Article(id=1261270372167631577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405605, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721836800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-25, revisedDate=1744646400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778639889995, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778639889995, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778639889995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778639889995, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8682, endPage=8695, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261270373073601248, articleId=1261270372167631577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Initial Support Force Characteristics of Shallow Buried and Biased Section of Tunnel Portal in Completely Weathered Granite Strata, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the stress characteristics of the primary support in the shallow buried biased section of the tunnel in fully weathered granite strata. Based on the Xiangsishan Tunnel, laboratory tests were conducted to determine the mechanical parameters including cohesion and internal friction angle of fully weathered granite. The construction process was simulated by FLAC 3D numerical software for the shallow buried bias section of the tunnel entrance. To study the effects of varying ground slopes, tunnel depths, and soil-rock interface locations on the stress characteristics of the primary support structure. The results indicate that, under various impact factors, the axial force and bending moment of the primary support exhibit the distribution characteristics of “upper large and lower small”, while the safety factor displays the opposite trend. The internal stresses of the primary support are distributed asymmetrically as the ground slope increases. The positive bending moment shifts toward the deeper-buried side and gradually increases, while the negative bending moment and axial force increase at the arch waist on the shallow-buried side. When the ground slope reaches 40°, the safety factor of the primary support falls below the standard allowable value. However, the stability of the primary support can be enhanced by implementing multi-stage variable slopes. As the depth of the tunnel increases, the asymmetric distribution of internal stresses in the primary support decreases, while the overall magnitude of internal stresses continuously increases. When the soil-rock interface crosses the tunnel at various locations, the magnitude of the internal stresses in the primary support is significantly affected, whereas the distribution pattern remains relatively stable. The reliability of the stress characteristics of the primary support under various impact factors was verified through on-site monitoring of the stress variations in the steel arch and concrete at various locations of the tunnel.

