Article(id=1279495831514485495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1279495830260396249, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504388, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=1763481600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782985178115, onlineDateStr=2026-07-02, pubDate=1776441600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782985178115, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782985178115, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782985178115, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1279495830260396249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2026', volume='26', issue='11', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4911', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776441600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-18', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782985177815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782985177815, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4903, endPage=4911, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1279495831963276024, articleId=1279495831514485495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Reliability Analysis of Aircraft Braking System Based on Improved Dynamic Bayesian Network, columnId=1156963929957159516, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A reliability analysis method based on an improved dynamic Bayesian network was proposed to address the reliability issues of aircraft braking systems. Firstly, within the framework of dynamic Bayesian networks, combining dynamic logic gates with an improved conditional probability table modeling method, the failure rate of nodes was dynamically adjusted by introducing interference factors to determine the conditional probability table and marginal probability table of each node. Secondly, based on the dynamic operating characteristics of the aircraft braking system, a dynamic Bayesian network model of its normal braking system was constructed, and the reliability functions of each module component were derived based on the dynamic Bayesian network inference algorithm. Finally, the method was validated using simulated data generated by the Monte Carlo method. By comparing the reliability curve changes of each subsystem module before and after introducing interference factors, and combining the reverse inference ability of dynamic Bayesian networks, the posterior probability distribution of each module unit was analyzed to achieve system fault assessment. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively characterize the dynamic characteristics of aircraft brake systems, identify potential fault hazards, and provide theoretical support for the diagnosis and maintenance strategy formulation of normal brake systems.

, authors=Rong LIU1, 2, Ji-hui XU2, *, Wen-jie TIAN2, Feng-lan WANG1, authorsList=Rong LIU, Ji-hui XU, Wen-jie TIAN, Feng-lan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ji-hui XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1279495834391778061, articleId=1279495831514485495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进动态贝叶斯网络的飞机刹车系统可靠性分析, columnId=1154013912962949120, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对飞机刹车系统的可靠性问题,提出一种基于改进动态贝叶斯网络的可靠性分析方法。首先,在动态贝叶斯网络框架下,结合动态逻辑门与改进的条件概率表建模方法,通过引入干扰因子动态调节节点失效率,从而确定各节点的条件概率表及边缘概率表。其次,依据飞机刹车系统的动态运行特性,构建正常刹车系统的动态贝叶斯网络模型,并基于动态贝叶斯网络推理算法,推导出系统各模块组件的可靠度函数。最后,利用蒙特卡罗方法生成的模拟数据对该方法进行验证:通过对比引入干扰因子前后各子系统模块的可靠度曲线变化,结合动态贝叶斯网络的反向推理能力分析各模块单元的后验概率分布,实现系统故障评估。实验结果表明,所提方法能够有效刻画飞机刹车系统的动态特性,识别潜在故障隐患,为正常刹车系统的故障诊断与维护策略制定提供理论支持。

, authors=刘荣1, 2, 徐吉辉2, *, 田文杰2, 王凤兰1, authorsList=刘荣, 徐吉辉, 田文杰, 王凤兰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐吉辉, authorNote=

刘荣(1980—),女,汉族,陕西绥德人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:复杂系统仿真和博弈论。E-mail:

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* 徐吉辉(1974—),男,汉族,山西运城人,博士,教授。研究方向:装备安全系统工程。E-mail:
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刘荣(1980—),女,汉族,陕西绥德人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:复杂系统仿真和博弈论。E-mail:

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刘荣(1980—),女,汉族,陕西绥德人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:复杂系统仿真和博弈论。E-mail:

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caption=典型飞机正常刹车系统故障诊断, figureFileSmall=RmYcjULl6s3ZM0gH8Urn9Q==, figureFileBig=ded5Xp+zecz0r8IrPNo1GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1279496064600346705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Probability table for nodes A and B

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概率 A B
1 2 1 2
P FA(t) RA(t) FB(t) RB(t)
), ArticleFig(id=1279496064671649874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

节点AB的概率表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
概率 A B
1 2 1 2
P FA(t) RA(t) FB(t) RB(t)
), ArticleFig(id=1279496064747147347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Truth table of “OR” gate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A 1 2
B 1 2 1 2
T 1 1 1 1 0
2 0 0 0 1
), ArticleFig(id=1279496064814256212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

“或”门的真值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A 1 2
B 1 2 1 2
T 1 1 1 1 0
2 0 0 0 1
), ArticleFig(id=1279496064889753685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The truth table of the backup gate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A 1 2
B 1 2 1 2
T 1 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 1
), ArticleFig(id=1279496064969445462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

备份门的真值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A 1 2
B 1 2 1 2
T 1 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 1
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065040748631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Conditional probability table of nodes B

