Article(id=1261270369667789045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406218, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724083200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-20, revisedDate=1745424000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778639889398, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778639889398, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778639889398, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778639889398, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8753, endPage=8759, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261270371093852417, articleId=1261270369667789045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Control Strategy for Simultaneous Departure and Approach on Non-intersecting Converging Runways, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to alleviate the collision risk of non-intersecting runways simultaneous operation, it is necessary to apply a control strategy conforming to the operation characteristics. A collision risk assessment model was constructed by using event tree analysis and Monte Carlo method. Based on event tree analysis, the event to be solved was determined. The probability of related events was calculated by Monte Carlo method. By statistical and fitting the collision event data obtained by the experiment, the safety target level was standardized and the control strategy was put forward. Finally, taking the approach of 01L and the departure of 29R on the non-intersection runways of Daxing Airport as an example, the departure shielding window (0.41~7.39 km) was obtained. Using this strategy, the risk of aircraft collision can be controlled at an acceptable level. The proposed computational model of departure shielding window is of general applicability to the formulation of safe operation control strategies for non-intersecting converging runways.

, correspAuthors=Yi-fei ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian ZHANG, Shi-yan ZONG, Yi-fei ZHAO, Fei LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261270376785523020, articleId=1261270369667789045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=非交叉汇聚跑道同时起降运行管制策略, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为缓解非交叉汇聚构型跑道同时起降运行的碰撞风险、制定符合运行特征的管制策略,通过综合运用事件树分析和蒙特卡洛方法,对碰撞风险进行评估。在基于事件树分析确定待求解事件基础上,应用蒙特卡洛方法,对相关事件进行概率计算。通过对实验得到的碰撞事件数据进行统计和拟合,对标安全目标水平,提出管制策略。结果表明:应用所提方法对大兴机场非交叉汇聚跑道01L进场和29R离场进行风险研究,得出起飞屏蔽窗口为(0.41~7.39 km)。应用该策略,可以将起降飞机碰撞风险控制在可接受水平。所提出的起飞屏蔽窗口计算模型对非交叉汇聚构型跑道安全运行管制策略的制定具有普适性。

, correspAuthors=赵嶷飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵嶷飞(1971—),男,汉族,湖南常德人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、空域融合运行安全评估。E-mail:
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张健(1982—),男,汉族,河北廊坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、无人机运行安全评估。E-mail:

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张健(1982—),男,汉族,河北廊坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、无人机运行安全评估。E-mail:

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张健(1982—),男,汉族,河北廊坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、无人机运行安全评估。E-mail:

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Bangkok: AMEIT, 2015: 716-723., articleTitle=Runway incursion risk assessment based on the Monte Carlo method, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1261377080172884423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, awardId=kgsycxjj-202401, language=CN, fundingSource=中国民航大学空管实验技术创新基金(kgsycxjj-202401), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1261377080902693328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, awardId=52272356, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52272356), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1261377084274913751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, awardId=2020KJ028, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市教委科研计划(2020KJ028), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261377016276856834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377016310411271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, companyId=1261377016276856834, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377016369131529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, companyId=1261377016276856834, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民航大学空管学院, 天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261377043351089411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Collision risk event tree analysis, figureFileSmall=rEnooVDWJWwH759p3j6V4g==, figureFileBig=wE8ElQK4HpKMUXNaidPkSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377044944924948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=CN, label=图1, caption=碰撞风险事件树分析

ATC为空中交通管制;TCAS为机载防撞系统;否表示不会碰撞;是表示发生碰撞

, figureFileSmall=rEnooVDWJWwH759p3j6V4g==, figureFileBig=wE8ElQK4HpKMUXNaidPkSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377048598163754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Simultaneous operation of non-intersecting converging runway, figureFileSmall=Hm41Vd5T9VJ+StEAExy40A==, figureFileBig=niZUT8REkiku3XjqLhIQdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377049499939123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=CN, label=图2, caption=非交叉汇聚跑道同时运行示意图, figureFileSmall=Hm41Vd5T9VJ+StEAExy40A==, figureFileBig=niZUT8REkiku3XjqLhIQdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377052121379132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Runways relationship of non-intersecting converging runway, figureFileSmall=saPL4GnwCkAIPNSiGIAfJQ==, figureFileBig=Goc8WFldaTYzFnXRrVHvcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377053648105800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=CN, label=图3, caption=大兴机场非交叉汇聚跑道位置关系