, correspAuthors=Shu-qi MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan ZHAO, Shu-qi MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261270397908075489, articleId=1261270372167631577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=全风化花岗岩地层隧道浅埋偏压段初支受力特性, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究全风化花岗岩地层隧道浅埋偏压段初支结构受力特性,依托相思山隧道采用室内试验获取全风化花岗岩黏聚力、内摩擦角等参数,并通过FLAC3D数值软件对洞口浅埋偏压段施工过程模拟,研究不同地层因素对初支结构受力特征。结果表明:各地层因素下初支轴力和弯矩均呈“上大下小”分布特征,而初支安全系数则相反,横坡坡度的增大使初支内力呈非对称性分布,正弯矩向深埋侧偏移并逐渐增大,负弯矩和轴力在浅埋侧拱腰处不断增加,横坡坡度达到40°时初支安全系数小于允许值,但采用多段变坡面可提高初支结构安全性;随着隧道埋深的增大可减弱初支内力的非对称性分布,但内力不断增大;土石界面与隧道相交于不同位置时,初支内力大小受较大影响,而分布特征变化较小。通过现场监测隧道各位置钢拱架与混凝土应力变化以验证各地层因素作用下初支结构受力特性的合理性。

, correspAuthors=马述起, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 马述起(1984—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,教授。研究方向:隧道围岩力学分析。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ZMZv9DWCzZg/X1rIIgzfdQ==, magXml=PgFsmk8PJF5VezgpIOvGWQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lwTDZ2a6Fvjl3En5bJs4rw==, pdfFileSize=24669652, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HESEZyQtEecuxoLWGBiXww==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RBpV0Zi8j5pkjg3k6aOVjA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵岩(1990—),男,汉族,黑龙江嫩江人,工程师。研究方向:隧道工程施工。E-mail:

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赵岩(1990—),男,汉族,黑龙江嫩江人,工程师。研究方向:隧道工程施工。E-mail:

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赵岩(1990—),男,汉族,黑龙江嫩江人,工程师。研究方向:隧道工程施工。E-mail:

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L为锚杆长度

, figureFileSmall=d64uf2l8EzXhsiyykhdvoA==, figureFileBig=vjTDqKyzSoP1EvTS+uecTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261270426412564625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372167631577, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Monitoring point arrangement, figureFileSmall=f0QF6OzfmvxFDLskO7SK9w==, figureFileBig=9PnEn42FU0LwTQ5BiLgdJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261270426710360214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372167631577, language=CN, label=图10, caption=监测点布置, figureFileSmall=f0QF6OzfmvxFDLskO7SK9w==, figureFileBig=9PnEn42FU0LwTQ5BiLgdJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261270426974601371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372167631577, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Calculation conditions for different cross slope