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FA(t) RA(t)
A 1 2
B 1 P=(B=1$\left|A=1\right.$) P=(B=1$\left|A=2\right.$)
2 P=(B=2$\left|A=1\right.$) P=(B=2$\left|A=2\right.$)
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065112051800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

节点AB的概率表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FA(t) RA(t)
A 1 2
B 1 P=(B=1$\left|A=1\right.$) P=(B=1$\left|A=2\right.$)
2 P=(B=2$\left|A=1\right.$) P=(B=2$\left|A=2\right.$)
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065187549273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

CPT of the warm backup node B

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项目 概率
A=1 A=2
B 1 1-$\frac{{\lambda }_{A}(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Mt}){\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{B}t}}{M(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{A}t})}$=Q1 1-e-αλBt=Q2
2 $\frac{{\lambda }_{A}(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Mt}){\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{B}t}}{M(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{A}t})}$=Q3 e-αλBt=Q4
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065275629658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

温备份节点B的条件概率表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 概率
A=1 A=2
B 1 1-$\frac{{\lambda }_{A}(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Mt}){\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{B}t}}{M(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{A}t})}$=Q1 1-e-αλBt=Q2
2 $\frac{{\lambda }_{A}(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Mt}){\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{B}t}}{M(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{A}t})}$=Q3 e-αλBt=Q4
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065351127131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Component(event) node ID, name,and failure rate

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系统及编号 部件及编号 失效率λi/
(10-6 h-1)
编号 组件(事件)名称 编号 组件(事件)名称
T 正常刹车系统(异常) AM 电液压力伺服阀(失效) 2.297 81
BM1 刹车控制单元(异常) B1 控制采集模块(失准) 0.984 30
BM2 刹车控制模块(异常) B2 刹车控制CMC1(异常) 0.878 43
CM1 刹车压力单元(异常) B3 刹车控制CMC2(异常) 0.785 10
CM2 刹车压力模块(故障) C1 主系统(异常) 1.268 42
DM 刹车装置(故障) C2 储压器(异常) 1.009 41
EM 连接系统(异常) C3 压力执行部件(故障) 1.546 78
C4 压力控制部件(故障) 1.318 95
D1 制动盘组件(磨损) 2.024 87
D2 制动钳装置(卡滞) 2.008 51
D3 刹车片组件(磨损) 2.016 20
E1 机械连接管路(故障) 1.416 70
E2 电气连接线路(故障) 1.624 61
), ArticleFig(id=1279496065426624604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1279495831514485495, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

组件(事件)节点编号、名称与失效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统及编号 部件及编号 失效率λi/
(10-6 h-1)
编号 组件(事件)名称 编号 组件(事件)名称
T 正常刹车系统(异常) AM 电液压力伺服阀(失效) 2.297 81
BM1 刹车控制单元(异常) B1 控制采集模块(失准) 0.984 30
BM2 刹车控制模块(异常) B2 刹车控制CMC1(异常) 0.878 43
CM1 刹车压力单元(异常) B3 刹车控制CMC2(异常) 0.785 10
CM2 刹车压力模块(故障) C1 主系统(异常) 1.268 42
DM 刹车装置(故障) C2 储压器(异常) 1.009 41
EM 连接系统(异常) C3 压力执行部件(故障) 1.546 78
C4 压力控制部件(故障) 1.318 95
D1 制动盘组件(磨损) 2.024 87
D2 制动钳装置(卡滞) 2.008 51
D3 刹车片组件(磨损) 2.016 20
E1 机械连接管路(故障) 1.416 70
E2 电气连接线路(故障) 1.624 61
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基于改进动态贝叶斯网络的飞机刹车系统可靠性分析
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刘荣 1, 2 , 徐吉辉 2, * , 田文杰 2 , 王凤兰 1
科学技术与工程 | 航空、航天 2026,26(11): 4903-4911
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科学技术与工程 |航空、航天 2026 , 26 (11) : 4903 -4911
基于改进动态贝叶斯网络的飞机刹车系统可靠性分析
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刘荣1, 2 , 徐吉辉2, * , 田文杰2, 王凤兰1
作者信息
  • 1 空军工程大学基础部, 西安 710043
  • 2 空军工程大学装备管理与无人机工程学院, 西安 710043
通讯作者:
* 徐吉辉(1974—),男,汉族,山西运城人,博士,教授。研究方向:装备安全系统工程。E-mail:
作者简介:

刘荣(1980—),女,汉族,陕西绥德人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:复杂系统仿真和博弈论。E-mail:

Reliability Analysis of Aircraft Braking System Based on Improved Dynamic Bayesian Network
Rong LIU1, 2 , Ji-hui XU2, * , Wen-jie TIAN2, Feng-lan WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Fundamentals Department, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710043, China
  • 2 Equipment Management and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Engineering School, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710043, China
出版时间: 2026-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504388
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针对飞机刹车系统的可靠性问题,提出一种基于改进动态贝叶斯网络的可靠性分析方法。首先,在动态贝叶斯网络框架下,结合动态逻辑门与改进的条件概率表建模方法,通过引入干扰因子动态调节节点失效率,从而确定各节点的条件概率表及边缘概率表。其次,依据飞机刹车系统的动态运行特性,构建正常刹车系统的动态贝叶斯网络模型,并基于动态贝叶斯网络推理算法,推导出系统各模块组件的可靠度函数。最后,利用蒙特卡罗方法生成的模拟数据对该方法进行验证:通过对比引入干扰因子前后各子系统模块的可靠度曲线变化,结合动态贝叶斯网络的反向推理能力分析各模块单元的后验概率分布,实现系统故障评估。实验结果表明,所提方法能够有效刻画飞机刹车系统的动态特性,识别潜在故障隐患,为正常刹车系统的故障诊断与维护策略制定提供理论支持。

动态贝叶斯网络  /  飞机刹车系统  /  可靠度曲线  /  概率表

A reliability analysis method based on an improved dynamic Bayesian network was proposed to address the reliability issues of aircraft braking systems. Firstly, within the framework of dynamic Bayesian networks, combining dynamic logic gates with an improved conditional probability table modeling method, the failure rate of nodes was dynamically adjusted by introducing interference factors to determine the conditional probability table and marginal probability table of each node. Secondly, based on the dynamic operating characteristics of the aircraft braking system, a dynamic Bayesian network model of its normal braking system was constructed, and the reliability functions of each module component were derived based on the dynamic Bayesian network inference algorithm. Finally, the method was validated using simulated data generated by the Monte Carlo method. By comparing the reliability curve changes of each subsystem module before and after introducing interference factors, and combining the reverse inference ability of dynamic Bayesian networks, the posterior probability distribution of each module unit was analyzed to achieve system fault assessment. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively characterize the dynamic characteristics of aircraft brake systems, identify potential fault hazards, and provide theoretical support for the diagnosis and maintenance strategy formulation of normal brake systems.

