Article(id=1261270372511507387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405469, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721491200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-21, revisedDate=1744646400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778639890076, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778639890076, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778639890076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778639890076, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8624, endPage=8631, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261270374495413189, articleId=1261270372511507387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Displacement Characteristics of Deep Foundation Pit with Pile-anchor Support Considering Snowfall, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the displacement characteristics of pile and anchor supporting deep foundation pit in seasonal frozen loess area, the horizontal displacement of pile top and pile body and the surface settlement outside the pit under different working conditions were compared by indoor scale model test. The results show that water migration and redistribution occur in the freeze-thaw cycle, and the existence of external water replenishment conditions will accelerate the water migration rate, which makes the displacement of supporting structure and the surface settlement outside the pit much larger than that in the excavation stage. The maximum horizontal displacement of pile top and pile body in the freeze-thaw stage under closed conditions increase by 6~8 times compared with that in the excavation stage, and the surface settlement outside the pit increases by 3 times. Compared with the closed freeze-thaw condition, the horizontal displacement of pile top and pile body increases about 1.4 and 1.2 times, and the surface settlement outside the pit increases 1.5 times. The research results can provide reference for the risk prevention and control of pile and anchor support deep foundation pit construction in this kind of seasonal freezing loess area.

, correspAuthors=Jia-gen SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan-xun LI, Jia-gen SHI, Chuan MA, Song CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261270386612756511, articleId=1261270372511507387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑降雪影响的桩锚支护深基坑变位特性, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为深入研究季冻黄土地区桩锚支护深基坑的变位特性,通过室内缩尺模型试验对比不同工况下桩顶、桩身水平位移及坑外地表沉降的变化规律。结果表明:冻融循环过程中土体水分发生迁移重分布,存在外界补水条件会使水分迁移速率加快,使得支护结构位移与坑外地表沉降远大于开挖阶段,封闭条件冻融阶段的最大桩顶和桩身水平位移较开挖阶段增大了6~8倍,坑外地表沉降量增大了3倍;与封闭冻融条件相比,降雪条件下桩顶和桩身水平位移约增大1.4和1.2倍,坑外地表沉降量增大了1.5倍。研究结果可为此类季冻黄土地区桩锚支护深基坑施工风险防控提供参考。

, correspAuthors=石佳根, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 石佳根(1997—),男,汉族,山东淄博人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土与地下工程。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=sxtxkm9bn0gJNQzYslM6yQ==, magXml=H3WQc0J2BLeX7XH3FFsNZw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Tx6kMRl+2R6OrvM1XG+1Fg==, pdfFileSize=7445857, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=h849ssmQJjqTAdL5OXvurg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=upx4lb6dcR325cdfJlTyAw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李元勋(1988—),男,汉族,甘肃甘谷人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩土与地下工程。E-mail:

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李元勋(1988—),男,汉族,甘肃甘谷人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩土与地下工程。E-mail:

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李元勋(1988—),男,汉族,甘肃甘谷人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩土与地下工程。E-mail:

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Study on performance of prestressed pile anchor system for deep foundation pit during spring thaw in high latitude cold zone[D]. 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figureFileBig=jvFCVduF2EQ8CImHxIC+yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261270425808527667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372511507387, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification of snowfall

