Article(id=1261270370754151123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406547, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725120000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-01, revisedDate=1745510400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778639889658, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778639889658, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778639889658, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778639889658, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8696, endPage=8706, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261270372083745496, articleId=1261270370754151123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Resilience Assessment of Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and Hebei Expressway Networks Incorporating Dynamic Indicators, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The evaluation of expressway network resilience has been emphasized due to significant global emergencies. Utilizing complex network theory and the resilience triangle model, a dynamic system was developed to assess the comprehensive performance of nodes, incorporating local, global, and social attributes. A method for evaluating the resilience of expressway networks was proposed, consisting of four stages: initial, disruption, recovery, and stabilization. Six disruption and recovery strategies (node degree, eigenvector, betweenness, accessibility, social attributes, and random selection) were applied to analyze the network’s performance using three key indicators: the number of independent paths, network efficiency, and network connectivity. A topological map of the expressway network spanning the provinces of Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and Hebei were constructed, and the resilience changes under various disruption and recovery strategies were analyzed. The findings indicate that in the initial stage, the expressway network exhibits a relatively high number of independent paths, suggesting robust anti-risk capabilities. During the disruption stage, network efficiency, the number of independent paths, and network connectivity decrease by 94.32%, 98.18%, and 99.63%, respectively, demonstrating the network’s ability to absorb disruptions. In the recovery stage, the accessibility restoration strategy, which results in the smallest resilience triangle area, exhibits the strongest resilience, whereas the random restoration strategy shows the slowest recovery rate, indicating that it should be avoided whenever possible. In the stabilization stage, network efficiency resilience is found to be superior to that of network connectivity and independent path resilience in the expressway network of the four provinces. It is recommended that urban nodes with higher degree values, such as Xinxiang and Puyang, be prioritized for protection to enhance the overall resilience of the expressway network.

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重大突发事件的干预突显了高速公路网络韧性评估的重要性。基于复杂网络和韧性三角理论,构建融合局部、全局与社会属性的节点综合性能动态指标评估体系,并进一步提出高速公路网络韧性系统性评估方法。该韧性评估流程分为初始、破坏、恢复和稳定4个阶段,使用6种破坏和恢复策略(节点度、特征向量、介数、可达性、社会属性和随机选择),通过网络独立路径数、网络效率和网络连通度3个关键指标实现高速公路网络分析。以山西、山东、河南和河北为例,结果表明:在初始阶段,山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络拥有较优网络独立路径数,其抗风险能力较强;在破坏阶段,网络效率、网络独立路径数和网络连通度分别下降了94.32%、98.18%和99.63%,验证了公路网络的破坏吸收能力;在恢复阶段,可达性恢复策略韧性三角形面积最小、韧性最强,而随机恢复策略变化速率最慢;在稳定阶段,山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络效率韧性优于网络连通度和网络独立路径。建议优先保护新乡市、濮阳市等节点度取值较大的城市节点,以提升区域高速公路网络韧性。

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范英飞(1992—),男,汉族,山西太原人,博士,副教授。研究方向:交通规划。E-mail:

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范英飞(1992—),男,汉族,山西太原人,博士,副教授。研究方向:交通规划。E-mail:

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范英飞(1992—),男,汉族,山西太原人,博士,副教授。研究方向:交通规划。E-mail:

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基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS(2016)1550号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改

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Values of comprehensive evaluation indicators for nodes performance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点
名称
局部属性 全局属性 社会属性
节点
度值
特征向
量值
介数
可达
性值
节点综合
重要度值
石家庄 6 0.189 0.098 0.290 0.030
唐山 2 0.002 0 0.156 0.027
秦皇岛 2 0.002 0 0.156 0.009
邯郸 6 0.256 0.073 0.314 0.022
邢台 6 0.228 0.079 0.309 0.019
保定 7 0.134 0.175 0.269 0.035
张家口 3 0.037 0.107 0.220 0.025
承德 3 0.007 0.073 0.183 0.016
沧州 5 0.111 0.091 0.266 0.022
廊坊 2 0.044 0 0.230 0.017
衡水 5 0.152 0.028 0.271 0.011
太原 4 0.119 0.005 0.260 0.019
大同 4 0.064 0.021 0.232 0.014
阳泉 4 0.129 0.005 0.261 0.007
长治 6 0.238 0.094 0.309 0.016
晋城 5 0.160 0.036 0.287 0.012
朔州 2 0.038 0 0.213 0.012
晋中 8 0.260 0.177 0.318 0.014
运城 4 0.083 0.086 0.263 0.021
忻州 7 0.144 0.087 0.263 0.020
临汾 5 0.156 0.112 0.286 0.022
吕梁 4 0.123 0.061 0.273 0.015
济南 5 0.146 0.024 0.280 0.031
青岛 3 0.020 0.001 0.193 0.037
淄博 6 0.118 0.088 0.274 0.012
枣庄 2 0.043 0 0.239 0.010
东营 3 0.052 0.023 0.240 0.009
烟台 3 0.015 0.037 0.193 0.025
潍坊 6 0.062 0.105 0.235 0.026
济宁 5 0.136 0.102 0.284 0.021
泰安 6 0.179 0.098 0.300 0.015
威海 1 0.003 0 0.162 0.010
日照 3 0.034 0.009 0.218 0.008
临沂 6 0.103 0.109 0.269 0.028
德州 6 0.176 0.065 0.295 0.016
聊城 6 0.225 0.095 0.320 0.016
滨州 5 0.109 0.088 0.263 0.012
菏泽 5 0.163 0.107 0.295 0.021
郑州 6 0.154 0.072 0.271 0.033
开封 6 0.153 0.086 0.278 0.017
洛阳 6 0.101 0.067 0.249 0.019
平顶山 6 0.095 0.033 0.231 0.018
安阳 5 0.203 0.022 0.300 0.016
鹤壁 2 0.087 0 0.250 0.005
新乡 9 0.279 0.220 0.323 0.018
焦作 4 0.126 0.019 0.270 0.012
濮阳 7 0.261 0.182 0.329 0.011
许昌 5 0.098 0.014 0.232 0.013
漯河 4 0.060 0.001 0.200 0.008
三门峡 3 0.044 0.018 0.223 0.010
南阳 5 0.058 0.031 0.208 0.031
商丘 3 0.072 0.020 0.245 0.021
信阳 2 0.021 0 0.181 0.021
周口 5 0.079 0.042 0.230 0.022
驻马店 5 0.057 0.020 0.201 0.022
), ArticleFig(id=1261377075357802843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270370754151123, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

节点综合性能评估指标值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点
名称
局部属性 全局属性 社会属性
节点
度值
特征向
量值
介数
可达
性值
节点综合
重要度值
石家庄 6 0.189 0.098 0.290 0.030
唐山 2 0.002 0 0.156 0.027
秦皇岛 2 0.002 0 0.156 0.009
邯郸 6 0.256 0.073 0.314 0.022
邢台 6 0.228 0.079 0.309 0.019
保定 7 0.134 0.175 0.269 0.035
张家口 3 0.037 0.107 0.220 0.025
承德 3 0.007 0.073 0.183 0.016
沧州 5 0.111 0.091 0.266 0.022
廊坊 2 0.044 0 0.230 0.017
衡水 5 0.152 0.028 0.271 0.011
太原 4 0.119 0.005 0.260 0.019
大同 4 0.064 0.021 0.232 0.014
阳泉 4 0.129 0.005 0.261 0.007
长治 6 0.238 0.094 0.309 0.016
晋城 5 0.160 0.036 0.287 0.012
朔州 2 0.038 0 0.213 0.012
晋中 8 0.260 0.177 0.318 0.014
运城 4 0.083 0.086 0.263 0.021
忻州 7 0.144 0.087 0.263 0.020
临汾 5 0.156 0.112 0.286 0.022
吕梁 4 0.123 0.061 0.273 0.015
济南 5 0.146 0.024 0.280 0.031
青岛 3 0.020 0.001 0.193 0.037
淄博 6 0.118 0.088 0.274 0.012
枣庄 2 0.043 0 0.239 0.010
东营 3 0.052 0.023 0.240 0.009
烟台 3 0.015 0.037 0.193 0.025
潍坊 6 0.062 0.105 0.235 0.026
济宁 5 0.136 0.102 0.284 0.021
泰安 6 0.179 0.098 0.300 0.015
威海 1 0.003 0 0.162 0.010
日照 3 0.034 0.009 0.218 0.008
临沂 6 0.103 0.109 0.269 0.028
德州 6 0.176 0.065 0.295 0.016
聊城 6 0.225 0.095 0.320 0.016
滨州 5 0.109 0.088 0.263 0.012
菏泽 5 0.163 0.107 0.295 0.021
郑州 6 0.154 0.072 0.271 0.033
开封 6 0.153 0.086 0.278 0.017
洛阳 6 0.101 0.067 0.249 0.019
平顶山 6 0.095 0.033 0.231 0.018
安阳 5 0.203 0.022 0.300 0.016
鹤壁 2 0.087 0 0.250 0.005
新乡 9 0.279 0.220 0.323 0.018
焦作 4 0.126 0.019 0.270 0.012
濮阳 7 0.261 0.182 0.329 0.011
许昌 5 0.098 0.014 0.232 0.013
漯河 4 0.060 0.001 0.200 0.008
三门峡 3 0.044 0.018 0.223 0.010
南阳 5 0.058 0.031 0.208 0.031
商丘 3 0.072 0.020 0.245 0.021
信阳 2 0.021 0 0.181 0.021