dynamic Bayesian network  /  aircraft brake system  /  reliability curve  /  probability table
刘荣, 徐吉辉, 田文杰, 王凤兰. 基于改进动态贝叶斯网络的飞机刹车系统可靠性分析. 科学技术与工程, 2026 , 26 (11) : 4903 -4911 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504388
Rong LIU, Ji-hui XU, Wen-jie TIAN, Feng-lan WANG. Reliability Analysis of Aircraft Braking System Based on Improved Dynamic Bayesian Network[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2026 , 26 (11) : 4903 -4911 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504388
飞机刹车系统是保障飞机着陆、滑行与停靠时有效制动的复杂且关键的安全系统。尽管其技术已从机械-液压向智能化持续发展,但故障及相关风险仍在不断增加[1]。因此,该系统的可靠性评估一直是飞机安全领域的研究热点与难点。典型飞机刹车系统主要由机械组件、液压单元、电子控制单元、连接部件及配套监测与安全保护设备构成[2-4],其可靠性直接关系到飞机的安全运行。深入开展飞机刹车系统可靠性分析,对保障飞行安全具有重要意义。
近年来,众多学者采用多种方法对飞机刹车系统可靠性进行分析评估。文献[5]结合分布式综合模块化航电系统架构特征,引入Floyd算法,完成了全电刹车系统故障传播行为的分析与评估;文献[6]在标准粒子群算法基础上融合差分变异策略,将其应用于飞机刹车系统模型,验证了该算法在控制律参数寻优中的有效性;文献[7]基于参数自适应LuGre模型与制动扭矩补偿方法,设计了制动控制律并提出飞机刹车控制算法,给出了具有工程应用潜力的控制策略;文献[8]结合基于模型与基于学习的异常检测方案,用以提升飞机刹车控制器的可靠性。然而,当前针对飞机刹车系统的可靠性动态评估方法仍较为缺乏。鉴于飞机刹车系统各设备组件协同运行时构成动态系统,具有结构复杂、行为多样、失效模式动态变化等特点,系统可靠性分析需采用动态方法。动态贝叶斯网络(dynamic Bayesian network, DBN)因其在正向预测与反向诊断方面的优势,已被广泛应用于各领域复杂系统的可靠性分析。但传统DBN算法受限于系统失效分布类型,建模难度随系统复杂度增加呈指数级上升。随着相关理论的发展与完善[9-14],文献[10]提出改进的动态贝叶斯网络概率表建模方法,应用于电源系统可靠性分析;文献[11]提出基于动态故障树转化为动态贝叶斯网络模型的可靠性分析方法,以典型压水堆主给水系统为研究对象,所得可靠性数据比传统方法更接近实际值;文献[12]建立基于动态贝叶斯网络的机场功能水平计算模型,结合模糊理论改进后得出机场韧性指数与子特性指数;文献[13]提出基于数字孪生与动态贝叶斯网络的模型,利用设备工作温度更新DBN中故障事件的对应概率,开展海底控制模块可靠性分析。
为实现飞机刹车系统可靠性的动态评估,现提出一种基于DBN的分析框架。在飞机刹车系统中,高频次维护通常有助于提升安全可靠性,即通过降低设备失效率减少故障发生,但高维护频率也会导致维护成本增加;另一方面,系统内部故障传播、外部环境突变等不确定因素可能引发潜在隐患,提高设备故障风险与失效率,进而加剧安全风险并可能造成更大损失。可见,设备维护水平与隐患积累均会改变其理想(出厂设定)失效率:维护率越高,设备失效率越低;隐患率越高,设备失效率则相应增大。现将维护管理、故障隐患等共同影响设备理想失效率的因素定义为“干扰因子”,用以表征其对设备失效率的影响程度。通过引入干扰因子,可动态更新设备组件的失效率,进而调整DBN中对应节点的失效率参数。结合改进的DBN概率表建模方法[10],推导设备组件的可靠性函数,实现系统可靠性分析。该方法有助于早期识别潜在故障隐患,支持针对性预防措施的制定,从而提升系统整体可靠性。目前DBN方法在飞机刹车系统领域的应用尚不多见,若能推广使用,有望为该类系统的可靠性研究提供新的分析思路与方法支持。
贝叶斯网络(Bayesian network,BN)是一个由多个随机变量节点以及它们之间有向条件概率关系构成的有向无环流程图。动态贝叶斯网络(DBN)是贝叶斯网络结合时间维度表示的一种动态结构模型,描述了随机变量节点之间的条件概率依赖关系以及时间序列中随机变量节点概率分布的演化。
DBN定义为(T1,T),其中T1为初始贝叶斯网络,即各节点的先验概率分布确定,T为转移贝叶斯网络,含有两个相邻时刻的BN,(T1,T)之间的条件概率关系P(Xt$\left|{X}_{t-1}\right.$)可表示为
P(Xt$\left|{X}_{t-1}\right.$)=$\stackrel{n}{\prod _{i=1}}$P[${x}_{t}^{i}\left|{P}_{\mathrm{a}}\left({x}_{t}^{i}\right)\right.$]
式(1)中:Xt为时刻t的变量节点;${x}_{t}^{i}$为时刻ti个变量节点;Pa(${x}_{t}^{i}$)为${x}_{t}^{i}$的父节点;n为节点数。将相邻两时间片延伸到m个时间片的DBN,则联合概率分布可表示为
P(X1:m)=$\stackrel{m}{\prod _{t=1}}\stackrel{n}{\prod _{i=1}}$P[${x}_{t}^{i}\left|{P}_{\mathrm{a}}\left({x}_{t}^{i}\right)]\right.$
DBN这种以离散化时间片段的方式,通过建立变量节点的条件概率表(conditional probability table,CPT)和边缘概率表(marginal probability table,MPT)来解算不同时间片后验概率的算法,被称为离散时间贝叶斯网络(discrete-time Bayesian network,DTBN)。然而,随着节点数量与时间片数量的增加,高维度概率表的计算量会呈指数级增长;在连续时间条件下,传统的连续时间贝叶斯网络(continuous-time Bayesian network,CTBN)算法通过建立各变量节点的概率密度函数,能够得出任意时刻节点的后验概率,从而大幅减少计算时间。但该算法需针对不同对象建立不同模型,且节点数量增加时建模难度也会随之上升。相比之下,概率表建模方法不仅无需对任务时间进行离散化处理,其得到的概率表还与传统CTBN算法具备相同功能[10]