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降雪等级 降水量/mm
微量降雪 <0.1
小雪 0.1~2.4
中雪 2.5~4.9
大雪 5.0~9.9
暴雪 10.0~19.9
大暴雪 20.0~29.9
特大暴雪 ≥30
), ArticleFig(id=1261270426160849208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372511507387, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

降雪等级划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雪等级 降水量/mm
微量降雪 <0.1
小雪 0.1~2.4
中雪 2.5~4.9
大雪 5.0~9.9
暴雪 10.0~19.9
大暴雪 20.0~29.9
特大暴雪 ≥30
), ArticleFig(id=1261270426399924542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372511507387, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验阶段 试验内容
基坑开挖 开挖总深度为1 m,分5次开挖,每次开挖0.2 m,开挖完成后稳定24 h监测数据变化,数据稳定后再继续下一次开挖
封闭条件
冻融循环
依照设定好的冻融温度梯度按正弦曲线进行冻融循环试验,每次冻融循环结束后监测数据变化,数据稳定后再进行下一次冻融循环,共计20次
降雪条件
冻融循环
按设计好的降雪方法进行降雪,再根据封闭条件冻融方法进行冻融循环
), ArticleFig(id=1261270426685137217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372511507387, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验阶段 试验内容
基坑开挖 开挖总深度为1 m,分5次开挖,每次开挖0.2 m,开挖完成后稳定24 h监测数据变化,数据稳定后再继续下一次开挖
封闭条件
冻融循环
依照设定好的冻融温度梯度按正弦曲线进行冻融循环试验,每次冻融循环结束后监测数据变化,数据稳定后再进行下一次冻融循环,共计20次
降雪条件
冻融循环
按设计好的降雪方法进行降雪,再根据封闭条件冻融方法进行冻融循环
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考虑降雪影响的桩锚支护深基坑变位特性
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李元勋 1, 2 , 石佳根 1, * , 马川 1 , 陈松 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(20): 8624-8631
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(20): 8624-8631
考虑降雪影响的桩锚支护深基坑变位特性
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李元勋1, 2 , 石佳根1, * , 马川1, 陈松1
作者信息
  • 1 青海大学土木水利学院, 西宁 810016
  • 2 青海省建筑节能材料与工程安全重点实验室, 西宁 810016
  • 李元勋(1988—),男,汉族,甘肃甘谷人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩土与地下工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 石佳根(1997—),男,汉族,山东淄博人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土与地下工程。E-mail:
Displacement Characteristics of Deep Foundation Pit with Pile-anchor Support Considering Snowfall
Yuan-xun LI1, 2 , Jia-gen SHI1, * , Chuan MA1, Song CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Water Resources, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • 2 Qinghai Key Laboratory of Building Energy Saving Materials and Engineering Safety, Xining 810016, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405469
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为深入研究季冻黄土地区桩锚支护深基坑的变位特性,通过室内缩尺模型试验对比不同工况下桩顶、桩身水平位移及坑外地表沉降的变化规律。结果表明:冻融循环过程中土体水分发生迁移重分布,存在外界补水条件会使水分迁移速率加快,使得支护结构位移与坑外地表沉降远大于开挖阶段,封闭条件冻融阶段的最大桩顶和桩身水平位移较开挖阶段增大了6~8倍,坑外地表沉降量增大了3倍;与封闭冻融条件相比,降雪条件下桩顶和桩身水平位移约增大1.4和1.2倍,坑外地表沉降量增大了1.5倍。研究结果可为此类季冻黄土地区桩锚支护深基坑施工风险防控提供参考。

基坑开挖  /  冻融循环  /  降雪  /  模型试验

In order to study the displacement characteristics of pile and anchor supporting deep foundation pit in seasonal frozen loess area, the horizontal displacement of pile top and pile body and the surface settlement outside the pit under different working conditions were compared by indoor scale model test. The results show that water migration and redistribution occur in the freeze-thaw cycle, and the existence of external water replenishment conditions will accelerate the water migration rate, which makes the displacement of supporting structure and the surface settlement outside the pit much larger than that in the excavation stage. The maximum horizontal displacement of pile top and pile body in the freeze-thaw stage under closed conditions increase by 6~8 times compared with that in the excavation stage, and the surface settlement outside the pit increases by 3 times. Compared with the closed freeze-thaw condition, the horizontal displacement of pile top and pile body increases about 1.4 and 1.2 times, and the surface settlement outside the pit increases 1.5 times. The research results can provide reference for the risk prevention and control of pile and anchor support deep foundation pit construction in this kind of seasonal freezing loess area.