A机和B机为航空器代号;D为跑道延长线交点与跑道2的距离;S1为跑道2末端对跑道1延长线作垂线交点到跑道1末端距离;跑道1代表01L跑道;跑道2代表29R跑道

, figureFileSmall=saPL4GnwCkAIPNSiGIAfJQ==, figureFileBig=Goc8WFldaTYzFnXRrVHvcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377055330021711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Monte Carlo simulation process, figureFileSmall=kzq9FxvufjpVdW1WQbAaFw==, figureFileBig=feg9W4WT8eobhq8kCFcmTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377058677076319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=CN, label=图4, caption=蒙特卡洛仿真流程, figureFileSmall=kzq9FxvufjpVdW1WQbAaFw==, figureFileBig=feg9W4WT8eobhq8kCFcmTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377062548418928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Diagram of flight speed variation of aircraft simultaneously departure and arrival, figureFileSmall=oK5OndCBQU3OPAx+mRm3UA==, figureFileBig=EIYl8EnjwwZp5hBuwvW4DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377063911567734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=CN, label=图5, caption=航空器同时起降运行速度变化图, figureFileSmall=oK5OndCBQU3OPAx+mRm3UA==, figureFileBig=EIYl8EnjwwZp5hBuwvW4DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377066793054589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=TCV statistics and fitting, figureFileSmall=kjGCc3LPc4/imrdjtbX+pQ==, figureFileBig=YBg/qiSRFSPoG5AH8aowIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377068068123012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=CN, label=图6, caption=TCV统计与拟合, figureFileSmall=kjGCc3LPc4/imrdjtbX+pQ==, figureFileBig=YBg/qiSRFSPoG5AH8aowIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377070005891469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Fitting and comparison of TCV data, figureFileSmall=HMioLA5enxX8jc0L+Zze9Q==, figureFileBig=pA47MVVzP9cja4g+XHbQeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377071251599766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=CN, label=图7, caption=TCV数据的拟合对比, figureFileSmall=HMioLA5enxX8jc0L+Zze9Q==, figureFileBig=pA47MVVzP9cja4g+XHbQeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377072962875809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of runways and aircraft

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 含义 取值
α/(°) 跑道1与跑道2夹角 70
S1/m 跑道2末端对跑道1延长线作垂线交点到跑道1末端距离 883.3
D/m 交点O到跑道2末端的距离 425
L1/m 跑道1长度 3 800
L2/m 跑道2长度 3 400
T/s 单次蒙特卡洛仿真实验运行时长 180
$\sigma /\mathrm{m}$ 导航误差标准差 426(基于RNP1标准)
X/km 飞机B起飞滑跑瞬间飞机A距跑道1距离 U(-0.3,7.4)
${V}_{\mathrm{g}}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-1})$ 飞机B起飞瞬间,飞机A进近速度 68
${H}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}}/\mathrm{m}$ 飞机B起飞瞬间,飞机A高度 $X\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\theta $
t0/s 飞机A复飞时刻 U(0,100)
${V}_{\mathrm{m}}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-1})$ 飞机A复飞时的实时速度 t0a1+Vg
${a}_{1}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-2})$ 飞机A的进近加速度 -0.2
${a}_{2}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-2})$ 飞机A复飞与飞机B起飞的爬升加速度 3.5
${V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-1})$ 机场管制地带内限飞速度 126
ta/s 飞机A复飞后加速到达${V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$的时间 $\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{V}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{a}_{2}}$
tb/s 飞机B到达${V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$的时间 $\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}{{a}_{2}}$
$\theta /(°)$ 飞机A复飞与飞机B起飞的爬升角 3
), ArticleFig(id=1261377075156496807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