飞机刹车系统中存在大量动态关系,系统单元模块间的动态逻辑关系可通过动态门表示,DBN能够描述系统单元模块间的动态行为。结合系统实际运行情况,以“或”门和温备门为例分析动态门的逻辑,得出对应的概率表模型。其中,F(t)、f(t)分别表示节点在t时刻的失效概率分布函数和概率密度函数,即dF(t)=f(t)dt
随着系统的动态运行,设备维护率与设备故障隐患率的不同,均使得节点的理想失效率发生变化。因此,将维护管理、故障隐患等共同影响设备理想失效率的因素设置为干扰因子μ,表示设备节点理想失效率λ0的影响系数。不同维护策略,不同隐患程度的影响系数不同,则设备实际运行失效率为λ=λ0μ。当0<μ<1时,理想失效率降低;当μ>1时,理想失效率提高;当μ=1时,理想失效率不变。针对飞机刹车系统,假设设备节点理想失效类型均服从指数分布。因此,设备节点失效概率表示为F(t)=1-e0μt,f(t)=λ0μe0μt
1)“或”门概率表建模
“或”门如图1所示。节点AB对应的失效概率如表1所示,其中P(A=1)=FA(t)表示节点At时刻的失效概率,P(A=2)=1-FA(t)=RA(t)表示节点At时刻的可靠度,节点B的概率表可依此类推。“或”门真值如表2所示,通过该真值表可得到节点T的概率表,再计算出该节点的边缘概率,公式为
RT(t)=P(T=2)=P(A=2)P(B=2)=RA(t)RB(t)
节点T的可靠度函数为
RT(t)=RA(t)RB(t)=${\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{A}t}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{B}t}$
式(4)中:λAλB分别为节点AB的失效率,λA=${\lambda }_{0}^{A}$μAλB=${\lambda }_{0}^{B}$μB,其中${\lambda }_{0}^{A}$${\lambda }_{0}^{B}$为节点AB的理想失效率,μAμB为节点AB的干扰因子。
2)温备份门概率表建模
温备份门(warm spare gate,WSP)如图2所示,真值表如表3所示。节点B为节点A的温备份节点,当节点A正常运行时,节点B处于温备份状态,其失效率λB下降为αλB,其中α为备份因子,且0≤α≤1。当α=0时,节点B转变为冷备份节点;当α=1时,节点B转变为热备份节点。当A失效时,B转变为工作状态,且失效率仍为λB。温备份门通过真值表(表3)得到节点T的概率表,再计算该节点的边缘概率,公式为
RT(t)=P(T=1)=P(A=1)P(B=1)=FA(t)FB(t)
节点T的可靠度函数为
RT(t)=FA(t)FB(t)=(1-eAt)(1-eBt)
节点AB对应的概率如表4所示,节点B的条件概率计算公式[10]
P(B=1$\left|A=2\right.$)=${\int }_{0}^{t}$fαB(tB)dtB
P(B=2$\left|A=2\right.$)=${\int }_{t}^{+\infty }$fαB(tB)dtB
P(B=1$\left|A=1\right.$)=$\frac{{\int }_{0}^{t}{f}_{A}\left({t}_{A}\right){\int }_{0}^{{t}_{A}}{f}_{\alpha B}\left({t}_{B}\right)\mathrm{d}{t}_{B}\mathrm{d}{t}_{A}}{{\int }_{0}^{t}{f}_{A}\left({t}_{A}\right)\mathrm{d}{t}_{A}}$+$\frac{{\int }_{0}^{t}{f}_{A}\left({t}_{A}\right)\left\{\right[1-{\int }_{0}^{{t}_{A}}{f}_{\alpha B}\left({t}_{B}\right)\mathrm{d}{t}_{B}\left]{\int }_{{t}_{A}}^{t}{f}_{B}\right({t}_{B}-{t}_{A}\left)\mathrm{d}{t}_{B}\right\}\mathrm{d}{t}_{A}}{{\int }_{0}^{t}{f}_{A}\left({t}_{A}\right)\mathrm{d}{t}_{A}}$
P(B=2$\left|A=1\right.$)=$\frac{{\int }_{0}^{t}{f}_{A}\left({t}_{A}\right)\left\{\right[1-{\int }_{0}^{{t}_{A}}{f}_{\alpha B}\left({t}_{B}\right)\mathrm{d}{t}_{B}\left]{\int }_{t}^{+\infty }{f}_{B}\right({t}_{B}-{t}_{A}\left)\mathrm{d}{t}_{B}\right\}\mathrm{d}{t}_{A}}{{\int }_{0}^{t}{f}_{A}\left({t}_{A}\right)\mathrm{d}{t}_{A}}$
式中:fA(t)、fB(t)为节点AB在该时间点的失效概率密度;fαB(t)为节点B在温备份状态下的概率密度;tAtB为节点AB的失效时间。温备份节点B的条件概率计算结果如表5所示。
由于设备节点失效类型均服从指数分布,因此,设备节点失效概率表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{f}_{A}\left(t\right)={\lambda }_{A}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{A}t}\\ {f}_{B}\left(t\right)={\lambda }_{B}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{B}t}\\ {f}_{\alpha B}\left(t\right)=\alpha {\lambda }_{B}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\alpha {\lambda }_{B}t}\end{array}\right.$