周口 5 0.079 0.042 0.230 0.022
驻马店 5 0.057 0.020 0.201 0.022
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融合动态指标的山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络韧性评估
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范英飞 1, 2 , 胡睿哲 1 , 李瑞杰 3 , 贾志绚 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(20): 8696-8706
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(20): 8696-8706
融合动态指标的山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络韧性评估
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范英飞1, 2 , 胡睿哲1, 李瑞杰3, 贾志绚1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 太原科技大学车辆与交通工程学院, 太原 030024
  • 2 智慧交通山西省实验室, 太原 030024
  • 3 西南交通大学交通运输与物流学院, 成都 611756
  • 范英飞(1992—),男,汉族,山西太原人,博士,副教授。研究方向:交通规划。E-mail:

Resilience Assessment of Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and Hebei Expressway Networks Incorporating Dynamic Indicators
Ying-fei FAN1, 2 , Rui-zhe HU1, Rui-jie LI3, Zhi-xuan JIA1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2 Smart Transportation Laboratory of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 3 School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406547
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重大突发事件的干预突显了高速公路网络韧性评估的重要性。基于复杂网络和韧性三角理论,构建融合局部、全局与社会属性的节点综合性能动态指标评估体系,并进一步提出高速公路网络韧性系统性评估方法。该韧性评估流程分为初始、破坏、恢复和稳定4个阶段,使用6种破坏和恢复策略(节点度、特征向量、介数、可达性、社会属性和随机选择),通过网络独立路径数、网络效率和网络连通度3个关键指标实现高速公路网络分析。以山西、山东、河南和河北为例,结果表明:在初始阶段,山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络拥有较优网络独立路径数,其抗风险能力较强;在破坏阶段,网络效率、网络独立路径数和网络连通度分别下降了94.32%、98.18%和99.63%,验证了公路网络的破坏吸收能力;在恢复阶段,可达性恢复策略韧性三角形面积最小、韧性最强,而随机恢复策略变化速率最慢;在稳定阶段,山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络效率韧性优于网络连通度和网络独立路径。建议优先保护新乡市、濮阳市等节点度取值较大的城市节点,以提升区域高速公路网络韧性。

公路运输  /  社会属性  /  节点综合性能  /  复杂网络  /  韧性评估

The evaluation of expressway network resilience has been emphasized due to significant global emergencies. Utilizing complex network theory and the resilience triangle model, a dynamic system was developed to assess the comprehensive performance of nodes, incorporating local, global, and social attributes. A method for evaluating the resilience of expressway networks was proposed, consisting of four stages: initial, disruption, recovery, and stabilization. Six disruption and recovery strategies (node degree, eigenvector, betweenness, accessibility, social attributes, and random selection) were applied to analyze the network’s performance using three key indicators: the number of independent paths, network efficiency, and network connectivity. A topological map of the expressway network spanning the provinces of Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and Hebei were constructed, and the resilience changes under various disruption and recovery strategies were analyzed. The findings indicate that in the initial stage, the expressway network exhibits a relatively high number of independent paths, suggesting robust anti-risk capabilities. During the disruption stage, network efficiency, the number of independent paths, and network connectivity decrease by 94.32%, 98.18%, and 99.63%, respectively, demonstrating the network’s ability to absorb disruptions. In the recovery stage, the accessibility restoration strategy, which results in the smallest resilience triangle area, exhibits the strongest resilience, whereas the random restoration strategy shows the slowest recovery rate, indicating that it should be avoided whenever possible. In the stabilization stage, network efficiency resilience is found to be superior to that of network connectivity and independent path resilience in the expressway network of the four provinces. It is recommended that urban nodes with higher degree values, such as Xinxiang and Puyang, be prioritized for protection to enhance the overall resilience of the expressway network.