跑道及航空器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 含义 取值
α/(°) 跑道1与跑道2夹角 70
S1/m 跑道2末端对跑道1延长线作垂线交点到跑道1末端距离 883.3
D/m 交点O到跑道2末端的距离 425
L1/m 跑道1长度 3 800
L2/m 跑道2长度 3 400
T/s 单次蒙特卡洛仿真实验运行时长 180
$\sigma /\mathrm{m}$ 导航误差标准差 426(基于RNP1标准)
X/km 飞机B起飞滑跑瞬间飞机A距跑道1距离 U(-0.3,7.4)
${V}_{\mathrm{g}}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-1})$ 飞机B起飞瞬间,飞机A进近速度 68
${H}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}}/\mathrm{m}$ 飞机B起飞瞬间,飞机A高度 $X\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\theta $
t0/s 飞机A复飞时刻 U(0,100)
${V}_{\mathrm{m}}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-1})$ 飞机A复飞时的实时速度 t0a1+Vg
${a}_{1}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-2})$ 飞机A的进近加速度 -0.2
${a}_{2}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-2})$ 飞机A复飞与飞机B起飞的爬升加速度 3.5
${V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}/(\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-1})$ 机场管制地带内限飞速度 126
ta/s 飞机A复飞后加速到达${V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$的时间 $\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{V}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{a}_{2}}$
tb/s 飞机B到达${V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$的时间 $\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}{{a}_{2}}$
$\theta /(°)$ 飞机A复飞与飞机B起飞的爬升角 3
), ArticleFig(id=1261377076284764594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

TCV data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/km TCV/次 距离/km TCV/次 距离/km TCV/次
-0.3 1 2.3 30 4.9 46
-0.2 6 2.4 32 5.0 42
-0.1 0 2.5 37 5.1 27
0 8 2.6 36 5.2 30
0.1 0 2.7 45 5.3 36
0.2 0 2.8 57 5.4 43
0.3 0 2.9 60 5.5 54
0.4 3 3.0 50 5.6 22
0.5 0 3.1 76 5.7 37
0.6 3 3.2 73 5.8 35
0.7 7 3.3 96 5.9 44
0.8 5 3.4 88 6.0 17
0.9 5 3.5 103 6.1 29
1.0 0 3.6 76 6.2 18
1.1 5 3.7 82 6.3 20
1.2 7 3.8 82 6.4 9
1.3 18 3.9 91 6.5 29
1.4 0 4.0 41 6.6 15
1.5 0 4.1 54 6.7 25
1.6 18 4.2 32 6.8 6
1.7 38 4.3 57 6.9 33
1.8 18 4.4 68 7.0 11
1.9 34 4.5 78 7.1 17
2.0 26 4.6 50 7.2 13
2.1 55 4.7 53 7.3 8
2.2 65 4.8 37 7.4 5
), ArticleFig(id=1261377077127819706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261270369667789045, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TCV数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/km TCV/次 距离/km TCV/次 距离/km TCV/次
-0.3 1 2.3 30 4.9 46
-0.2 6 2.4 32 5.0 42
-0.1 0 2.5 37 5.1 27
0 8 2.6 36 5.2 30
0.1 0 2.7 45 5.3 36
0.2 0 2.8 57 5.4 43
0.3 0 2.9 60 5.5 54
0.4 3 3.0 50 5.6 22
0.5 0 3.1 76 5.7 37
0.6 3 3.2 73 5.8 35
0.7 7 3.3 96 5.9 44
0.8 5 3.4 88 6.0 17
0.9 5 3.5 103 6.1 29
1.0 0 3.6 76 6.2 18
1.1 5 3.7 82 6.3 20
1.2 7 3.8 82 6.4 9
1.3 18 3.9 91 6.5 29
1.4 0 4.0 41 6.6 15
1.5 0 4.1 54 6.7 25
1.6 18 4.2 32 6.8 6
1.7 38 4.3 57 6.9 33
1.8 18 4.4 68 7.0 11
1.9 34 4.5 78 7.1 17
2.0 26 4.6 50 7.2 13
2.1 55 4.7 53 7.3 8
2.2 65 4.8 37 7.4 5
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非交叉汇聚跑道同时起降运行管制策略
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张健 , 宗石研 , 赵嶷飞 * , 卢飞
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(20): 8753-8759
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(20): 8753-8759
非交叉汇聚跑道同时起降运行管制策略
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张健 , 宗石研, 赵嶷飞* , 卢飞
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学空管学院, 天津 300300
  • 张健(1982—),男,汉族,河北廊坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、无人机运行安全评估。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵嶷飞(1971—),男,汉族,湖南常德人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、空域融合运行安全评估。E-mail:
Control Strategy for Simultaneous Departure and Approach on Non-intersecting Converging Runways
Jian ZHANG , Shi-yan ZONG, Yi-fei ZHAO* , Fei LU
Affiliations
  • College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406218
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为缓解非交叉汇聚构型跑道同时起降运行的碰撞风险、制定符合运行特征的管制策略,通过综合运用事件树分析和蒙特卡洛方法,对碰撞风险进行评估。在基于事件树分析确定待求解事件基础上,应用蒙特卡洛方法,对相关事件进行概率计算。通过对实验得到的碰撞事件数据进行统计和拟合,对标安全目标水平,提出管制策略。结果表明:应用所提方法对大兴机场非交叉汇聚跑道01L进场和29R离场进行风险研究,得出起飞屏蔽窗口为(0.41~7.39 km)。应用该策略,可以将起降飞机碰撞风险控制在可接受水平。所提出的起飞屏蔽窗口计算模型对非交叉汇聚构型跑道安全运行管制策略的制定具有普适性。