foundation pit excavation  /  freeze-thaw cycle  /  snowfall  /  model test
李元勋, 石佳根, 马川, 陈松. 考虑降雪影响的桩锚支护深基坑变位特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8624 -8631 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405469
Yuan-xun LI, Jia-gen SHI, Chuan MA, Song CHEN. Displacement Characteristics of Deep Foundation Pit with Pile-anchor Support Considering Snowfall[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8624 -8631 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405469
随着各类地下结构及基础设施不断发展,基坑开挖深度越来越深,基坑开挖时的稳定性如何保障,对于季节性冻土区的深基坑还需经历冻融循环作用,导致坑外地表产生不均匀沉降变形,支护结构发生位移,是深基坑工程事故频发的主要原因。并且越冬期间土体的水分迁移是深基坑冻胀变形的主要原因[1-4],除了土体本身所含水分,常伴随外界水分补给,冬季以降雪为主要水分补给,青海西宁地区黄土深基坑分布广泛,黄土在融化雪水浸泡下还会发生湿陷变形[5]。所以未考虑冻融循环作用以及降雪对深基坑的影响而得出的变形量与位移量将低估季冻黄土地区深基坑施工与使用的环境效应,对深基坑工程的安全稳定造成不良影响。
韩健勇等[6]利用有限元软件对砂土地层桩锚支护深基坑进行整体稳定性验算,分析了支护结构的受力变形规律。周勇等[7]以兰州某桩锚支护深基坑为研究对象,采用生死单元法对基坑开挖进行了数值模拟,分析了基坑水平与竖向位移规律以及不同条件对支护结构位移的影响。曹卫平等[8]通过模型试验对比斜直桩和传统支护在开挖和降雨阶段桩顶位移、桩身弯矩以及坑外沉降变化规律,研究表明降雨阶段支护结构受力及变形比开挖阶段更大。刘性锋等[9]利用理论分析、数值模拟和现场监测等方法对基坑开挖过程中围护结构的位移和地表沉降进行了分析研究。研究表明,水分入渗会导致基坑、边坡等发生失稳破坏[10-12],对于黄土深基坑更应该了解外界水分补给对深基坑稳定性的影响。杨晓华等[13]、赵容舟等[14]、朱磊[15]通过数值模拟和模型试验,分析了冻融条件下支护结构的受力变形特性。
综上所述,在已有研究中,较少考虑季冻黄土地区在冬季深基坑开挖完成后,越冬过程中土体冻融对深基坑变位的影响,因此开展室内缩尺模型试验,对比分析冻融与非冻融条件对桩锚支护结构位移与地表沉降的影响,并进一步研究降雪补水条件下的冻融作用所引起支护结构位移与地表沉降的变化规律,所得结论可避免越冬深基坑工程的事故发生,对此类地区深基坑工程的风险防控有重要参考意义。
试验根据相似模型试验原理进行设计,模型几何相似比CL=10;容重相似比CΥ=1;应变相似比为Cε=$\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{L}}{C}_{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{E}}}$,其中CE为弹性模量相似比;位移相似比CX=CεCL
