥掺量为317 kg/m3。当水泥掺量为310 kg/m3时,胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度均满足要求(3 d强度≥1.5 MPa)。根据纤维增强作用机理得知,纤维能有效联接充填体基体,抑制裂纹的萌发和扩展。当纤维体积率偏高时,分散在胶结充填体内部的纤维体积占比较高,在一定程度上影响了胶结充填体内部结构的致密性。例如:当纤维体积率为0.45%,水泥掺量为330 kg/m3时,胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度值并不是最优解。此外,第7组、第8组和第11组充填体单轴抗压强度的结果表明,针对以粗粒径骨料为主的胶结充填体,其纤维体积率为0.45%的设定值略偏高,需要提高水泥掺量进而生成大量的水化产物以增强充填体基体与纤维的链接作用,在充填综合成本核算方面并不理想。第4组和第5组充填体单轴抗压强度的结果表明,当纤维体积率设定合理时,降低水泥掺量依然可以使胶结充填体达到理想的力学强度。
在矿山开采中,水泥作为传统的充填胶凝材料,虽然其强度性能能够满足采矿需求,但较高的水泥用量导致充填成本居高不下,胶结剂成本通常占充填运营成本的70%以上。为了降低成本并提高矿山开采的经济效益,本文对粗骨料充填料浆多参数进行优选(料浆质量浓度、纤维体积率、水泥掺量),在保证充填体强度的前提下,实现材料成本的有效控制。目前,矿山采用下向六角形进路胶结充填采矿法,水泥掺量310 kg/m3,料浆质量浓度81%,粗骨料∶废石∶棒磨砂∶河砂=0.08∶0.16∶0.53∶0.23。根据目前的市场价格结合矿山实际,粗骨料单价为31.64 元/t,废石单价为20 元/t,棒磨砂为19 元/t,河砂为31.64 元/t,充填散装水泥为317 元/t,聚丙烯纤维为5 000 元/t。计算后充填料浆材料成本分析见表3
表3可知,当料浆质量浓度为81%,水泥掺量为310 kg/m3时,未掺纤维的充填材料成本约135 元/m3,掺加纤维后的充填材料成本相较于未掺纤维,综合材料成本变化幅度不大。当纤维掺量为0.15%时,充填料浆材料成本为135.9~147.7 元/m3;纤维掺量为0.30%时,充填料浆材料成本为141.1~156.1 元/m3。尽管纤维的加入会提高成本,但纤维可以显著提高充填体的韧性和抗裂性,从而提升充填体的整体性能和使用寿命。当采用的料浆质量浓度和水泥掺量相同时,材料成本仅增加了纤维使用成本。例如:当料浆质量浓度为81%、水泥掺量为290 kg/m3、纤维体积率0.15%时,充填体强度达到1.55 MPa,满足矿山安全需求,此时材料成本为135.9 元/m3,成本仅增加0.67%。当料浆质量浓度为81%、水泥掺量为310 kg/m3、纤维体积率为0.30%时,充填体强度达到了2.02 MPa,此时材料成本为148.6 元/m3,成本增加了10%,但充填体强度提高了22.42%。因此,在满足充填体强度要求的前提下,可适当降低粗骨料含量和水泥掺量,也可降低成本。
(1)纤维掺加工艺能显著提高充填体的抗压强度,方案Ⅰ、方案Ⅱ、方案Ⅲ、方案Ⅳ和空白组的胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度分别为3.47 MPa、4.35 MPa、3.27 MPa、3.62 MPa、3.03 MPa。相较于空白组,方案Ⅱ提高1.32 MPa,最大增长幅度为43.56%;方案Ⅲ提高0.24 MPa,最小增长幅度为7.92%。
(2)胶结充填体的完整性与抗压强度之间呈正相关关系,纤维促进了充填体基体各部分的相互链接,有效抑制了裂纹扩展,保持充填体在外部荷载作用下的完整性。
(3)纤维增强充填体早期力学性能的显著性影响因素排序为:料浆质量浓度>水泥掺量>纤维体积率。料浆质量浓度与水泥掺量之间交互效应最显著,当纤维体积率为0.30%时,随着料浆质量浓度和水泥掺量的增加,胶结充填体的强度也显著提高,验证了回归模型的可靠性。
(4)当料浆质量浓度为81%、水泥掺量为290 kg/m3、纤维体积率0.15%时,充填体强度达到1.55 MPa,满足矿山安全需求,成本仅增加0.67%,掺加纤维后的充填料浆成本变化幅度不大,有助于推动矿山开采的安全性和可持续发展。
  • 中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M711432)
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2024-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-15
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中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M711432)
作者信息
    1.金川集团股份有限公司龙首矿,甘肃 金昌市 737100
    2.太原理工大学矿业工程学院,山西 太原 030024

通讯作者:

薛改利(1987一),女,河南濮阳人,博士,副研究员,主要从事矿山充填及固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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