则由表4所示节点B的条件概率可以直接计算得到节点B的分布函数为
FB(t)=P(B=1)=Q1(1-eB2t)+Q2eB2t
根据节点的不同状态,分别取α=0,α=1,可计算得到冷备份节点B 或热备份节点B 的失效概率函数以及可靠度函数。
典型飞机刹车系统由正常刹车系统、应急刹车系统、停留刹车系统三部分组成[1-2]。本文中仅以正常刹车系统进行分析。典型飞机正常刹车系统组成结构框架图,如图3所示。
正常刹车系统工作原理[1-2]:飞行员选择刹车指令后,控制采集模块将传感器反馈到的刹车相关数据和信息指令等资源,利用刹车控制模块CMC进行解算刹车参数、选择刹车模式、加载防滑刹车算法等控制输出,CMC1和CMC2同处于工作状态。刹车压力的压力源由主液压系统向储压器单向供压,这样就能保证主液压系统发生故障时,刹车系统有足够的压力源,电液压力伺服阀将接收到的控制电流和刹车压力单元提供的刹车压力后,给刹车装置输出刹车压力,刹车装置将输送来的刹车压力转换成摩擦力矩,使机轮制动。
基于飞机正常刹车系统结构,构建故障传播有向图模型,如图4所示。用于描述整个正常刹车系统设备组件间的结构特性及故障传播路径。
故障传播有向图将正常刹车系统中的各个设备组件抽象为图中的节点,将设备组件之间的因果关系抽象为图中连接两个节点的有向边,从而将飞机正常刹车系统的传播关系建模为一个故障传播有向图G={N,E}。其中,N={N1,N2,…,Nm}为节点的有限集合,m 为节点的总数;E={E12,E13,…,Eij}为具有因果关系节点的边集合,Eij为节点Ei到节点Ej的有向边。当刹车系统内各个设备组件无故障时,刹车功能正常,当其中一个设备组件出现故障后,则导致刹车系统功能失效或刹车异常,模型中各节点对应组件编号及名称如表6所示。
有向图模型能够描述正常刹车系统基本的故障传播结构,但无法体现正常刹车系统中设备组件的结构特性对故障动态传播的影响。为更好地刻画刹车系统随时间变化的可靠性,引入 DBN 模型,根据本文1.1节DBN基本原理中阐述,DBN 依然是一个有向无环图,由于DBN 引入时间因素,能够充分刻画飞机正常刹车系统动态失效行为。鉴于飞机正常刹车系统复杂的结构和工作原理,为降低子系统间的耦合,文献[15]提出一种基于图像分割的飞机刹车盘动片损伤程度及更换需求智能评估算法。文献[16]基于机轮刹车系统的特点,总结出常见故障并对故障原因作出简要分析。文献[17]基于飞机液压系统分析常见故障并探讨维护策略。文献[18]从飞机刹车系统的工作原理及组成入手,对刹车异常粘连故障进行分析。结合已有研究对各类典型故障的收集[15-21],文中将正常刹车系统异常的典型原因分为刹车控制单元故障、刹车液压单元无压力、阀类部件失效、刹车装置故障、连接系统异常等五类。建立典型飞机正常刹车系统动态贝叶斯网络模型,如图5所示。事件编号及可靠性参数如表6所示。各模块节点的理想失效率数据来源于蒙特卡洛仿真模拟数据。
图5可知,本文中构建的飞机正常刹车系统的DBN模型中,顶事件为正常刹车系统,中间事件分别为刹车控制、刹车压力、电液压力伺服阀、刹车装置和连接系统等五个节点,均为“或”门,其中刹车控制包括了一个热备份门和刹车压力包括了一个温备份门,分别是BM2和CM2。
根据典型飞机正常刹车系统的DBN模型,通过计算各节点的概率表,节点状态为2的边缘概率就是该节点对应设备模块的可靠度,节点AM为底事件,节点DM、EM动态逻辑门均为“或”门,底事件均服从指数分布,所以AM、DM、EM可靠度函数表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{R}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{M}}\left(t\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{M}}t}\\ {R}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}}\left(t\right)={R}_{\mathrm{D}1}\left(t\right){R}_{\mathrm{D}2}\left(t\right){R}_{\mathrm{D}3}\left(t\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-({\lambda }_{\mathrm{D}1}+{\lambda }_{\mathrm{D}2}+{\lambda }_{\mathrm{D}3})t}\\ {R}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{M}}\left(t\right)={R}_{\mathrm{E}1}\left(t\right){R}_{\mathrm{E}2}\left(t\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-({\lambda }_{\mathrm{E}1}+{\lambda }_{\mathrm{E}2})t}\end{array}\right.$
由于BM2是热备份门,取α=1代入表5中,可得热备份节点B2、B3的边缘概率分布,CM2是温备份门,则温备份节点C1、C2的边缘概率可由表5直接计算。节点BM1、CM1动态逻辑门均为“或”门,所以可靠度函数分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{R}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{M}2}\left(t\right)=1-(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}2}t})\left[{Q}_{1}\right(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}2}t})+{Q}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}2}t}]\\ {R}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{M}1}\left(t\right)={R}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{M}2}\left(t\right){R}_{\mathrm{B}1}\left(t\right)\\    ={\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}1}t}\{1-(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}2}t}\left)\right[{Q}_{1}(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}2}t})+\\     {Q}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}2}t}\left]\right\}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{R}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{M}2}\left(t\right)=1-(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}1}t})\left[{Q}_{1}\right(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}1}t})+{Q}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}1}t}]\\ {R}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{M}1}\left(t\right)={R}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{M}2}\left(t\right){R}_{\mathrm{C}3}\left(t\right){R}_{\mathrm{C}4}\left(t\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-({\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}3}+{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}4})t}\{1-\\   (1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}1}t})\left[{Q}_{1}\right(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}1}t})+{Q}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}1}t}]\}\end{array}\right.$
顶事件T动态逻辑门由各类动态逻辑门组合而成,各中间事件可靠度函数由式(13)~式(15)确定,因此系统T的可靠度函数为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{R}_{T}\left(t\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-({\lambda }_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{M}}+{\lambda }_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}}+{\lambda }_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{M}}+{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}1}+{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}3}+{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}4})t}m\left(t\right)n\left(t\right)\\ m\left(t\right)=1-(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}2}t})\left[{Q}_{1}\right(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}2}t})+{Q}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{B}2}t}]\\ n\left(t\right)=1-(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}1}t})\left[{Q}_{1}\right(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}1}t})+{Q}_{2}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{C}1}t}]\end{array}\right.$
通过构建的概率表以及各节点的可靠度函数,进一步可计算得到各节点的后验概率,针对飞机正常刹车系统模型,实验仿真中给出具体后验概率分布的曲线。
试验环境为MATLAB R2018b,通过对干扰因子的不同设置值进行飞机正常刹车系统可靠性试验仿真,在系统可靠性分析中,若忽略外部不确定因素导致的故障隐患会加速可靠度下降,而采取维修措施能有效减缓可靠性的降低速度。
本文中,典型飞机正常刹车系统的DBN模型,包括一个热备份门和一个温备份门,分别是BM2和CM2,将α=1代入式(14)中,可得热备份节点B2、B3的可靠度函数,温备份节点C1、C2的可靠度函数中,取α=0.5代入式(15)中。由式(13)~式(16)以及表6中仿真数据失效率,则刹车系统和系统模块在任务期间(5×105)的可靠度曲线为如图6μ=1时所示曲线。将干扰因子代入,用以调整可靠度曲线的变化趋势,所以图6中,其他4条均为干扰因子μ代入后的状态变化趋势,当0<μ<1时,由于失效率降低,仿真试验中,取μ=0.4,μ=0.8;当μ>1时,失效率提高,取μ=1.5,μ=2.5。实际问题中,可针对各动态系统可靠性的不同要求,调整参数,进而调整维护计划。