本次试验所用模型箱内净空尺寸为2.0 m×1.2 m×1.5 m,试验土体选用青海西宁某深基坑黄土,深基坑模型采用分层装填制作,基坑土体分15层装填,层厚100 mm。装填前在模型箱内壁每层设计高度处标注刻度线,便于土体装填及后续开挖;并在内壁涂抹2 mm凡士林,以减小土体与箱体之间的摩擦。制作不同压实度的重塑土样通过三轴试验对比与原状土的应力应变关系,选取与原状土最相近的82%为模型土体压实度,含水率取天然含水率10.5%,配置好含水率后计算每层所需土体质量,均匀铺于模型箱内,用夯土器将每层土体击实至设计刻度线处,每层土体击实后用切土刀在表层均匀凿毛,确保每层土体紧密结合。
基坑支护采用桩锚支护结构,模型桩采用PVC圆管,内部放置钢丝绑扎的钢筋笼,浇筑细石混凝土制成,模型桩长1 330 mm,直径80 mm,沿坑边共布设7根。冠梁选用PVC方管,在布桩位置处钻孔与模型桩连接后浇筑细石混凝土制成,尺寸为70 m×100 m×1 180 mm。锚杆采用直径8 mm的丝杆,可通过调节杆头螺母使其被拉紧以模拟施加预应力。
根据深基坑监测要求,通过在支护桩顶布设百分表并在桩身内部粘贴应变片,掌握支护结构在开挖和冻融阶段的水平位移;通过埋设温湿度传感器来掌握基坑土体在降雪和冻融阶段的水分迁移情况,了解冻融阶段土体含水率对深基坑的变位影响;在坑外地表安装位移计与百分表,以掌握开挖和冻融阶段的地表沉降。通过对上述监测数据进行分析,得到深基坑在施工和越冬期间的变位特性,确保深基坑及周围地表的安全稳定,监测点布置如图1所示。
中国气象局关于降雪等级以24 h降水量为划分标准如表1所示。
西宁市平均降水量为1.37 mm/d,对应降雪等级为小雪,试验降雪面积为1.2 m×2 m=2.4 m2,降水量为0.003 288 m3,根据换算关系得到降水质量为3.288 kg。将3.288 kg的水冻成冰,利用电动碎冰机将其打碎后均匀洒于地表,如图2所示,以模拟降雪条件。
为模拟季冻地区深基坑越冬期间经历冻融循环的过程,采用冻融环境模拟系统进行试验,根据西宁市历年气候条件设定冻融温度梯度为-15~15 ℃,按照正弦曲线进行冻融,每次冻融时间为24 h,共冻融循环20次。
本试验共分为基坑开挖、封闭条件冻融循环和降雪条件冻融循环3个阶段开展进行,试验目的在于对比分析开挖与冻融对支护结构位移和坑外地表沉降的影响,以及降雪后经历冻融循环对两者的影响,具体试验方案如表2所示。
冻融循环过程中,浅层土体中的水分冻结成冰形成冻结锋面,冻结锋面随冻融过程的进行而扩大,形成深基坑内部水分向冻结锋面迁移的现象,土体中水分发生重分布。如图3所示,深基坑在封闭条件下经历20次冻融循环后,水分迁移峰值可达2.02%,冻结期间土颗粒周围的未冻水膜变薄,冻结锋面处的含水量不能维持水分继续发生相变,导致未冻土中水分向冻结锋面迁移形成冻结缘,且在冻融循环初期对土体结构破坏严重,土体孔隙增大,水分迁移速率较快,后期趋于稳定。
在冻融过程中,冻结时孔隙水相变成冰,将上覆土体胀起使孔隙增大,未冻水由于自重应力而下渗,升温消融过程中冰相变成水,胶结作用消失,一部分浅层土体水分被蒸发,剩余水分在上覆荷载及自重应力作用下迁移下渗,表现为含水率随基坑深度增加而上升,在0.8 m深度处达到最大,随后含水率开始下降,基坑底部含水率几乎无增加,因为未冻土中水分会向冻结锋面不断迁移,可知0.8 m为冻结深度。
冻融循环过程中水分迁移的来源包括封闭条件下土体原有的水分以及外界水分补给,降雪补水条件下的含水率变化如图4所示。含水率沿基坑深度先减小后增大,可见雪消融后对表层土体含水率的增加影响较大,位于基坑上部的土体含水率较初始值减少,而基坑下部的土体含水率增大,说明冻融过程中未冻水在自重应力作用下不断下渗。冻融循环完成后表层土体水分迁移量最大为1.01%,因为雪消融后有大量的水分用于迁移补给,延迟冻结的孔隙水会增加土体中的冻结孔隙,使水分迁移速率加快。
