Article(id=1261270370976449236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407116, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=1745683200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778639889711, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778639889711, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778639889711, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778639889711, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8725, endPage=8736, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261270372922606303, articleId=1261270370976449236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Aircraft Landing Performance under Uneven Waterlogged Pavement, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the safety problems encountered when aircraft land and taxi on runway surfaces with accumulated water, three-dimensional random uneven half-runway surfaces with different flatness grades were established. The distribution of accumulated water in the landing strip under the influence of runway unevenness was used to investigate the accumulated water distribution characteristic matrix. Moreover, a theoretical model for aircraft landing and taxiing on runways with accumulated water was established, and dynamic simulations were carried out using the Simulink tool to analyze the impact of runways on aircraft landing performance under different accumulated water distribution conditions. The results show that compared with “good” (international roughness index, IRI=1), the landing distance of the runway with “poor” (IRI=5) increases by about 29 m, and the landing distance of the runway with “poor” (IRI=1) increases by 3.7% compared with the ideal smooth road. Moreover, the decrease of road smoothness would aggravate the risk of tire water skiing. If the ground speed of the aircraft is increased from 62 m/s to 82 m/s, the landing distance will directly increase by about 520 m, an increase of about 87%. When the rainfall intensity of 1 mm/min increases from 1 mm/min to 3 mm/min, the landing distance increases by 6.5 m and 7.4 m for each increase in rainfall intensity of 1 mm/min. It is concluded that at the uneven position of the pavement, the greater the grounding speed, the greater the speed when reaching the same position, and the greater the reduction of the adhesion coefficient of the position, up to 11.3%. With the increase of rainfall intensity, the adhesion coefficient decreases gradually. When the rainfall intensity reaches 3 mm/min, the adhesion coefficient decreases by about 20% compared with the dry pavement.

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为解决飞机在积水道面着陆滑跑时遇到的安全问题,通过建立不同平整度等级的三维随机不平整半幅道面,利用积水分布特征矩阵的方法研究了跑道不平整影响下的着陆带积水分布。并且建立积水跑道飞机着陆滑跑理论模型,使用Simulink工具进行动力学仿真,分析在不同积水分布条件下跑道对飞机着陆性能影响。结果表明:平整度评级“差”(国际平整度指数international roughness index,IRI=5)相比平整度评级“好”(IRI=1)的跑道着陆滑跑距离增加约29 m,相比理想平整道面着陆距离增加了3.7%,且道面平整度降低会导致轮胎滑水风险加剧;若飞机接地速度从62 m/s提升到82 m/s,着陆距离将直接增加约520 m,增加了约87%;降雨强度1 mm/min相较干燥跑道的着陆滑跑距离增加了约20%,降雨强度从1 mm/min提升至3 mm/min的情况下,降雨强度每增加1 mm/min着陆距离增加6.5 m和7.4 m。可见道面不平整位置处,接地速度越大,则到达同一位置时的速度也越大,该位置附着系数降低幅度也越大,最大可达11.3%。随着降雨强度的增大,附着系数逐渐降低,降雨强度达到3 mm/min时,附着系数较干燥道面降低约20%。

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蔡靖(1975―),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,教授。研究方向:机场工程与场道工程。E-mail:

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蔡靖(1975―),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,教授。研究方向:机场工程与场道工程。E-mail:

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蔡靖(1975―),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,教授。研究方向:机场工程与场道工程。E-mail:

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Changsha: Central South University, 2008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261377111521112987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=34, authorNames=张恒, journalName=轮胎与湿滑道面相互作用下的飞机滑水行为研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张恒. 轮胎与湿滑道面相互作用下的飞机滑水行为研究[D]. 天津: 中国民航大学, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261377111735022495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Zhang Heng, journalName=Civil Aviation University of China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Heng. Research on aircraft water skiing behavior under the interaction between tires and wet sliding surface[D]. Tianjin: Civil Aviation University of China, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1261377106064323318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, awardId=52472369, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52472369), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1261377106190152445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, awardId=MHJGKFKT-01, language=CN, fundingSource=民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心开放课题(MHJGKFKT-01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1261377106324370176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, awardId=MHJGKFKT-04, language=CN, fundingSource=民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心开放课题(MHJGKFKT-04), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261377036715700444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377036925415645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, companyId=1261377036715700444, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Traffic Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377037277737184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, companyId=1261377036715700444, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261377042189267197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377042310902014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, companyId=1261377042189267197, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Civil Aviation Airport Intelligent Construction and Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin 300456, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377042327679231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, companyId=1261377042189267197, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心, 天津 300456)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261377089735897601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Elevation matrix H represents pavement roughness, figureFileSmall=c4GqTOpXL8Xko9Q+Wpp7pQ==, figureFileBig=8Ljn7QpeAeqnVSK9z77fBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377092185371151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高程矩阵H表示道面不平整情况, figureFileSmall=c4GqTOpXL8Xko9Q+Wpp7pQ==, figureFileBig=8Ljn7QpeAeqnVSK9z77fBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377092525109780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=30 m×30 m pavement plane elevation map, figureFileSmall=s6ypFC64YnzGTU7UdThzeA==, figureFileBig=fQ034MndN+PVwq+GC4LRLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377092718047769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图2, caption=30 m×30 m的道面平面高程图, figureFileSmall=s6ypFC64YnzGTU7UdThzeA==, figureFileBig=fQ034MndN+PVwq+GC4LRLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377093007454749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Confluence process of water on the pavement, figureFileSmall=yzXYP22i5fD/ncQWRwP8Kg==, figureFileBig=mJWk/DKOofXVTzYysm0Geg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377093573685801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图3, caption=道面积水汇流过程, figureFileSmall=yzXYP22i5fD/ncQWRwP8Kg==, figureFileBig=mJWk/DKOofXVTzYysm0Geg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377093879870000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Runway water distribution model with 2% cross slope and 3 mm/min rainfall intensity, figureFileSmall=1jrN5ZtsLIMOw1UFRx1SqA==, figureFileBig=Sq87IBLuJZkarmi08GoydA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377094269940282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图4, caption=横坡2%、降雨强度3 mm/min的跑道积水分布模型