非交叉汇聚跑道  /  碰撞风险  /  蒙特卡洛仿真  /  安全目标水平(TLS)

In order to alleviate the collision risk of non-intersecting runways simultaneous operation, it is necessary to apply a control strategy conforming to the operation characteristics. A collision risk assessment model was constructed by using event tree analysis and Monte Carlo method. Based on event tree analysis, the event to be solved was determined. The probability of related events was calculated by Monte Carlo method. By statistical and fitting the collision event data obtained by the experiment, the safety target level was standardized and the control strategy was put forward. Finally, taking the approach of 01L and the departure of 29R on the non-intersection runways of Daxing Airport as an example, the departure shielding window (0.41~7.39 km) was obtained. Using this strategy, the risk of aircraft collision can be controlled at an acceptable level. The proposed computational model of departure shielding window is of general applicability to the formulation of safe operation control strategies for non-intersecting converging runways.

non-intersecting converging runways  /  collision risk  /  Monte Carlo simulation  /  target level of safety(TLS)
张健, 宗石研, 赵嶷飞, 卢飞. 非交叉汇聚跑道同时起降运行管制策略. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8753 -8759 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406218
Jian ZHANG, Shi-yan ZONG, Yi-fei ZHAO, Fei LU. Control Strategy for Simultaneous Departure and Approach on Non-intersecting Converging Runways[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8753 -8759 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406218
随着民航产业快速发展,航班数量与日俱增。多跑道机场成为必然。与平行跑道相比,交叉跑道优势在于,无论处于何种风向风速,均能确保至少一条跑道用于飞机起降运行,提高了机场全天候运行能力。与构型较为规整的平行跑道不同,交叉跑道涉及两条跑道物理空间接触、两条跑道物理空间不接触但一条跑道延长线与另一条跑道相交、以及两条跑道延长线相交等多种构型。每种构型交叉跑道,由于交叉角度、跑道长度、运行机型类型,呈现出实际运行规则的显著差异。提出交叉跑道机场碰撞风险的有效评估方法并制定符合构型特点的管制规则至关重要。
中外学者针对多跑道运行中航空器碰撞风险开展了大量研究。韩松臣等[1]通过引入进场间隔变量,建立航路交叉点处碰撞风险模型,从而提出了一种航路交叉点处标称距离随时间变化的碰撞风险估计办法。孙宁等[2]依据成都天府国际机场一期工程规划的3条交叉跑道,研究了V型跑道管制运行方法。徐超等[3]借鉴交叉航路冲突点的建模方法建立了基于冲突点的交叉跑道碰撞风险模型。张兆宁等[4]针对雷达间隔下的侧向跑道开展了碰撞风险研究。王莉莉等[5]建立了近距平行跑道构型下进近复飞与离场航空器之间碰撞风险评估模型,给出了到达离场窗的划设方法。胡明华等[6]针对交叉跑道进场航空器与离场航空器可能出现航迹交叉的情况,构建了碰撞风险模型。董兵等[7]针对侧向跑道相关运行模式下航空器进离场安全间隔问题进行碰撞风险评估,建立位置误差碰撞风险模型。孙菁源等[8]考虑不同人为因素提出了机坪碰撞风险动态评估方法。Eftekarir等[9]通过建立模型,分析了配对进近时尾流对飞行安全影响的敏感程度。Houck等[10]运用蒙特卡洛方法分析不同环境因素下交叉跑道离场航空器之间碰撞风险。Farrahia等[11]对配对方式进行了较为详细的研究。Zhang等[12]针对跑道侵入风险概率变化的几种客观因素的变化,通过采用蒙特卡罗方法进行评估,最终给出了不同天气条件下不同因素对跑道入侵风险的影响,并与实际运行情况进行对比,结果表明,该评估是可行的。