gradients, figureFileSmall=z9hrImiXTR1MczgYcKB8Uw==, figureFileBig=e0imy3jv8T5LXJy29S2r7Q==, tableContent=null), 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stress variation curve, figureFileSmall=w5l8gQS2MogUSIGWKDdoGQ==, figureFileBig=mxHbbOrsTE3e5yduuYHbGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261270440186659090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372167631577, language=CN, label=图27, caption=初支混凝土应力变化曲线, figureFileSmall=w5l8gQS2MogUSIGWKDdoGQ==, figureFileBig=mxHbbOrsTE3e5yduuYHbGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261270440383791382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372167631577, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of surrounding rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围岩类型 容重/
(kN·m-3)
弹性模量/
GPa
黏聚力/
MPa
摩擦角/
(°)
泊松比
全风化
花岗岩
18.33 0.026 0.023 15.66 0.32
强风化
花岗岩
22.50 0.240 0.090 28.00 0.28
弱风化
花岗岩
26.30 9.110 3.540 42.96 0.24
), ArticleFig(id=1261270440505426201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372167631577, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

围岩力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围岩类型 容重/
(kN·m-3)
弹性模量/
GPa
黏聚力/
MPa
摩擦角/
(°)
泊松比
全风化
花岗岩
18.33 0.026 0.023 15.66 0.32
强风化
花岗岩
22.50 0.240 0.090 28.00 0.28
弱风化
花岗岩
26.30 9.110 3.540 42.96 0.24
), ArticleFig(id=1261270440794833181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372167631577, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支护类型 混凝土等级 容重/
(kN·m-3)
弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比
锚杆 78.500 210.000 0.20
初期支护 C25 23.400 26.100 0.20
仰拱填充 C20 23.000 25.500 0.20
注浆加固区 0.186 0.062 24.80
), ArticleFig(id=1261270441176514848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270372167631577, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支护类型 混凝土等级 容重/
(kN·m-3)
弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比
锚杆 78.500 210.000 0.20
初期支护 C25 23.400 26.100 0.20
仰拱填充 C20 23.000 25.500 0.20
注浆加固区 0.186 0.062 24.80
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全风化花岗岩地层隧道浅埋偏压段初支受力特性
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赵岩 1 , 马述起 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(20): 8682-8695
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(20): 8682-8695
全风化花岗岩地层隧道浅埋偏压段初支受力特性
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赵岩1 , 马述起2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中铁十二局集团有限公司, 太原 030027
  • 2 西南交通大学土木工程学院, 成都 610031
  • 赵岩(1990—),男,汉族,黑龙江嫩江人,工程师。研究方向:隧道工程施工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 马述起(1984—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,教授。研究方向:隧道围岩力学分析。E-mail:
Initial Support Force Characteristics of Shallow Buried and Biased Section of Tunnel Portal in Completely Weathered Granite Strata