x为跑道的长度;y为离跑道中线的距离,即排水方向的长度;h为积水的厚度

, figureFileSmall=1jrN5ZtsLIMOw1UFRx1SqA==, figureFileBig=Sq87IBLuJZkarmi08GoydA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377094521598529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Water distribution considering evenness during heavy rainfall, figureFileSmall=RvF3YgKc4G5FQdiMqM/2iA==, figureFileBig=4/YsGx/YEcMiloYH0iT+Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377094710342213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图5, caption=强降雨下考虑平整度的积水分布, figureFileSmall=RvF3YgKc4G5FQdiMqM/2iA==, figureFileBig=4/YsGx/YEcMiloYH0iT+Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377096430006862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Water distribution considering evenness under partial runway rainfall, figureFileSmall=As+/Go/dCaffNBB38b+0TQ==, figureFileBig=nCCFcduMufkfB4wG8WzT1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377096627139156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图6, caption=部分跑道强降雨下考虑平整度的积水分布, figureFileSmall=As+/Go/dCaffNBB38b+0TQ==, figureFileBig=nCCFcduMufkfB4wG8WzT1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377097549886041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Runway cross section water distribution and wheel track probability distribution, figureFileSmall=Gj1RC8x57SP/lDPtQbbDbA==, figureFileBig=Ryb32c3oW5aAvZu/zWUaiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377097923179103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图7, caption=跑道横断面积水分布及轮迹概率分布, figureFileSmall=Gj1RC8x57SP/lDPtQbbDbA==, figureFileBig=Ryb32c3oW5aAvZu/zWUaiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377098128700006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Equivalent water thickness at the position of the main landing gear is distributed along the length of the tracke, figureFileSmall=Sup95M1aZa5Y+xA37GEoCQ==, figureFileBig=JabgZhoOeIxv0ikw8+xpcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377098418106989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图8, caption=主起落架位置处当量积水厚度沿道面长度方向分布

1%_1表示横坡坡度为1%且降雨强度为1 mm/min;1%_1.5/1%_2/2%_3表示横坡坡度为1%、降雨强度为1.5 mm/min,横坡坡度为1%、降雨强度为2 mm/min,以及横坡坡度为2%、降雨强度为3 mm/min,这3种情况下当量积水分布是一样的;1%_3/1.5%_3/1%_2.5表示横坡坡度为1%、降雨强度为3 mm/min,横坡坡度为1.5%、降雨强度为3 mm/min,以及横坡坡度为1%、降雨强度为2.5 mm/min,这3种情况下当量积水分布是相同的

, figureFileSmall=Sup95M1aZa5Y+xA37GEoCQ==, figureFileBig=JabgZhoOeIxv0ikw8+xpcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377098707513973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Analysis of body stress, figureFileSmall=7JPVgEPhKln6nPcPOFuX6w==, figureFileBig=ECmwPJHwKomLBf7CzpM53Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377098996920956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图9, caption=机体受力情况分析

T为飞机推动力;FD为飞机气动阻力;FL为飞机气动升力;L为飞机滚转力矩;M为飞机俯仰力矩;${F}_{{x}_{{\mathrm{ }}_{\mathrm{1,2},3}}}$为第1、2、3个起落架作用于机身向后的力;${F}_{{z}_{\mathrm{1,2},3}}$为第1、2、3个起落架作用于机身向上的力;${F}_{{x}_{3}}$为前起落架作用于机身向后的力;${F}_{{z}_{3}}$为前起落架作用于机身向上的力;mb为弹性支承质量;g为重力加速度

, figureFileSmall=7JPVgEPhKln6nPcPOFuX6w==, figureFileBig=ECmwPJHwKomLBf7CzpM53Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377099256967811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Simulink model of airframe, figureFileSmall=BuvrUZ441ZM2SOGRsIt5Xg==, figureFileBig=mrSYNVdcHIlPpDKy2vb1fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377100854997637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图10, caption=机体Simulink模型

r为飞机位移;v为飞机滑跑速度;w为飞机姿态角速度;Euler angle为欧拉角

, figureFileSmall=BuvrUZ441ZM2SOGRsIt5Xg==, figureFileBig=mrSYNVdcHIlPpDKy2vb1fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377100968243850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Dynamic model of landing gear, figureFileSmall=RUuO+E/xX7hgS5lZOugjhA==, figureFileBig=BuBSha/RKP+OXMwWAahaqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377101064712847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图11, caption=起落架动力学模型

ma1ma2ma3为轮胎的质量;z1z2z3分别为左主起落架、右主起落架、前起落架和机身连接处的高度;zw1zw2、zw3分别为各起落架机轮高度;φθ为机体姿态角

, figureFileSmall=RUuO+E/xX7hgS5lZOugjhA==, figureFileBig=BuBSha/RKP+OXMwWAahaqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377101194736275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Simulink model of landing gear, figureFileSmall=jgonHnD//SSbFjmD5Faeiw==, figureFileBig=cGr9YsCNekET38Y4pMD8ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377101387674265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图12, caption=起落架Simulink模型, figureFileSmall=jgonHnD//SSbFjmD5Faeiw==, figureFileBig=cGr9YsCNekET38Y4pMD8ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377101706441375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Aircraft wheel force analysis, figureFileSmall=Dx1Iotc2ZeQExUv62s9NOQ==, figureFileBig=IoY4ot7Q0zb0gNFjV/S4Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377101920350884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图13, caption=机轮受力分析

v为飞机滑跑速度;FN为道面支撑力;R为机轮半径;Mb为刹车力矩;fx为摩擦力

, figureFileSmall=Dx1Iotc2ZeQExUv62s9NOQ==, figureFileBig=IoY4ot7Q0zb0gNFjV/S4Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377102054568616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Simulink model of aircraft wheels, figureFileSmall=fYvz6lMZH1ZEa6Y0YSm1kA==, figureFileBig=OiljvQT9ADmbNV8gEJWBQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377102201369264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图14, caption=机轮Simulink模型