highway transportation  /  social attributes  /  comprehensive node performance  /  complex network  /  resilience assessment
范英飞, 胡睿哲, 李瑞杰, 贾志绚. 融合动态指标的山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络韧性评估. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8696 -8706 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406547
Ying-fei FAN, Rui-zhe HU, Rui-jie LI, Zhi-xuan JIA. Resilience Assessment of Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and Hebei Expressway Networks Incorporating Dynamic Indicators[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8696 -8706 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406547
高速公路网络作为主要交通动脉,联通了区域内外部交流,影响着社会经济发展[1]。近年来,突发事件的频繁干预严重扰乱了正常交通运输秩序,更加凸显了高速公路网络韧性评估的重要性[2]。网络韧性是指系统在面对突发事件时的吸收冲击、快速恢复及重新稳定能力。鉴于高速公路是保障运输互联互通的重要基础,因此合理而有效的网络韧性评估有助于促进区域整体协调发展,并进一步保障经济社会正常运行[3]
目前,高速公路网络韧性研究主要集中在以下3个方面:一是网络拓扑模型构建,连通度、连通平均值等无权指标应用于网络拓扑模型[4],通过结合新的节点强度参数测量方法[5],可深入分析网络节点性能[5-6]。翁小雄等[7]以收费站为节点,建立高速公路多层复杂网络模型,研究了珠江三角洲地区高速公路网络分布;二是节点失效,主要致力于探索节点失效对不同区域影响,以及分析自然灾害事件扰动对高速公路[4]与交通基础设施[8]破坏程度,Zhu等[9]针对飓风艾琳和桑迪的侵袭,探讨了纽约市交通基础设施系统韧性;三是应用韧性三角形理论,王直欢等[2]实现了航空网络综合韧性评估;高红艳等[10]使用Space-L方法构建宝鸡市公交网络模型,并对中心性及节点重要性进行研究。
尽管前人在高速公路网络的规划与管理方面的研究取得了显著进展,但对于突发事件情形下韧性评估的研究仍显不足,主要体现在:一是高速公路网络体系构建缺乏动态指标融合;二是网络韧性缺乏系统性评估流程与策略。鉴于此,在研究动态评估指标(社会属性)基础上,提出包括初始、破坏、恢复和稳定阶段的高速公路网络韧性系统性评估流程,并借助山西、山东、河南和河北4省高速公路网络实现韧性仿真与关键节点识别,为山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络的规划、管理和应急响应提供理论支持和实践指导。
将高速公路网络韧性分析流程划分为4个阶段:初始阶段、破坏阶段、恢复阶段和稳定阶段[2],如图1[2]所示。
(1)初始阶段(t0~t1)。构建高速公路网络拓扑结构,评估高速公路网络节点度值、特征向量、介数、可达性和社会属性拓扑指标[11]
(2)破坏阶段(t1~t2)。①随机破坏,随机选择节点进行破坏;②蓄意破坏,依据拓扑指标取值大小对节点进行排序,模拟网络节点失效过程;选取网络独立路径数、网络效率和网络连通度3个韧性指标[2],分析并提出相应优化政策。
(3)恢复阶段(t2~t3)。①随机恢复,随机选择节点进行恢复;②蓄意恢复,根据节点拓扑指标取值大小进行排序,模拟网络节点恢复过程;选取网络独立路径数、网络效率和网络连通度3个韧性指标[2],分析并提出相应优化政策。
(4)稳定阶段(t3~t4)。根据韧性指数分析高速公路网络韧性以及关键节点识别。
由于高速公路具有双向通行能力,因此构建高速公路网络为无向无权网络,并忽略城市节点与路网的权重和方向性[12]。构建交通网络模型使用的拓扑映射方法为Space-L,该方法能够全面地体现城市之间的交通联系和网络的整体结构,更有助于分析和优化整个区域的交通网络,将地级城市作为节点,将城市之间的高速公路连通抽象为边,高速公路网络可表示为
$\partial =(V,\mathrm{ }L)$
式(1)中:V为高速路网城市节点集合,$V=\{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,n\},$其中n为节点数量;L为节点连边集合,$L=\left({l}_{ij}\right),i,j\in V,{l}_{ij}=1$表示节点i与节点j相连,lij=0表示节点i与节点j不相连。
基于构建的高速公路网络拓扑模型,提出科学合理的数据指标筛选原则,并对各类指标进行了系统归类,最终确立完整的评价指标体系。具体筛选原则如下。
(1)多维度原则。为确保全面性,采用多维度指标衡量节点重要度,避免依赖单一指标造成片面性。
(2)重点突出原则。在构建指标体系时,广泛参考相关领域的学术研究,借鉴以往研究中应用频率较高的指标[10-13]
(3)科学适用原则。致力于评价节点的综合性能,需根据本研究的具体背景进行调整与优化,确保指标体系的科学性和适用性。
从局部、全局与社会属性出发,选用节点度、特征向量、介数、可达性以及社会属性节点综合重要度作为节点综合性能分析指标,构建综合高速公路网络评估体系。区别于传统研究,该体系融合了动态社会属性,全面反映了客流需求因素和社会经济发展。通过静态拓扑特征与动态社会属性相结合的综合评估方法,能够有效增强网络韧性评估的准确性和前瞻性。评估体系的框架具体如图2所示。
(1)局部属性。局部属性从拓扑网络[14]大小与网络复杂程度方面反应网络分布特性[11],其中包含节点度与特征向量。其中,节点度是网络拓扑结构基本参数[13],由连接到目标节点的边数可表示为
