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Aiming at the problem of stable driving of mining rehicle in the complex terrain of submarine cobalt-rich crusts, a scheme of four-track all-wheel drive travel mechanism for deep-sea mining vehicles and a terrain-adaptive control method were proposed, and a mechanical model of four-track travel was established. A multi-body dynamics simulation model was built based on Recurdyn software. The characteristics of the four-track travel mechanism, such as straight-line travel, climbing, obstacle-crossing and steering, were analyzed, and laboratory tests and marine tests for the travel mechanism were carried out for verification. The results show that the test results are close to the theoretical calculation values, with the calculation error within 10%. The adaptive control method effectively improves the travel effect of the travel mechanism and reduces the deviation of straight-line travel. When the travel speed is 0.051 m/s, the adoption of vehicle body leveling control can improve the travel stability by 2 to 3 times. However, when the travel speed is 0.198 m/s, the control effect is relatively poor. On the whole, as the travel speed increases, the effect of the adaptive control weakens continuously. The research results can provide references for the research and development of travel technologies and equipment in deep-sea complex terrains.

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针对深海富钴结壳复杂地形下采矿车平稳行驶的问题,提出了一种深海采矿车四履带全驱行驶机构方案和自适应地形的控制方法,建立了四履带行驶力学模型。基于Recurdyn软件构建多体动力学仿真模型,分析了四履带行驶机构的直线行驶、爬坡、越障和转向等特性,开展了行驶机构的实验室试验与海上试验验证。结果表明,试验结果与理论计算值接近,计算误差在10%以内;自适应控制方法有效地提升了行驶机构的行驶效果,降低了直线行驶的偏移量,在行驶速度为0.051 m/s时,采用车身调平控制可提升行驶平稳性2~3倍,而在行驶速度为0.198 m/s时,控制效果较差;整体上随着行驶速度的增加,自适应控制效果不断减弱。研究结果可为深海复杂地形下的行驶技术及装备的研发提供参考。

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江敏(1987一),男,湖南株洲人,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事深海采矿技术与装备研究。E-mail:

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江敏(1987一),男,湖南株洲人,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事深海采矿技术与装备研究。E-mail:

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江敏(1987一),男,湖南株洲人,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事深海采矿技术与装备研究。E-mail:

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Basic performance parameters of four-track chassis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总载重量/t行走形式最大速度/(m/s)最大爬坡度/(°)最小转弯半径/m越障高度/cm
5四履带轮全驱0.220620
), ArticleFig(id=1226462311368541147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四履带底盘基本性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总载重量/t行走形式最大速度/(m/s)最大爬坡度/(°)最小转弯半径/m越障高度/cm
5四履带轮全驱0.220620
), ArticleFig(id=1226462311473398750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sub-force distribution of total travel driving force

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行驶工况分项受力类型
平地直行FwFaFrFcFn
爬坡FwFsFrFn
平地转向Ft
), ArticleFig(id=1226462311578256352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

行驶总驱动力的分项受力分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行驶工况分项受力类型
平地直行FwFaFrFcFn
爬坡FwFsFrFn
平地转向Ft
), ArticleFig(id=1226462311674725348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Test results of straight-line travel deviation for the travel mechanism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组行驶速度/(m/s)连续行驶距离/m偏移量/%
10.055100.3
20.051201.0
30.09810—0.6
40.095200.9
50.153100.8
60.152201.4
70.21010—0.8
80.20320—1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1226462311796360170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

行驶机构直线行驶偏移测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组行驶速度/(m/s)连续行驶距离/m偏移量/%
10.055100.3
20.051201.0
30.09810—0.6
40.095200.9
50.153100.8
60.152201.4
70.21010—0.8
80.20320—1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1226462311922189292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Data of the travel mechanism steering tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组外侧速度/(m/s)内侧速度/(m/s)内侧驱动扭矩/(N·m)外侧驱动扭矩/(N·m)实测转弯半径/m
10.2030.026-1 031.511 321.625.80
20.1980.120-842.271 205.4611.50
30.2020.151-639.521 069.4520.20
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312035435504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