综上所述,面向多跑道碰撞风险评估,主要分为通过数理模型进行推导和实施蒙特卡洛仿真进行统计计算两种。但考虑到非交叉汇聚型跑道航空器的同时起降是一个复杂、动态的随机过程,数理模型难以进行全面定量评估。且已有蒙特卡洛仿真,多面向平行跑道或交叉跑道同时离场、同时进场环节开展碰撞风险评估,未针对非交叉汇聚跑道同时起降运行过程的碰撞风险进行量化评估。鉴于此,拟采用更加符合实际跑道特点、航空器性能数据的方法,综合考虑跑道参数、航空器性能、位置误差、复飞概率等多重要素,构建碰撞风险综合评估模型;通过对碰撞事件进行数据统计和拟合,对标安全目标水平,进而提出管制策略。最后基于对新建的大兴机场非交叉汇聚跑道开展算例研究。本研究为非交叉汇聚构型跑道的运行风险研究,提出一种普适性方法,通过全方位评估环境要素和运行指标,可以确定更为合理的管制策略。
针对事件树和蒙特卡洛仿真进行研究。
事件树分析法(event tree analysis,ETA)是安全系统工程中常用的一种归纳推理分析方法,它是一种按事故发展时间顺序推论可能的后果,从而进行危险源识别的方法。这种方法将系统可能发生的某种事故与导致事故发生的各种原因之间的逻辑关系用一种称为事件树的树形图表示,通过对事件树的定性与定量分析,找出事故致因,为确定安全对策提供可靠依据。针对非交叉汇聚构型跑道同时起降运行碰撞风险,引入事件树分析,可以基于运行经验和实验统计方法,实现风险评估。基于事件树方法的碰撞风险评估过程如图1所示。
从事件树构成不难看出,为确定碰撞风险,需要对多个环节概率进行确定。现有研究多采用人在环中的模拟机进行验证,相关参数确定往往缺乏客观和普适性。尤其涉及人的因素在碰撞风险中的研究,其难度和不确定性更大。
蒙特卡罗方法实质上就是随机抽样或统计试验方法,是使用随机数(或更常见的伪随机数)来解决很多计算问题的方法。将所求解的问题同一定的概率模型相联系,用电子计算机实现统计模拟或抽样,以获得问题的近似解。蒙特卡洛仿真方面,航空器碰撞风险评估领域最为著名的应用案例是针对机载防撞系统(traffic collision avoidance system,TCAS)设备开展的有效性检验。限于航空运行安全局限,TCAS无法大量开展真实飞行测试,而蒙特卡洛仿真因其高效和安全成为必然选择。基于蒙特卡洛仿真方法,国际民用航空组织(International Civil Aviation Organization,ICAO)、欧洲航行安全组织、美国麻省理工学院等机构,通过梳理航迹数据开发航空器遭遇模型,检验TCAS避撞算法有效性。
综合事件树分析和蒙特卡洛方法,针对非交叉汇聚构型跑道的同时起降运行碰撞风险评估问题。首先基于事件树分析,确定待求解事件。之后应用蒙特卡洛方法,对相关事件进行概率计算。全面考虑离场速度、加速度、爬升率、进场速度、所需间隔、与跑道入口实时距离以及跑道长度、交叉角度等数据,构建仿真运行场景,通过大量仿真实验,开展碰撞风险评估及管制策略研究。
针对非交叉汇聚构型跑道,选取同时起降运行作为研究场景。常规情况下,同一机场非交叉汇聚或非交叉穿越跑道,均需借助跑道间隔。除非使用相关技术辅助措施,且经局方安全评估批准后,方可执行汇聚型同时进离场运行。非交叉汇聚构型跑道同时起降运行示意图如图2所示。
实际运行中进场飞机会以一定概率复飞,管制员难以准确预估离场许可发布时机间,以确保离场飞机在起飞时,进离场飞机之间的间隔满足安全运行要求。以此运行模式作为研究场景,通过蒙特卡洛仿真,统计起飞时机与碰撞发生频率的关系,拟合碰撞事件概率密度曲线,依据ICAO安全目标水平(target level of safety, TLS),制定管制策略。
TLS定义为单位时间风险事件比例,一般取每小时发生碰撞事故的架次数。ICAO使用每飞行小时致命事故架次数作为单位。综合考虑上述中外研究成果,借鉴ICAO针对有人机的要求进行间隔研究,将TLS定义为每飞行小时空中碰撞架次,并取值1.5×10-8
用碰撞概率P表示空中碰撞的风险,该值应不大于安全目标水平,即
$P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\right)\le \mathrm{T}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{S}$
由于非交叉汇聚跑道进离场同时运行时的碰撞风险,仅在进场复飞时才会发生;同时,依据DOC9689规定,1次碰撞事故看作2个事故架次。上述P(collision)可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\right)=2P(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\bigcap \mathrm{M}\mathrm{A})\\ =2P\left(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\right)P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A})\end{array}$
式(2)中:MA为发生复飞;collision为发生碰撞。
拟采用蒙特卡洛仿真,可以通过大量实验,统计出$P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}),$该值表示在未实施任何管制措施情况下,两机随机进离场时的碰撞水平。如果此时碰撞风险大于TLS,则需要施加管制策略,以降低碰撞水平,以达标TLS。
$\begin{array}{l}P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\right)=2P\left(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\right)P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A})\times \\ P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A},\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n})\end{array}$