Yan ZHAO1 , Shu-qi MA2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030027, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405605
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为研究全风化花岗岩地层隧道浅埋偏压段初支结构受力特性,依托相思山隧道采用室内试验获取全风化花岗岩黏聚力、内摩擦角等参数,并通过FLAC3D数值软件对洞口浅埋偏压段施工过程模拟,研究不同地层因素对初支结构受力特征。结果表明:各地层因素下初支轴力和弯矩均呈“上大下小”分布特征,而初支安全系数则相反,横坡坡度的增大使初支内力呈非对称性分布,正弯矩向深埋侧偏移并逐渐增大,负弯矩和轴力在浅埋侧拱腰处不断增加,横坡坡度达到40°时初支安全系数小于允许值,但采用多段变坡面可提高初支结构安全性;随着隧道埋深的增大可减弱初支内力的非对称性分布,但内力不断增大;土石界面与隧道相交于不同位置时,初支内力大小受较大影响,而分布特征变化较小。通过现场监测隧道各位置钢拱架与混凝土应力变化以验证各地层因素作用下初支结构受力特性的合理性。

全风化花岗岩  /  浅埋偏压隧道  /  数值模拟  /  初期支护  /  受力特性

To investigate the stress characteristics of the primary support in the shallow buried biased section of the tunnel in fully weathered granite strata. Based on the Xiangsishan Tunnel, laboratory tests were conducted to determine the mechanical parameters including cohesion and internal friction angle of fully weathered granite. The construction process was simulated by FLAC 3D numerical software for the shallow buried bias section of the tunnel entrance. To study the effects of varying ground slopes, tunnel depths, and soil-rock interface locations on the stress characteristics of the primary support structure. The results indicate that, under various impact factors, the axial force and bending moment of the primary support exhibit the distribution characteristics of “upper large and lower small”, while the safety factor displays the opposite trend. The internal stresses of the primary support are distributed asymmetrically as the ground slope increases. The positive bending moment shifts toward the deeper-buried side and gradually increases, while the negative bending moment and axial force increase at the arch waist on the shallow-buried side. When the ground slope reaches 40°, the safety factor of the primary support falls below the standard allowable value. However, the stability of the primary support can be enhanced by implementing multi-stage variable slopes. As the depth of the tunnel increases, the asymmetric distribution of internal stresses in the primary support decreases, while the overall magnitude of internal stresses continuously increases. When the soil-rock interface crosses the tunnel at various locations, the magnitude of the internal stresses in the primary support is significantly affected, whereas the distribution pattern remains relatively stable. The reliability of the stress characteristics of the primary support under various impact factors was verified through on-site monitoring of the stress variations in the steel arch and concrete at various locations of the tunnel.