行驶机构转向试验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组外侧速度/(m/s)内侧速度/(m/s)内侧驱动扭矩/(N·m)外侧驱动扭矩/(N·m)实测转弯半径/m
10.2030.026-1 031.511 321.625.80
20.1980.120-842.271 205.4611.50
30.2020.151-639.521 069.4520.20
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312106738674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Test results of vehicle body stability control parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
倾角类型速度/(m/s)行驶距离/m倾角控制范围/(°)平均倾角/(°)最大倾角/(°)超预设值的比例/%
横倾角0.05113.5±3-0.2146.82
纵倾角0.05113.5±31.16413.64
横倾角0.19812.9±30.38726.47
纵倾角0.19812.9±31.62932.35
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312182236148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

车身平稳性控制参数测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
倾角类型速度/(m/s)行驶距离/m倾角控制范围/(°)平均倾角/(°)最大倾角/(°)超预设值的比例/%
横倾角0.05113.5±3-0.2146.82
纵倾角0.05113.5±31.16413.64
横倾角0.19812.9±30.38726.47
纵倾角0.19812.9±31.62932.35
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312274510840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Test results of vehicle body stability control parameters for seabed travel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行驶方式倾角类型速度/(m/s)倾角控制范围/(°)平均倾角/(°)最大倾角/(°)超预设值的比例/%
常规行驶横倾角0.11.98858.49
纵倾角0.111.252064.15
自适应行驶横倾角0.1±3—0.61—515.69
纵倾角0.18±39.101427.45
), ArticleFig(id=1226462312366785532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225396423026438145, articleId=1226462294280946562, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

海底行驶车身平稳性控制参数测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行驶方式倾角类型速度/(m/s)倾角控制范围/(°)平均倾角/(°)最大倾角/(°)超预设值的比例/%
常规行驶横倾角0.11.98858.49
纵倾角0.111.252064.15
自适应行驶横倾角0.1±3—0.61—515.69
纵倾角0.18±39.101427.45
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深海采矿车四履带全驱行驶机构及其工作性能试验研究
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江敏 1, 2, 3 , 刘伟 1, 3 , 陈秉正 1, 3 , 艾杨 1, 3 , 吴鸿云 4 , 陆新江 2
矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025,45(10): 33-42
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矿业研究与开发 | 深部、深海矿产资源勘探与开发 2025, 45(10): 33-42
深海采矿车四履带全驱行驶机构及其工作性能试验研究
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江敏1, 2, 3 , 刘伟1, 3, 陈秉正1, 3, 艾杨1, 3, 吴鸿云4, 陆新江2
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 2.中南大学,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 3.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 4.天津大学,天津 300072
  • 江敏(1987一),男,湖南株洲人,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事深海采矿技术与装备研究。E-mail:

Test Study on Four-Track All-Wheel Drive Travel Mechanism and Working Performance of Deep-Sea Mining Vehicle
Min JIANG1, 2, 3 , Wei LIU1, 3, Bingzheng CHEN1, 3, Yang AI1, 3, Hongyun WU4, Xinjiang LU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 2.Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center for Metal Mining, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
  • 4.Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25
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针对深海富钴结壳复杂地形下采矿车平稳行驶的问题,提出了一种深海采矿车四履带全驱行驶机构方案和自适应地形的控制方法,建立了四履带行驶力学模型。基于Recurdyn软件构建多体动力学仿真模型,分析了四履带行驶机构的直线行驶、爬坡、越障和转向等特性,开展了行驶机构的实验室试验与海上试验验证。结果表明,试验结果与理论计算值接近,计算误差在10%以内;自适应控制方法有效地提升了行驶机构的行驶效果,降低了直线行驶的偏移量,在行驶速度为0.051 m/s时,采用车身调平控制可提升行驶平稳性2~3倍,而在行驶速度为0.198 m/s时,控制效果较差;整体上随着行驶速度的增加,自适应控制效果不断减弱。研究结果可为深海复杂地形下的行驶技术及装备的研发提供参考。