${D}_{\mathrm{D}}\left({v}_{i}\right)={k}_{i}$
式(2)中:${D}_{\mathrm{D}}\left({v}_{i}\right)$为节点度取值;ki为直接连接到节点vi的连边数。
特征向量反映节点连接质量,强调相邻节点对目标节点的影响[11]
${D}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{V}}\left({v}_{i}\right)={\lambda }_{n}^{-1}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{j=1}}{a}_{ij}{e}_{j}$
式(3)中:${D}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{V}}\left({v}_{i}\right)$为节点特征向量值;${\lambda }_{1},{\lambda }_{2},\dots,{\lambda }_{n}$为网络中邻接矩阵的n个特征值;aij为复杂网络邻接矩阵;ej为特征向量。
(2)全局属性。全局属性从高速公路网络质量与高速网络连通程度方面反映网络的整体性能和连通性,包括介数与可达性[11]。其中,介数反映节点在网络中的中介性,是vi作为最短路径的中介节点频率[13],计算公式为
${D}_{\mathrm{B}}\left({v}_{i}\right)=\sum _{j\ne k\in V}\frac{{g}_{jk}\left({v}_{i}\right)}{{d}_{jk}}$
式(4)中:${D}_{\mathrm{B}}\left({v}_{i}\right)$为节点介数值;j、k为属于高速路网城市节点集合V的不同节点;djk为节点vj与节点vk之间的最短路径长度;gjk(vi)为节点vjvk之间通过节点vi的最短路径数。
可达性反映网络中节点之间联通的难易程度,与节点介数共同反应网络的全局属性[11]。可达性计算公式为
${D}_{A}\left({v}_{i}\right)={\left(\frac{1}{n-1}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{j=1}}{d}_{ij}\right)}^{-1}$
式(5)中:DA(vi)为节点可达性值;n为网络中节点数量;dij为节点vi到点vj的最短距离。
(3)社会属性。以往研究中,高速公路网络性能评估体系构建缺乏动态指标融合,因此在构建评估体系中引入社会属性的考量,从客流需求与社会经济方面反应道路使用情况与地区发展需求之间的关联性[15]。客流需求与社会经济定义为动态指标,其随时间和环境变化而波动(如季节性、突发事件、人口变化等因素)[15]。将社会属性指标融合在节点评估体系中,可以确保交通管理和规划策略准确反映实际道路运营情况。进一步地,通过合理把控动态指标的数据分析与动态调整流程,可以提高道路使用效率,满足不断变化的地区发展需求[3]。其中,客流需求分析是道路交通路网规划建设的重要依据。通过量化客流需求,将客流需求定义为节点区域内高速公路里程占整个网络区间内高速公路里程总和的比例[15],可表示为
${D}_{Q}\left({v}_{i}\right)=\frac{\sum _{i}{q}_{i}}{Q}$
式(6)中:DQ(vi)为节点vi的客流需求;qi为节点vi区域内高速公路里程;Q为整个网络区间内高速公路里程总和。
社会经济方面,不同节点的发展水平、功能地位各不相同,且在指标值上较大差异。考虑到量化的可行性,以国内生产总值、人口规模与固定资产投资总额增长速度等社会经济指标反映城市节点的社会经济发展水平,从而确定基于社会经济指标的节点重要度DS(vi)[15],可表示为
${D}_{S}\left({v}_{i}\right)=\frac{\mathrm{D}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{S}\left({v}_{i}\right)}{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}D\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{S}\left({v}_{i}\right)}$
DS(vi)为$D\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{S}\left({v}_{i}\right)$归一化处理的结果,其中$D\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{S}\left({v}_{i}\right)$的表达式为
$\mathrm{D}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{S}\left({v}_{i}\right)=\stackrel{U}{\sum _{s=1}}{\beta }_{s}\frac{{M}_{is}-{M}_{s}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{{M}_{s}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{M}_{s}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}$
式(8)中:U为社会经济指标的集合,$U=\{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,s\},$其中s为第s个社会经济指标;${\beta }_{s}$为第s个社会经济指标权重值;Mis为第i个节点的第s个社会经济指标值;${M}_{s}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$为第s个社会经济指标值中的最小值;${M}_{s}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$为区域内节点第s个社会经济指标值中的最大值。