对比图4(a)图4(b)可知,距离坑壁较近的325 mm截面处水分随着冻融次数的增加迁移速率较快,表面土体受水平和竖直两个方向的冻融作用,水分也沿两个方向进行迁移,未冻水含量变化明显,水分迁移量大于距坑壁825 mm截面,325 mm截面处水分在冻融循环完成后比825 mm截面多迁移0.61%,距离坑壁较远土体几乎不受水平方向的冻融影响,水分主要沿竖直方向迁移,土体含水率整体大于325 mm截面,降雪补水时尤为明显,说明水平方向水分迁移量大于竖直方向,且水平与竖直方向的冻结深度相接近,都在0.8 m。
在开挖与冻融过程中,基坑土体会产生向坑内的侧向位移,当位移达到一定程度时,基坑就会失稳破坏。桩顶水平位移随开挖过程的变化如图5所示,试验假设向坑内位移为正,反之为负。在开挖阶段,桩顶水平位移不断增加,发展趋势呈前期慢,中期快,后期逐渐平缓的变化规律。开挖至设计深度时桩顶水平位移达到0.17 mm,为开挖深度的0.017%,远小于规范规定值,说明开挖过程中未出现不良现象,基坑支护稳定性良好。开挖至0.4~0.8 m时桩顶水平位移增长速率最快变化,位移曲线近似呈现为线性变化,位移变化速率约为0.06 mm/d,随后逐渐衰减,分析是因为随着开挖过程的进行,桩锚支护体系的支护作用越来越明显,对基坑变形的控制较为显著。
深基坑在越冬期间反复经历冻融循环作用,使支护结构受到较大的冻土压力和变形,过大的变形与位移可使桩体发生倾倒和断裂。桩顶水平位移在两种不同条件下随冻融次数的变化如图6所示,在整个冻融循环过程中,封闭与降雪条件下的桩顶水平位移变化趋势相似,总体呈增长趋势,在冻融初期位移平稳发展,冻融中期快速发展,分别在冻融5次和4次时位移增长速率最快,分别增长了60%和46.3%,冻融后期趋于稳定,在冻融循环结束后,桩顶水平位移分别达到最大值1.39 mm和1.87 mm,位移量约为开挖完成时的8倍和11倍,远大于开挖阶段的桩顶水平位移,说明冻融作用对支护结构的影响远大于开挖,分析是因为桩顶的水平位移主要由于桩后土体在冻结过程中体积膨胀变大,支护结构约束土体变形而产生冻胀力,在冻胀力的作用下支护结构发生了位移。
降雪条件下的冻融循环作用相较于封闭条件时对桩顶水平位移影响更大,位移速率与位移量均大于封闭条件时,冻融结束后降雪条件下的桩顶水平位移约为封闭条件的1.4倍,因为雪在冻融循环过程中转化为大量水分渗入土体,使桩后土体强度降低,重度与孔隙水压力增加,使桩顶发生向坑内水平位移;并且冻结过程中大量水分向桩后浅层土体迁移,导致冻胀力增大,消融过程中浅表土体水分下渗,土体孔隙率增大,引起地表沉降塌陷,使桩顶进一步向坑内发生位移。
根据对深基坑桩顶水平位移的变化分析,可知桩顶水平位移在越冬期间远大于开挖阶段,受土体冻胀作用影响显著,并且遇到降雪天气时应充分考虑土体水分增加而引起冻胀作用加强,做好排水等防冻胀措施,避免桩顶产生过大水平位移。
桩身弯矩根据实测桩身应变计算,桩身的挠度位移通过对桩身弯矩曲线二次积分获得。
桩身弯矩为
M=EI$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon }{b}$
式(1)中:EI为桩身抗弯刚度;Δε为相同深度所贴应变片的应变差;b为桩的等效截面宽度。
二次积分可得到桩身水平位移方程为
y(z)=∬$\frac{M\left(z\right)}{EI}$dzdz