深海采矿车  /  富钴结壳  /  四履带全驱行驶机构  /  行驶性能  /  海上试验

Aiming at the problem of stable driving of mining rehicle in the complex terrain of submarine cobalt-rich crusts, a scheme of four-track all-wheel drive travel mechanism for deep-sea mining vehicles and a terrain-adaptive control method were proposed, and a mechanical model of four-track travel was established. A multi-body dynamics simulation model was built based on Recurdyn software. The characteristics of the four-track travel mechanism, such as straight-line travel, climbing, obstacle-crossing and steering, were analyzed, and laboratory tests and marine tests for the travel mechanism were carried out for verification. The results show that the test results are close to the theoretical calculation values, with the calculation error within 10%. The adaptive control method effectively improves the travel effect of the travel mechanism and reduces the deviation of straight-line travel. When the travel speed is 0.051 m/s, the adoption of vehicle body leveling control can improve the travel stability by 2 to 3 times. However, when the travel speed is 0.198 m/s, the control effect is relatively poor. On the whole, as the travel speed increases, the effect of the adaptive control weakens continuously. The research results can provide references for the research and development of travel technologies and equipment in deep-sea complex terrains.

Deep-sea mining vehicle  /  Cobalt-rich crust  /  Four-track all-wheel drive travel mechanism  /  Travel performance  /  Marine test
江敏, 刘伟, 陈秉正, 艾杨, 吴鸿云, 陆新江. 深海采矿车四履带全驱行驶机构及其工作性能试验研究. 矿业研究与开发, 2025 , 45 (10) : 33 -42 .
Min JIANG, Wei LIU, Bingzheng CHEN, Yang AI, Hongyun WU, Xinjiang LU. Test Study on Four-Track All-Wheel Drive Travel Mechanism and Working Performance of Deep-Sea Mining Vehicle[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2025 , 45 (10) : 33 -42 .