1)节点AM、DM、EM可靠性分析
由于节点AM为底事件,节点DM、EM动态逻辑门均为“或”门,底事件均服从指数分布,所以图6中可靠度曲线都是指数分布曲线。
若可靠度要求不低于0.8,分界点为(0.9×105,0.813)。如图6(a)所示,在0.9×105 h之前,AM的可靠度不低于0.81,融合干扰因子μ=1.5、μ=2.5后,AM的可靠度由0.81下降为0.73、0.59,特别是任务时间缩减到0.4×105 h时,可靠度仅为0.79;当干扰因子μ=0.4、μ=0.8时,同时刻AM的可靠度由0.81分别提高到0.84、0.92以上,特别是任务时间延长到2.4×105 h时,可靠度仍为0.80。如图6(b)所示,在0.3×105 h之前,DM的可靠度不低于0.83,融合干扰因子μ=1.5、μ=2.5后,同一时刻,DM的可靠度由0.83下降为0.76、0.63,下降速率分别为8.4%、24%;当0.3×105 h,干扰因子μ=0.4、μ=0.8时,AM的可靠度增长速率分别为3.6%、12%。如图6(c)所示,当0.7×105 h时,EM的可靠度分别为0.59、0.72、0.81、0.84、0.91,特别是任务时间延长到1.8×105 h,可靠度仍为0.80。
2)节点BM1、BM2、CM1、CM2可靠性分析
由于BM1、BM2、CM1、CM2由各类动态逻辑门组合而成,无特定分布。可靠度曲线如图7图8所示。
BM2可靠度曲线总体下降速率缓慢,在任务时间5×105 h之前,可靠度不低于0.89,干扰因子取μ=2.5,可靠度达到0.97;当干扰因子μ=0.4时,2.9×105 h之前,可靠度可保持在0.8以上。BM1在2.1×105 h时,可靠度不低于0.8,融合干扰因子后,同一时刻,可靠度分别为0.55、0.71、0.85、0.92、0.91,可靠度下降速率最快为31.2%。CM2可靠度在任务时间2.2×105 h之前,可靠度不低于0.80,加入干扰因子后,同时刻,可靠度分别为0.61、0.73、0.84、0.91。CM1在0.7×105 h时,可靠度不低于0.82,融合干扰因子μ=0.4后,在1.9×105 h时,可靠度可保持在0.8,若不加干扰因子,可靠度仅为0.57。若有其他不确定因素的导致隐患,取μ=2.5,可靠度直接降为0.23。
3)T的可靠性分析
顶事件T由各类动态逻辑门组合而成,无特定分布。可靠度曲线如图9所示。
由于顶事件T为飞机正常刹车系统,若可靠度要求不低于0.94,则任务时间调整为0.1×105 h之前,如图8所示。若加入干扰因子μ=0.4后,由于失效率下降,可靠度下降缓慢。若干扰因子μ=2,即所有部件失效率均提高2倍,显然可靠度下降速率非常快。由于实际情况复杂多样,外部不确定因素干扰较多,不妨将各模块部件干扰因子μ随机取值,则各部件失效率均有调整。在1×105 h之前,正常状态可靠度比加入随机因素影响的可靠度高,而1×105 h之后,可靠度更高,是由于各模块的失效率改变后,相应改变了系统可靠性函数,新的可靠度与原可靠度变化程度不同。因此,通过制定不同维护策略,得到系统不同的可靠度函数,根据函数族交点情况,针对不同运行时间段,调整最佳维护策略方案,使得既可以提高系统可靠度又可以降低维护成本。
通过DBN反向推理算法,得出顶事件T的状态为1时,各系统模块状态为1的后验概率,换句话就是,当正常刹车系统异常时,各模块故障或异常的条件概率,该条件概率可以用来对系统异常情况下各模块故障或异常的诊断,如图10(a)所示,DM的失效概率最大,在3.2×105 h之前,节点BM1比CM1失效的概率大,之后节点CM1比BM1失效的概率大。随机数取值干扰因子后,如图10(b)所示,节点EM的失效概率最大,在2.6×105 h之前,节点CM1比AM失效的概率大,之后节点AM比CM1失效的概率大。由此可知,基于后验概率分布情况,可以评估任务时间段内系统失效的后验概率,定位失效率最大的模块。因此,设置的干扰因子不同,即外部不确定因素导致系统模块的故障风险不同,若加强系统的日常维护,可提高系统可靠性。
(1)根据典型飞机正常刹车系统的动态运行特性,结合日常维护及设备瞬时故障风险对系统各组件模块失效率的影响,提出通过设置干扰因子更新设备组件失效率,并结合动态贝叶斯网络(DBN)的动态逻辑门,采用改进DBN概率表的建模方法,给出节点的条件概率表与边缘概率表。
(2)构建基于DBN的飞机正常刹车系统模型,运用改进DBN概率表算法,推导得出系统各模块组件的可靠度函数。
(3)以飞机正常刹车系统为实例开展实验仿真,得到各模块组件的可靠性曲线;通过动态调整干扰因子,获取设备组件可靠度的变化率。借助DBN反向推理,当顶事件“刹车系统异常”发生时,绘制各模块故障的后验概率变化曲线,实现刹车系统故障诊断并定位出故障率最高的模块组件;对比融合干扰因子前后的后验概率变化情况,验证模型实用性。该研究为典型飞机正常刹车系统的故障排查提供理论依据,对优化系统维护计划具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72461013)
  • 2023年陕西省教学领军人才项目
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2026年第26卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504388
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-07-02
  • 出版时间:2026-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
  • 修回日期:2025-11-19
基金
国家自然科学基金(72461013)
2023年陕西省教学领军人才项目
作者信息
    1 空军工程大学基础部, 西安 710043
    2 空军工程大学装备管理与无人机工程学院, 西安 710043

通讯作者:

* 徐吉辉(1974—),男,汉族,山西运城人,博士,教授。研究方向:装备安全系统工程。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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