ux道面纵向摩擦系数;uy道面侧向摩擦系数;k1k2为湿滑道面侧向摩擦系数公式参数,与积水厚度有关;i为侧向摩擦系数公式折减系数

, figureFileSmall=fYvz6lMZH1ZEa6Y0YSm1kA==, figureFileBig=OiljvQT9ADmbNV8gEJWBQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377102385918645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Change of adhesion coefficient during landing and sliding at different grounding speeds, figureFileSmall=ijS3ULFUKevv18/M5DwyMg==, figureFileBig=5A8X9pog3TPrihRlDKf/Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377102499164855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同接地速度着陆滑跑过程附着系数变化, figureFileSmall=ijS3ULFUKevv18/M5DwyMg==, figureFileBig=5A8X9pog3TPrihRlDKf/Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377102591439548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Change of sliding speed during landing and sliding at different grounding speeds, figureFileSmall=WpP3lqEjVFO+C7AZsrp0FQ==, figureFileBig=4RJXOn9WRO47ekoXtgYsdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377102725657278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同接地速度着陆滑跑过程滑跑速度变化, figureFileSmall=WpP3lqEjVFO+C7AZsrp0FQ==, figureFileBig=4RJXOn9WRO47ekoXtgYsdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377102981509830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Comparison of critical hydroplaning speed and aircraft ground speed during landing on different level runways, figureFileSmall=Al86t8DH9jzYBst3lvilHg==, figureFileBig=p0gdNeDXDzRTolX9oQVk4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377103119921864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同平整道面着陆过程临界滑水速度与滑跑速度对比, figureFileSmall=Al86t8DH9jzYBst3lvilHg==, figureFileBig=p0gdNeDXDzRTolX9oQVk4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377103291888332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Change of adhesion coefficient in different rainfall intensity landing process, figureFileSmall=dIAEa+/g+/o1inCRbLhv4g==, figureFileBig=viS9xx6xr0zJQkixgwbApA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377103514186449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同降雨强度着陆过程附着系数变化, figureFileSmall=dIAEa+/g+/o1inCRbLhv4g==, figureFileBig=viS9xx6xr0zJQkixgwbApA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377103606461142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Air spring force and oil damping force related parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
主起落架 前起落架
初始气压P0/MPa 18 960 16 210
初始容积V0/m3 101 281
活塞截面积Aa/m2 2 483 712
大气压强Patm/MPa 10 133 10 133
多变指数γ 120 120
油液面积AFL/m2 1 926.1 488.5
油孔面积Aoil/m2 14.52×10-5 2.632×10-5
油液密度ρ/(kg·m-3) 860 860
卸荷指数ξ 0.95 0.83
), ArticleFig(id=1261377104856363740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

空气弹簧力及油液阻尼力相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
主起落架 前起落架
初始气压P0/MPa 18 960 16 210
初始容积V0/m3 101 281
活塞截面积Aa/m2 2 483 712
大气压强Patm/MPa 10 133 10 133
多变指数γ 120 120
油液面积AFL/m2 1 926.1 488.5
油孔面积Aoil/m2 14.52×10-5 2.632×10-5
油液密度ρ/(kg·m-3) 860 860
卸荷指数ξ 0.95 0.83
), ArticleFig(id=1261377104982192866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of aircraft tire

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
主起落架个数nc 2
单个起落架轮胎nw 2
轮胎质量/kg 100
最大着陆重量M/N 650 720
主起落架分配系数q 0.95
轮胎半径R/m 0.58
), ArticleFig(id=1261377105183519461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

飞机轮胎相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
主起落架个数nc 2
单个起落架轮胎nw 2
轮胎质量/kg 100
最大着陆重量M/N 650 720
主起落架分配系数q 0.95
轮胎半径R/m 0.58
), ArticleFig(id=1261377105368068841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Summary of the influence of water distribution conditions on aircraft landing performance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 横坡坡度/
%
降雨强度/
(mm·min-1)
RWYCC 滑跑距离 是否发
生滑水

(IRI=1)
1.0 1.0 5.0 526.5
1.0 1.5 5.0
1.0 2.0 2.0 532.2
2.0 3.0 2.0
1.0 2.5 2.0
1.0 3.0 2.0 536.3
1.5 3.0 2.0

(IRI=3)
1.0 1.0 5.0 529.7
1.0 1.5 2.0
1.0 2.0 2.0 541.9
2.0 3.0 2.0
1.0 2.5 2.0
1.0 3.0 2.0 548.6
1.5 3.0 2.0

(IRI=5)
1.0 1.0 5.0 540.2
1.0 1.5 2.0
1.0 2.0 2.0 551.8
2.0 3.0 2.0
1.0 2.5 2.0
1.0 3.0 2.0 565.2
1.5 3.0 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1261377105741361902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370976449236, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

积水分布条件对飞机着陆性能影响汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 横坡坡度/
%
降雨强度/
(mm·min-1)
RWYCC 滑跑距离 是否发
生滑水

(IRI=1)
1.0 1.0 5.0 526.5
1.0 1.5 5.0
1.0 2.0 2.0 532.2
2.0 3.0 2.0
1.0 2.5 2.0
1.0 3.0 2.0 536.3
1.5 3.0 2.0

(IRI=3)
1.0 1.0 5.0 529.7
1.0 1.5 2.0
1.0 2.0 2.0 541.9
2.0 3.0 2.0
1.0 2.5 2.0
1.0 3.0 2.0 548.6
1.5 3.0 2.0

(IRI=5)
1.0 1.0 5.0 540.2
1.0 1.5 2.0
1.0 2.0 2.0 551.8
2.0 3.0 2.0
1.0 2.5 2.0
1.0 3.0 2.0 565.2
1.5 3.0 2.0
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不平整积水道面条件下飞机着陆性能
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蔡靖 1, 2 , 刘知昊 1 , 毛鹏飞 1 , 李岳 1 , 戴轩 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(20): 8725-8736
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(20): 8725-8736
不平整积水道面条件下飞机着陆性能
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蔡靖1, 2 , 刘知昊1, 毛鹏飞1, 李岳1, 戴轩1
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 2 民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心, 天津 300456
  • 蔡靖(1975―),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,教授。研究方向:机场工程与场道工程。E-mail:

Aircraft Landing Performance under Uneven Waterlogged Pavement
Jing CAI1, 2 , Zhi-hao LIU1, Peng-fei MAO1, Yue LI1, Xuan DAI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Traffic Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2 Civil Aviation Airport Intelligent Construction and Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin 300456, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407116
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为解决飞机在积水道面着陆滑跑时遇到的安全问题,通过建立不同平整度等级的三维随机不平整半幅道面,利用积水分布特征矩阵的方法研究了跑道不平整影响下的着陆带积水分布。并且建立积水跑道飞机着陆滑跑理论模型,使用Simulink工具进行动力学仿真,分析在不同积水分布条件下跑道对飞机着陆性能影响。结果表明:平整度评级“差”(国际平整度指数international roughness index,IRI=5)相比平整度评级“好”(IRI=1)的跑道着陆滑跑距离增加约29 m,相比理想平整道面着陆距离增加了3.7%,且道面平整度降低会导致轮胎滑水风险加剧;若飞机接地速度从62 m/s提升到82 m/s,着陆距离将直接增加约520 m,增加了约87%;降雨强度1 mm/min相较干燥跑道的着陆滑跑距离增加了约20%,降雨强度从1 mm/min提升至3 mm/min的情况下,降雨强度每增加1 mm/min着陆距离增加6.5 m和7.4 m。可见道面不平整位置处,接地速度越大,则到达同一位置时的速度也越大,该位置附着系数降低幅度也越大,最大可达11.3%。随着降雨强度的增大,附着系数逐渐降低,降雨强度达到3 mm/min时,附着系数较干燥道面降低约20%。

积水分布  /  动力学模型  /  接地速度  /  着陆距离  /  附着系数

In order to solve the safety problems encountered when aircraft land and taxi on runway surfaces with accumulated water, three-dimensional random uneven half-runway surfaces with different flatness grades were established. The distribution of accumulated water in the landing strip under the influence of runway unevenness was used to investigate the accumulated water distribution characteristic matrix. Moreover, a theoretical model for aircraft landing and taxiing on runways with accumulated water was established, and dynamic simulations were carried out using the Simulink tool to analyze the impact of runways on aircraft landing performance under different accumulated water distribution conditions. The results show that compared with “good” (international roughness index, IRI=1), the landing distance of the runway with “poor” (IRI=5) increases by about 29 m, and the landing distance of the runway with “poor” (IRI=1) increases by 3.7% compared with the ideal smooth road. Moreover, the decrease of road smoothness would aggravate the risk of tire water skiing. If the ground speed of the aircraft is increased from 62 m/s to 82 m/s, the landing distance will directly increase by about 520 m, an increase of about 87%. When the rainfall intensity of 1 mm/min increases from 1 mm/min to 3 mm/min, the landing distance increases by 6.5 m and 7.4 m for each increase in rainfall intensity of 1 mm/min. It is concluded that at the uneven position of the pavement, the greater the grounding speed, the greater the speed when reaching the same position, and the greater the reduction of the adhesion coefficient of the position, up to 11.3%. With the increase of rainfall intensity, the adhesion coefficient decreases gradually. When the rainfall intensity reaches 3 mm/min, the adhesion coefficient decreases by about 20% compared with the dry pavement.