深海蕴含着丰富的钴资源,其潜在钴资源储量(矿石量)近73 亿 t[1], 远超过陆地。随着新能源及电子元器件的迅猛发展,钴逐步成为新能源领域中最关键的金属元素之一[23]。深海富钴结壳资源是替代陆地枯竭资源的潜在矿物资源[4],深海采矿正逐步成为全球关注的热点[5-7],富钴结壳资源的开采技术也迫切需要快速发展[8]。然而,富钴结壳矿产资源广泛分布于海底,而海底地形起伏不平,开采难度大。海底富钴结壳矿床地形特征如图1所示,其底质地形复杂主要体现在[9]:大范围平坦(坡度小于15°),小范围地形起伏(高差可达10 cm以上),且微地形特征较多。
为了解决在深海复杂地形的行驶问题,美国早期曾提出一种八履带行驶方案模型,但该模型仅停留在理论方案阶段,并未开展相关试验研究[10]。我国设计并研制了多金属结核中试采矿机器人,开展了富钻结壳和多金属硫化物采矿机器人及其采集与行走方法的技术原型研究,但与先进工业国家技术水平相比仍然存在一定差距[11]。周良[12]设计了一款铰接履带式采矿机器人实验室模拟样机,一定程度上改善了采矿机器人的起伏地形适应性。姜勇[13]提出了复合轮式等行走机构,该机构兼有主被动混合越障模式,通过动力学建模和仿真分析获取了越障性能,并通过样机试验进行了测试验证。陈轶辉等[14]提出了针对海底复杂地形的行星轮式行走方案,通过对常见越障工况进行模拟分析,验证了其静液压驱动系统越障性能良好。李勇[15]针对多履带行走技术进行了深入研究,分析了其行驶性能,并研究了履带行驶受力与影响因素。程钢等[16]基于Easy5开发了履带行走装置动力传动系统,并搭建了相应仿真平台,该平台可应用于履带车辆的性能分析,且通过了试验验证。史力晨等[17]、姚宝恒等[18]通过动力学分析和动态模拟计算,评价了有关参数对车辆转向性能的影响。
上述研究多限于理论研究和实验室样机试验阶段,未在应用现场开展试验,结论的可靠性难以得到充分验证。本研究提出了一种适用于富钴结壳矿区地形的履带行驶方案,开展了行驶性能研究,完成了实验室试验,在我国西太平洋富钴结壳矿区开展了行驶试验与验证,验证该行驶技术的可行性和可靠性。
基于海底富钴结壳地形环境,设计了深海采矿车四履带全驱行驶机构方案,如图2所示。该方案采用了高驱履带轮,可有效提高底盘高度;全车采用四轮独立驱动方式,能够确保在复杂地形上的通过性;4个支腿可独立主动调节履带高度,实现车身在起伏地形上的平稳行驶。
行驶机构主要由三角履带轮、独立驱动液压马达、升降叉臂、升降油缸和底盘架组成。四覆带底盘的基本性能见表1
底盘的牵引力来源于4个三角履带轮,图3是单个履带行走过程中的受力与运动情况,图中α为行驶坡度,Ff为驱动总阻力,包括水流阻力、爬坡阻力、滚动阻力、切削破碎阻力、加速惯性阻力、履带平地转向阻力等,V表示履带的实际行驶速度,T表示三角履带轮的驱动扭矩,Vt表示履带的理论传动速度,由于履带与地面之间存在打滑,因此VtV存在差异,二者通过滑转率建立关联。
各阻力的计算公式如下。
(1)水流阻力Fw
采矿车在水下行驶的水流阻力Fw与前面研究的流体阻力原理类似,其计算公式为:
式中:Ck为流体阻力系数,取0.9;ρ为海水密度,ρ=1.02×103 kg/m3;A为迎水面积,最大值取3.9 m2;V为行驶速度,取0.2 m/s。
(2)爬坡阻力Fs
爬坡阻力Fs与行驶坡度存在一定关系,其受力表达式为:
式中:mc为采矿车总质量;g为重力加速度;α为行驶地面的坡角。
(3)滚动阻力Fr
Fr的计算公式如下:
式中,kr为滚动阻力系数,一般硬路面上的履带滚动阻力系数不超过0.2,取0.1。
(4)切削破碎阻力Fc
切削破碎阻力Fc与切削破碎机构及作业参数有关,根据切削作业特性[19],其计算公式如下:
其中:
式中:kq为刀具截割角度系数,一般取0.85~1.26;A′为矿体平均截割阻抗,可取3 000 N/mm[20];br为截齿齿尖接触工作宽度;B为矿体的脆性程度系数,取2.2;hit为第i个截齿t时刻的瞬时切削厚度;tp为平均截线宽度;kc为切削进给系数,与截齿和作业参数有关;Sd为截割磨损面积;kyj为接触应力与瞬时抗压强度的比值,一般取0.8~1.5,富钴结壳脆性矿体可取小值;δy为单轴抗压强度,一般取2~20 MPa;β为截齿的截割倾角。