式(3)中:$P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A},\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n})$命名为风险缓解系数,表征的是施加管制策略后的剩余碰撞风险。
基于前述进离场汇聚同时起降,以及蒙特卡洛思想,为统计$P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}),$需要借助典型飞行性能参数,构建仿真实验场景下的航空器运动学模型,实时记录两机三维距离。结合大兴机场01L和29R跑道构成的一组非交叉汇聚构型跑道,全面考虑该组非交叉汇聚跑道数据、航空器性能、机身参数、导航参数,构建蒙特卡洛实验。
01L跑道长度为3.8 km,29R跑道长度为3.4 km。进近飞机A以匀速下降的方式进入01L跑道。由于不确定因素,飞机A可能发生复飞,之后加速爬升。29R跑道飞机B起飞滑跑瞬间,随机选定飞机A位于跑道1入口距离-0.3~7.4 km,并在后续进场中的随时时刻复飞。通过蒙特卡洛实验,统计出发布起飞滑跑指令和进场飞机位置的碰撞事件耦合关系,进而通过管制策略进行风险缓解。实验中,考虑了两机导航误差。跑道构型如图3所示。
基于上述跑道数据,得到两交叉跑道入口位置到交点的距离分别为4 828.65 m和3 825 m。利用该简单几何模型,能将这两条交叉跑道入口、在上面运行的航空器位置均用坐标表示。其中跑道2入口坐标为(3 825,0,0),跑道1入口坐标为(4 828.65cos70°,-4 828.65sin70°,0),即(1 651.5,-3 736.8,0)。后续场景构建和计算均基于该坐标系进行。
蒙特卡洛仿真流程如图4所示。
实验参数包括跑道参数和航空器性能参数,如表1所示。
为得到更具普遍性的结果,现将常见民航客机B737数据作为模拟所需参数数据进行计算,航空器宽度33.53 m,长度35.33 m,高度11.93 m,该参数作为确定违反标准事件(test criterion violation,TCV)的阈值,用于统计TCV碰撞数据。
总体的运动过程为,离场航空器B从L2跑道入口启动滑跑运行时,进场航空器A正从L1跑道五边某点匀减速下降。B起飞离地后,存在与复飞的A之间的空中碰撞风险。
图5中可以看出,AB两机速度变化情况。其中A机复飞时机具有不确定性。这里以B达到起飞最大速度时,A机尚未执行复飞动作为例,分析两机随运行阶段的距离。该情形依据飞行进程下的距离关系,分为4个飞行阶段。
(1)时间段1。
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{x}=D\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\alpha +{L}_{1}+{S}_{1}+X-\left({V}_{\mathrm{g}}{t}_{1}+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{1}{t}_{1}^{2}\right)-\\ \left(D+{L}_{2}-\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{1}^{2}\right)\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\alpha \end{array}$
${S}_{y}=\left(D+{L}_{2}-\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{1}^{2}\right)\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\alpha $
${S}_{z}={H}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}}-\left[\left({V}_{\mathrm{g}}{t}_{1}+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{1}{t}_{1}^{2}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{2}{a}_{1}{t}_{1}^{2}\right)\right]\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\theta $
式中:Sx为两机实时纵向距离;Sy为两机实时横向距离;Sz为两机实时垂直距离;t1为0时刻至B机完成起飞加速之间的中间时刻。
(2)时间段2。
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{x}=D\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\alpha +{L}_{1}+{S}_{1}+X-\\ \left[{V}_{\mathrm{g}}({t}_{\mathrm{b}}+{t}_{2})+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{1}({t}_{\mathrm{b}}+{t}_{2}{)}^{2}\right]-\\ \left(D+{L}_{2}-\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}-{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{t}_{2}\right)\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\alpha \end{array}$
${S}_{y}=\left(D+{L}_{2}-\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}-{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{t}_{2}\right)\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\alpha $