distribution of waterlogging  /  dynamical model  /  touchdown speed  /  landing distance  /  adhesion factor
蔡靖, 刘知昊, 毛鹏飞, 李岳, 戴轩. 不平整积水道面条件下飞机着陆性能. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8725 -8736 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407116
Jing CAI, Zhi-hao LIU, Peng-fei MAO, Yue LI, Xuan DAI. Aircraft Landing Performance under Uneven Waterlogged Pavement[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8725 -8736 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407116
在降雨条件下,由于道面的平整度问题,会在高程较低的位置形成积水,积水分布也会随着道面特征以及降雨强度大小有所不同,降雨停止后,积水短时间内难以排出从而影响飞机的着陆性能。飞机在湿滑道面上滑跑时积水会对轮胎产生竖向抬升力,导致轮胎附着系数降低,当飞机接近临界滑水速度时,会对飞行员的操纵带来影响并可能造成飞机发生滑水,出现安全事故。以往大多数研究都是基于均匀积水和平整道面两个基本假设条件,但这并不符合跑道的真实状况。因此有必要通过量化分析跑道积水分布条件对飞机着陆性能的影响,模拟不同工况下飞机着陆滑跑过程,评价飞机着陆性能。
中外学者针对道面积水分布以及飞机着陆距离开展了大量研究。道面积水分布方面,Gallaway等[1]通过大量工况的测试试验数据,分析不同影响因素对道路表面径流积水的影响,探讨了降雨下沿道面的积水分布规律。郑悦锋等[2]通过机场道面区域的水文、水力分析,结合相关技术标准建立机场道面排水性能评价模型,以完善机场道面评价体系和评价标准。张驰等[3]采用计算流体力学软件Fluent建立轮胎-路面-流体的有限元模型,模拟不同积水厚度下汽车轮胎动水压力的变化情况。罗京等[4]通过构建全尺寸预制路面模型,开展了不同工况条件下的积水厚度试验,根据实测数据构造了积水厚度计算的回归模型,基于计算结果对比了不同积水厚度预测模型。李光元等[5]利用人工降雨模拟试验,通过分析不同因素的影响程度并对试验数据进行回归,建立道面积水厚度计算的经验公式。赵建有等[6]利用BIM软件建立三维道路模型,分析了路面积水总量和排水设施径流量的关系,建立了考虑排水设施与路面构造深度影响的降雨模拟方案;采用离散相模型和多相流模型耦合,模拟了降雨条件下的路面积水状态。黄晓明等[7]分析不同滑跑速度和水膜厚度条件下轮胎水膜道面相互接触变化关系,结合CarSim建立的整体车辆动力学模型和MATLAB/Simulink仿真分析软件导入水膜抬升力,分析车辆在积水道面上直线行驶和弯道行驶的制动性能。飞机着陆安全方面,Horne等[8]建立美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)指导性文件AMC 25.1591采纳并沿用至今的飞机轮胎滑水的数学模型,给出了关于胎压P的NASA经典临界滑水速度经验公式。欧洲航空安全局[9]提出针对大型飞机的适航审定规范和可接受的符合性方法。Martin[10]对轮胎滑水现象从流体动力学角度进行分析,并将水膜产生的升力及轮胎对跑道表面压力的分布与NASA的实验结果进行了比较,建立滑水力学模型和动水压强分布模型。宗辉杭等[11]根据道面不同区域积水条件,分段建立轮胎滑水仿真分析模型,探讨滑水行为差异及轮辙影响机理,验证当量积水指标的合理性与适用范围。Pasindu等[12]采用有限元仿真模型分析湿滑跑道轮胎与道面之间的相互作用,计算飞机在湿滑道面上着陆时的制动距离,评估了飞机轮胎的抗滑特性。蔡靖等[13]针对飞机在湿滑道面上的滑水问题,采用(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)算法建立飞机轮胎-湿滑道面有限元模型,与CEL模型进行对比,凸显了SPH算法的优越性,进而分析不同轮胎速度及水膜厚度对轮胎与湿滑道面相互作用的影响规律。蔡靖等[14]利用(coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian,CEL)流固耦合方法分析流动场冲击原地滚动轮胎和滚动轮胎冲击静流场两类模型,模拟飞机轮胎滑水过程,对比NASA临界滑水速度公式分析误差,并基于道面真实积水状态,建立轮胎-水膜-道面有限元模型,分析两种类型作用机理区别及动水压强的不同。蔡靖等[15]基于ABAQUS软件搭建了考虑道面平整度的轮胎-湿滑道面有限元模型,并进行仿真分析,分析(international roughness index,IRI)对道面摩擦性能的影响,结果表明,道面平整段积水厚度为7.66~13 mm时飞机刹车效应受IRI变化的影响较大,降级变化明显。崔艳雨等[16]通过搭建污染跑道摩擦特性测试装置,对飞机轮胎在不同水膜厚度、速度、荷载条件下运行的滑移距离进行研究,结果表明,水膜厚度对道面摩擦影响显著,一定程度上增加飞机荷载,能有效改善摩擦特性。
综上可知,当前中外在研究飞机着陆性能时很少考虑道面的平整度情况,但道面不平整对于飞机着陆性能的影响较大,如若遇到有道面积水的情况,对飞机着陆会带来更大影响。少有的对道面平整度且积水分布的研究大多数集中在公路领域,机场跑道与公路路面有着很大的差异,因此有必要考虑道面平整度对道面积水分布的影响,进而分析在不平整道面上积水情况下飞机着陆性能。
降雨过程中,在道面形成径流之前雨水会先往低洼处聚集,在此称为填洼汇流过程,等低洼处积水与表面齐平后,再降雨就会形成表面径流。实际工程中跑道的三维表面高程数据可以使用自动化测量工具获取。首先将跑道分块,XmYm分别表示跑道纵向、横向的分块个数,分别测量每一块高程数据并给出该块高程的代表值Zij,然后将高程代表值按照空间分布构造高程矩阵H,如图1所示。
填洼的过程为:首先找到道面中的最小高程点,将总降雨量V0分布到最小高程点处,得到一个新的高程分布矩阵;然后将该点处叠加后的高程H1值与周围点相比较,用H1值替换周围最小值,形成新的高程矩阵,此时得出其剩余水量V1;之后继续按照上述流程进行迭代;最后,若最小高程点位于边界且道面排水良好,则剩余积水将相对短时间内沿道面径流顺利排出,若边界排水不良,则继续按照上述程序进行积水分配,直至剩余水量为0。
为了方便直观观察积水的汇流过程,截取一段30 m×30 m的道面如图2所示,蓝色表示高程较低,易产生积水。将其转化为10×10高程矩阵来表示道面的起伏情况,然后通过上述算法实现积水汇流过程,如图3所示。
采用适用机场跑道的径流二维浅水控制方程[17],并根据方程假设30 m×100 m的半幅道面三边排水通畅,使用MATLAB软件建立横坡2%、降雨强度3 mm/min的达到稳态后的跑道积水分布模型如图4所示。
强降雨下真实道面的积水分布往往是由多重影响因素所决定的,综合道面不平整影响的积水分布和降雨下的积水沿横坡方向排水达到稳态的分布叠加。汇流过程考虑平整度的积水分布如图5(a)所示,叠加降雨强度1 mm/min、横坡坡度1%的径流积水分布如图5(b)所示。图6给出了平整度指数IRI=1的跑道300~420 m范围内积水分布。
利用上述方法对降雨强度分别为1、1.5、2、2.5、3 mm/min及跑道横坡分别为1%、1.5%、2%,且平整度指数分别为1、3、5的工况进行计算,获得跑道表面积水分布,并对道面进行状态评估。
图6可以看出,跑道横向不同位置处积水厚度不同,且飞机在跑道上着陆滑跑时主起落架机轮接地位置是随机分布的,但这种随机性在道面横坡方向不同位置处的概率是不同的,通常主起落架的主轮距直接影响接地位置的概率分布。
通过对大量飞机接地数据的调查、统计并研究[18],主机轮重复荷载作用位置符合正态分布,均值为5.5 m,标准差为0.775,即可求得不同位置的接地概率分布,如图7所示,同时图7给出了横坡1%,IRI=3的跑道横断面在雨强3 mm/min下积水分布。
定义x为离跑道中线距离,则飞机主机轮接地位置在离跑道中线3~9 m范围内的概率P(3 m≤x≤9 m)=99.937%,即绝大多数情况下飞机主机轮接地位置离跑道中线3~9 m范围内。综合以上分析,采取以下方法进行当量积水厚度的换算:将道面沿横坡方向分为10份,记i =1,2,…,10,$\mathrm{\Delta }x=$3 m(Δx为将道面沿横坡方向分为10份时,每一份的长度),根据概率密度函数求得对应位置概率,可求出积水厚度期望,即当量积水厚度hE,求解过程如式(1)、式(2)所示。