(5)加速惯性阻力Fa
采矿车行驶时,具有保持等速运动的惯性特性,若要采矿车加速,就必须克服惯性产生的加速惯性阻力Fa,其表达式为:
式中,δ为旋转部件质量转换系数,通常取1.1~1.15,考虑到车辆的行驶速度较低,此处δ取1.1。加速时间为0.5 s,最大速度Vmax为0.2 m/s。
(6)履带平地转向阻力Ft
集矿设备的转向可参照装载机的滑移转向模式[20],其平地转向外侧履带阻力的Fout和内侧履带的阻力Fin的计算公式如下:
式中:μ为转弯阻力系数,取0.7;B′为履带轨迹中心距离;L为前后轴距。
(7)内阻力Fn
履带内部的所有阻力可表示为:
式中,δ′为内阻系数,一般取0.05~0.1,因履带在水中有润滑作用,故取0.05。
(8)不同工况下总驱动力Ff分析。
根据集矿设备的行驶工况,阻力较大的工况为平地直行、平地转向和爬坡工况,根据各工况设备所受分力情况,得出行驶总驱动力的分项受力分布,见表2
四履带底盘稳定着底后,启动履带行驶机构,可适应富钴结壳复杂起伏地形。利用姿态、位移、压力等传感器,结合控制模块和算法,可实现在起伏地形的行驶驱动力自适应及车身自动调平,其中,行驶驱动力自适应直接影响复杂起伏地形下的直线行驶性能,车身自动调平则主要通过优化车身倾角来实现。四履带底盘行驶控制系统主要包括控制器、驱动器、四轮支腿伸缩、压力传感器、姿态传感器、位移传感器,如图4所示。
所设计的控制器采用PI控制方法,旨在在安全作业条件下实现对目标姿态的高精度跟踪控制。车身姿态控制器的系统架构如图5所示。
PI控制算法的表达式为:
其中:
式中:u(t)为输出控制量;e(t)为误差;Kp为可调比例系数;Kl为可调积分时间常数;r(t)为状态参数理想值;c(t)为实际输出值。
底盘行驶控制逻辑如图6所示,控制的主要监测量有车身倾角、四轮驱动压力和支腿位移,控制量为支腿油缸伸出与收缩。首先设置轮子正常行驶压力范围和车身倾角范围,通过倾角是否赶出安全范围,判断控制逻辑的执行先后顺序,当倾角超过安全角度后,考虑设备或作业存在较大风险,优先执行车身调平控制。而驱动力自适应控制主要是避免行驶过程中的动力失效风险,降低履带轮卡死或悬空无法施力的现象。
为分析行驶性能,利用动力学分析软件Recurdyn对行驶机构的行驶性能进行动力学仿真,行驶性能仿真分析模型如图7所示。主要参数有:总重5 t;质心位置(前后方向)距离车头1.8 m;车架总长4 m;车两侧履带轨距2.6 m;前后轴距2.9 m;驱动轮半径为0.18 m。
直线行驶是行驶机构的基本行驶特点。行驶机构平地直线行驶的驱动扭矩如图8所示(曲线颜色标识见电子版,下同),行驶时间为20 s,滚动系数设为0.1。由图8可知,在直线行驶过程中,设备启动阶段有一个较大的峰值扭矩,即加速惯性阻力Fa。整个行驶过程中,驱动力较为稳定,呈现规律波动,前轮比后轮略大,各轮的均值约为230 N·m,四轮总驱动力为5 120 N,与理论计算值十分接近。
行驶机构在不同坡度地面上爬坡的仿真示意如图9所示。由图9可知,采矿车的最大爬坡角为20°。
图10为行驶机构在不同坡度地面上的爬坡驱动曲线。由图10可知,10°爬坡曲线和20°爬坡曲线走势相似,二者驱动扭矩平均值与理论值比较吻合。行驶机构前轮刚上坡时(0~5 s),前轮履带有部分接触面悬空,此时后轮需加大推力才能继续爬坡;当后轮开始接触斜坡时(10~17 s),前轮接地面已完全附着在斜坡上,此时前轮驱动力不断加大;最后在前后轮均上斜坡后(25~30 s),前后轮受力趋于稳定且大小比较相近,此时,10°坡角与20°坡角的平均爬坡驱动力经换算后分别约为10 200 N和19 400 N, 略大于计算值,仿真分析时应考虑更多的外界因素。
行驶机构的转向性能是一个重要的行驶性能指标,履带差速转向与内外侧履带速度的关系如下[21]
式中:Rt为不考虑滑移和滑转的履带机构转弯半径;Rs为考虑滑移和滑转的履带机构转弯半径;Vo为外侧履带速度;Vi为内侧履带速度;Bb为内外履带链轨距离;c1为内侧转向极的横向偏移量;c2为外侧转向极的横向偏移量。