completely weathered granite  /  shallow buried and biased tunnel  /  numerical simulation  /  initial support  /  mechanical characteristic
赵岩, 马述起. 全风化花岗岩地层隧道浅埋偏压段初支受力特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8682 -8695 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405605
Yan ZHAO, Shu-qi MA. Initial Support Force Characteristics of Shallow Buried and Biased Section of Tunnel Portal in Completely Weathered Granite Strata[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8682 -8695 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405605
随着中国基建投资的不断增加,隧道建设数量日益增多。然后,由于华南、东南等地区花岗岩风化程度很高,形成较多大厚度的全风化层,同时该地区地形地质条件复杂多变,使得隧道洞口往往处于浅埋偏压段[1-2],造成初支结构在易产生大变形,甚至出现开裂、隧道坍塌等灾害事故[3-5]
因此,大量学者针对围岩受力特性方面展开相应研究[6-12]。杜建明等[13]采用极限平衡法求解隧道深、浅埋侧滑动阻力及水平侧压力系数,并建立浅埋偏压隧道围岩压力计算式。代树林等[14]通过模型试验和现场监测手段,研究了埋深和地表坡度对公路隧道偏压程度的影响,并建立了Ⅴ级围岩公路隧道偏压程度判定表。谢云鹏等[15]改进日本山本法支护结构计算模型,提出一种山岭浅埋隧道三心圆支护结构计算模型,为隧道支护结构计算提供了一种新方法。陈明奎等[16]研究了碎屑流地层中偏压荷载对隧道衬砌结构安全系数、裂缝宽度和最大位移的影响,并提出合理的围岩加固及衬砌加强措施。刘云雨等[17]通过对扎窝隧道洞口浅埋偏压段数值模拟,研究地形因素对支护结构力学行为、二次衬砌开裂机理以及现场裂缝处理措施的力学分析。
综上所述,学者们对浅埋偏压隧道围岩压力理论、变形机理和控制措施进行了大量研究,但相关研究主要集中于围岩稳定性方面,针对全风化、强风化花岗岩地层浅埋偏压隧道初支结构受力特征研究较少。鉴于此,依托相思山隧道开展全风化花岗岩室内试验,获得岩石基础物性参数,通过数值模拟对隧道洞口浅埋偏压段初支受力特性进行研究,分析不同地层因素对初支内力及安全系数的影响。
相思山隧道全长310.62 m,属于单洞双线隧道,设计行车速度为350 km/h,起讫里程为DK129+383~DK129+693.62。隧址区为低山丘陵地貌,地表起伏较大,相对高差最大达60 m,覆盖层下伏基岩为燕山期花岗岩,肉红色,粗中粒花岗结构,块状构造,黑云母、长石及角闪石占70%~80%,石英约占10%;全风化层呈硬塑土状,因差异风化,其中有多层强风化及弱风化层,总厚度为10~40 m,属于Ⅲ级硬土;强风化层呈碎块状及角砾状,晶粒大都风化成暗色,无光泽,轻微敲击即会破碎,属于Ⅳ级软石;弱风化带属于Ⅴ级次坚石,如图1所示。因隧道进洞段埋深较浅,上覆全风化花岗岩较为薄弱并常年受风雨侵蚀,同时隧道地表横坡坡度显著大于规范规定值,在浅埋、偏压等复杂条件下隧道开挖后围岩自稳能力差,易发生冒顶坍塌等事故,如图2所示。
从隧道进口端DK129+420断面,现场采集全风化花岗岩试样,同时制备饱和原状土样作为对照组。试验采用WG型单杠杆固结仪,如图3所示。
荷载按照50、100、200、400 kPa进行分级加载[18],每级加载时长为24 h,最后1 h内试样变形量小于0.01 mm,视作固结稳定,如图4所示。
根据试验结果计算全风化花岗岩原状土和饱和土的压缩系数av和压缩模量Es。依据广义胡克定律[19],在弹性阶段,土的应力应变存在的关系可表示为
${E}_{0}=\left(1-\frac{2{\mu }^{2}}{1-\mu }\right){E}_{\mathrm{s}}$
式(1)中:E0为土的变形模量,MPa;Es为土的压缩模量,MPa;μ为土的泊松比,取值范围在0~0.5。
根据式(1)有E0<Es,而在实际工程中E0远大于Es[20],因此在后文数值模拟计算参数取值时,根据经验公式E0=(2.0~5.0)Es对全风化花岗岩土的变形模量进行取值。
采用TSZ-1型全自动三轴仪对原状土进行不固结不排水三轴试验,制备全风化花岗岩试样:Ф39.1 mm×80 mm,取自原装土中心土样,取样流程如图5所示。分别进行围压为100、200、300、400 kPa的三轴压缩试验,以0.4 mm/min的加载速度对试样进行压缩,剪切至轴向应变的20%~25%停止。
图6可知,全风化花岗岩三轴试验围压为100、200、300、400 kPa时,对应的最大主应力差分别为144.33、192.22、302.45、352.76 kPa,并绘制全风化花岗岩莫尔强度包络线,如图6所示,经计算包络线的相关系数r为0.99,全风化花岗岩原状土黏聚力c为23.75 kPa、内摩擦角ϕ为15.66°。
为研究不同地层条件下浅埋偏压全风化花岗岩隧道初支结构受力特性。以相思山隧道洞口浅埋偏压段DK129+383~DK129+483为研究对象,采用FLAC3D软件建立三维数值模型。取左、右边界和模型顶部与底部3~5倍隧道洞径,模型整体尺寸为150 m(X)×100 m(Y)×105 m(Z),如图7所示。模型采用位移边界条件,底部施加法向约束,各侧面施加水平约束,上表面为自由面。
隧道采用三台阶七步法施工工法[21-22],开挖循环进尺为1 m,各台阶错距为4 m,如图8所示,按①、②、③、④、⑤、⑥-1、⑥-2、⑥-3、⑦的顺序依次开挖。
模型采用摩尔库伦本构,初支以及注浆加固区采用弹性本构[23]。根据现场地质勘察报告和室内试验,确定相思山隧道洞口段围岩物理力学参数,如表1所示。