${h}_{\mathrm{E}}=\stackrel{10}{\sum _{i=1}}{h}_{i}{P}_{i}$
${P}_{i}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\mathrm{\pi }}\sigma }{\int }_{{x}_{i}}^{{x}_{i+1}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{(x-\mu)}^{2}}{2{\sigma }^{2}}}\mathrm{d}x$
式中:hi为跑道沿横坡方向第i段的积水厚度;Pi为飞机在第i段跑道接地的概率;xi为第i段跑道离跑道中线的距离;均值μ=55 m;标准差σ=0.775 m。
因此不同平整度下主起落架位置处道面积水分布如图8所示。
图8可知,如果不考虑道面平整度对积水分布的影响,则以上每种工况的当量积水分布沿道面长度方向分布图都将是一条直线。若考虑不平整的影响,则为波动线,随着道面平整度状况从好到差,当量厚度沿长度方向波动程度逐渐变大。道面平整度对于积水厚度的影响较大。道面平整性最差的积水工况下,即IRI=5、横坡1%、降雨强度3 mm/min时,当量积水厚度最大值约6 mm。
将上述主起落架机轮轮胎作用位置处积水厚度的分布情况,作为跑道道面的积水条件工况建立以下飞机轮胎-道面相互作用动力学仿真模型。
飞机着陆滑跑过程是一个复杂的多自由度空间运动的过程。飞机各部件受到的力复杂且繁多,且随着时间不断变化,受到道面状况、飞行员操纵以及接地速度等诸多因素影响。因此,使用Simulink仿真工具从上到下分别对机体、起落架和机轮等各系统进行动力学建模,并分析飞机滑跑运动过程[19]
在着陆滑跑过程中,飞机机体会受到自身重力、气动力以及发动机推力作用,而由于机体并不直接与道面及机轮接触,所以道面作用力和刹车制动力则是通过起落架传递给机体。机体具体受力情况如图9所示。
根据图9,以地面参考系建立刚体质心平移动力学方程,即
${m}_{\mathrm{b}}\left[\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{··}{x}\\ \stackrel{··}{y}\\ \stackrel{··}{z}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{l}0\\ 0\\ -{m}_{\mathrm{b}}g\end{array}\right]+{L}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{b}}\left(\left[\begin{array}{l}-T\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{l}-{F}_{\mathrm{D}}\\ -{F}_{\mathrm{C}}\\ {F}_{\mathrm{L}}\end{array}\right]\right)+{L}_{\mathrm{J}\mathrm{D}}\stackrel{3}{\sum _{k=1}}\left[\begin{array}{l}{F}_{xk}\\ {F}_{yk}\\ {F}_{zk}\end{array}\right]$
以机体参考系建立刚性机体转动动力学方程及姿态运动学方程分别为
$\begin{array}{l}\left[\begin{array}{l}{I}_{xx}\stackrel{·}{p}+\left({I}_{zz}-{I}_{yy}\right)qr-{I}_{zx}(pq+\stackrel{·}{r})\\ {I}_{yy}\stackrel{·}{q}+\left({I}_{xx}-{I}_{zz}\right)rp-{I}_{zx}\left({p}^{2}+{r}^{2}\right)\\ {I}_{zz}\stackrel{·}{r}+\left({I}_{yy}-{I}_{xx}\right)pq-{I}_{zx}(qr+\stackrel{·}{p})\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{l}L\\ M\\ N\end{array}\right]+\\   \left[\begin{array}{l}{M}_{xk}\\ {M}_{yk}\\ {M}_{zk}\end{array}\right]-\stackrel{3}{\sum _{k=1}}\left(\left[\begin{array}{lll}0& -{z}_{bk}& {y}_{bk}\\ {z}_{bk}& 0& -{x}_{bk}\\ -{y}_{bk}& {x}_{bk}& 0\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}{F}_{xk}\\ {F}_{yk}\\ {F}_{zk}\end{array}\right]\right)\end{array}$
$\left[\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{·}{\varphi }\\ \stackrel{·}{\theta }\\ \stackrel{·}{\psi }\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{lll}1& \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi \mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\theta & \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi \mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\theta \\ 0& \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi & -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi \\ 0& \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi \mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\theta & \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi \mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\theta \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}p\\ q\\ r\end{array}\right]$
式中:mb为弹性支承质量,kg;Lgb为地面系与机体系的转换矩阵;${[\stackrel{··}{x},\stackrel{··}{y},\stackrel{··}{z}]}^{\mathrm{T}}$为机体质心加速度矢量;[-T,0,0]T为飞机推力矢量;$[-{F}_{\mathrm{D}},-{F}_{\mathrm{C}},{F}_{\mathrm{L}}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}$为气动力矢量(气动阻力、气动侧力、气动升力);$[{F}_{xk},{F}_{yk},{F}_{zk}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}$为第k个起落架作用于机身力的矢量;[L,M,N]T为气动力矩矢量(滚转力矩、俯仰力矩、偏航力矩);$[{M}_{xk},{M}_{yk},{M}_{zk}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}$为第k个起落架作用于机身力矩的矢量;$[{x}_{bk},{y}_{bk},{z}_{bk}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}$为第k个起落架在机身安装点在机体系下坐标;${[\varphi,\theta,\psi]}^{\mathrm{T}}$为机体姿态角;[p,q,r]T为机体转动角速度矢量;IxxIyyIzzIzx分别为转动惯量和惯性。