式(2)中:y为桩身水平位移;z为所求桩身深度。
根据计算得到桩身水平位移的变化曲线,如图7所示。开挖过程中,支护桩向坑内发生位移,在开挖前期桩身水平位移沿基坑深度变化不明显,中后期位移迅速增大,整体呈现为“D”形分布,先增大后减小,桩身中部变形量大于两端,桩身在0.4 m至基坑底部1 m范围内位移量较大,与桩身弯矩分布规律相似,说明支护桩的位移是桩后主动土压力产生弯矩所带来的影响,位移最大分布于基坑中部约0.6 m处,即0.6 h,与第二排锚杆布设位置一致,随后沿基坑深度增加桩身水平位移减小,说明锚杆可有效控制桩身位移,开挖完成后桩身最大位移达到0.27 mm。开挖至0.4 m时,桩身水平位移变化微弱,因为开挖较浅时,基坑主要产生弹性隆起,水平位移较少,随着开挖深度的增加,土体卸荷导致应力发生重分布,桩后土压力增大使得桩身水平位移大幅增加,开挖至0.6 m后桩身位移幅度增大,最大达到0.14 mm,开挖至设计深度后桩身位移幅度放缓。
冻融阶段桩身水平位移变化如图8所示,桩身水平位移沿基坑深度分布规律与开挖中后期相似,与开挖阶段相比,冻融过程中桩身上部位移量增长较快,呈现为桩身中上部位移大下部位移小的现象,在降雪条件下尤为明显,封闭条件与降雪条件下桩身最大水平位移达到1.69 mm和2.06 mm,是开挖阶段桩身最大水平位移的6~7倍,通过对数据分析,土体在冻结时水分向桩后与地表迁移,使土体含水率增大,导致土体发生冻胀体积增大,造成支护桩中上部产生明显位移,消融时桩身位移略有回缩,但远小于土体冻胀造成的影响。
桩顶至0.6 m深度范围内位移较大,随深度增加桩身水平位移逐渐减小,说明锚杆不仅在开挖阶段可约束桩身位移,在冻融阶段也可进行较好的控制,根据土体水分迁移情况可知冻结深度为0.8 m,冻结深度以下桩身水平位移缓慢,桩底水平位移约为桩身中部的0.5倍,可知锚杆的约束与冻结深度是支护桩位移的重要影响因素。
受冻融循环作用影响,随着冻融次数的增加,桩身水平位移不断增大,封闭条件与降雪条件在冻融循环1~5次时最大位移量分别增加了0.52 mm和0.75 mm,在冻融循环5~10次时最大位移量分别增加了0.65 mm和0.81 mm, 在冻融循环10~20次时变化很小,说明桩身水平位移在冻融循环作用影响下前期稳定增长,中期发展迅速,后期趋于稳定。降雪条件下的桩身水平位移整体大于封闭条件,最大水平位移较封闭条件增加了21.9%,说明土体含水率越高,土体结构受冻融循环的影响越严重,导致桩身水平位移越大。
随着基坑开挖深度的不断增加,桩后土体逐渐向坑内发生侧移,导致桩后地表发生沉降。如图9所示,坑外地表沉降量与基坑开挖深度成正比,与距开挖面距离成反比。在开挖初期,基坑地表沉降变化较为缓慢,随着开挖深度的增加,地表沉降变化幅值也随之增大。可看出地表沉降曲线呈三角形分布,开挖至第三步以后沉降速率开始明显增大,分析由于开挖至第三步时支护结构变形与位移迅速增加,地层损失增大。
开挖至设计深度时沉降最大点出现在基坑边缘0.5 m测点处,沉降值达到0.048 mm,为开挖深度的0.004 8%。造成这种现象的原因是由于土体压力作用于支护桩后,导致支护结构发生侧向位移,使得靠近桩身的土体更容易发生位移,从而使得基坑边缘沉降值最大且增长速率最快。基坑开挖对地表沉降影响范围约为0.7倍的开挖深度,对距离开挖面较远的地表沉降影响效果不再明显。
深基坑开挖完成后又在封闭和降雪条件下经历了20次冻融循环,地表沉降量如图10所示。坑外地表在冻融循环前期产生的沉降速率较快,在经历3至5次冻融时沉降速率最快,两种条件最大分别沉降了56%和46%。之后随着冻融次数的增加,土体的各项物理力学指标趋于稳定,地表沉降速率逐渐降低,经历20次冻融循环后的最大沉降量分别为0.155 mm和0.223 mm,均出现于距坑边最近的0.5 m处监测点。这是因为桩后土体受冻体积增大,支护结构产生向坑内的变形位移,导致桩侧附近地表产生较大沉降。