相思山隧道衬砌结构按照新奥法原理采用三层复合式衬砌[24-25],如图9所示。初支钢拱架采用I22a型钢钢架,每榀间距0.6 m;喷混采用C25早强混凝土,厚度为28 cm;仰拱采用C20素混凝土填充;拱部及边墙锚杆采用Ф22 mm组合中空锚杆,长度4 m,间距(环×纵)1.2×1.0 m;锁脚锚管直径50 mm,长度4 m,纵向间距1 m。
相思山隧道采用超前大管棚对围岩进行注浆加固[26-27],其注浆范围为隧道拱顶120°,厚度根据式(2)[28]确定。
$D=2\sqrt{{R}^{2}-{\left(\frac{S}{2}\right)}^{2}}$
式(2)中:D为加固区厚度,m;R为浆液扩散半径,m,取相邻钢花管中心距的0.65倍;S为两相邻注浆孔的间距,m。
经式(2)计算,数值模型中注浆加固区厚度为1.08 m,同时根据等刚度原则,将钢拱架和喷混的弹性模量及容重折算[29]到初期支护中,支护材料参数如表2所示。
为分析隧道开挖过程中初期支护结构受力特征,取距离洞口50 m处断面,布置图10所示的10个监测点,即隧道拱顶(测点#1)、右拱腰(测点#2)、左拱腰(测点#10)、右拱脚(测点#3)、左拱脚(测点#9)、右墙脚(测点#4)、左墙脚(测点#8)、右仰拱(测点#5)、左仰拱(测点#7)以及仰拱底(测点#6)。
保持其余条件不变的情况下,即隧道埋深6 m,土石分界面与隧道拱顶距离20 m,研究不同横坡坡度0°、10°、20°、30°、40°、先10°后40°、先40°后10°对隧道初支受力特性的影响,如图11所示。
图12可知,隧道拱顶和拱墙部分弯矩都较大,而仰拱部分弯矩较小,正弯矩主要分布在初支上下部位,负弯矩主要分布在初支左右两侧,随着横坡坡度的增大,初支弯矩的非对称性越明显。由图13可知,初支轴力均呈“上大下小”的分布特征,即隧道拱墙两侧轴力较大,仰拱附近轴力较小。随着横坡坡度的逐渐增大,轴力非对称性也逐渐明显。
图14可知,初支安全系数呈“上小下大”的分布特征,即隧道仰拱部分比拱顶部分具有更好的安全性。随着横坡坡度的增加,隧道初支安全系数逐渐减小,当坡度增大至40°时,初支多处安全系数低于2.0,初支此时处于风险状态,安全系数最小值仅0.5,出现在左拱腰处。当坡度先40°后10°时,安全系数最小值3.9,变化率约-36.1%,出现在右拱腰处。当坡度先10°后40°时,安全系数最小值2.1,变化率约-65.6%,出现在拱顶处。
图15可知,随着横坡坡度的增加,隧道初支上各点处的弯矩值均呈增加趋势,当坡度达到40°时,弯矩增加最为明显。坡度在0°~30°范围时,最大正弯矩与拱顶处弯矩更接近,坡度超过30°后,最大正弯矩与左拱腰处弯矩最接近。在坡度为0°~10°时,最大负弯矩与左拱脚处弯矩最接近,横坡坡度在20°~40°范围时,最大负弯矩与右拱脚处弯矩最接近;隧道初支各点轴力的增减与横坡坡度的变化较为复杂,部分地方出现了“此消彼长”的情况。在坡度为0°~10°时,轴力最大值与左拱脚处轴力最接近,在坡度为20°~30°时,轴力最大值与右拱腰处轴力最接近,在坡度为40°时,最大轴力与左墙脚处轴力最接近;隧道初支各处安全系数的变化没有明显的增减规律,但发现仰拱处安全系数高于其余任何位置。当坡度为0°和10°时,安全系数变化并不明显。当坡度增大至20°时,右拱腰和仰拱处的安全系数出现明显减弱,拱顶、右墙脚、左墙脚和左拱脚处的安全系数出现明显增加,其余各处基本不变。当坡度增大至30°时,右拱腰、左拱脚和左墙脚处的安全系数出现明显降低。当坡度达到40°后,初支各处安全系数均出现不同程度降低,并且最终仅有仰拱和左拱脚处的安全系数满足要求,其余各处均低于允许值。
保持其余条件不变的情况下,即隧道横坡坡度20°,土石分界面与隧道拱顶距离20 m,研究不同隧道埋深4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18 m对隧道初支受力特性的影响,如图16所示。
图17图18可知,隧道初支弯矩与轴力分布特征与不同横坡坡度下的初支分布特征基本一致,但隧道埋深越浅弯矩非对称性越明显,随着埋深增加,初支轴力最值的变化率逐渐增大,最大值分布由右拱腰附近逐渐转移至左拱脚附近。
图19可知,安全系数仍呈“上小下大”的分布特征,在所有工况中隧道初支安全系数均大于允许值2.0,说明隧道初支均具有良好的安全性。以隧道埋深8 m作为基础工况进行分析,当埋深4 m时其安全系数最小值为4.1,变化率约-32.8%,出现在拱顶偏左(深埋侧)的位置。当埋深增大时其安全系数最小值逐渐降低,变化率-34.4%~11.5%,出现在拱顶或左拱脚附近。
图20可知,随着埋深的增加,初支最大正弯矩先增大后降低,而最大负弯矩则一直在增大。在埋深为4~18 m时,最大正弯矩都与拱顶处弯矩最接近。在埋深为4~8 m时,最大负弯矩与右拱脚处弯矩最接近,在埋深为10~18 m范围时,最大负弯矩与左拱脚处弯矩最接近。而隧道初支各点的轴力均呈增加趋势。轴力最大值的分布也随埋深的变化而不断变化,在埋深为4 m和6 m时,轴力最大值于右拱腰处轴力最接近。在埋深为8~18 m范围时,轴力最大值与左拱脚处轴力最接近。此外,除仰拱处安全系数没有明显规律外,隧道初支其余各处的安全系数均随埋深的增大而降低。当埋深由4 m增大至6 m时,左拱腰处的安全系数出现增大,其余各处均降低。当埋深继续增大时,隧道初支各处的安全系数均降低。
保持其余条件不变的情况下,即隧道横坡坡度20°,埋深6 m,研究不同土石界面与隧道顶部相对距离对隧道初期支护受力特性的影响。当距离为4 m时,土石界面穿越隧道左拱腰和右拱脚;距离为8 m时,土石界面穿越隧道左拱脚和右墙脚;距离为12 m时,土石界面穿越隧道左墙脚和仰拱;距离为20 m、24 m时,土石界面与隧道无相交点,如图21所示。
图22可知,拱墙弯矩都较大,仰拱部分弯矩都较小,正弯矩主要分布在初支的上下,负弯矩主要分布在初支的左右部位。最大正弯矩随着界面距离增加而不断增加,最大为38.1 kN·m;最大负弯矩较为稳定,最大为-32.8 kN·m。随着界面距离的增加,土石界面逐渐往隧道底部偏移,弯矩非对称性愈加明显。由图23可知,轴力同样呈“上大下小”的分布特征,界面距离为8 和12 m时,非对称性最为明显,轴力最大为-1 150.1 kN;随着埋深的增加,初支轴力逐渐趋于稳定,对称性明显提升。由图24可知,安全系数仍呈“上小下大”的分布。在所有土石界面工况中,隧道初支安全系数均大于允许值2.0,说明初支均具有良好的安全性。