通过以上飞机着陆过程运动学及动力学分析,在Simulink中搭建机体仿真模型,如图10所示。输入量:实时推力、飞机气动阻力、气动升力、气动侧力、滚转力矩、俯仰力矩、偏航力矩、起落架作用于集体的力及力矩;输出量:飞机滑跑、位移、姿态角及姿态角速度。
在建立好机体模型后,需要进一步建立起落架模型。因为起落架是飞机着陆滑跑必不可少的装置,道面作用力及刹车制动力通过起落架传递给机体从而影响飞机运动状态,是机体模型和机轮模型的“中介”。起落架的简化模型受力分析如图11所示。
各起落架会由于机体姿态的变化从而产生压缩伸长变形,其运动方程可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{z}_{1}=z+{b}_{1}\varphi +{l}_{2}\theta \\ {z}_{2}=z-{b}_{2}\varphi +{l}_{2}\theta \\ {z}_{3}=z-{l}_{1}\theta \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{1}={L}_{\mathrm{g}}-({z}_{1}-{z}_{\mathrm{w}1})\\ {S}_{2}={L}_{\mathrm{g}}-({z}_{2}-{z}_{\mathrm{w}2})\\ {S}_{3}={L}_{\mathrm{g}}-({z}_{3}-{z}_{\mathrm{w}3})\end{array}\right.$
式中:S1、S2、S3分别为左主起落架、右主起落架、前起落架压缩行程;z为机体质心高度;Lg为起落架长度;z1、z2、z3分别为左主起落架、右主起落架、前起落架和机身连接处的高度;${z}_{\mathrm{w}1}、{z}_{\mathrm{w}2}、{z}_{\mathrm{w}3}$为各起落架机轮高度。
由机轮经起落架反馈给机体的力及力矩包括:起落架作用于机体的力Fk、刹车制动力矩My、起落架缓冲力FG,其计算公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{k}={f}_{k}-\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{b}}}{R}=-\varphi {F}_{\mathrm{N}k}-\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{b}}}{R}\\ {M}_{yk}={z}_{k}{f}_{k}\\ {F}_{\mathrm{G}}={F}_{\mathrm{a}}-{F}_{\mathrm{h}}-{F}_{\mathrm{f}}\end{array}\right.$
式(8)中:Fk为起落架作用于机体的力;fk为机轮于道面相互作用摩擦力;Mb为飞机俯仰力矩;φ为机体姿态角;FNk为道面支撑力;R为机轮半径;Myk为刹车制动力矩;zk为起落架高度。
摩擦力Ff、油液阻尼力Fh、空气弹簧力Fa的计算公式分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{a}}={A}_{\mathrm{a}}\left[{P}_{0}{\left(\frac{{V}_{0}}{{V}_{0}-{A}_{\mathrm{a}}S}\right)}^{\gamma }-{P}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{m}}\right]\\ {F}_{\mathrm{h}}=\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}}{A}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{L}}^{3}{\stackrel{·}{S}}^{2}}{2{\xi }^{2}{A}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}}^{2}}\\ {F}_{\mathrm{f}}={K}_{\mathrm{m}}{F}_{\mathrm{a}}\frac{\left|\stackrel{·}{S}\right|}{\stackrel{·}{S}}\end{array}\right.$
式(9)中:P0为初始气压,MPa;V0为初始容积,m3;Aa为活塞截面积,m2;Patm为大气压强,MPa;γ为多变指数;AFL为油液面积,m2;Aoil为油孔面积,m2;ρ为油液密度,kg/m3;ξ为卸荷指;Km为当量摩擦系数;S为缓冲器压缩量;$\stackrel{·}{S}$为缓冲器压缩速度。
空气弹簧力及油液阻尼力相关参数及取值如表1所示。
通过以上起落架力学分析,在Simulink中搭建起落架仿真模型,如图12所示。输入量:由积水分布表示以分段函数形式呈现的摩擦力函数、主起落架机轮受到的摩擦力、缓冲力、刹车力矩、机轮半径以及主起落架与机身连接处所处高度。输出量:实时的起落架与机体和机轮之间的相互作用力及力矩。
以A320飞机为研究对象,轮胎相关参数如表2所示。飞机着陆滑跑的减速刹停主要依赖两个主起落架的刹车装置,着陆过程机轮受力如图13所示。
分别建立机轮的平动、转动动力力学方程,即
${m}_{\mathrm{a}k}\left[\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{··}{x}\\ \stackrel{··}{y}\\ \stackrel{··}{z}\end{array}\right]={L}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{b}}\left[\begin{array}{l}{f}_{k}\\ {f}_{yk}\\ {F}_{\mathrm{N}k}\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel \sim {F}}_{xk}\\ {\stackrel \sim {F}}_{yk}\\ {\stackrel \sim {F}}_{zk}\end{array}\right]-\left[\begin{array}{l}0\\ 0\\ {m}_{\mathrm{a}k}g\end{array}\right]$
${I}_{k}{\stackrel{·}{\omega }}_{k}={f}_{k}R-{M}_{\mathrm{b}k}$
式中:mak为轮胎质量;$[{\stackrel \sim {F}}_{xk},{\stackrel \sim {F}}_{yk},{\stackrel \sim {F}}_{zk}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}$为起落架对机轮的作用力;Mbk为刹车力矩;fk为机轮与道面相互作用的摩擦力;ωk为机轮角速度,;FNk为道面支撑力,由式(12)求得。
${F}_{\mathrm{N}k}={\delta }_{k}(mg-L)$
式(12)中:δk为起落架的荷载分配系数;L为飞机滚转力矩;两个主起落架为0.475、前起落架为0.05。
通过以上机轮动力学分析,在Simulink中搭建机轮仿真模型,如图14所示。输入量:滑移率、轮胎半径、滑跑速度、摩擦系数公式、道面支撑力。输出量:机轮滚动角速度、主起落架机轮刹车力矩、起落架所受摩擦力。
考虑平整度IRI=3的积水分布分别以62、67、72、77、82 m/s的接地速度着陆滑跑,分析着陆滑跑距离规律,当飞机在着陆过程中滑跑速度小于临界滑水速度时,虽然不会发生滑水现象,但是在积水跑道上高速行驶时由于水膜对机轮抬升力的存在导致跑道附着能力和可操控性降低。参考公路领域,季天剑等[19]提出附着系数$\varphi $的概念,可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}\varphi =\frac{{f}_{0}}{N}\\ N={N}_{0}+{N}_{1}\end{array}$
式(13)中:f0为轮胎受到积水道面的摩擦力;N为轮胎受到的竖向合力;N0为道面对机轮支撑力;N1为动水压力,当道面干燥时为0。