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{z}={H}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}}-\left[{V}_{\mathrm{g}}({t}_{\mathrm{b}}+{t}_{2})+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{1}({t}_{\mathrm{b}}+{t}_{2}{)}^{2}\right]\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\theta -\\ \left(\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}\right)\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\theta \end{array}$
式中:t2为B机完成起飞加速至A机启动复飞之间的中间时刻。
(3)时间段3。
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{x}=D\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\alpha +{L}_{1}+{S}_{1}+X-\left({V}_{\mathrm{m}}{t}_{3}+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{3}^{2}\right)-\\ \left[D+{L}_{2}-\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{{t}^{2}}_{\mathrm{b}}+{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}({t}_{0}-{t}_{\mathrm{b}}+{t}_{3})\right]\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\alpha \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{y}=\{D+{L}_{2}-[\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}+{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}({t}_{0}-\\ {t}_{\mathrm{b}}+{t}_{3}\left)\right]\}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\alpha \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{z}={H}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}}-[\left({V}_{\mathrm{g}}{t}_{0}+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{1}{t}_{0}^{2}\right)-\\ \left({V}_{\mathrm{m}}{t}_{3}+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{3}^{2}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{{t}^{2}}_{\mathrm{b}}\right)]\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\theta \end{array}$
式中:t3为A机启动复飞至复飞加速完成之间的中间时刻。
(4)时间段4。
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{x}=D\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\alpha +{L}_{1}+{S}_{1}+X-\left({V}_{\mathrm{m}}{t}_{\mathrm{a}}+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{{t}_{\mathrm{a}}}^{2}\right)-{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{t}_{4}-[D+{L}_{2}-\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{{t}^{2}}_{\mathrm{b}}+\\ {V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}({t}_{1}-{t}_{\mathrm{b}}+{t}_{\mathrm{a}}+{t}_{4})]\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\alpha \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{y}=\{D+{L}_{2}-[\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}+\\ {V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}({t}_{1}-{t}_{\mathrm{b}}+{t}_{\mathrm{a}}+{t}_{4})\left]\right\}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\alpha \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{z}={H}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}}-[\left({V}_{\mathrm{g}}{t}_{0}+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{1}{t}_{1}^{2}\right)+\\ \left({V}_{\mathrm{m}}{t}_{\mathrm{a}}+\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{t}_{\mathrm{a}}^{2}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{2}{a}_{2}{{t}^{2}}_{\mathrm{b}}\right)]\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\theta \end{array}$
式中:t4为A机复飞加速完成至仿真结束的中间时刻。
综上可知,基于上述两机运行学方程,可以实时记录两机纵向距离、横向距离、垂直距离。当两机三维距离小于前述碰撞阈值,表明发生碰撞。
通过大量快速蒙特卡洛仿真,统计TCV数量。针对起飞飞机起飞滑跑瞬间,进场飞机初始位于距离跑道入口不同距离的位置点分别进行实验。分别记录TCV如表2所示。
上述算例统计了离场飞机滑跑瞬间,进场飞机出现在距着陆跑道-0.3~7.4 km共计78个位置点的运行数据。其中,每个位置点均进行5×104次实验,合计3.9×106次。最后共计发生TCV事件2 400次。
基于前述碰撞风险模型有
$P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A})=6.15\times {10}^{-4}$
应用各位置点发生的TCV数据,绘制直方图并进行数据拟合,如图6所示。
从形状可以看出,基本符合正态分布。经拟合,函数为N(3.9,1.392),分布数据和拟合函数对比如图7所示。
通过碰撞风险模型推导得
$\begin{array}{l}P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A},\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n})=\\     \mathrm{T}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{S}/2P\left(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\right)P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A})\times \\     P\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C}\right|\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A},\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n})=\\     0.012\end{array}$
即施加管制策略后,碰撞事件剩余风险需要降低到0.012。因此,需要制定起飞时机屏蔽窗口,规避碰撞风险。依据碰撞事件概率密度函数,设定窗口两侧均分上述剩余风险。经计算,得到(0.41~7.39 km)。实际运行中,管制员确认上述着陆跑道入口距离窗口内不存在进场航空器,方可发布离场起飞许可,从而将剩余碰撞风险降到安全目标水平。
(1)通过研究非交叉汇聚型交叉跑道同时起降运行,提出基于蒙特卡洛仿真的碰撞风险评估模型,确定了起飞屏蔽窗口的研究方法。结合大兴机场汇聚构型参数和航空器参数进行仿真评估,结论具有现实应用价值。
(2)蒙特卡洛实验中,针对交叉跑道构型下的多个变量和不确定因素进行仿真实验,相比传统数学模型方法更具实用价值和普适性。
(3)研究中未考虑跑道周围环境,如能见度、大气温度和湿度、地面风等,以及航空器运动状态均使用标定数值,未考虑航空器实际运行中的个体差异,在后续工作中,可继续深入研究。
  • 中国民航大学空管实验技术创新基金(kgsycxjj-202401)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52272356)
  • 天津市教委科研计划(2020KJ028)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406218
  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-20
  • 修回日期:2025-04-24
基金
中国民航大学空管实验技术创新基金(kgsycxjj-202401)
国家自然科学基金(52272356)
天津市教委科研计划(2020KJ028)
作者信息
    中国民航大学空管学院, 天津 300300

通讯作者:

* 赵嶷飞(1971—),男,汉族,湖南常德人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、空域融合运行安全评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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