由式(12)和式(13)可知,当外侧履带速度固定时,内侧履带速度越大,转弯半径越大。不同内外侧履带速度产生的转弯半径不同,此时产生的驱动扭矩也有较大差异。图11(a)为内外侧履带行驶速度仿真曲线,外侧履带速度保持0.2 m/s,而内侧履带行驶速度随着时间的延长逐渐增加,行驶机构的转弯半径越大。
图11(b)为内外侧履带驱动扭矩仿真曲线。由图11(b)可知,履带差速转向时,外侧履带快递转动带动内侧履带转动,为了使行驶机构产生一个转动扭矩,平衡驱动力,内侧履带与外侧履带驱动力矩会形成一个反向扭矩,外侧驱动扭矩数值稍大于内侧驱动扭矩。此外,随着转弯半径的增大,内外双侧履带驱动扭矩均按一定比例下降,最终当内外侧履带行驶速度一致时,二者驱动扭矩趋于稳定,数值上基本一致,此时即为直线行驶,单轮扭矩理论计算值约为180 N·m,与仿真数据较为接近。
富钴结壳地形复杂,微地形中存有较多的小障碍,图12为行驶机构越障性能仿真示意图,图中台阶高度为200 mm,前轮与后轮依次通过台阶,设置仿真时间为20 s,行驶速度为0.2 m/s,履带与地面的附着系数取0.7。四履带越障数据分析曲线如图13所示。由图13可知,第一段中第一次峰值波动曲线为前轮刚接触障碍,瞬间刚性冲击导致短时间内扭矩增大(见图12(a));第二次是履带接近摆角末端越过障碍台阶附近时刻,当履带开始攀越障碍时,接地状态的改变会引发冲击,从而使得扭矩增加(见图12(b))。第二段波动曲线为后轮爬越障碍的驱动扭矩,驱动扭矩变化趋势基本和前轮类似。
由于四履带行驶机构在越障时会发生履带轮摆动。图13(b)为前后履带越障过程中的摆角摆动情况,前后轮越障摆角可达到33°~35°,此时履带应处于障碍直角处。当摆角大于30°时可能会造成履带绕驱动轴翻转,因此在履带轮结构上设计了30°的限位机构,以防止事故的发生。
行驶机构在实验室平地直线行走,采用了左右轮转速一致的修正控制方法,行走距离为10 m和20 m,不同行驶速度下行驶机构直线行驶偏移测试结果见表3。由试验结果可知,在低速(0.055 m/s)时偏移量仅0.3%,而在高速(0.095 m/s)时偏移量达到了0.9%,说明低速行驶时的修正控制效果优于高速行驶。
为进一步验证转向性能,本文将行驶机构置于场外平坦水泥地面,并利用石灰全程跟踪和标记内侧履带行驶轨迹,获取实测转弯半径。四轮三角履带行驶机构转向试验如图14所示。
行驶机构的转向试验数据见表4。由表4可知,3个试验组的内外侧速度均不同,其中,外侧速度约为0.2 m/s。在外侧速度和内侧速度分别为0.2 m/s和0.025 m/s的条件下,行驶机构转向驱动据矩仿真结果如图15所示。由图15可知,第一组试验的仿真外侧扭矩均值约为1 378 N·m,内侧扭矩均值约为-1 081 N·m,转弯半径为6.10 m。驱动扭矩仿真结果略低于试验数据,但差异较小。
图16为不同工况下直线行驶偏移量变化曲线。由图16可知,起伏地形无自适应行驶的偏移量比平地直线行驶大将近1倍;同时,随着行驶速度的增加,不同工况下偏移量的增长趋势均逐渐显著,主要是由反馈滞后所造成。起伏地形自适应行驶的整体直线行驶效果稍优于平地行驶。自适应行驶大幅降低了直线行驶偏移量,在起伏地形上行驶,自适应控制可将偏移值缩小40%以上。因此,起伏地形对直线行驶的直线度影响较大,在适当参数下自适应控制可有效提升直线行驶能力。
有无自适应行驶采矿车的车身状态如图17所示,分别以0.051 m/s、0.098 m/s、0.152 m/s和0.198 m/s的速度在模拟起伏地形直线行驶约12~14 m。由图17可知,采用自适应行驶的采矿车具有较好的调平效果。
为进一步探究自适应行驶的车身调平效果,分析了采矿车分别以0.051 m/s和0.198 m/s速度行驶时的车身倾斜情况,试验中设置倾角控制范围为±3°。不同工况下自适应行驶的横、纵倾角如图18所示。车身平稳性控制参数测试结果见表5
行驶速度为0.051 m/s时,横、纵倾角超过预设值的比例分别为6.82%和13.64%;而在行驶速度为0.198 m/s时,横、纵倾角超过预设值的比例分别为26.47%和32.35%。因此,相对行驶速度0.198 m/s,行驶速度0.051 m/s的平稳性提升了2~3倍。同时,在行驶速度为0.198 m/s时,车身出现较大倾斜,最大倾角达到了9°;而在行驶速度为0.051 m/s时,最大倾角为4°。由此可知,车身平衡控制效果随着行驶速度的增加而逐渐减弱,在行驶速度为0.2 m/s时,车身已经出现了较大倾斜。