飞机着陆减速依靠跑道对轮胎的摩擦力,其大小主要由附着系数和飞机着陆重量决定,但飞机着陆重量往往是确定的,则道面附着系数将直接影响飞机着陆减速效果[20]
经计算飞机着陆过程沿跑道长度方向附着系数变化如图15所示,不同接地速度的着陆过程,滑跑速度沿跑道长度方向变化如图16所示。
飞机着陆过程中随着滑跑速度的逐渐减小,导致飞机升力减小从而附着系数逐渐增大,图15中附着系数突变位置即为道面不平整处,在该位置由于积水厚度突变导致道面附着性能降低。在道面不平整位置处,接地速度越大,则到达同一位置时的速度也越大,该位置附着系数降低幅度也越大。5种工况下跑道51 m处的附着系数相比48 m处的附着系数分别减小了0.026、0.032、0.038、0.043、0.048,附着系数降低幅度分别为4.9%、6.2%、7.8%、9.4%、11.3%。
5种接地速度下飞机滑跑距离分别为395.5、489.6、601.2、740.5、915.4 m。接地速度直接影响飞机的着陆性能,若飞机接地速度从62 m/s提升到82 m/s,着陆距离将直接增加约520 m,增加了约87%。
分别建立理想平整度(或不考虑平整度)、IRI=1、IRI=3、IRI=5平整度下以降雨强度3 mm/min 4种工况的飞机滑跑模型,横坡坡度考虑1%,接地速度为72 m/s。不同平整度跑道着陆滑跑过程的滑跑速度与临界滑水速度如图17所示。
图17可以看出,随着不平整程度的增加,飞机轮胎临界滑水速度的波动幅度增大,平整道面和IRI=1的道面临界滑水速度远高于滑跑速度,而IRI=3的道面在飞机着陆接地瞬时(距接地点约20 m处)出现了临界滑水速度低于滑跑速度的现象,飞机此时存在巨大滑水风险,此处与图8(b)中绿色积水分布线第一个峰值点吻合,分布有6 m长,深约5 mm的积水,同样IRI=5的道面在距接地点20 m和40 m两处出现临界滑水速度低于滑跑速度的现象,滑水风险更加突出,说明道面平整度水平低会导致轮胎滑水风险加剧。根据着陆过程速度变化特征,在飞机接地后100 m范围是滑水的频发区域,因此日常跑道维护时要着重检测飞机接地初段跑道平整度状况。
4种工况的着陆滑跑距离分别为534.7、536.3、548.6、565.2 m。平整度评级“好”即IRI=1的道面与理想平整度IRI=0的道面的着陆距离相差仅1.6 m,而随着平整度状况变差,着陆滑跑距离明显增加,平整度评级“差”(IRI=5)相比平整度评级“好”(IRI=1)的跑道着陆滑跑距离增加约29 m,相比理想平整道面着陆距离增加了3.7%。
因此建议机场管理相关部门对跑道状况评估时将平整度纳入衡量指标,若跑道平整度较差,要着重关注飞机接地初期阶段着陆区域的积水,避免强降雨后来不及清理积水导致飞机滑水事故。
不同降雨强度下跑道积水分布不同,建立IRI=1、横坡坡度1%情况下干燥跑道和降雨强度分别为1、2、3 mm/min时的着陆滑跑模型,假设接地速度为72.5 m/s,输入不同工况积水的当量换算厚度,分析降雨强度对飞机着陆性能影响。结果如图18所示。可以看出,4种工况的着陆滑跑距离分别为446.2、534.7、541.2、548.6 m,降雨强度1 mm/min相较干燥跑道的着陆滑跑距离增加了约20%,降雨强度每增加1 mm/min着陆距离增加6.5 m和7.4 m。
随着降雨强度的增大,附着系数逐渐降低,降雨强度达到3 mm/min时,附着系数较干燥道面降低约20%。当排水状况良好的情况下,着陆滑跑距离相比干燥道面会显著增加。若排水不良导致跑道表面积水不能及时排出,则强降雨下的积水厚度将短时间内迅速累加,严重影响飞机运行安全。因此,跑道管理部门要防范于未然,日常检查中要关注排水设施功能是否正常,初期设计中要合理布置排水构造物,避免强降雨下跑道积水厚度快速增加而影响飞机起降安全[21]
基于以上轮胎-道面相互作用仿真模型对降雨强度分别为1、1.5、2、2.5、3 mm/min及跑道横坡分别为1%、1.5%、2%,平整度指数分别为1、3、5的工况,以接地速度72 m/s进行着陆滑跑仿真,计算得到跑道积水分布条件对飞机着陆性能影响结果如表3所示。
表3可知,当跑道平整度状况“好”时,在强降雨下飞机以72 m/s的接地速度着陆不会发生滑水,而跑道平整度状况为“中”和“差”时,在不利积水分布工况[横坡小于1.5%(含)且降雨强度大于1.5 mm/min(含)]时飞机以72 m/s的接地速度着陆时会发生滑水,且相同降雨强度和横坡工况下平整度越差着陆滑跑距离越大;所有发生滑水的积水工况按目前跑道管理中跑道状况代码RWYCC取值均为2,但跑道平整度状况为“好”、RWYCC取值为2的工况中有些并未发生滑水。
以某4E级机场为例,跑道3 600 m,横坡坡度为1%,经测试平整度指数IRI=0.8,等级为“好”,当降雨强度为1.5 mm/min,在模型中输入该降雨强度下积水的当量换算厚度,得到飞机着陆滑跑距离为526.5 m,RWYCC为5,此时飞机无滑水风险,当降雨强度达到3 mm/min时,RWYCC降至2,滑跑距离增至536.3 m,同样无滑水风险;但若当平整度等级降为“中”时,降雨强度提高至3 mm/min时,着陆滑跑距离升至548.6 m,RWYCC为2,此时飞机存在滑水风险。因此,仅以积水覆盖面积而不考虑积水分布条件对道面状况进行评价是较为宽泛的,建议跑道管理时将跑道平整度状况纳入跑道状况评估体系中。
通过Simulink仿真工具构建飞机着陆滑跑分析模型,以临界滑水速度作为滑跑危险判定指标,以不同的积水分布为已知条件分析着陆过程附着系数及速度的变化,以着陆滑跑距离为落脚点研究积水分布对着陆性能的影响,得到以下结论。
(1)平整道面和IRI=1的道面临界滑水速度远高于滑跑速度,而IRI=3的道面和IRI=5的道面均出现临界滑水速度低于滑跑速度的现象,且IRI=5的道面出现两处临界滑水速度低于滑跑速度的现象,滑水风险更加突出,说明道面平整度水平低会导致轮胎滑水风险加剧。
(2)平整度评级“差”(IRI=5)相比平整度评级“好”(IRI=1)的跑道着陆滑跑距离增加约29 m,相比理想平整道面着陆距离增加了3.7%。
(3)道面不平整位置处,接地速度越大,则到达同一位置时的速度也越大,该位置附着系数降低幅度也越大,最大可达11.3%。随着降雨强度的增大,附着系数逐渐降低,降雨强度达到3 mm/min时,附着系数较干燥道面降低约20%。
(4)接地速度直接影响飞机的着陆性能,若飞机接地速度从62 m/s提升到82 m/s,着陆距离将直接增加约520 m,增加了约87%。
(5)随着降雨强度的增大,在排水状况良好的情况下,着陆滑跑距离相比干燥道面会显著增加。降雨强度1 mm/min相较干燥跑道的着陆滑跑距离增加了约20%,降雨强度每增加1 mm/min着陆距离增加6.5 m和7.4 m。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52472369)
  • 民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心开放课题(MHJGKFKT-01)
  • 民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心开放课题(MHJGKFKT-04)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407116
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
  • 修回日期:2025-04-27
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52472369)
民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心开放课题(MHJGKFKT-01)
民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心开放课题(MHJGKFKT-04)
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    1 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
    2 民航机场智能建造与工业化工程技术研究中心, 天津 300456
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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