对比开挖与冻融阶段的地表沉降量可知,引起坑外地表发生沉降的主要原因是冻融循环作用,冻融循环过程中消融时冻土融化,冰转变为液态水向上蒸发或向下渗入土体,土体内部孔隙水压力减小,产生了向下的竖向变形,导致深基坑地表发生较大沉降,两种条件下冻融循环引起的最大沉降量约为开挖完成的3和5倍。降雪融化后大量水分渗入土体,使土体黏聚力与内摩擦角均减小,从而发生变形,并且再次冻结时由于含水率增加,水分迁移作用使得土体孔隙率更大,消融后水分排出加剧地表沉降,降雪条件的最大沉降量约为封闭条件的1.5倍,增加了0.068 mm。
可以看出,在冻融循环阶段深基坑周围土体发生明显沉降,土体中冰融化成水造成土体强度下降,且土体孔隙率和含水率增大,最终导致地表发生沉降,所以在实际工程中要重点监测深基坑越冬期间的地表沉降情况,防止发生坍塌事故。
通过开展深基坑开挖与冻融室内缩尺模型试验,研究了深基坑开挖与冻融循环作用对桩顶水平位移、桩身水平位移和坑外地表沉降的影响机理,得出如下结论。
(1)土体冻结时坑壁和地表水分先冻结成冰形成冻结锋面,基坑深处水分向冻结锋面沿水平与竖直两个方向发生迁移,且水平方向水分迁移量大于竖直方向,消融时土体孔隙率增大,水分因自重应力而下渗,导致基坑中部土体含水率增加,降雪等外界补水条件会使水分迁移速率加快。
(2)冻融循环过程中土体的冻胀与融沉会引起支护结构位移与坑外地表沉降,与开挖阶段相比,封闭条件冻融阶段最大桩顶和桩身水平位移增大了6~8倍,桩身水平位移沿基坑深度呈中间大两端小的分布规律,最大地表沉降量增大了3倍,降雪补充水分后冻融循环使支护结构位移与地表沉降进一步增大。
(3)越冬深基坑地表的沉降变形和支护结构的位移变化不同于普通深基坑,在季冻黄土地区,冻融循环作用对桩锚支护深基坑的破坏较为严重,远大于开挖阶段深基坑所产生的变形与位移,并且遇到降雪补给水分时所造成影响更大,严重时会影响深基坑的安全稳定,因此在越冬深基坑的设计与施工方面应更加严格要求,做好坑壁保温与排水等解决措施,减少冻融循环对深基坑的不利影响。
  • 青海省科学技术厅项目(2023-ZJ-764)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405469
  • 接收时间:2024-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-21
  • 修回日期:2025-04-15
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青海省科学技术厅项目(2023-ZJ-764)
作者信息
    1 青海大学土木水利学院, 西宁 810016
    2 青海省建筑节能材料与工程安全重点实验室, 西宁 810016

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* 石佳根(1997—),男,汉族,山东淄博人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土与地下工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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