依托海底采矿车,行驶机构在国际富钴结壳矿区2 000 m以下的海底行驶作业如图19所示。
采矿车在海底进行行驶与切削破碎联动作业过程中,在海底平坦地形(坡角小于3°)上行驶,自适应行驶下驱动压差范围为2~6.5 MPa(取液压驱动马达进出口压差,下同),换算成驱动力,约为5 500 N,与理论值接近。
行驶机构以0.1 m/s速度行驶约130 s时的驱动压差如图20所示。在海底地形坡角约为8°时,驱动压差作业范围为5.7~8.2 MPa时,其与理论值的误差小于5%。刚启动时行驶机构需要克服较大的阻力(启动惯性与内部静阻力),驱动压差达到第一个波峰,为9.5 MPa,随后开始下降至稳定状态。中间曲线大幅变化主要是行驶机构经历了一个小山丘,前轮迈过山丘后下坡至平地,随后后轮进行同样动作,此时总驱力超过20 000 N,去除切削力,姿态传感器度数为18°,大于理论值,误差小于10%,主要原因是实际海底影响因素更多,需要更大的牵引力。
7°~10°地形下采矿车行驶倾角变化曲线如图21所示。其中,行驶速度约为0.1 m/s,图中倾角变化阶段分为无自适应行驶和自适应行驶,由于行驶区域存在8°左右的坡角,因此预设平衡角度为8°,可波动范围为±3°。
海底行驶的车身平稳性控制参数测试结果见表6。由表6可知,常规行驶的最大横、纵倾角分别达到了8°和20°,超预设值的比例分别为58.49%和64.15%,车身起伏频率较高且幅度较大。自适应行驶的最大横、纵倾角分别下降至−5°和14°,超预设值的比例分别为15.69%和27.45%,平均倾角也有所下降,总体上平稳性提升了2~3倍。因此,自适应行驶在海底取得到了较好的应用效果。
综上所述,行驶机构的行驶性能在采矿车上得到了充分发挥,在海底采矿作业过程中功能正常,各项受力数据与数值理论分析值比较接近,行驶的自适应控制方案取得较好的控制效果。
本文开展了适用于深海富钴结壳复杂矿区地形的行驶技术研究,进行了行驶关键性能的数值模拟与试验分析,并开展了海上试验验证,得出的主要结论如下。
(1)针对深海富钴结壳复杂起伏地形,开发了一套四履带全驱平衡行驶技术方案,该方案具有地形适应性控制功能;设计了原理样机,通过了实验室试验和海上试验验证,取得了较好的行驶效果。
(2)针对行驶特性,采用Recurdyn软件对直线、爬坡、越障和转向等性能进行了分析,试验结果与理论计算值接近,计算误差均在10%以内,产生误差的原因主要是实际作业工况与理想状态存在差异。
(3)针对复杂地形下采矿车的平稳行驶问题,采用自适应控制技术,降低了直线行驶的偏移量,在行驶速度为0.051 m/s时,车身平稳性提升了2~3倍;但在行驶速度为0.198 m/s时,控制效果较差,由此可得,自适应控制效果随着行驶速度的增加不断减弱。
(4)由于试验条件限制,实际行驶作业过程中仍存在其他干扰因素,试验数据存在偏差,后续应基于行驶动力学模型,构建无量纲行驶模型,降低非研究因素对试验结果的影响。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2806802)
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2025年第45卷第10期
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  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2806802)
作者信息
    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    2.中南大学,湖南 长沙 410083
    3.国家金属采矿工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410012
    4.天津大学,天津 300072
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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