社会属性节点综合重要度。节点在区域内的社会属性重要度[15]由客流需求和社会经济指标线性求和表示,即
${D}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{A}}\left({v}_{i}\right)={\alpha }_{1}{D}_{Q}\left({v}_{i}\right)+{\alpha }_{2}{D}_{S}\left({v}_{i}\right)$
式(9)中:${D}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{A}}\left({v}_{i}\right)$为节点综合重要度;${\alpha }_{1}、{\alpha }_{2}$分别为客流需求和社会经济指标动态重要度权重影响系数。
致力于分析网络建设对区域发展的引导作用,符合文献[16-17]定义的主导型网络特征,可适当提高${\alpha }_{2}$取值比例。按照区域交通线网规模与区域社会经济发展的协调关系,最终选取${\alpha }_{1}$=0.4,${\alpha }_{2}=$0.6。
高速公路网络韧性评估指标主要包括网络独立路径、网络效率与网络连通度,计算方式如下。
(1)网络效率。当网络中节点受到干扰,节点和节点连边会失效,因此网络的运行效率也必然受到影响。网络运行效率E(t)可表示为[12]
$\mathrm{E}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)=\frac{1}{n(n-1)}\sum _{i\ne j}\frac{1}{{d}_{ij}}$
式(10)中:n(n-1)为节点对数量。
网络运行效率E越大,路网运行效率越高,网络抗干扰能力越强[12]
(2)网络连通度。网络连通度为最大连通子图中的节点数与原始网络中的节点总数之比[12],网络连通度G(t)可表示为
$G\left(t\right)=\frac{n\text{'}\left(t\right)}{n}$
式(11)中:n'(t)为t时刻最大连通子图中节点总数量。
高速路网鲁棒性可用网络连通度表示,G越大高速路网越稳定[12]
(3)网络独立路径。网络独立路径数$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{P}\left(t\right),$计算网络中所有节点对之间的节点不相交路径的总数,并将其平均化,衡量整个网络的冗余性和多样性[2],可表示为
$NIP\left(\mathrm{t}\right)=\frac{\sum _{i\ne j\in V}{I}_{ij}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)}{n(n-1)}$
式(12)中:Iij(t)为t时刻节点vivj之间独立路径的条数。
随机破坏通常代表了自然灾害、事故、设备故障等无法预见的破坏事件[12]。蓄意破坏是指人为故意造成的破坏[12]。随机破坏和蓄意破坏各自代表了不同类型的威胁。二者结合起来可以全面评估高速公路网络在面对自然灾害、突发事件以及人为攻击时的抗干扰能力和韧性,有助于全面揭示网络在多种威胁下的脆弱性,为未来的网络规划、风险管理和应急响应提供有力的支持。因此,选取随机破坏和蓄意破坏两种策略,并分析不同网络韧性指标的变化情况。
(1)随机破坏(random attack,RA)策略是在高速公路网络中随机选择节点进行破坏,并仿真100次随机破坏,并在每个时间点获取100次平均值的网络独立路径数、网络效率和网络连通度[13]
(2)蓄意破坏(intentional attack,IA)策略根据网络的局部、全局和社会属性指标,有针对性地选择节点进行破坏,并计算相应的网络韧性指标[2]。其中破坏模式定义为:节点度破坏(degree attack,DA)、特征向量破坏(feature vector attack,FVA)、介数破坏(betweenness attack,BA)、可达性破坏(accessibility attack,AA)和社会属性破坏(social attribute attack,SAA)。
节点被破坏后开始恢复。定义恢复流程包括节点及其连边的恢复,并选取随机和蓄意恢复策略分析网络韧性指标以及韧性三角形面积的动态演化过程[2]
(1)随机恢复(random recovery,RR)策略。仿真100次随机序列,取网络韧性指标的平均值[13]
(2)蓄意恢复(intentional recovery,IR)策略。按照网络中节点局部、全局与社会属性的指标值大小顺序恢复节点。定义恢复模式为:节点度恢复(degree recovery,DR)、特征向量恢复(feature vector recovery,FVR)、介数恢复(betweenness recovery,BR)、可达性恢复(accessibility recovery,AR)和社会属性恢复(social attribute recovery,SAR)。
基于韧性三角理论,计算高速公路网络韧性指标,分析网络在遭受破坏和恢复过程中的韧性变化。使用韧性指数表征韧性三角形面积,通过提高系统性能或缩短恢复时间,可以减小韧性三角形面积,增强网络的韧性[2]。韧性指数RI[2]为网络经历破坏和恢复的动态演化过程,可表示为
$\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{E}}=\frac{{\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{3}}E\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t}{{\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{3}}E\left({t}_{1}\right)\mathrm{d}t}$