图25可知,当土石界面逐渐低于隧道底部时,拱顶、右拱脚、左拱腰处的弯矩有增大的趋势,右墙脚、左拱脚、左墙脚处的弯矩有减弱的趋势,右拱腰处正弯矩逐渐降低并变为负弯矩。当土石界面逐渐高于隧道底部时,除左墙脚和右拱脚除弯矩变化有波动外,其余各处弯矩均呈降低的趋势。不论土石界面的位置如何变化,最大正弯矩均与拱顶处弯矩最接近;当土石界面逐渐高于隧道底部时,初支结构轴力有降低的趋势。轴力最大值的分布也随土石界面位置的变化而不断变化,当土石界面与隧道顶部的距离为4~12 m范围时,轴力最大值与左拱脚处轴力最接近。当土石界面与隧道底部的距离为20~24 m时,轴力最大值与右拱腰处轴力最接近;当土石界面与隧道顶部距离由4 m变为8 m时,隧道初支左拱脚、左墙脚、右墙脚处安全系数显著降低,拱顶安全系数增大。在其他距离范围内,初支各处安全系数在小范围内波动。
根据隧道现场情况,隧道地表横坡坡度为30°,隧道埋深为20 m,土石界面位置为10 m,对DK129+430断面各项指标进行监测。由图26可知,各监测点的应力变化已趋于基本稳定状态,钢架历史最大应力为-200.61 MPa,发生在左拱腰内侧,该处目前最大值为-200.61 MPa,历史最大变化速率-164.46 MPa/d,发生在左拱腰内侧。该断面初支拱墙内侧和外侧钢架应力变化曲线的整体趋势一致,内侧的应力曲线起伏性相对于外侧小,结构主要以受拉为主,内侧右墙角的以受压为主。曲线先上升后保持水平变化。DK129+430断面初支仰拱钢架应力变化曲线的阶段性特征明显,监测初期应力主要为压应力,曲线表现为小幅度变化,上升趋势不明显,监测中期曲线先是呈现出下降趋势,当下降至0后开始出现应力转向,压应力转变为拉应力,并开始逐渐增大,增长至中后期开始下降,监测后期曲线保持水平变化,应力不再显著变化。内侧和外侧曲线的变化形态是相一致的,转折点也是相吻合的。
图27可知,各监测点的应力变化已趋于基本稳定状态,混凝土历史最大应力值为-9.52 MPa,发生在左拱腰内侧处,该处目前最大值为-9.50 MPa,历史最大变化速率-7.65 MPa/d。该断面初支拱墙混凝土内、外侧均以受拉为主。其中,内侧左墙脚和右墙角在中期表现出应力突增的现象,左墙脚的突增量高达6 MPa,右墙脚的高达4.7 MPa,中后期应力曲线进入水平变化。外侧的应力曲线变化整体形态与内侧一致,左墙角在中期突增量为3.8 MPa。DK129+430断面初支仰拱混凝土应力变化曲线呈现出明显的阶段性特征,转折性变化与拱墙混凝土应力突增时序一致,仰拱混凝土的转折性变化是压应力转向拉应力的过程,监测中后期,应力曲线出现下降趋势,下降至末期,应力曲线表现为水平变化。
(1)各地层变化因素(横坡坡度、隧道埋深和土石界面位置)下全风化花岗岩隧道浅埋偏压段初支内力(弯矩和轴力)均呈“上大下小”分布特征,而初支安全系数则呈“上小下大”分布特征。
(2)随着横坡坡度的不断增加,隧道初支内力非对称性分布特征逐渐明显,正弯矩向深埋侧偏移并越来越大,浅埋侧拱腰处负弯矩和轴力均逐渐增大,当坡度达40°后,初支结构多处安全系数小于允许值,说明此时已无法满足隧道基本安全要求。当采用多段变坡面时,可起到降低初支内力及提高安全系数的作用,而变坡面深埋侧横坡坡度对隧道初支内力分布影响更大,当隧道深埋侧横坡坡度增大时,隧道初支的内力分布会表现出更明显的非对称性,而当隧道浅埋侧横坡坡度增大时,主要影响初支内力大小和安全性。
(3)随着隧道埋深的不断增大,隧道初支内力分布非对称性逐渐减弱,说明埋深增大会减弱地形偏压对隧道初支力学特性影响,但初支所受内力增大,在所研究的埋深工况中,初支安全系数均满足要求。
(4)当土石界面位于不同位置时,隧道初支内力大小受较大影响,而内力分布变化则较小。当土石界面与开挖隧洞相交时,隧道初支结构受到的影响更大,由于岩层的承载能力明显高于土层,所以土石界面的位置越高,岩层占比越大,位于岩层中初支结构受力较小,初支安全性能提升越大。而位于土层中的初支结构受力依然很大,导致初支结构在土石分界面上下的受力差异较大。
(5)根据现场监测得到的初支钢拱架、混凝土和围岩应力变化曲线可知,各测点变化趋势基本稳定,且由于地表偏压、埋深和土石界面的影响,最大值均主要出现在左拱腰内侧,与模拟得到的结论一致,现场应采用相应的支护措施。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52378417)
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC0174)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2682021CX003)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2682021ZTPY049)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405605
  • 接收时间:2024-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-25
  • 修回日期:2025-04-15
基金
国家自然科学基金(52378417)
四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC0174)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2682021CX003)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2682021ZTPY049)
作者信息
    1 中铁十二局集团有限公司, 太原 030027
    2 西南交通大学土木工程学院, 成都 610031

通讯作者:

* 马述起(1984—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,教授。研究方向:隧道围岩力学分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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