$\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{G}}=\frac{{\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{3}}G\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t}{{\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{3}}G\left({t}_{1}\right)\mathrm{d}t}$
$\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{P}}=\frac{{\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{3}}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{P}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t}{{\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{3}}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{P}\left({t}_{1}\right)\mathrm{d}t}$
式中:RIE为网络效率韧性指数;RIG为网络连通度韧性指数;RINIP为网络独立路径韧性指数。
山西、山东、河南、河北拥有丰富的矿产、农业和工业资源,地理结构较为接近,资源之间互补性强,具有重要的战略地位[15]。从区域战略角度分析,山西、山东、河南、河北综合发展亟待进一步联动,从而有助于带动中部区域崛起,并辐射整个华北平原。
借助统计年鉴[18-21]和高德地图,依据图2收集山西、山东、河南、河北4省高速公路网络节点综合性能评估指标。与此同时,结合ArcGIS的操作便捷性和高精度空间数据处理能力等优势[12],对山西、山东、河南、河北高速公路网络拓扑分析和网络韧性评估指标计算。共采集山西、山东、河南、河北高速公路网络的55个节点和127条边,如图3所示。
依据式(1)~式(9),使用Python软件计算节点指标值,读取EXCEL节点数据,计算山西、山东、河南和河北节点的局部、全局和社会属性的指标取值。
在社会属性部分,选取3个社会经济指标来反映山西、山东、河南和河北城市节点的社会经济发展水平,并结合灰色关联理论,将社会经济指标与高速路网拓扑结构的耦合度在式(8)中进行具体量化:①${\beta }_{1}$国内生产总值取值为0.4;②${\beta }_{2}$人口规模取值为0.35;③${\beta }_{3}$固定资产投资总额增长速度取值为0.25[15]
山西、山东、河南和河北节点的局部、全局和社会属性的指标取值计算结果如表1所示。
表1可得如下结论。
(1)局部属性。节点度和特征向量的最大取值均位于新乡市,分别为9和0.279,而最小值则位于威海市,分别为1和0.001 6。
(2)全局属性。节点介数和可达性的最大值位于濮阳市与新乡市,分别为0.22和0.329,而最小值均位于秦皇岛,分别为0和0.155。
(3)社会属性。节点综合重要度最大取值位于青岛(0.036 6),最小值位于鹤壁市(0.005)。
(4)根据式(10)~式(12),初始阶段高速公路网络韧性指标取值分别为网络独立路径数(2.97)、网络效率(0.33)和网络连通度(1)。
综上可知,结合地理位置分布,属性取值较高的地级市大多集中于山西、山东、河南和河北中部区域,如新乡市、濮阳市与青岛市等。这些城市地理位置优越,不仅是交通枢纽,连接各个主要经济区域,还拥有发达的物流网络和丰富的资源。对促进山西、山东、河南和河北的区域协调发展至关重要[3]。因此,重点维护和发展这些城市节点更有助于推动整个山西、山东、河南和河北区域的协调发展。
图4显示破坏阶段山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络遭受DA、FVA、BA、AA、SAA与RA时(相关定义见1.2节),网络韧性指标随失效节点增多的动态演化趋势。需要说明的是,当网络韧性评估指标(网络效率、网络连通度与网络独立路径)取值下降为0时,破坏阶段结束[12]
图4可知,当遭受RA策略破坏时,各项网络韧性指标取值下降幅度最小。表明在RA破坏策略下,山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络具有较强的抵抗力;在网络效率和网络独立路径指标中[图4(a)图4(b)],SAA破坏策略能够较快彻底破坏网络,这一结果进一步验证了社会属性破坏策略的有效性;图4(b)中,SAA与RA破坏策略下的网络连通度取值下降速率大致相同。这表明社会属性破坏策略下高速公路网络具有较好的鲁棒性[12],验证了社会属性破坏策略的科学性。
当山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络遭受破坏后,网络效率、网络独立路径数和网络连通度的最小取值分别为0.010 9、0.019和0.018 2,与初始网络相比,分别下降了94.32%、98.18%和99.63%,表明山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络在遭受破坏时具有较好的吸收破坏能力[2]
设定的恢复阶段始于网络韧性指标接近于0的某一时刻[2]。在计算网络连通度时,当网络中仅存在一个节点时,无法构成有效的网络,因此网络连通度为0[12]图5展示了高速公路网络在DA、FVA、BA、AA、SAA、RA破坏策略下,通过DR、FVR、BR、AR、SAR、RR(相关定义见1.3节)恢复策略得到的网络效率、网络连通度和网络独立路径数的变化曲线。
(1)网络效率方面(图5)。DR与AR策略下恢复最快、网络韧性最强[4]。因此,可以考虑优先恢复节点度值与可达性值较高的节点,如新乡市、濮阳市、聊城市、保定市与晋中市等节点。
(2)网络连通度方面(图6)。AR策略下恢复最快、韧性三角形面积最小[4]。因此,可以考虑优先恢复可达性值较大的节点。如新乡市、濮阳市、聊城市与晋中市等节点。
(3)网络独立路径方面(图7)。FVR与AR策略下网络独立路径恢复较快、韧性三角形面积较小、网络韧性较强。因此建议优先恢复特征向量和可达性取值较大的节点[4],如新乡市、濮阳市、聊城市、晋中市与邯郸市节点等。
评估不同恢复策略对网络韧性指标的影响,结果显示,在BARR策略下,网络效率和网络连通度指标的韧性三角形面积最大、韧性最差;而在DARR策略下,网络独立路径指标取值韧性三角形面积最大、韧性最差。此外,RR恢复策略在所有网络韧性指标中恢复速率最慢,因此在需要迅速恢复网络功能的紧急情况下建议避免使用[13]
利用韧性三角理论量化网络各指标受损程度,在仿真过程中,每破坏或恢复一个节点视为时间推进一次[2]。借助式(13)~式(15),可得到山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络韧性对比演化情况(图8~图10)。
网络效率在遭受SAA策略破坏时表现最佳,在DR策略下韧性最好。网络独立路径在遭受SAA策略破坏时表现最佳,在FVR策略恢复下表现最佳。网络连通度在FVR策略下表现最佳,而在RR策略下,3个指标的韧性均最差[4]。此外,网络效率的韧性明显优于网络连通度和网络独立路径,表面在恢复过程中网络效率恢复曲线最陡、恢复速度最快、韧性三角面积最小[2]
整体来看,网络在遭受特定策略破坏后并以不同策略恢复时,韧性的相对趋势和韧性值存在显著差异。山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络在不同策略下的韧性总和分别为:网络效率为27.068 2(图8),网络连通度为14.482 6(图9),网络独立路径为19.021 3(图10)。
综上所述,山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络的网络效率韧性优于网络连通度和网络独立路径韧性。在所有网络韧性指标中,当网络受到DA破坏后,无论采用何种恢复策略,韧性均较差。因此,建议优先保护节点度值较大的新乡市、濮阳市等城市节点,以提升整体高速公路网络韧性[2]
基于复杂网络和韧性三角形理论,综合考量山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络的局部、全局和社会属性,提出了基于客流需求与社会经济的节点综合性能评估体系,通过网络效率、网络连通度和网络独立路径韧性指标,定量评估了山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络韧性动态演化过程。得出如下主要结论。
(1)通过定量评估高速公路网络在不同破坏情景下的韧性水平,结果表明,网络独立路径数、网络效率和网络连通度韧性指标及对不同破坏和恢复策略的模拟适用于不同类型和规模的高速公路网络。这为评估和改善高速公路网络的韧性水平和抗风险能力提供了有效工具。
(2)为了进一步提高高速公路网络的韧性和抗风险能力,建议未来的高速公路建设重点关注以下几个方面:首先,应在选址和规划阶段充分考虑交通流量、社会经济条件和潜在风险,优化路网布局,提高高速公路网络的整体稳定性和应急响应能力,保障交通安全和经济发展;其次,建设过程中应加强关键节点的冗余设计,提高重要节点的耐破坏性和恢复能力;最后,应加强与周边地区的联动性,提升跨区域交通的灵活性与可达性。
(3)山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络在初始阶段拥有较优的网络独立路径数,表明其具有较好的抗风险能力。当高速公路网络遭受破坏后,网络效率、网络独立路径数和网络连通度的最小值分别为0.010 9、0.019和0.018 2,与初始网络相比,分别下降了94.32%、98.18%和99.63%,证明该网络具有较好的吸收破坏能力。
(4)对于韧性指标,在网络彻底破坏后,AR恢复策略下韧性指标恢复效果较好,韧性三角形面积最小,表明韧性越强。因此,可以优先恢复可达性值较大的节点,如濮阳市、新乡市等。此外,RR策略在所有网络韧性指标中恢复速率最慢,在实际恢复策略中建议尽量避免使用。
(5)总体而言,山西、山东、河南和河北高速公路网络的网络效率韧性优于网络连通度和网络独立路径韧性。由于网络受到DA策略破坏后,无论采用何种恢复策略,韧性均较差。因此,建议优先保护度值较大的新乡市、濮阳市等城市节点,以提升整体网络的韧性。
(6)所提出的社会属性策略基于地区发展需求的增长,即社会属性指标值的增加,导致道路的使用频次增加,节点失效的概率也会随之上升。因为它考虑了道路使用情况与地区发展需求之间的关联性,因此,破坏策略符合实际情况的需求。本次研究仍有一些局限性,今后将进一步提高数据样本的广度和维度,保证研究结果的广泛适用性。未来研究将聚焦于构建多层次复合网络模型,实现交通网络韧性的综合性与立体化评估。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72101217)
  • 山西省基础研究计划科学项目(20210302124120)
  • 山西省科技战略研究专项计划(202304031401079)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406547
  • 接收时间:2024-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-01
  • 修回日期:2025-04-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(72101217)
山西省基础研究计划科学项目(20210302124120)
山西省科技战略研究专项计划(202304031401079)
作者信息
    1 太原科技大学车辆与交通工程学院, 太原 030024
    2 智慧交通山西省实验室, 太原 030024
    3 西南交通大学交通运输与物流学院, 成都 611756
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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